1.
1840 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1840 in Ireland. 10 January - Uniform Penny Post introduced,19 May - Foundation stone of the Roman Catholic St Mels cathedral, Longford, is laid. 10 July - General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland established, on 31 July Thomas Tait becomes the first convert baptised in Ireland, at Loughbrickland. The Palm House in Belfast Botanic Gardens is completed, constructed by Richard Turner of Dublin and it is one of the earliest examples of a curvilinear cast iron glasshouse in the world. Bewleys established as tea and coffee importers, edward Buntings The Ancient Music of Ireland is published, incorporating A Dissertation on the Irish Harp and Harpers, Including an Account of the Old Melodies of Ireland. 1 January - Patrick Walsh, journalist, politician and mayor of Augusta,4 January - Bishop Richard Owens, Bishop of Clogher 1894-1909. 8 January - Henry Arthur Blake, British colonial administrator and Governor of Hong Kong,17 January - William Pery, 3rd Earl of Limerick, peer. 27 February - Thomas Kelly-Kenny, British Army general who served in the Second Boer War,29 February - John Philip Holland, engineer, developed the first Royal Navy submarine. 25 March - Myles Keogh, officer in American Civil War, later in U. S. 7th Cavalry Regiment,26 April - Paddy Hannan, gold prospector whose discovery in 1893 near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia set off a gold rush. 27 April - Tom Gallaher, tobacco manufacturer,23 May - George Throssell, second Premier of Western Australia. 20 September - Ellen Mary Clerke, author, journalist, poet,1 November - Arthur Guinness, 1st Baron Ardilaun, businessman, politician, and philanthropist. 17 November - Lawrence Parsons, 4th Earl of Rosse, eighteenth Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin (d.28 December - Thomas Hovenden, artist, timothy H. OSullivan, photographer in the United States 15 April - Thomas Drummond, military surveyor and Under-Secretary for Ireland. 21 April - Standish OGrady, 1st Viscount Guillamore, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer in Ireland,12 June - Gerald Griffin, novelist, poet and playwright. 20 August - George Canning, 1st Baron Garvagh, politician
2.
1839 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1839 in Ireland. 6–7 January - Night of the Big Wind, a severe windstorm sweeps across Ireland killing hundreds,22 June - The Earl of Belfast lays the foundation stone for the Palm House in Belfast Botanic Gardens. 12 August - The Ulster Railway is opened between Belfast and Lisburn, Charles Levers The Confessions of Harry Lorrequer is published in Dublin. 6 January - Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran, Anglo-Irish peer,16 March - John Butler Yeats, artist and father of William Butler Yeats and Jack Butler Yeats. 27 March - John Ballance, 14th Premier of New Zealand,1 April - St. Clair Augustine Mulholland, American Civil War officer. 7 April - David Baird, United States Senator from New Jersey from 1918 to 1919,27 April - Charles Frederick Houghton, soldier and politician in Canada. 10 May - Thomas Joseph Carr, second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne,11 July - William John Hennessy, artist. 5 September - Sir Rowland Blennerhassett, 4th Baronet, Liberal Party MP.4 November - Thomas MacDonald Patterson, politician,24 November - James William Adams, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1879 at Killa Kazi, Afghanistan. 30 December - John Todhunter, poet and playwright, William Lundon, Irish Parliamentary Party MP. Thomas Murphy, recipient of the Victoria Cross for bravery at sea in saving life in a storm off the Andaman Islands in 1867,18 November - Hans Blackwood, 3rd Baron Dufferin and Claneboye. Gideon Ouseley, Methodisms apostle to the Irish
3.
1838 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1838 in Ireland. 4–22 April - The paddle steamer SS Sirius makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from Cork in eighteen days,15 August - Following a year of widespread hunger the government institutes relief work and reduces the tithe rent for the poor by the Poor Law and Tithe Acts. Foundation of a society in Cork known as the Knights of Father Mathew by Theobald Mathew. January - Richard W. Dowling, victorious commander at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass in the American Civil War,2 February - Nathaniel Burslem, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1860 at the Taku Forts, China. 13 February - Michael Sullivan, physician, professor and politician in Canada,26 March - William Edward Hartpole Lecky, historian. 3 June - Daniel OReilly, U. S,5 July - William Robinson, gardener. 8 July - Colonel John Burke, soldier in America,28 July - Augustus Nicholas Burke, artist. 24 August - James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn, politician,11 September - John Ireland, third Bishop and first Archbishop of Saint Paul, Minnesota. 18 September - Sir Thomas Drew, architect, first designer of St Annes Cathedral,1 November - Anthony Traill, provost of Trinity College Dublin. 18 December - Michael Thomas Stenson, politician in Canada, James Gildea, soldier and philanthropist, founded the Soldiers, Sailors and Airmens Families Association. John Philip Nolan, soldier, landowner and politician, dudley Stagpoole, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1863 near Poutoko in Taranaki, New Zealand. 25 August - William Annesley, 3rd Earl Annesley, politician, amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin, author, teacher, draper and politician
4.
1837 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1837 in Ireland. Shaws Bank merges with the Royal Bank of Ireland, August - Following a very cold summer there is widespread failure of the potato crop, as in 1836, leading to famine later in the year. 18 August - The Roman Catholic Tuam Cathedral is dedicated,4 September - HMS Terror, badly damaged during an Arctic expedition, is beached at Lough Swilly to save her. February - Charles Lever begins publishing his fictional The Confessions of Harry Lorrequer in Dublin University Magazine, thomas Crofton Croker publishes Popular Songs of Ireland. Tyrone Power stages and acts in the Irish-themed plays St. Patricks Eve,16 March - Frederick Wolseley, inventor of the sheep shearing machine. 7 May - John Michael Clancy, Democrat United States Representative from New York,24 May - John McDonald, soldier and Congressman in America. 28 May - George Ashlin, architect,1 August - Mary Harris Jones, labor leader in America. Allan James Foley, operatic bass singer,4 September - Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne, lawyer and Lord Chancellor of Ireland. 1 October - Edward James Saunderson, leader of the Irish Unionist Party in the British House of Commons, full date unknown - Patrick Graham, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India. 20 January - Arthur Gore, 3rd Earl of Arran, politician,23 January - John Field, composer and pianist. 1 February - Edward Donovan, writer, traveller and amateur zoologist,27 February - Lord Kingsborough, antiquarian. 20 June - William IV of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 13 July - William Hare, 1st Earl of Listowel, peer and MP.24 November - Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty, diplomat, Irish, and later British, MP. Gilbert Austin, educator, clergyman and author
5.
1836 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1836 in Ireland. 30 January - The Intrinsic sinks off Kilkee with the loss of all fourteen on board, February - Foundation of the Ulster Bank in Belfast. 4 April - Daniel OConnell gives a speech on Justice for Ireland,4 May - The Ancient Order of Hibernians, an Irish Catholic fraternal organization, is founded in New York City. 23 May - Irish Constabulary Act provides central organisation for the police in Ireland,4 June - The Sligo Champion newspaper is first published. August - Following one of the coldest summers in over fifty years there is failure of the potato crop. 19 September - First burial at Mount Jerome Cemetery in Harolds Cross, Dublin, Foundation of the Royal Bank of Ireland, a constituent of Allied Irish Banks. Foundation of the Ulster Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Irish emigration to Montevideo, Uruguay, peaks. Francis Sylvester Mahonys light verse The Reliques of Father Prout published,17 January - William MacCormac, surgeon. 16 February - Robert Halpin, master mariner, may - Thomas Lane, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1860 at the Taku Forts, China. 9 June - Henry Arthur McArdle, painter in the United States,10 October - Dalton McCarthy, lawyer and politician in Canada. Lot Flannery, sculptor in the United States,31 March - Edward Southwell Ruthven, Repealer politician and member of the United Kingdom Parliament 8 August - James Blackwood, 2nd Baron Dufferin and Claneboye, politician. 21 August - William Cusac Smith, Baronet, judge
6.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
7.
1842 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1842 in Ireland. 15 October - The Nation newspaper is founded in Dublin,6 February - Jeremiah OSullivan, Roman Catholic Bishop of Mobile. 10 February - Agnes Mary Clerke, astronomer and writer,9 May - William Hone, cricketer. 23 August - Osborne Reynolds, engineer and prominent innovator in the understanding of fluid dynamics, John Devoy, Fenian organiser, exiled to America. 11 April - John England, first Catholic Bishop of Charleston,8 June - Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton, politician. 12 August - William Corbet, member of the United Irishmen, soldier,30 August - John Banim, dramatist and playwright. 28 September - Sir Michael OLoghlen, 1st Baronet, judge, politician,4 October - Lowry Cole, soldier, politician and MP for Enniskillen from 1797 to 1800, Governor of Mauritius and Cape Colony. William Beatty, Ships Surgeon on HMS Victory during the Battle of Trafalgar
8.
1843 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1843 in Ireland. January - Daniel OConnell proclaims 1843 as the Repeal Year,31 January - Queens Bridge in Belfast opens. 21 February - Repeal debate in Dublin Corporation,17 March - Earthquake in the Irish Sea. 11 June Series of monster meetings to agitate for repeal begins at Tuam,15 August - Repeal meeting at Tara. 17 August - Loreto Abbey, Dalkey opened as a girls boarding,18 August - Dalkey Atmospheric Railway opens unofficially. 7 October - OConnell gives in to government prohibition of Clontarf meeting planned for the next day, however, he is charged with conspiracy a few days later. November - Devon Commission appointed to research the problems with land leases, work starts on the building of Crumlin Road Prison in Belfast. Charles Levers novel Arthur OLeary, His wanderings and ponderings in many lands is published serially in Dublin University Magazine,3 May - Edward Dowden, critic and poet. 14 August - Thomas Workman, entomologist and arachnologist,6 November - William James Craig, Shakespearean scholar. 24 November - Richard Croker, politician in America and a leader of New York Citys Tammany Hall,21 December - Thomas Bracken, poet. 25 December - Albert Cashier, soldier in the Union Army during the American Civil War, physically female,28 December - George Thomas Stokes, ecclesiastical historian. 19 February - Michael Joseph Quin, author, journalist and editor,11 May - William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey, politician and statesman. 10 August - Robert Adrain, scientist and mathematician in America,16 November - Abraham Colles, professor of Anatomy, Surgery and Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. 21 December - Edward Bunting, musician
9.
