1.
1851 in sports
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1851 in sports describes the years events in world sport. Events By the second half of the 19th century, bandy has become popular among the masses throughout the Russian Empire, traditionally, the Russians use a longer skate blade than other nations, giving them the advantage of skating faster. However, they find it difficult to turn quickly. A bandy skate has a longer blade than an ice skate. Events The Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York plays two matches with the Washington club, soon afterwards named Gotham and these are the second and third meetings between two clubs under Knickerbocker Rules after one played five years earlier. For 1851 to 1853, two annual Knicks-Gothams games are the only matches between clubs, the Knicks winning all six. Events Tom Hyer announces his retirement and relinquishes the Championship of America, the title is claimed by Yankee Sullivan who fought Hyer in 1849 but he is not generally recognised. 29 September — William Perry defends the Championship of England title against the welterweight Harry Broome at Mildenhall, Perry is disqualified in the 15th round for striking Broome while he is kneeling. Broome is the new English champion,16 December — future champion Tom Paddock fights Harry Poulson at Belper in Derbyshire. Paddock wins in the 86th round but the ends in a riot. Paddock and Poulson are both jailed and sentenced to ten months hard labour, events Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky play the Immortal Game in London. It is a game played during a break in the worlds first international chess tournament. Anderssen wins the London tournament and, as he is one of the strongest players of his time, is considered by many to be the first World Chess Champion, events 11 &12 February — Tasmania v Victoria at Launceston Racecourse is the inaugural first-class match played in Australia
2.
18th century
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The 18th century lasted from January 1,1701 to December 31,1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French, philosophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age and this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789-, though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror under Maximilien Robespierre. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power, the Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768. The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state, the once-powerful and vast kingdom, which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies, collapsed under numerous invasions. European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued. Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s, however, Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution, which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States of America. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the steam engine. Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century, steam-powered machinery would radically change human society, western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, 1700-1721, Great Northern War between Tsarist Russia and the Swedish Empire. 1701, Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I,1701, Ashanti Empire is formed under Osei Kofi Tutu I. 1701–1714, The War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental Europe, 1701–1702, The Daily Courant and The Norwich Post become the first daily newspapers in England. 1702, Forty-seven Ronin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan,1703, Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great, it is the Russian capital until 1918. 1703–1711, The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy,1704, End of Japans Genroku period. 1704, First Javanese War of Succession,1705, George Frideric Handels first opera, Almira, premieres. 1706, War of the Spanish Succession, French troops defeated at the Battles of Ramilies,1706, The first English-language edition of the Arabian Nights is published. 1707, The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments,1707, After Aurangzebs death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it. 1707, Mount Fuji erupts in Japan for the first time since 1700,1707, War of 27 Years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India
3.
19th century
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The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
4.
20th century
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The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
5.
1810s
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The 1810s decade ran from January 1,1810, to December 31,1819. In 1810, the French Empire reached its greatest extent, on the continent, the British and Portuguese remained restricted to the area around Lisbon and to besieged Cadiz. Napoleon married Marie-Louise, an Austrian Archduchess, with the aim of ensuring a stable alliance with Austria. As well as the French Empire, Napoleon controlled the Swiss Confederation, the Confederation of the Rhine, the Duchy of Warsaw, Denmark–Norway also allied with France in opposition to Great Britain and Sweden in the Gunboat War. Two-and-a-half million troops fought in the conflict and the total amounted to as many as two million. This era included the battles of Smolensk, Borodino, Lützen, Bautzen, and it also included the epic Battle of Leipzig in October,1813, which was the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars, which drove Napoleon out of Germany. The final stage of the War of the Sixth Coalition, the defense of France in 1814, ultimately, the Allies occupied Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate and restoring the Bourbons. Also in 1814, Denmark–Norway was defeated by Great Britain and Sweden and had to cede the territory of mainland Norway to the King of Sweden at the Treaty of Kiel. Napoleon shortly returned from exile, landing in France on March 1,1815, marking the War of the Seventh Coalition, Spain in the 1810s was a country in turmoil. Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a destructive war of independence ensued. Already in 1810, the Caracas and Buenos Aires juntas declared their independence from the Bonapartist government in Spain, the remaining Spanish colonies had operated with virtual independence from Madrid after their pronouncement against Joseph Bonaparte. The Spanish government in exile created the first modern Spanish constitution, even so, agreements made at the Congress of Vienna would cement international support for the old, absolutist regime in Spain. King Ferdinand VII, who assumed the throne after Napoleon was driven out of Spain, the Spanish Empire in the New World had largely supported the cause of Ferdinand VII over the Bonapartist pretender to the throne in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars. The arrival of Spanish forces in the American colonies began in 1814, Simón Bolívar, the leader of revolutionary forces in New Granada, was briefly forced into exile in British-controlled Jamaica, and independent Haiti. Venezuela was liberated June 24,1821, when Bolivar destroyed the Spanish army on the fields of Carabobo on the Battle of Carabobo, Argentina declared its independence in 1816. Spain would also lose Florida to the United States during this decade, First, in 1810, the Republic of West Florida declared its independence from Spain, and was quickly annexed by the United States. Later, in 1818, the United States invaded Florida, resulting in the Adams-Onís Treaty, in 1820, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and Central America still remained under Spanish control. Although Mexico had been in revolt in 1811 under Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, King Ferdinand was still dissatisfied with the loss of so much of the Empire and resolved to retake it
6.
1820s
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The 1820s decade ran from January 1,1820, to December 31,1829. 1820, Anchor coinage is issued for use in some British colonies,1824 – The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement, temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War in West Sumatra. The Java War was fought in Java between 1825 and 1830 and it started as a rebellion led by Prince Diponegoro after the Dutch decided to build a road across a piece of his property that contained his parents tomb. The troops of Prince Diponegoro were very successful in the beginning, controlling the middle of Java, furthermore, the Javanese population was supportive of Prince Diponegoros cause, whereas the Dutch colonial authorities were initially very indecisive. As the Java war prolonged, Prince Diponegoro had difficulties in maintaining the numbers of his troops, Prince Diponegoro started a fierce guerrilla war and it was not until 1827 that the Dutch army gained the upper hand. The Dutch colonial army was able to fill its ranks with troops from Sulawesi, the rebellion finally ended in 1830, after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch custody near Magelang, believing he was there for negotiations for a possible cease-fire. It is estimated that 200,000 died over the course of the conflict,8,000 being Dutch, the campaign initiated a period of two decades in which Kedah resisted Siamese control. The Sultan took refuge on Penang Island, then under British control, by 1822 there was a rise in the population of the British territories caused by an influx of Malays displaced by the invasion. 1826 – The Burney Treaty allowed the Siamese view of their rights to prevail in Kelah,1826 – The British crown colony of the Straits Settlements is established in what is now Malaysia and Singapore. February 14,1820 – Minh Mang starts to rule in Vietnam,1825 – Minh Mang outlaws the teaching of Christianity in Vietnam. 1828 Siamese-Lao War, Siam invades and sacks Vientiane,1827 – Laos, King Anouvong of Vientiane declares war on Siam and successfully attacks Nakhon Ratchasima. November 12,1828 – Anouvong, ruler of the Kingdom of Vientiane, is deposed, during the war, the city of Vientiane is obliterated by Siamese forces. 1824-1826, The First Anglo-Burmese War ended in a British victory, and by the Treaty of Yandabo, Burma lost territory previously conquered in Assam, Manipur, and Arakan. The British also took possession of Tenasserim with the intention to use it as a chip in future negotiations with either Burma or Siam. 1824-1826 - Rattanakosin Kingdom, Rama II died in 1824 and was succeeded by his son Jessadabodindra. In 1825 the British sent another mission to Bangkok led by East India Company emissary Henry Burney and they had by now annexed southern Burma and were thus Siams neighbours to the west, and they were also extending their control over Malaya. The King was reluctant to give in to British demands, in 1826, therefore, Siam concluded its first commercial treaty with a western power, the Burney Treaty. Under the treaty, Siam agreed to establish a uniform system, to reduce taxes on foreign trade
7.