1844 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1844 in Ireland. 29 March - Official opening of the Dalkey Atmospheric Railway,14 December - Meeting to establish the first branch of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul in Ireland chaired by Bartholomew Woodlock. 15 December - Saint Malachys Church, Belfast is dedicated by Dr William Crolly, Archbishop of Armagh, Dublin iron-founder Richard Turner begins assembling components for the Palm house at Kew Gardens in London, the first large-scale structural use of wrought iron. Irish physician Francis Rynd utilises a hollow hypodermic needle to make the first recorded subcutaneous injections,13 July - Thomas Daviss nationalist ballad A Nation Once Again is first published, in his newspaper The Nation. Joseph Patrick Haverty paints Patrick OBrien, The Limerick Piper and his brother Martin Haverty publishes Wanderings in Spain in 1843, charles Levers novel Arthur OLeary, His wanderings and ponderings in many lands is published in book form in London. 3 February - James Henry Reynolds, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1879 at Rorkes Drift,8 February - Joseph Ivess, member of the New Zealand House of Representatives. 12 March - Patrick Collins, U. S, representative from Massachusetts and Mayor of Boston. 5 June - Thomas Cleeve, founder of Condensed Milk Company of Ireland,15 June - Charlotte Despard, suffragist, novelist and Sinn Féin activist. 28 June - John Boyle OReilly, poet and novelist,7 July - George W. Joy, painter. 1 August - Daniel John ODonoghue, printer, labour leader,9 August - John Sweetman, politician, one of founders of Sinn Féin and second President of the party in 1908. 6 November - Robert Browne, Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Cloyne,10 November - Dr. Mark F. Ryan, nationalist and author. 21 November - William Martin Murphy, Nationalist MP, newspaper proprietor,13 December - John Atkinson, Baron Atkinson, politician and judge, Attorney-General for Ireland and Law Lord. Full date unknown - James Rankin, lighthouse keeper in America,8 January - William Warren Baldwin, doctor, businessman, lawyer, judge, architect and political figure in Upper Canada. 10 January - Hudson Lowe, British military leader,13 January - Alexander Porter, United States Senator for Louisiana. 20 February - Edward Kernan, Bishop of Clogher, 1824-1844,26 August - John Keane, 1st Baron Keane, British Army Lieutenant-General. 29 August - Edmund Ignatius Rice, Roman Catholic missionary and educationalist, founder of the Congregation of Christian Brothers and the Presentation Brothers
10.
1845 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1845 in Ireland. 18 February – Devon Commission reports to the British government on the living conditions of the Irish population. 9 September – Previously unknown potato blight strikes the potato crop,31 October–1 November – An emergency meeting of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom votes against Peel on the distribution of relief in Ireland, considering it would call the Corn Laws into question. 9–10 November – Peel orders the secret purchase of £100,000 worth of maize,15 November – Scientific Commissioners report that half the Irish potato crop has been destroyed by the blight. 20 November – A Relief Commission for Ireland first meets,30 December – Queens Colleges of Belfast, Cork and Galway are incorporated. Bessbrook in County Armagh is established as a village by Quaker linen manufacturer John Grubb Richardson. Construction begins of the Leviathan of Parsonstown, a built by William Parsons. Work completed on the building of Crumlin Road Gaol in Belfast, charles Levers novel The ODonoghue, a tale of Ireland fifty years ago is published in Dublin and St Patricks Eve in London. 23 March – John T. Browne, Mayor of Houston,6 April – Edward Hardman, geologist. 10 June – David Dickson Rogers, politician in Ontario,17 June – Emily Lawless, writer. 1 July – James M. Bell, United States Army soldier,4 July – Thomas John Barnardo, philanthropist. John Pinkerton, Irish Parliamentary Party MP.22 February – William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington,28 April – James Graham, soldier, commended for his gallantry during the Battle of Waterloo. 13 July – Johnston Drummond, early settler of Western Australia,16 September – Thomas Osborne Davis, lawyer and writer, author of the song A Nation Once Again. 17 December – Armar Lowry-Corry, 3rd Earl Belmore, politician and High Sheriff
11.
1846 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1846 in Ireland. Ongoing - Great Famine, The first deaths from hunger take place early in the year, phytophthora infestans almost totally destroys the summer potato crop and the Famine worsens considerably. By December a third of a destitute people are employed on public works. 13 March - Ballinglass incident, eviction of 300 tenants at the village of Ballinglass in County Galway,22 September - The Great Western Steamship Companys SS Great Britain, bound from Liverpool for New York, runs aground in Dundrum Bay. She lies here for almost a year, protected by temporary measures organised by her designer, maziere Brady succeeds Sir Edward Sugden as Lord Chancellor of Ireland, an office which he will hold until 1866. HM Prison Crumlin Road in Belfast is opened with the arrival of the first inmates, the first substantial English translation of the Annals of the Four Masters, made by Owen Connellan, is published. The Anglo-Celt newspaper begins publication in Cavan. Historian Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh s Chorographical description of West or Iar Connacht is first published,10 February - Lord Charles Beresford, British admiral 13 February - John OConnor Power, Irish Nationalist politician and Member of Parliament. 25 March - Michael Davitt, republican, nationalist agrarian agitator, social campaigner, labour leader,27 June – Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish nationalist leader. 22 July - Alfred Perceval Graves, writer,13 August - Otto Jaffe, twice elected as Irish Unionist Party Lord Mayor of Belfast. 10 September - John F. Finerty, U. S,18 September - Standish James OGrady, author, journalist, historian. 23 August - Sir Henry Bellingham, 4th Baronet, politician,9 October - Frank Hugh ODonnell, writer and nationalist politician. 18 November - Samuel Cleland Davidson, inventor and engineer 3 April – Zozimus, comic poet 12 October – Lawrence Kavenagh, bushranger exact date unknown – George Darley, poet, novelist and critic
12.
1841
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As of the start of 1841, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 20 – Charles Elliot of the United Kingdom and Qishan of the Qing dynasty agree to the Convention of Chuenpi, january 26 – Britain occupies Hong Kong. Later in the year, the first census of the records a population of about 7,500. January 27 – The active volcano Mount Erebus in Antarctica is discovered and named by James Clark Ross, january 28 – Ross discovers the Victoria Barrier, later known as the Ross Ice Shelf. On the same voyage, he discovers the Ross Sea, Victoria Land, january 30 – A fire ruins and destroys two-thirds of the villa of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. February 4 – First known reference to Groundhog Day in North America, february 10 – Act of Union proclaimed in Canada. February 11 – The two colonies of The Canadas are merged into the United Province of Canada, february 18 – The first ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate begins and lasts until March 11. February 20 – The Governor Fenner, carrying emigrants to the United States, february – El Salvador proclaims itself an independent republic, bringing an end to the Federal Republic of Central America. March 4 – William Henry Harrison is sworn in as President of the United States, March 9 – United States v. The Amistad, The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the case that the Africans who seized control of the ship had taken into slavery illegally. March 12 – SS President under the command of the legendary captain Richard Roberts founders in rough seas with all passengers and he is succeeded by Vice President John Tyler, who becomes President of the United States. April 6 – President John Tyler is sworn in, may – Start of the Sino-Sikh War. May 3 – New Zealand becomes a British colony, may 11 – Lt. Charles Wilkes lands at Fort Nisqually in Puget Sound. May 22 –1841 rebellion in Guria, The Georgian province of Guria revolts against the Russian Empire, june 6 United Kingdom Census held, the first to record names and approximate ages of every household member and to be administered nationally. Marian Hughes becomes the first woman to take vows in communion with the Anglican Province of Canterbury since the Reformation. June 21 – Fordham University is founded in The Bronx by the Society of Jesus and its name at its founding is St. Johns College. June 28 – Ballet Giselle first presented by the Ballet du Théâtre de lAcadémie Royale de Musique at the Salle Le Peletier in Paris, july – Scottish missionary David Livingstone arrives at Kuruman in the Northern Cape, his first posting in Africa. July 5 – Thomas Cook arranges his first railway excursion, in England, july 17 – First edition of the humorous magazine Punch published in London
13.
Census
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A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population, the term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses, other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications, the word is of Latin origin, during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the level of detail but raise concerns about privacy. A census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are used for research, business marketing, and planning. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling, similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions. In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide accurate information than attempts to get a population census. A census is often construed as the opposite of a sample as its intent is to count everyone in a rather than a fraction. However, population censuses rely on a frame to count the population. This is the way to be sure that everyone has been included as otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on. The fundamental premise of a census is that the population is not known, the use of a sampling frame is counterintuitive as it suggests that the population size is already known. However, a census is also used to collect data on the individuals in the nation. This process of sampling marks the difference between historical census, which was a house to house process or the product of a decree. The sampling frame used by census is almost always an address register, thus it is not known if there is anyone resident or how many people there are in each household. Depending on the mode of enumeration, a form is sent to the householder, as a preliminary to the dispatch of forms, census workers will check any address problems on the ground. While it may seem straightforward to use the postal service file for this purpose, a particular problem is what are termed communal establishments which category includes student residences, religious orders, homes for the elderly, people in prisons etc
14.