1830s
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The 1830s decade ran from January 1,1830, to December 31,1839. July 30,1836 – The first English language newspaper is published in Hawaii,1838 – The Pitcairn Islands become a Crown colony of the United Kingdom, and women there are the first in the world to be granted and maintain, another one womens suffrage. China was ruled by the Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynasty during the 1830s, the decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China, despite efforts by the Daoguang Emperor to end the trade. A turning point came in 1834, with the end of the monopoly of the British East India Company, by 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests. In 1839, newly appointed imperial commissioner Lin Zexu banned the sale of opium, Lin also closed the channel to Guangzhou, leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium. The British retaliated, seizing Hong Kong on August 23 of that year and it would end three years later with the signing of the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. July 1837 – Charles W. King sets sail on the American merchant ship Morrison, in the Morrison Incident, he is turned away from Japanese ports with cannon fire. 1830 – The Java War ends, Prince Mongkut of Siam founds the Dhammayut Buddhist reform movement. The Padri War was fought from 1803 until 1837 in West Sumatra between the Padris and the Adats, the latter asked for the help of the Dutch, who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war centered on Bonjol. It finally fell in 1837 after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leader Tuanku Imam Bonjol, the conflict died out,1839 – The Emperor Minh Mạng renames Việt Nam to Đại Nam. The various Maori chieftains of Northland region of North Island proclaim their independence as the United Tribes of New Zealand, the British Crown immediately recognizes their claim. August 15,1834 – The South Australia Act allows for the creation of a colony there, June 8,1835 – The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner. October 28,1835 – United Tribes of New Zealand founded at Waitangi with the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand, November 19,1835 – A force of 500 Māori people invade and enslave the peoples of the Chatham Islands. July 27,1836 – Adelaide, South Australia, is founded, December 26,1836 – The colony of South Australia is officially proclaimed. December 28,1836 – Colony of South Australia founded by Captain John Hindmarsh June 10,1838 –28 Indigenous Australians are killed in the Myall Creek Massacre. 1838 – Five nuns from the Religious Sisters of Charity in Ireland become the first women of religion to set foot on Australian soil. December 1838 – First Anglo-Afghan War, British and Presidency armies set out from Punjab in support of Shah Shujah Durranis claim to the throne of Afghanistan
8.
1840s
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The 1840s was a really active and extremely turbulent decade that ran from January 1,1840, to December 31,1849. Throughout the decade, many countries worldwide saw many revolts as well as uprisings, asides from uprisings, the United States began to see a shifting population that migrated to the West Coast, as the California Gold Rush ensued in the latter half of the decade. In 1842, Tahiti and Tahuata were declared a French protectorate, the capital of Papeetē was founded in 1843. In 1845, George Tupou I united Tonga into a kingdom, on August 29,1842, the first of two Opium Wars ended between China and Britain with the Treaty of Nanking. One of the consequences was the cession of modern-day Hong Kong Island to the British, Hong Kong would eventually be returned to China in 1997. Other events, July 3,1844 – The United States signs the Treaty of Wanghia with the Chinese Government, the 1840s comprised the end of the Tenpō era, the entirety of the Kōka era, and the beginning of the Kaei era. The decade saw the end of the reign of Emperor Ninko in 1846, emperors Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị and Tự Đức ruled Vietnam during the 1840s under the Nguyễn dynasty. 1848 – British, Dutch, and German governments lay claim to New Guinea, First signing of the Treaty of Waitangi on February 6,1840, at Waitangi, Northland New Zealand. The treaty between the British Crown and Māori made New Zealand colony and is considered the point of modern New Zealand. July 20,1845 – Charles Sturt enters the Simpson Desert in central Australia, may 25,1846 – The Royal Geographical Society awards Paweł Edmund Strzelecki a Gold Medal for exploration in the south eastern portion of Australia. The British attempted to impose a puppet regime on Afghanistan under Shuja Shah, by 1842, mobs were attacking the British on the streets of Kabul and the British garrison was forced to abandon the city due to constant civilian attacks. During the retreat from Kabul, the British army of approximately 4,500 troops and 12,000 camp followers was subjected to a series of attacks by Afghan warriors. All of the British soldiers were killed except for one and he, after the Battle of Kabul, Britain placed Dost Mohammad Khan back into power and withdrew from Afghanistan. March 24,1843 – Battle of Hyderabad, The Bombay Army led by Major General Sir Charles Napier defeats the Talpur Emirs, the Sikh Empire was founded in 1799, ruled by Ranjit Singh. When Singh died in 1839, the Sikh Empire began to fall into disorder, there was a succession of short-lived rulers at the central Durbar, and increasing tension between the Khalsa and the Durbar. In May 1841, the Dogra dynasty invaded western Tibet, marking the beginning of the Sino-Sikh war and this war ended in a stalemate in September 1842, with the Treaty of Chushul. The British East India Company began to build up its strength on the borders of the Punjab. Eventually, the increasing tension goaded the Khalsa to invade British territory, under weak, the hard-fought First Anglo-Sikh War ended in defeat for the Khalsa
9.