Daniel O'Connell
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Daniel OConnell, often referred to as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century. OConnell was born at Carhan near Cahersiveen, County Kerry, to the OConnells of Derrynane, a once-wealthy Roman Catholic family, among his uncles was Daniel Charles, Count OConnell, an officer in the Irish Brigades of the French Army. A famous aunt was Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill, while Sir James OConnell, in his early years, he became acquainted with the pro-democracy radicals of the time and committed himself to bringing equal rights and religious tolerance to his own country. While in Dublin studying for the law, OConnell was under his Uncle Maurices instructions not to become involved in any militia activity, when Wolfe Tones French invasion fleet entered Bantry Bay in December 1796, OConnell found himself in a quandary. Politics was the cause of his unsettlement and he desired to enter Parliament, yet every allowance that the Catholics had been led to anticipate, two years previously, was now flatly vetoed. As a law student, OConnell was aware of his own talents and he read the Jockey Club as a picture of the governing class in England and was persuaded by it that, vice reigns triumphant in the English court at this day. The spirit of liberty shrinks to protect property from the attacks of French innovators, the corrupt higher orders tremble for their vicious enjoyments. Later that month, for the sake of expediency, he joined the Lawyers Artillery Corps, on 19 May 1798, OConnell was called to the Irish Bar and became a barrister. Four days later, the United Irishmen staged their rebellion which was put down by the British with great bloodshed, OConnell did not support the rebellion, he believed that the Irish would have to assert themselves politically rather than by force. He went on the Munster circuit, and for over a decade, although he was ultimately to inherit Derrynane from his uncle Maurice, the old man lived to be almost 100 and in the event Daniels inheritance did not cover his debts. He also condemned Robert Emmets Rebellion of 1803, of Emmet, a Protestant, he wrote, A man who could coolly prepare so much bloodshed, so many murders—and such horrors of every kind has ceased to be an object of compassion. He was noted for his fearlessness in Court, if he thought poorly of a judge he had no hesitation in making this clear, OConnell returned to politics in the 1810s. In 1811, he established the Catholic Board, which campaigned for Catholic emancipation, that is, the opportunity for Irish Catholics to become members of parliament. In 1823, he set up the Catholic Association which embraced other aims to better Irish Catholics, such as, electoral reform, reform of the Church of Ireland, tenants rights, and economic development. The Association was funded by membership dues of one penny per month, the subscription was highly successful, and the Association raised a large sum of money in its first year. The money was used to campaign for Catholic emancipation, specifically funding pro-emancipation members of parliament standing for the British House of Commons. Members of the Association were liable to prosecution under a statute. OConnell was often briefed for the defence, and showed extraordinary vigour in pleading the rights of Catholics to argue for emancipation, in 1815 a serious event in his life occurred
15.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
16.
Lord Mayor of Dublin
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The Lord Mayor of Dublin is the honorific title of the chairman of Dublin City Council which is the local government body for the city of Dublin, the capital of Ireland. The incumbent is Labour Party councillor Brendan Carr, the office holder is elected annually by the members of the Council. The office of Mayor of Dublin was created in June 1229 by Henry III, the office of Mayor was elevated to Lord Mayor in 1665 by Charles II, and as part of this process received the honorific The Right Honourable. Lords Mayor were ex-officio members of the Privy Council of Ireland, the Local Government Act 2001 finally removed the title as a consequence of the repeal of the 1840 act. The office is largely symbolic and its responsibilities consist of chairing meetings of the City Council, except on a handful of occasions where the city government has been suspended for not striking a rate, Dublin has had a mayor for nearly eight hundred years. The Lord Mayor resides in the eighteenth century Mansion House on Dawson Street, a privilege enjoyed by the Lord Mayor is to receive the first car registration number in Dublin for each new year. It is also worn, at the Lord Mayors discretion, when paying visits to places as schools, churches. The Lord Mayor of Dublins gold chain of office was presented by King William III to the City of Dublin in 1698
17.
St Malachy's Church, Belfast
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Saint Malachys Church is a Catholic Church in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is located in Alfred Street, a distance from Belfast City Hall. The Church is the point of the local parish community and Saint Malachys Parish is one of the 88 parishes in the Diocese of Down. After Saint Marys Church in Chapel Lane and Saint Patricks Church in Donegall Street, in the beginning Saint Malachys was administered by the priests of Saint Marys Parish until The Parish of Saint Malachy was created in 1866 and Fr Geoffrey Brennan was appointed Administrator. The first Parish Priest of Saint Malachys was Fr Daniel McCashin, on November 3,1841, the feast of Saint Malachy, the foundation stone for Saint Malachys Church was laid. On December 15,1844 Dr William Crolly, Archbishop of Armagh, Dr Crolly was a native and former Bishop of the Diocese of Down and Connor. The resultant Church is regarded as one of the finest examples of Tudor Revival churches in Ireland, the Church was designed by Thomas Jackson of Waterford and it is in the ecclesiastical style of the Tudor period. It is cruciform in shape,113 feet wide,52 feet wide and 40 feet high, the original High Altar, Pulpit and Altar Rails were of Irish Oak however they were replaced with marble when the Church was renovated in 1926. All that remains of the ornaments is the canopy over the pulpit which has been painted white to match the marble of the present altar furnishings. The Sanctuary floor is mosaic, the colour being blue. At the foot of the Altar is a pelican, a common Christian symbol of sacrifice, Saint Malachys is, perhaps, best known for its fan vaulted ceiling which is an imitation of the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey. Sir Charles Brett stated, It is as though a wedding cake has been turned out, so creamy, lacy. There are two Side Altars in the Church, on side of the Sanctuary. One is dedicated to Saint Joseph, the other to the Blessed Virgin Mary, during the Second World War there were a number of raids on Belfast by the Luftwaffe, the German Air Force. A second bomb landed at the nearby Gasworks, the explosion caused a huge vacuum in the local area which literally sucked out the remainder of the windows and the original Irish Oak frames were destroyed. Being a time of war, it was impossible to replace the oak frames and so they were replaced in concrete. The area of the city around Saint Malachys has been developed in the last number of years. The interior of the Church has also been restored, the ornate stencilling around the Sanctuary, painted over in the 1950s, was restored as were the Altar Rails and the intricate mosaic floor
18.
Ennis
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Ennis is the county town of Clare, Ireland. The Irish name is short for Inis Cluain Ramh Fhada, the town is on the River Fergus, north of where it enters the Shannon Estuary,19 km from Shannon Airport. In 2011, Ennis had a population of 25,360, making it the largest town in Clare, the name Ennis comes from the Irish word Inis, meaning island. This name relates to an island formed between two courses of the River Fergus on which the Franciscan Friary was built, the past of Ennis is closely associated with the OBrien family, who were descendants of Brian Boru. In the 12th century, the OBriens, who were Kings of Thomond, left their seat of power in Limerick, in 1240, King Donnchadh OBrien ordered the construction of an extensive church which he later donated to the Franciscans. The centuries which followed bore great activity, the Friary was expanded and students came in great flocks to study at the theological college. The Friars, who were free to move about, met the needs of the local population. It was a religious centre until the Dissolution of the Monasteries and it became a thriving market town in the late 18th century and this expansion continued unabated throughout the 19th century, except the period after the Famine c. 1850. in the period, a number of landmark structures were constructed, including the Mill. The town contains a number of old military barracks, most notably the Old Military Barracks on the Kilrush road, many locals served in the British Army in the First World War. The Clare Road and Clonroad areas contain terraced cottages built in the early 20th century to house soldiers, on Station Road, then called Jail Road, a gaol once stood. Politically, Ennis has always considered a Fianna Fáil stronghold. However, in the 2009 local elections the party was reduced to just one out of nine on Ennis Town Council. A monument to Éamon de Valera, founder of the party and former President of Ireland, the River Fergus runs through the middle of Ennis, and is a well-known trout and salmon fishery. At one time, small sailing boats made their way up river from the Shannon, a new pedestrian bridge, Harmony Row Bridge, was built over the river Fergus in June 2009. Clare became a county under the rule of Elizabeth I and Ennis was chosen as its capital by the Earls of Thomond because of its central location and great influence. Ennis received a grant to hold fairs and markets in 1610 and some years later a Charter for a Corporation with a Provost, Free Burgesses, Commonalty, Ennis continued to expand in the following centuries, mainly as a market town and later as a manufacturing and distributing centre. Many commodities were conveyed by river to Clarecastle for shipment abroad, Ennis is an historically important market town
19.
Franciscans
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The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church, founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi. These orders include the Order of Friars Minor, the Order of Saint Clare, Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval from the Pope in 1209. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by the Pope disallowed ownership of property, the austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets, while boarding in church properties, Saint Clare, under Franciss guidance, founded the Poor Clares in 1212, which remains a Second Order of the Franciscans. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in final revision of the Rule in 1223, the degree of observance required of members remained a major source of conflict within the order, resulting in numerous secessions. The Order of Friars Minor, previously known as the Observant branch, is one of the three Franciscan First Orders within the Catholic Church, the others being the Capuchins and Conventuals. The Order of Friars Minor, in its current form, is the result of an amalgamation of smaller orders completed in 1897 by Pope Leo XIII. The latter two, the Capuchin and Conventual, remain distinct religious institutes within the Catholic Church, observing the Rule of Saint Francis with different emphases, Franciscans are sometimes referred to as minorites or greyfriars because of their habit. In Poland and Lithuania they are known as Bernardines, after Bernardino of Siena, the name of original order, Friars Minor, means lesser brothers, and stems from Francis of Assisis rejection of extravagance. Francis was the son of a cloth merchant, but gave up his wealth to pursue his faith more fully. Francis adopted of the tunic worn by peasants as the religious habit for his order. Those who joined him became the original Order of Friars Minor and they all live according to a body of regulations known as the Rule of St Francis. First Order The First Order or the Order of Friars Minor are commonly called simply the Franciscans and this Order is a mendicant religious order of men, some of whom trace their origin to Francis of Assisi. Their official Latin name is the Ordo Fratrum Minorum, St. Francis thus referred to his followers as Fraticelli, meaning Little Brothers. Franciscan brothers are informally called friars or the Minorites and they all live according to a body of regulations known as the Rule of St Francis. These are The Order of Friars Minor, known as the Observants, most commonly simply called Franciscan friars, official name, the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin or simply Capuchins, official name, Friars Minor Capuchin. The Conventual Franciscans or Minorites, official name, Friars Minor Conventual, Second Order The Second Order, most commonly called Poor Clares in English-speaking countries, consists of religious sisters. The order is called the Order of St. Clare, but in the century, prior to 1263, this order was referred to as The Poor Ladies, The Poor Enclosed Nuns
20.
Irish Examiner
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Its main national rivals are The Irish Times, and the Irish Independent. The Irish Examiner is available on the Irish Newspaper Archives website up to 2003 you will only find Black-And-White microfilm pages, the paper was founded by John Francis Maguire under the title The Cork Examiner in 1841 in support of the Catholic Emancipation and tenant rights work of Daniel OConnell. Historical copies of The Cork Examiner, dating back to 1841, are available to search, during the Spanish Civil War, the Cork Examiner took a strongly pro-Franco tone in its coverage of the conflict. Though originally appearing under The Cork Examiner title, it has re-branded in recent years to The Examiner, the newspaper was part of the Thomas Crosbie Holdings group. Thomas Crosbie Holdings went into receivership in March 2013, the newspaper was acquired by Landmark Media Investments. As of 2004, its Chief Executive is Thomas J. Murphy, the newspaper was based at Academy Street, Cork for over a century, before moving to new offices at Lapps Quay, Cork in early November 2006. Tim Vaughan resigned as editor in August 2016, in March 2017, it was reported that The Irish Times was considering a bid to acquire the Irish Examiner. Circulation was 57,217 for the period January 2006 to June 2006, circulation was 50,346 for the period January 2009 to June 2009. Circulation was 46,687 for the period January 2009 to June 2010, circulation was 46,001 for the period July 2009 to December 2009. Circulation was 42,083 for the period July 2011 to December 2011, circulation was 39,555 for the period July to December 2012. Circulation was 37,009 for the period July to December 2013, circulation was 35,028 for the period January to June 2014. Circulation was 34,422 for the period July to December 2014, circulation was 33,198 for the period January to June 2015. Circulation was 32,648 for the period July to December 2015, circulation was 30,964 for the period January to June 2016. Circulation was 30,090 for the period July to December 2016, Irish Media, A Critical History Since 1922 By John Horgan. Remember When - Pictures from the Irish Examiner Archive,2010 Collins Press Official website - Irish Examiner
21.
Catholic emancipation
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Requirements to abjure the temporal and spiritual authority of the Pope and transubstantiation placed major burdens on Roman Catholics. The penal laws started to be dismantled from 1766, the most significant measure was the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom. In Canada, British since 1763, the Quebec Act of 1774 ended some restrictions on Roman Catholics, reaction against this led to riots in Scotland in 1779 and then the Gordon Riots in London on June 2,1780. Further relief was given by an Act of 1782 allowing the establishment of Roman Catholic schools, the British Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 was adopted by the Irish Parliament in 1792–93. Since the electoral franchise at the time was determined by property. Non-conformists also suffered discrimination at this time, but it was expected to be a consequence given the proportionately small number of Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom as a whole. William Pitt the Younger, the Prime Minister, had promised emancipation to accompany the Act, no further steps were taken at that stage, however, in part because of the belief of King George III that it would violate his Coronation Oath. Pitt resigned when the Kings opposition became known, as he was unable to fulfill his pledge, Catholic emancipation then became a debating point rather than a major political issue. The increasing number of Irish Catholics serving in the British army led to the army giving freedom of worship to Catholic soldiers in 1811 and their contribution in the Napoleonic wars may have contributed to the support of Wellington for emancipation. In 1823, Daniel OConnell started a campaign for emancipation by establishing the Catholic Association, in 1828 he stood for election in County Clare in Ireland and was elected even though he could not take his seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. He repeated this feat in 1829, oConnells manoeuvres were important, but the decisive turning point came with the change in public opinion in Britain in favour of emancipation. Politicians understood the importance of public opinion. They were influenced as well by the support for the measure by the Whigs in the House of Lords. The balance of opinion in the House of Lords shifted abruptly in 1828–29 in response to public opinion, in 1828 the Sacramental Test Act removed the barrier that required certain public officials to be members of the Established Church. Finally, the Duke of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel changed positions and this removed many of the remaining substantial restrictions on Roman Catholics throughout the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The major beneficiaries were the Roman Catholic middle classes, who could now enter careers in the civil service. The year 1829 is therefore regarded as marking the chief moment of Emancipation in Britain. The obligation, however, to pay tithes to the established Anglican church in Ireland remained, resulting in the Tithe War of the 1830s, a series of further reforms were introduced over time
22.
Ulster Canal
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The Ulster Canal is a disused canal running through part of County Armagh, County Tyrone and County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland and County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland. The Ulster Canal was built between 1825 and 1842 and was 74 km long with 26 locks and it ran from Charlemont on the River Blackwater to Wattle Bridge on the River Finn, south-east of Upper Lough Erne. It was a venture, with the locks built narrower than the other Irish waterways, preventing through trade. In 1778, a proposal was made for a canal from Ballyshannon to the Lower Lough Erne. The estimated cost of the scheme was £32,000, but it was seen as part of a larger project, since a further £8,000 would have provided a link to Enniskillen, Belturbet. A future link from Ballyconnell to Ballymore, along the Woodford River valley, and on to Lough Scurr, the project stalled in 1794, when funds ran out. The Directors General of Inland Navigation asked Evans to prepare an estimate of the costs to finish the work in 1801, but no action was taken. By 1814, the Directors General were faced with problems of unemployment in the area, John Killaly was commissioned to survey the route of such a link, and produced his report in February 1815. His estimate of £233,000 would provide a canal which ascended through six locks from Wattle Bridge to a summit near Monaghan and it would be 35.5 miles long, and would include a branch to Armagh. The government remained unconvinced that they would receive a return on any money advanced, finally, in 1825, a private company was authorised to construct the canal. It was estimated to cost £160,050, as a new survey had produced a plan which only needed eighteen locks, the company then applied to the borrow £100,000 from the Exchequer Bill Loan Commission, a body created under the Poor Employment Act of 1817. Problems were then experienced with the contractors, Henry, Mullins and MacMahon from Dublin, Telford then decided that there were serious problems with the design and that a new survey should be made. This increased the number of locks to 26, and the contractors were asked for a new estimate, agreement could not be reached, and they eventually withdrew from the project. William Cubitt succeeded Telford after he died in 1834, the canal was eventually finished in 1841. From the summit pound, nineteen locks descended to Lough Neagh, water was supplied by Quig Lough reservoir, a lake near Monaghan which had been enlarged. The final lock at Wattle Bridge was only 11.7 feet wide, the project had cost over £230,000. The canal failed to generate significant trade, as the supply was inadequate. In addition, there was no link to the River Shannon to generate through traffic, the company were unable to repay any of the loan made by the Exchequer Bill Loan Commissioners, and in 1851, the Board of Public Works took control of it
23.
Anthony Trollope
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Anthony Trollope was an English novelist of the Victorian era. Among his best-known works is a series of novels known as the Chronicles of Barsetshire. He also wrote novels on political, social, and gender issues, Trollopes literary reputation dipped somewhat during the last years of his life, but he had regained the esteem of critics by the mid-20th century. Thomas Anthony Trollope, Anthonys father, was a barrister, though a clever and well-educated man and a Fellow of New College, Oxford, he failed at the bar due to his bad temper. In addition, his ventures into farming proved unprofitable, and he lost an expected inheritance when an elderly childless uncle remarried and had children, as a son of landed gentry, he wanted his sons to be raised as gentlemen and to attend Oxford or Cambridge. Anthony Trollope suffered much misery in his boyhood owing to the disparity between the background of his parents and their comparatively small means. Born in London, Anthony attended Harrow School as a day pupil for three years from the age of seven because his fathers farm, acquired for that reason. After a spell at a school at Sunbury, he followed his father. He returned to Harrow as a day-boy to reduce the cost of his education, Trollope had some very miserable experiences at these two public schools. They ranked as two of the most élite schools in England, but Trollope had no money and no friends, at the age of twelve, he fantasised about suicide. However, he also daydreamed, constructing elaborate imaginary worlds, in 1827, his mother Frances Trollope moved to America with Trollopes three younger siblings, to Nashoba Commune. After that failed, she opened a bazaar in Cincinnati, which proved unsuccessful, thomas Trollope joined them for a short time before returning to the farm at Harrow, but Anthony stayed in England throughout. His mother returned in 1831 and rapidly made a name for herself as a writer and his fathers affairs, however, went from bad to worse. He gave up his practice entirely and failed to make enough income from farming to pay rents to his landlord, Lord Northwick. In 1834, he fled to Belgium to avoid arrest for debt, the whole family moved to a house near Bruges, where they lived entirely on Francess earnings. In Belgium, Anthony was offered a commission in an Austrian cavalry regiment, to accept it, he needed to learn French and German, he had a year in which to acquire these languages. To learn them without expense to himself and his family, he took a position as an usher in a school in Brussels, after six weeks of this, however, he received an offer of a clerkship in the General Post Office, obtained through a family friend. He returned to London in the autumn of 1834 to take up this post, thomas Trollope died the following year
24.