1850s
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The 1850s was a decade that ran from January 1,1850, to December 31,1859. At the mean time, The United States saw its peak on mass migration to the American West, that particularly made the nation experience an economic boom, as well as a rapidly increasing population. Crimean War fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea. On 8 October 1856, the Second Opium War between several powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident on the Pearl River. Second War of Italian Independence, also known as Franco-Austrian War, moldavia and Wallachia are unified and form Romania. Gideon T. Stewart attempts to create a Prohibition Party, dissolution of the Mughal Empire by the British. First commercially successful sewing machine made by Isaac Singer Ukrainian settlers bring Carniolan honeybees to the Primorsky Krai The word girlfriend first appears in writing in 1855, the word boyfriend first appears in writing in 1856. Nikola Tesla American texts from the 1850s American speeches from the 1850s
10.
1860s
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The 1860s were an extremely different decade with numerous cultural, social, and political upheavals in Europe and America. Revolutions were prevalent in Germany and the Ottoman Empire, the abolition of slavery in America led to the breakdown of the Atlantic Slave Trade, which was already suffering from the abolition of slavery in most of Europe in the late 1820s and ’30s. After the Civil War, turmoil continued in Reconstruction, with the rise of white supremacist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, replacement of President of Mexico Benito Juárez at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte and then by Emperor Maximilian of Mexico with the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire. Juárez eventually manages to recover his position, on 18 October 1860, the first Convention of Peking formally ended the Second Opium War. The American Civil War lasted from 1861 to 1865, the Paraguayan War starts in South America, with the invasion of Paraguay by the Triple Alliance. It will kill almost 60% of the country’s population, the main phase of the New Zealand Wars between British colonials and the Māori population begins with the First Taranaki War in 1860. The most significant campaign is the Invasion of Waikato in 1863, the Kingdom of Prussia under Bismarck invaded Denmark in 1864, which ended in the division of Schleswig, the location of a pro-German revolt, between Prussia and the Austrian Empire. Though Prussia and Austria had both fought side by side in war, Prussia later attacked Austria in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. The technological and logistical superiority of Prussias armed forces obliterated Austria and its allies, by the end of these conflicts, Prussia was seen as the most powerful state in Germany, and had total hegemony over the other German states. The NGF was formed after the Austro-Prussian war, uniting the states of north Germany, the Bhutan War between the British Empire and Bhutan lasted from 1864 to 1865. It ended in a British victory and the loss of some Bhutanese territory to British India, beginning of the Reconstruction era under President Andrew Johnson. 1863–64 January Uprising in the Russian Empire, on 19 July 1864 the fall of Nanjing formally ended the 14-year Taiping Rebellion. Italian Unification under King Victor Emmanuel II, Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States. Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last of the Tokugawa shoguns loses control to the Meiji Emperor, the samurai class fails to survive while the daimyōs turn to politics. The Dominion of Canada is created by the British North America Act on July 1,1867, President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, April 14,1865. King of Madagascar Radama II is captured by soldiers and strangled to death, manuel Isidoro Belzu, President of Bolivia is assassinated. Father of Canadian Confederation, Thomas DArcy McGee is assassinated by Patrick J. Whelan, sakamoto Ryōma, a prominent figure in the Bakumatsu era in Japan and part of the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate, is assassinated along with Nakaoka Shintarō at a Kyoto inn in 1867. The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA is completed in 1869, the Suez Canal in Egypt is opened in 1869
11.