General Post Office
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The General Post Office was officially established in England in 1660 by Charles II and it eventually grew to combine the functions of state postal system and telecommunications carrier. Similar General Post Offices were established across the British Empire, in 1969 the GPO was abolished and the assets transferred to The Post Office, changing it from a Department of State to a statutory corporation. For the more recent history of the system in the United Kingdom, see the article Royal Mail. Originally, the GPO was a monopoly covering the despatch of items from a sender to a specific receiver. The postal service was known as the Royal Mail because it was built on the system for royal. In 1661 the office of Postmaster General was created to oversee the GPO, the GPO created a network of post offices where senders could submit items. All post was transferred from the post office of origination to distribution points called sorting stations, initially it was the recipient of the post who paid the fee, and he had the right to refuse to accept the item if he did not wish to pay. The charge was based on the distance the item had been carried so the GPO had to keep an account for each item. The first general post office in London opened in 1643, just 8 years after King Charles I legalised use of the posts for private correspondence. It was probably on Cloak Lane near Dowgate Hill, coffee houses in the City such as Lloyds and Garraways organised private transport of mail among their patrons. The Royal Mail moved its headquarters to Lombard Street in the City in 1678 to better curtail such practices, when the Central London Railway was built in 1900 its nearby station was named Post Office. Smirkes building was felt to be too small by this time, however, in 1912, the former GPO East was demolished, the current headquarters of BT, a post World War II building, occupies the site of the old Telegraph Office. The theory was used to state control of the mail service into every form of electronic communication possible on the basis that every sender used some form of distribution service. These distribution services were considered in law as forms of electronic post offices and this applied to telegraph and telephone switching stations. In the mid 19th century several private companies were established in the UK. The responsibility for the electric telegraphs was officially transferred to the GPO on Friday,4 February 1870, overseas telegraphs did not fall within the monopoly. The private telegraph companies that existed were bought out. The new combined telegraph service had 1,058 telegraph offices in towns,6,830,812 telegrams were transmitted in 1869 producing revenue of £550,000
25.
Banagher
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Banagher is a town in Republic of Ireland, located in the midlands on the western edge of County Offaly in the province of Leinster, on the banks of the River Shannon. The name Banagher comes from its Irish name, which translates to English as the place of the rocks on the Shannon. Banagher was a town of 3,000 people at the height of its growth in the mid-19th century. The current population is just over half of that figure, at about 1,600, Banagher has an important strategic position on the River Shannon, and was long one of the few crossing points between the provinces of Leinster and Connacht. The town used to be the focus of thriving river business and was an important stop on the Dublin to Limerick navigation and it supported a number of large industries, most notably a maltings and distillery, which are now defunct. Banagher is the centre of the Shannon Callows, grassy meadows which flood in winter, the town is the source of the well-known phrase, Well, that beats Banagher. Banagher lies in the council area of Offaly County Council. Local authorities have responsibility for such matters as planning, local roads, sanitation, the Council is an elected body of 21 members with councillors elected from four electoral areas in the county. Banagher lies in the Birr electoral area, which can return 5 members to the council, the town lies in the Barony of Garrycastle and was in the poor law union of Birr. Divided by the road to Birr from Eyrecourt, its eastern part lies in the townland of Curraghavarna and Portavrolla, Banagher is in the Roman Catholic parish of Gallen and Rynagh which lies in the diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise. The diocese is in the Archdiocese of Armagh in the province of Armagh. It is in the Church of Ireland parish group of Clonfert Cathedral which is in the Diocese of Limerick and Killaloe and it is thought that St. Rynagh, who founded Banagher and after whom the parish is named, was a sister of St. Finnian of Clonard. According to research, they came from a place near New Ross in County Wexford and it is known that contact was maintained between Rynaghs Wexford home and her foundation at Banagher, and her mother came to live there. It is recorded that Reynaghs mother, Talech, or Talacia, the place of her burial is uncertain but it is likely to have been in either Banagher or Kilmacduagh near Gort, the monastery founded by her son, St. Colman. The settlement that grew to become Banagher, originated at a ford on the east bank of the River Shannon, the river banks and surrounding countryside were flood-free all year round. Travellers intending to cross the Shannon converged on this point along tracks which were the forerunners of the roads. Many of the travellers were pilgrims. North-west of Banagher, on the Connacht side of the river, was the establishment of Clonfert
26.
Charles Lever
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Charles James Lever was an Irish novelist and raconteur, whose novels, according to Anthony Trollope, were just like his conversation. Lever was born in Amiens Street, Dublin, the son of James Lever, an architect and builder. His escapades at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took the degree in medicine in 1831, are drawn on for the plots of some of his novels. The character Frank Webber in the novel Charles OMalley was based on a friend, Robert Boyle. Back in Europe, he pretended he was a student from the University of Göttingen and travelled to the University of Jena and he loved German student life, and several of his songs, such as The Pope He Loved a Merry Life, are based on student-song models. Lever had met William Hamilton Maxwell, the founder of the genre. Before Harry Lorrequer appeared in form, Lever had settled on the strength of a slight diplomatic connection as a fashionable physician in Brussels. If this sort of thing amuses them, I can go on for ever, in pages of OMalley and Tom Burke Lever anticipates not a few of the best effects of Marbot, Thibaut, Lejeune, Griois, Seruzier, Burgoyne and the like. His account of the Douro need hardly fear comparison, it has been said, condemned by the critics, Lever had completely won the general reader from the Iron Duke himself downwards. In June 1842 he welcomed at Templeogue, four miles southwest of Dublin, thackeray recognised the fund of Irish sadness beneath the surface merriment. The authors character is not humour but sentiment, the spirits are mostly artificial, the fond is sadness, as appears to me to be that of most Irish writing and people. The Waterloo episode in Vanity Fair was in part an outcome of the talk between the two novelists, Templeogue would soon have proved another Abbotsford. Thackeray suggested London, but Lever required a new field of literary observation and his creative inspiration exhausted, he decided to renew it on the continent. In 1845 he resigned his editorship and went back to Brussels, now and again he halted for a few months, and entertained to the limit of his resources in some ducal castle or other which he hired for an off season. Thus at Riedenburg, near Bregenz, in August 1846, he entertained Charles Dickens and his wife and his innate sadness began to cloud the animal joyousness of his temperament. Formerly he had written for the world which is young and curly and merry, now he grew fat and bald. After 38 or so what has life to offer but one universal declension, let the crew pump as hard as they like, the leak gains every hour. His son, Charles Sidney Lever, died in 1863 and is buried in Florences English Cemetery, here is six hundred a year for doing nothing, and you are just the man to do it
27.
1926 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1926 in Ireland. 1 January – Douglas Hyde officially opens the Irish Free State broadcasting service, 2RN,4 January – the countrys first Aeroplane Club is formed in Dublin. 19 January – the Minister for Finance, Ernest Blythe, introduces a Bill providing for the issue of silver, nickel,21 January – the Northern Ireland Minister for Agriculture meets his Free State counterpart, Patrick Hogan. The meeting paves the way for co-operation in securing better animal health for livestock,12 February – the minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, appoints a Committee on Evil Literature. 11 March – Éamon de Valera resigns as President of Sinn Féin at its Árd-Fheis when one of his proposals is defeated,7 April – an elderly Irishwoman, Violet Gibson, shoots the Italian Prime Minister, Benito Mussolini, in Rome. 18 April – census held in parts of Ireland. The population of the Irish Free State is 2,972,000,29 April – Dublin city commissioners decide to remove Nelsons Pillar from OConnell Street. However, this decision needs the approval of the Oireachtas,16 May – at La Scala Theatre in Dublin a new political party is formed. Fianna Fáil – the Republican Party is launched by leading republicans including Éamon de Valera,20 August – the Irish pilgrimage to the battlefields of France and Flanders leaves today. 17 November – President W. T. Cosgrave introduces the Public Safety Bill following the killing of two unarmed gardaí,25 November – Éamon de Valera addresses the first Fianna Fáil Árd-Fheis in Dublin. The Gaeltacht – regions with a significant percentage of Irish language speakers – is officially recognised, Irish Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited established in Carlow as a private enterprise to process sugar beet. 8 February – Seán OCaseys The Plough and the Stars opens at the Abbey Theatre, on 11 February, the performance is marred by ugly scenes in the audience, one man strikes an actress. 6 September – Lennox Robinsons play The Big House opens at the Abbey Theatre,22 November – George Bernard Shaw, having initially refused to accept the prize money for the Nobel Prize for Literature, will now accept the money but return it to the Nobel Foundation. M. J. Farrells first novel, The Knight of Cheerful Countenance, is published, yeats Autobiographies is published as volume 6 of his Collected Edition by Macmillan in London. 21 March The Irish Free State national football team plays Italy for the first time,3 February – Jim Higgins, soccer player. 9 February – Garret FitzGerald, Taoiseach and leader of Fine Gael,10 March – Thomas Dunne, Fine Gael TD and MEP.24 March – Desmond Connell, Cardinal and Archbishop of Dublin. 30 March – Ray McAnally, actor,4 April – Ronnie Masterson, actress. 23 April – J. P. Donleavy, writer,26 April – Philomena Garvey, golfer
28.