1870s
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The 1870s continued the trends of the previous decade, as new empires, imperialism and militarism rose in Europe and Asia. The United States was recovering from the American Civil War, germany unified in 1871 and began its Second Reich. Labor unions and strikes occurred worldwide in the part of the decade. The Reconstruction era of the United States brought a legacy of bitterness, franco-Prussian War resulted in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire. The Anglo-Zulu War lasted from 11 January 1879 to 4 July 1879, the Third Carlist War was the last Carlist War in Spain. Bulgaria and Romania declared independence following a war against the Ottoman Empire, the Sioux battled the United States Cavalry and resisted encroachment by white settlers on the Great Plains. Passive resistance was used to prevent the confiscation of Māori land at Parihaka in New Zealand, the German Empire and Alliance System emerged. Racial and economic politics in Americas Reconstruction were bitter, pessimistic, the Gilded Age began in 1874, lasting until 1896. The prototype telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, the first version of the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in 1879. The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison, the steam drill is invented in 1879. Ludwig Boltzmann statistically defined thermodynamic entropy,1873 Weltausstellung in Vienna,1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and 1878 Exposition universelle in Paris. Members of the association, which soon included Cézanne, Berthe Morisot, another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends, Johan Jongkind, declined to participate, as did Manet. In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar, the group soon became known as the Impressionists. Jeanne Calment, born 1875, would become the longest-living human being in recorded history. She lived until 1997, at the age of 122 and she still holds the record as of 2016. Lewis Carroll publishes Through the Looking-Glass
12.
1846
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As of the start of 1846, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 5 – The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Country with the United Kingdom, january 13 – Opening of the Milan–Venice railways 3.2 km bridge over the Venetian Lagoon between Mestre and Venice in Italy, the worlds longest since 1151. February 10 Many Mormons begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake, First Anglo-Sikh War, British victory at the Battle of Sobraon. February 14 – United States president James K. Polk annexes the Republic of Texas, February 18 – Beginning of the Galician peasant revolt. February 19 – The newly formed Texas state government is installed in Austin. February 20 –29 – Kraków Uprising, Polish nationalists stage an uprising in the Free City of Kraków, February 26 – The Liberty Bell is cracked while being rung for George Washingtons birthday. March 9 – The conclusion of the First Anglo-Sikh War with the signing of the Treaty of Lahore, kashmir is ceded to the British East India Company and the Koh-i-Noor diamond is surrendered to Queen Victoria. March 10 – Prince Osahito, fourth son of deceased Emperor Ninkō of Japan, april 25 – Mexican–American War, Open conflict begins over border disputes of Texas boundaries. May – Associated Press founded in New York, may 8 – Mexican–American War – Battle of Palo Alto, Zachary Taylor defeats a Mexican force north of the Rio Grande at Palo Alto, Texas in the first major battle of the war. May 11 – The University at Buffalo was founded by future United States President and Vice President, may 13 – Mexican–American War, The United States declares war on Mexico. On June 25 the Duke of Wellington persuades the House of Lords to pass the Act, may 16 – Revolution of Maria da Fonte in Portugal May 25 – The Royal Geographical Society awards Paweł Edmund Strzelecki a Gold Medal for exploration in the south eastern portion of Australia. June 10 – Mexican–American War, The California Republic declares independence from Mexico, June 14 – Bear Flag Revolt, American settlers in Sonoma, California, start a rebellion against Mexico and proclaim the California Republic. June 15 The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel as the border between the United States and Canada, from the Rocky Mountains to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, launceston Church Grammar School opens for the first time in Tasmania. June 16 – Pope Pius IX succeeds Pope Gregory XVI as the 255th pope and he will reign for 31½ years. June 28 – The saxophone is patented by Adolphe Sax, july 7 – Battle of Monterey, Acting on instructions from Washington, D. C. Commodore John Drake Sloat orders his troops to occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena thus beginning the United States annexation of California, august 22 – The Second Federal Republic of Mexico is established. September – The Second Carlist War, or the War of the Matiners or Madrugadores begins in Spain, september 10 – Elias Howe is awarded the first United States patent for a sewing machine using a lockstitch design. September 19 – The Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to two children in La Salette, France
13.
1847
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As of the start of 1847, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 4 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the U. S government, January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the fighting in the Mexican–American War in California. Frémont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory, January 17 – St. Anthony Hall is founded at Columbia University, New York City. January 30 – Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco, February 5 – A rescue effort, called the First Relief, leaves Johnsons Ranch to save the ill-fated Donner Party. These California bound emigrants became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada in the winter of 1846–47, march 1 The state of Michigan formally abolishes the death penalty. Faustin Soulouque is elected the President of Haiti, march 4 – The 30th United States Congress is sworn into office. March 9 – Mexican–American War, United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Veracruz, march 14 – Verdis opera Macbeth premieres at Teatro della Pergola in Florence, Italy. March 29 – Mexican–American War, United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege, april 5 – The worlds first municipally-funded civic public park, Birkenhead Park in Birkenhead on Merseyside in England, is opened. April 15 – The Lawrence School, Sanawar is established, april 25 – The brig Exmouth carrying Irish emigrants from Derry bound for Quebec is wrecked off Islay with only three survivors from more than 250 on board. May – The Architectural Association School of Architecture is founded in London, may 7 – In Philadelphia, the American Medical Association is founded. May 8 – In Japan,1847 Zenkoji earthquake, according to official estimated, may 31 – Second Treaty of Erzurum, the Ottoman Empire cedes Abadan Island to the Persian Empire. Ltd, which becomes the northern England supermarket chain Booths, is founded when 19-year-old tea dealer Edwin Henry Booth opens a shop called The China House in Blackpool, june 1 The first congress of the Communist League is held in London. June 26 – Opening of the first passenger railway wholly within modern-day Denmark, july 1 – The United States issues its first postage stamps. July 24 – After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, july 26 – Liberia gains independence. July 29 – The Cumberland School of Law is founded at Cumberland University in Lebanon, at the end of this year only 15 law schools exist in the United States. August 12 – U. S. troops of General Winfield Scott begin to advance along the aqueduct around Chalco and Xochimilco lakes in Mexico August 20 – U. S. September 14 – U. S. general Winfield Scott enters Mexico City, september 30 – The Vegetarian Society was formed in the United Kingdom. It remains the oldest in the world, october – Last volcanic eruption of Mount Guntur in West Java
14.