Charles Cooper Penrose-Fitzgerald
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Charles Cooper Penrose-Fitzgerald was a Vice-Admiral in the Royal Navy. His father was Robert Uniacke Penrose who married Francis Matilda Austin, daughter of the Revd Robert Austin, Charles married Henrietta Elizabeth Hewson on 29 November 1882, daughter of Revd Francis Hewson of Dunganston, Wicklow. They had a son John Uniacke Penrose Fitzgerald who also joined the navy and was killed on active service in world war II, in 1896 Charles changed his own surname to Uniacke-Penrose-Fitzgerald. He was educated at Dr. Burneys academy, Gosport and joined the navy in 1854 onboard HMS Victory at Portsmouth, in 1855 he served in the Baltic and then the Black Sea in 1856. He served on HMS Retribution on the China station and in 1860 on HMS Ariadne, on 22 May 1861 he was made Lieutenant. On 24 July 1871 he became a commander serving as first lieutenant on HMS Hercules under Captain Lord Gilford. Was appointed to second in command of HMS Agincourt, flagship of the division of the Mediterranean squadron. Hercules had been involved in the rescue of Agincourt when her previous commander had allowed her to run aground near Gibraltar and he spent three years on HMS Asia, which was an old hulk moored near Fareham. Lord Gilford was once again in command, the posting was a bad one for an officer concerned about his career, but allowed plenty of leave and hunting. The most onerous duty was that he was called to sit on courts-martial. In the summer he had a yacht to sail about in the Solent so as not to get out of practice. After Asia he spent a period on half pay and while in Ireland had a bad hunting accident which required him to lie flat for most of a year while recovering, on 4 January 1878 he was appointed to his first independent command in HMS Rapid in the Mediterranean. Lord Gilford was now a junior Lord of the Admiralty so was able to assist in obtaining the command, Rapid was the slowest ship in the fleet, so was normally used for detached duties. It was fourteen months before Fitzgerald met the commander, Admiral Geoffrey Hornby. On 19 March 1880 he was promoted to Captain and was appointed to HMS Inconstant, although he wrote on the subject of sailing, he was an advocate of the complete removal of sails from naval vessels. In 1884 he was the Captain of the Royal Naval college, in 1886 he commanded HMS Bellerophon. On 7 November 1889 he was captain of HMS Collingwood in the Mediterranean. He was a proponent of rear-admiral George Tryons ideas that a system of flag signals was needed for battle conditions
29.
Patrick Egan (land reformer and diplomat)
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Patrick Egan was an Irish and American political leader. Egan was born in Ballymahon, Co, later he was elected managing director of this, as a stock company, it being the most extensive one in Ireland. He was, at the time, senior partner in the most extensive bakery establishment in the county. Egan became involved with the Irish Republican Brotherhood soon after its establishment and he and others resigned from the Irish Republican Brotherhood in August 1877 over the condemnation by its leaders of the use of politics within a revolutionary organisation. At its foundation in 1879, he was elected treasurer of the Irish Land League and he was a close associate of Michael Davitt and Charles Stewart Parnell. At the end of 1880, he, with others, including Parnell, Dillon, Bigger, Sexton, Sullivan, Sheridan. After a costly trial of sixteen days the jury stood ten for acquittal, following the arrest of Parnell, in his function as Treasurer of the Land League he signed the No Rent Manifesto of 18 October 1881. This led to proscription of the League by the British government and this led Egan to flee to Paris with the organisations funds in order to prevent their confiscation by the authorities. He remained in Paris from February 1881 to the end of 1882, in 1881 he was elected, at its convention in Boston, president of the National Executive Committee of the Irish National League of America. Egan was instrumental in exposing the Piggott forgeries and he gave an interview to the New York Times in October 1888, predicting that the Times case would be demolished, Nothing new has developed yet to talk about. What has been said so far is simply a rehash of charges, without proof, but wait until the evidence for Parnell is produced. The whole Times case will be exploded and indisputable evidence produced which will show Parnell guiltless and you may expect some sensational testimony. I have no doubt of the vindication of Parnell and all his associates. He subsequently became involved in American politics and was a power in the Republican Party until he left it for William Jennings Bryan. As United States Minister to Chile, he represented the United States when relations were strained during the revolt against President José Manuel Balmaceda, Egan supported John Redmond and the Irish Volunteers in his final years. If anyone were shot it should have been John Devoy who hatched the whole nefarious scheme here in New York and was responsible for it. Egan was the father of fourteen children, nine of whom survived childhood and his residence in Lincoln was located at 1447 Q street. In gay Paree he hides, Egan of Paris, unsought by any save me, making his days stations, the dingy printing case, his three taverns, the Montmartre lair, rue de la Goutte dOr, damascened with flyblown faces of the gone
30.
Irish National Land League
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The Irish National Land League was an Irish political organisation of the late 19th century which sought to help poor tenant farmers. Its primary aim was to abolish landlordism in Ireland and enable tenant farmers to own the land they worked on, the period of the Land Leagues agitation is known as the Land War. Historian R. F. Foster adds that about a third of the activists were Catholic priests, the first of many monster meetings of tenant farmers was held in Irishtown near Claremorris on 20 April 1879, with an estimated turnout of 15,000 to 20,000 people. This meeting was addressed by James Daly, John OConnor Power, John Ferguson, Thomas Brennan, and J. J. Louden. The Connaught Telegraphs report of the meeting in its edition of 26 April 1879 began, at 11 oclock a monster contingent of tenant-farmers on horseback drew up in front of Hughess hotel, showing discipline and order that a cavalry regiment might feel proud of. They were led on in sections, each having a marshal who kept his troops well in hand. P. W. Nally, J. W. Nally, H. French, and M. Griffin, wearing green and gold sashes, led on their different sections, who rode two deep, occupying, at least, over an Irish mile of the road. Next followed a train of carriages, brakes, cares, etc. led on by Mr. Martin Hughes, OConnor, J. Ferguson, and Thomas Brennan in a covered carriage, followed by at least 500 vehicles from the neighbouring towns. On passing through Ballindine the sight was truly imposing, the endless train directing its course to Irishtown – a neat little hamlet on the boundaries of Mayo, Roscommon, and Galway. From 1874 agricultural prices in Europe had dropped, followed by bad harvests due to wet weather during the Long Depression. The effect by 1878 was that many Irish farmers were unable to pay the rents that they had agreed, the localised 1879 Famine added to the misery. Unlike many other parts of Europe, the Irish land tenure system was inflexible in times of economic hardship, the Irish National Land League was founded at the Imperial Hotel in Castlebar, the County town of Mayo, on 21 October 1879. At that meeting Charles Stewart Parnell was elected president of the league, Andrew Kettle, Michael Davitt, and Thomas Brennan were appointed as honorary secretaries. This united practically all the different strands of land agitation and tenant rights movements under a single organisation, Charles Stewart Parnell, John Dillon, Michael Davitt, and others including Cal Lynn then went to the United States to raise funds for the League with spectacular results. Branches were also set up in Scotland, where the Crofters Party imitated the League, the government had introduced the first Land Act in 1870, which proved largely ineffective. It was followed by the more effective Land Acts of 1880 and 1881. These established a Land Commission that started to reduce some rents and it had a modest success In Ireland, and mobilized financial and political support from the Irish Diaspora. Although the League discouraged violence, agrarian crimes increased widely, typically a rent strike would be followed by eviction by the police and the bailiffs
31.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
32.
1919 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1919 in Ireland. 21 January – Dáil Éireann meets for the very first time in the Round Room of the Mansion House, in the first shots of the Irish War of Independence, two Royal Irish Constabulary men are killed by members of the Third Tipperary Brigade in the Soloheadbeg Ambush in Tipperary. 27 January – general strike call in Belfast and Glasgow,1 April – fifty-two members of Sinn Féin attend the second meeting of Dáil Éireann. Seán T. OKelly is elected Ceann Comhairle and Éamon de Valera is elected President of Dáil Éireann,2 April – Constance Markievicz is appointed Minister for Labour, becoming the first Irish female Cabinet Minister and the first in Western Europe. 18 April –1,000 delegates from all over Ireland attend the Sinn Féin Ard-Fheis in Dublin, Éamon de Valera is elected President of the organisation. 19 April – Sinn Féin proposes an Executive Council of the Irish National Alliance to challenge the right of any foreign parliament to make laws for Ireland,17 May – the first Republican law court is set up, at Ballinrobe, County Mayo. 14 June – Captain Alcock and Lieutenant Brown arrive in Clifden,18 June – Dáil establishes the National Arbitration Courts. 12 August – St Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, is consecrated,8 September – The sack of Fermoy, drunken British forces rampage through Fermoy following an inquest on the previous death of a British soldier which fails to find for murder. 12 September – Dáil Éireann is declared illegal by the British authorities, there are raids on Sinn Féin centres and Ernest Blythe is arrested. 19 December – volunteers from Dublin and Tipperary under the leadership of Paddy Daly undertook an ambush on Lord Frenchs motorcade of three cars at Ashtown Road in Dublin, Lord French was the British Viceroy, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Supreme Commander of the British Army in Ireland. While three of Frenchs party, two RIC and a driver, were wounded French got through unharmed, volunteer Martin Savage was killed and Dan Breen wounded. Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, previously Chief Rabbi of Belfast, is appointed to serve in Dublin, Yeats travels to the United States and begins a lecture tour lasting until May 1920. In this year also Yeats publishes a major revision of The Wild Swans at Coole, Two Plays for Dancers, harry Clarkes illustrations to an edition of Tales of Mystery & Imagination are published. Francis Ledwidges Complete Poems are published posthumously, edited by Lord Dunsany, C. S. Lewis, writing as Clive Hamilton, publishes Spirits in Bondage, a cycle of lyrics, his first published work, in London. An Seabhac s semi-autobiographical comic story Jimín Mháire Thaidhg is published,30 January – Robert Lowry, Baron Lowry, Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland. 23 February – Johnny Carey, soccer player and manager,18 March – G. E. M. Anscombe, analytic philosopher. 3 April – Myles McKeon, former Roman Catholic Bishop of Bunbury,3 April – Eoghan Ó Tuairisc, poet and writer. 9 April – Gordon Lambert, art collector, member of the Seanad,1 May – Dan OHerlihy, actor
33.