1848
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As of the start of 1848, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 3 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of the independent African Republic of Liberia, January 12 – The Palermo rising erupts in Sicily, against the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. January 24 – California Gold Rush, James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutters Mill, in Coloma, January 31 Construction of the Washington Monument begins in Washington, D. C. Frémont is court-martialed on grounds of mutiny and disobeying orders, the verdict is set aside by United States President James K. Polk, but Frémont retires to California Territory. February 21 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto in London, february 23 – François Guizot, Prime Minister of France, resigns. 52 people from the Paris mob are killed by soldiers guarding public buildings, february 24 – Louis Philippe I, King of the French, abdicates in favour of his grandson, Prince Philippe, Count of Paris, and flees to England after days of revolution in Paris. The French Second Republic is later proclaimed by Alphonse de Lamartine in the name of the government elected by the Chamber under the pressure of the mob. March 2 – The March Disturbances in Sweden, March 11 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin became the first Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government. March 13 – Prince Klemens von Metternich gives up office as State Chancellor, March 15 – Start of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. The Hungarian young revolutionary intellectuals led by Sándor Petőfi, Mór Jókai, March 18 – In Berlin barricade fighting between revolutionaries and royalist forces marks the culmination of the German revolutions of 1848–49. Hundreds are killed in the clashes but king Frederick William IV of Prussia is forced to honour the dead, March 22 – Republic of San Marco comes into existence in Venice. March 23 – Founding of the New Zealand city of Dunedin, April 10 A Chartist Monster Rally is held in Kennington Park London, headed by Feargus OConnor. A petition demanding the franchise is presented to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed. April 11 – The first Hungarian national government is formed, under the leadership of Lajos Batthyány, the April Laws, the first democratic revolutionary laws in Hungary are promulgated. The Habsburg emperor, and Hungarian king Ferdinand I of Austria, ratifies these laws, April 18 – Second Anglo-Sikh War breaks out in the Punjab. The allocution, by which Pius is seen to withdraw his support for the Italian unification movement, is a key first step in the soon-to-be crushing reaction against the revolutions of 1848. May 15 Radicals invade the French Chamber of Deputies,40,000 Romanians meet at Blaj to protest Transylvania becoming a part of Hungary. May 18 – The first German National Assembly opens in Frankfurt, may 19 – The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Mexican–American War, is ratified by the Mexican government
15.
1849
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As of the start of 1849, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – France issues Ceres, the nations first postage stamp, january 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848, The Austrian army led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, enters in the Hungarian capitals, Buda and Pest. The Hungarian government and parliament flees to Debrecen, january 8 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Romanian armed groups massacre 600 unarmed Hungarian civilians at Nagyenyed. January 13 – Second Anglo-Sikh War – British forces retreat from the Battle of Tooele, january 21 General elections are held in the Papal States. Hungarian Revolution of 1848, The Hungarian army in Transylvania led by Josef Bem is defeated by the Austrians led by Anton Puchner at the battle of Nagyszeben. January 23 – Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her M. D. by the Medical Institute of Geneva, New York, january 27 – The Fayetteville and Western Plank Road Company is incorporated to build a plank road from Fayetteville to Bethania, North Carolina. January 31 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848, A Russian army of 10000 soldiers enters Transylvania, february 1 – Abolition of the Corn Laws by the United Kingdoms Importation Act 1846 comes fully into effect. February 4 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848, The Austrian army led by Anton Puchner defeats the Hungarians led by general Josef Bem in the battle of Vízakna. February 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848, The Hungarian revolutionary army led by Richard Guyon break through the pass of Branyiszkó, february 8 – The new Roman Republic is proclaimed. February 9 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Josef Bems Hungarian army defeats Anton Puchner in the battle of Piski, february 14 – In New York City, James Knox Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken. February 21 – Second Anglo-Sikh War, Battle of Gujrat – British East India Company forces defeat those of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, february 27 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848, The main Hungarian and Austrian armies meet in the Battle of Kápolna. February 28 – Regular steamboat service from the west to the east coast of the United States begins with the arrival of the SS California in San Francisco Bay. The California leaves New York Harbor on October 6,1848, rounds Cape Horn at the tip of South America, march – The Frankfurt Parliament completes its drafting of a liberal constitution and elects Frederick William IV emperor of the new German national state. March 3 The United States Department of the Interior is established, incorporating the Census Office, General Land Office, Office of Indian Affairs and Patent, minnesota becomes a United States territory. The United States Congress passes the Gold Coinage Act allowing the minting of gold coins, march 4 Zachary Taylor becomes President of the United States, but refuses to be sworn into office on a Sabbath. Urban legend holds that David Rice Atchison, President pro tempore of the United States Senate is President de jure for a single day, march 5 Hungarian Revolution of 1848, The Hungarians led by János Damjanich and Károly Vécsey defeat the Austrians at Szolnok. President Zachary Taylor is sworn in, the most part of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee to Wallachia, march 28 – Four Christians are ordered burnt alive in Antananarivo, Madagascar, by Queen Ranavalona I, and 14 others are executed
16.