Max Arthur Macauliffe
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Michael MacAuliffe, also known as Max Arthur Macauliffe, was a senior Sikh-British administrator, prolific scholar and author. Macauliffe is renowned for his translation of Sikh scripture and history into English, MacAuliffe was born at Newcastle West, County Limerick, on 10 September 1841. He was educated at Newcastle School, Limerick, and Springfield College and he attended Queens College Galway between 1857 and 1863, being awarded junior scholarships in the Literary Division of the Arts Faculty for 1857-8, 1858-9, and 1859-60. He was awarded a B. A. degree with first class honours in Modern Languages in 1860 and he obtained a senior scholarship in Ancient Classics for 1860-1, and a senior scholarship in Modern Languages and History for 1861-2. He also served as Secretary of the colleges Literary and Debating Society for the 1860-1861 session, MacAuliffe entered the Indian Civil Service in 1862, and arrived in the Punjab in February 1864. He was appointed Deputy Commissioner of the Punjab in 1882, and he retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1893. MacAuliffe also wrote a rendition, English translation of the Sacred scriptures of the Sikh religion and he also wrote The Sikh Religion, its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. He was assisted in his works by Pratap Singh Giani, a Sikh scholar, Macauliffe is held in high esteem amongst Sikh communion, for his attempted translation into English of the Sikh Scriptures, the Guru Granth Sahib. At a lecture at the session of the Lahore Singh Sabha Macauliffe proclaimed that the Guru Granth was matchless as a book of holy teachings. He was awarded the degree of M. A. by his alma mater in 1882, MacAuliffe died at his home in London on 15 March 1913
34.
1913 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1913 in Ireland. 13 January – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias,30 January – at Westminster the House of Lords rejects the 3rd Home Rule Bill by 326 to 69. 10 February – John Redmond opens the replacement city bridge over the River Suir in Waterford that will be named after him,7 July – the Home Rule Bill is once again carried in the House of Commons, despite attempts by Bonar Law to obstruct it. 31 August – Dublin Lock-out, the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator,1 September – protest by locked-out workers lead to serious riots in Dublin. Shops are looted and attempts made to tear up tram lines,3 September – a meeting of 400 employers with William Martin Murphy pledges not to employ any persons who continue to be members of the Irish Transport & General Workers Union. 7 September – a large meeting in Sackville Street asserts the right of speech, trade union representation. 17 September In Newry, Edward Carson says that a Provisional Government will be established in Ulster if Home Rule is introduced, in Dublin, labour unrest grows with a march 5,000 through the city. 27 September –12,000 Ulster Volunteers parade at the Royal Ulster Agricultural Societys show grounds at Balmoral in protest at the Home Rule Bill,27 September – in Dublin the food ship, The Hare, arrives bringing forty tons of food raised by British trade unionists. 6 October – an official report on the lockout suggests that workers should be reinstated without having to give a not to join the ITGWU. 16 October –4,000 men and women march through Dublin in support of James Larkin,27 October – James Larkin of the ITGWU is sentenced to seven months in prison for seditious language. 1 November Kingstown trade unionist James Byrne, arrested for his part in the lockout,10 November – the Dublin Volunteer Corps enrolls over 2,000 men. They declare they will preserve the civil and religious liberties of Protestants outside Ulster in the event of Irish Home Rule,19 November – the Irish Citizen Army is founded by James Connolly to protect workers in the general lockout. 25 November – the pro-Home Rule Irish Volunteers are formed at a meeting attended by 4,000 men in Dublins Rotunda Rink. 28 November – Andrew Bonar Law addresses a huge unionist rally in the Theatre Royal in Dublin, declaring that if Home Rule is introduced Ulster will resist, george A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan is premièred in London and New York City. Winifred Mary Letts publishes Songs from Leinster, conal Holmes OConnell ORiordan produces his play Rope Enough. Pádraig Ó Siochfhradhas story An Baile S’Againne is published, katharine Tynans Irish Poems is published. Yeats poem September 1913 is published in The Irish Times during the Dublin Lock-out and his Poems Written in Discouragement is also published this year. English music hall comedian Arthur Lucan meets and marries 16-year-old actress Kitty McShane in Dublin,19 January – Matt OMahoney, international soccer player
35.
Abraham Dowdney
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Abraham Dowdney was a United States Representative from New York, as well as an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Born in Youghal, County Cork, Ireland, he immigrated to the United States with his parents and he served primarily in Virginia and North Carolina within the XVIII Corps. Interment was in Calvary Cemetery, Long Island City and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2008-02-14 Works by or about Abraham Dowdney at Internet Archive Abraham Dowdney entry at The Political Graveyard Abraham Dowdney at Find a Grave
36.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
37.
Union Army
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The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War,1861 to 1865. It included the permanent regular army of the United States, which was augmented by numbers of temporary units consisting of volunteers as well as conscripts. The Union Army fought and eventually defeated the Confederate Army during the war, at least two and a half million men served in the Union Army, almost all were volunteers. About 360,000 Union soldiers died from all causes,280,000 were wounded and 200,000 deserted. When the American Civil War began in April 1861, there were only 16,000 men in the U. S. Army, and of these many Southern officers resigned and joined the Confederate army. The U. S. Army consisted of ten regiments of infantry, four of artillery, Lincolns call forced the border states to choose sides, and four seceded, making the Confederacy eleven states strong. The war proved to be longer and more extensive than anyone North or South had expected, the call for volunteers initially was easily met by patriotic Northerners, abolitionists, and even immigrants who enlisted for a steady income and meals. Over 10,000 Germans in New York and Pennsylvania immediately responded to Lincolns call, as more men were needed, however, the number of volunteers fell and both money bounties and forced conscription had to be turned to. Nevertheless, between April 1861 and April 1865, at least two and a million men served in the Union Army, of whom the majority were volunteers. It is a misconception that the South held an advantage because of the percentage of professional officers who resigned to join the Confederate army. At the start of the war, there were 824 graduates of the U. S, Military Academy on the active list, of these,296 resigned or were dismissed, and 184 of those became Confederate officers. Of the approximately 900 West Point graduates who were civilians,400 returned to the Union Army and 99 to the Confederate. Therefore, the ratio of Union to Confederate professional officers was 642 to 283, the South did have the advantage of other military colleges, such as The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute, but they produced fewer officers. The Union Army was composed of numerous organizations, which were generally organized geographically, Military Division A collection of Departments reporting to one commander. Military Divisions were similar to the modern term Theater, and were modeled close to, though not synonymous with. Department An organization that covered a region, including responsibilities for the Federal installations therein. Those named for states usually referred to Southern states that had been occupied and it was more common to name departments for rivers or regions. District A subdivision of a Department, there were also Subdistricts for smaller regions
38.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
39.
1886 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1886 in Ireland. January - Ulster Protestant Unionists begin to lobby against the Irish Home Rule Bill,30 January - SS Fulmar sinks off Kilkee with the loss of all 17 aboard. March - Prime Minister William Gladstone announces his support for Irish Home Rule,8 April - Gladstone introduces the Irish Home Rule Bill in the House of Commons. Lord Randolph Churchill voices his opposition with the slogan Ulster will fight,8 June - The First Home Rule Bill fails to pass the British Parliament on a vote of 343-313. June - Protestants celebrate the defeat of the Home Rule Bill, leading to renewed rioting on the streets of Belfast and the deaths of seven people, with many more injured. 12 June - In a statement to Parliament, Gladstone calls for an election and, with the dissolution of Parliament. Thirteen people are killed in a weekend of rioting, with an official death toll of 31 people over the period. October - The first tenant farmers are evicted during the first year of the Plan of Campaign,15 October - The SS Great Eastern begins a 5-month period on display at the North Wall Quay, Dublin. 30 November - Maud Gonnes father dies leaving her a substantial inheritance ensuring her financial independence, st Marys Pro-Cathedral in Dublin is officially elevated to Pro-cathedral status. Eason & Son, booksellers and stationers, established in Dublin, the 1886 Tramways Act allows the Board of Works to grant loans to railway companies including £54,400 to the West Clare Railway one of the first railways to be built in western Ireland. Charles Cunningham Boycott, who gave rise to the eponymous word. J. M. Synge joins the Dublin Naturalists Field Club,17 January - The Anglo-Irish writers cousins Somerville and Ross first meet, at Castletownshend. Yeats poem The Stolen Child is published, yeatss verse play Mosada Edward Dowdens The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley is published. George Moores Confessions of a Young Man and A Drama in Muslin are published, T. P. OConnors The Parnell Movement is published. Dublin University professor G. T. Stokes Ireland and the Celtic Church is published, rev. J. A. Wylies History of the Scottish Nation, a valuable resource of Celtic Ireland, begins publication. Dublin Lodge of the Theosophical Society is founded, December - The Dublin University Harriers Club is founded in an effort to promote cross country running. March 18 - The Irish Chess Association is invited to a match against the Belfast Chess Club in an advertisement in the Belfast Newsletter, March - Linfield F. C. is formed in Belfast. Polo player John Watson wins the Irish Dublin Cup, the British polo team, including two players from the All Ireland Polo Club, win the American International Polo Cup
40.
Marcus Daly
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Marcus Daly was an Irish-born American businessman known as one of the three Copper Kings of Butte, Montana, United States. Daly emigrated from County Cavan, Ulster, Ireland, to the United States as a young boy, Daly gained experience in the mines of the Comstock under the direction of John William Mackay and James G. Fair. While working in the mines of Virginia City, Daly met and befriended George Hearst and Lloyd Tevis, in 1872, Daly would recommend purchase by the Hearst group the Ontario mine, near Park City, Utah. In ten years, the Ontario produced $17 million and paid $6,250,000 in dividends and their business friendship was to extend for many years and help establish the Anaconda Copper Mine in Butte, Montana. Daly originally came to Butte in August 1876 to look at a mine, the Walkers purchased the mine, installed Daly as superintendent and awarded him a fractional share of the mine. Always an energetic engineer and geologist with an eye for paying ore, Daly noticed while working underground in the Alice. He gained access into several other mines in the area and concluded that the hill was full of copper ore and he envisioned an ore body several thousand feet deep, some veins of almost pure copper and hundreds of millions of dollars. He urged his employers, the Walker Bros. to purchase the Anaconda, Daly founded his fortune on the Anaconda Copper Mine in Butte, after selling his small share of the Alice Mine, for $30,000. The Anaconda began as a mine, but Dalys purchase was for the copper. However, he lacked the money to develop it, so he turned to Hearst, Haggin, backed with many millions of dollars, he set out upon developing The Richest Hill on Earth. The first couple hundred feet within the mine were rich in silver, by that time, Buttes other silver mines were also playing out, so Daly closed the Anaconda, St Lawrence and Neversweat mines. He reported to his associates what he had in mind and they approved, prices on surrounding properties dropped and Daly quietly purchased them. Then he re-opened the Anaconda as a mine and announced to the world that Butte was The Richest Hill on Earth. Because Thomas Edison had developed the light bulb and built a city block in New York to show off what electricity could do, the world would need copper, hundreds of thousands of tons of it, waiting to be taken from the ground. He built a smelter to handle the ore, and by the late 1880s, had become a several times over. Daly owned a railroad, the Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railroad to haul ore from his mines to his smelter in Anaconda and he owned lumber interests in the Bitterroot Valley, a mansion and prized stables in the same valley, south of Missoula. In 1894, Daly spearheaded an energetic but unsuccessful campaign to have Anaconda designated as Montanas state capital, but lost out to Helena, which was supported by William Andrews Clark. Daly was active in Montana politics throughout the 1890s, because of his opposition and intense rivalry with fellow copper king, Daly tried to keep Clark out of office by lavishly supporting Clarks opponents
41.
1900 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1900 in Ireland. 16 January — Three lion cubs reared by an Irish red setter go on view at Dublin Zoo,17 January — The different sections of the Nationalist Party meet in the Dublin Mansion Houses Oak Room to promote national unity. 6 February — The Irish National League and Irish National Federation re-unite within the Irish Parliamentary Party,28 February — Unofficial figures show that the Royal Dublin Fusiliers suffered the most in the Second Boer War. 12 March — The 45th Company of the Imperial Yeomanry leave Dublin for service in South Africa,1 April — The Irish Guards regiment of the British Army is formed by order of Queen Victoria to honour the Irish troops fighting in the Boer War for the British Empire. 4 April — Queen Victoria arrives at Kingstown and travels to Dublin where she is greeted by the Lord Mayor,7 April —52,000 children greet Queen Victoria at the Phoenix Park in Dublin. 23 April — At a meeting in Loughrea, Douglas Hyde complains of the rapid Anglicisation of the country,11 May — Edward Carson becomes Solicitor General for England and Wales and is knighted. 13 May — The rift in the Irish Parliamentary Party is healed as John Dillon,5 July — The British War Office issues a list of Irish prisoners of the Boers from the 1st Battalion Royal Irish Fusiliers. It names 473 men from eight companies,30 November — Oscar Wilde, dramatist and wit, dies in poverty in Paris aged 46. 31 December — Ceremonies all over the mark the closing of the 19th century. Richard J. Ussher and Robert Warren publish The Birds of Ireland, moira ONeill publishes Songs of the Glens of Antrim. 10 January — Harry Kernoff, artist,19 January — Frank Devlin, badminton player. January — Michael Donnellan, founder of Clann na Talmhan and TD.22 February — Seán Ó Faoláin,27 February — James Ennis, cricketer. 6 March — Mark Deering, Fine Gael TD.25 May — John Hunt,10 July — Paul Vincent Carroll, dramatist. 17 July — Paddy Smith, Fianna Fáil TD and longest-serving member of Dáil Éireann,22 July — Michael Davern, Fianna Fáil TD for Tipperary South 1948–1965. 2 October — Hubert Butler, writer and historian,18 October — Sarah Makem, traditional singer. 23 October — Paddy Ahern, Cork hurler,2 November — William Norton, Labour Party leader, TD and Cabinet Minister. 19 November — Pamela Hinkson, writer,4 December — Tom Farquharson, soccer player. 23 December — Noel Purcell, actor, John Stewart Collis, writer and pioneer ecologist and his twin Robert Collis, physician and writer
42.
Thomas McCarthy Fennell
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Thomas McCarthy Fennell was a Fenian political prisoner transported as a convict to Western Australia. Born in County Clare, Ireland in 1841, Fennell was just four years old when the Irish Potato Famine struck, nonetheless he received a good education, attending either a Catholic school or a national school, and he learned to speak Gaelic at home. In 1863, Fennell became one of the first Fenians recruited from County Clare, he helped recruit. On 5 March 1867, six Fenians men entered the Kilbaha coastguard station, a scuffle ensued, and Fennell was shot through the hip and testicle. The group retreated, and Fennell was treated for his injuries and he was arrested three days later. Tried for treason in the Clare Assizes, on 15 July 1867 he was found guilty, initially he was lodged at Mountjoy Prison, a clearinghouse for political prisoners, later he was transferred to Portland prison. In October 1867, he was put on board the Hougoumont, the Hougoumont departed Portland on 12 October 1867 and arrived at Fremantle, Western Australia on 9 January 1868. Fennell remained in the Western Australian penal system until March 1871, banned from returning to the United Kingdom, Fennell sailed for New Zealand in May 1871. On arrival, he was arrested and deported to New South Wales. New South Wales had similar laws, but did not arrest him and he sailed for San Francisco on board the City of Melbourne. In 1872 he went to Connecticut, while there, he was approached by John Devoy about plans to rescue the military Fenians still in Western Australias penal system. Fennells suggestion was implemented in the Catalpa rescue. In 1874 Fennell married Margaret Collins, and they moved to Elmira, Fennell set up as the operator of the Commercial Hotel, and also served as the local agent for the Cunard Line, a city park commissioner, and Elmiras first Superintendent of Public Works. He helped to raise funds for various Irish causes, such as the Kilrush monument to the Manchester Martyrs, fennells first son, Thomas Francis Fennell was the head football coach at Penn State from 1904 to 1908. Fennell died on 23 February 1914 after a brief illness and he was survived by his wife and three children. Voyage of the Hougoumont and Life at Fremantle, The Story of an Irish Rebel, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list
43.
Irish Republican Brotherhood
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The Irish Republican Brotherhood was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an independent democratic republic in Ireland between 1858 and 1924. Its counterpart in the United States of America was organised by John OMahony, the members of both wings of the movement are often referred to as Fenians. As part of the New Departure of the 1870s–80s, IRB members attempted to democratise the Home Rule League, and its successor, the Irish Parliamentary Party, as well as taking part in the Land War. The IRB staged the Easter Rising in 1916, which led to the establishment of the first Dáil Éireann in 1919, the rebellion was suppressed, but the principles of the United Irishmen were to have a powerful influence on the course of Irish history. Following the collapse of the rebellion, the British prime minister William Pitt introduced a bill to abolish the Irish parliament and manufactured a Union between Ireland and Britain. Opposition from the Protestant oligarchy that controlled the parliament was countered by the widespread and open use of bribery. The Act of Union was passed, the Catholics, who had been excluded from the Irish parliament, were promised emancipation under the Union. This promise was never kept, and caused a protracted and bitter struggle for civil liberties and it was not until 1829 that the British government reluctantly conceded Catholic emancipation. Though leading to general emancipation, this process simultaneously disenfranchised the small tenants, known as ‘forty shilling freeholders’ and this resulted in the Irish Catholic electorate going from 216,000 voters to 37,000. A massive reduction in the number of Catholics being able to vote, Daniel O’Connell, who had led the emancipation campaign, then attempted the same methods in his campaign, to have the Act of Union with Britain repealed. Despite the use of petitions and public meetings which attracted vast popular support, during the early 1840s, the younger members of the repeal movement became impatient with O’Connells over-cautious policies, and began to question his intentions. Later they were what came to be known as the Young Ireland movement, in 1842 three of the Young Ireland leaders, Thomas Davis, Charles Gavan Duffy and John Blake Dillon, launched the Nation newspaper. In the paper they set out to create a spirit of pride, following the collapse of the Repeal Association and with the arrival of famine, the Young Irelanders broke away completely from O’Connell in 1846. The blight that destroyed the potato harvest between 1845 and 1849 was a human tragedy. An entire social class of farmers and labourers were to be virtually wiped out by hunger, disease. The laissez –faire economic thinking of the government ensured that help was slow, between 1845 and 1851 the population fell by almost two million. That the people starved while livestock and grain continued to be exported, quite often under military escort, left a legacy of bitterness and resentment among the survivors. Shocked by the scenes of starvation and greatly influenced by the revolutions then sweeping Europe, the attempted rebellion failed after a small skirmish in Ballingary, Co Tipperary, coupled with a few minor incidents else where. The government quickly rounded up many of the instigators, those who could, fled across the seas, a last flicker of revolt in 1849, led by among others James Fintan Lalor, was equally unsuccessful