1850
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As of the start of 1850, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 18 – British foreign secretary Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, sends ships to blockade the port of Piraeus, January 20 – The ships of the McClure Arctic Expedition set sail from Plymouth. January 29 – Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U. S. Congress, february 28 – The University of Utah opens in Salt Lake City, Utah. March 5 – Opening of the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait, March 7 – United States Senator Daniel Webster gives his Seventh of March speech in which he endorses the Compromise of 1850 in order to prevent a possible civil war. March 16 – Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter is published, March 19 – American Express is founded by Henry Wells & William Fargo. March 31 – The paddle steamer RMS Royal Adelaide, bound from Cork to London, april Pope Pius IX returns from exile to Rome. May the Red Rose Live Alway is published in the United States, april 4 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a city. April 15 – San Francisco is incorporated as a city, april 19 – Clayton–Bulwer Treaty is signed by the United States and Great Britain, allowing both countries to share Nicaragua and not claim complete control over the proposed Nicaragua Canal. May 23 – The USS Advance puts to sea from New York to search for John Franklins Arctic expedition, may 25 – The hippopotamus Obaysch arrives at London Zoo from Egypt, the first seen in Europe since Roman times. June 1 The postage stamp issues of Austria begin with a series of imperforate typographed stamps featuring the coat of arms, the 1850 United States Census shows that 11. 2% of the population classed as Negro are of mixed race. June 3 – The traditional date of Kansas City, Missouris founding and this is the date on which it is incorporated by Jackson County, Missouri as the Town of Kansas. July – Taiping Rebellion, Hong Xiuquan orders the mobilisation of rebel forces. July 1 – St. Marys School for Boys, the future University of Dayton, opens its doors in Dayton, july 9 Mírzá Alí-Muhammad, known as the Báb, is executed by a firing squad in Tabriz, Persia for claiming to be a prophet. Vice President Millard Fillmore becomes President of the United States upon the death of President Zachary Taylor, july 10 – President Millard Fillmore is sworn in. August 28 – Richard Wagners romantic opera Lohengrin premieres under the direction of Franz Liszt in Weimar, september 9 California is admitted as the 31st U. S. state. The New Mexico Territory is organized by order of the United States Congress, september 13 – First ascent of Piz Bernina, the highest summit of the eastern Alps. September 18 – The Fugitive Slave Law is passed by the United States Congress, september 29 – Papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae, Catholic hierarchy is re-established in England and Wales by Pope Pius IX and future Pope Pius X. October 1 – The University of Sydney is founded. October 19 – Phi Kappa Sigma international fraternity was founded at the University of Pennsylvania, October 28 – Delegate Edward Ralph May delivers a speech on behalf of African American suffrage to the Indiana Constitutional Convention
17.
1851
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As of the start of 1851, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 11 – Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion, January 15 – Christian Female College, modern-day Columbia College, receives its charter from the Missouri General Assembly. January 28 – Northwestern University is founded in Illinois, February 6 – Black Thursday in Australia, Bushfires sweep across the state of Victoria, burning about a quarter of its area. February 12 – Edward Hargraves claims to have gold in Australia. February 15 – In Boston, Massachusetts, members of the anti-slavery Boston Vigilance Committee rescue fugitive slave Shadrach Minkins from a courtroom following his arrest by U. S. marshals. March 1 – Victor Hugo uses the phrase United States of Europe in a speech to the French National Assembly, march 11 – Giuseppe Verdis opera Rigoletto is first performed at La Fenice in Venice. March 27 – The first white men reportedly see Yosemite Valley, march 30 – A population census is taken in the United Kingdom. 6.3 million live in cities of 20,000 or more in England, april 9 – San Luis, the oldest permanent settlement in the state of Colorado, is founded by settlers from Taos, New Mexico. April 20 – Ramón Castilla loses power in Peru, april 21 – John Stuart Mill marries Harriet Taylor. April 28 – Santa Clara College is chartered in Santa Clara, may 1 The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London is opened by Queen Victoria. Mid-May to mid-July – Great Flood of 1851, extensive flooding across the Midwestern United States, the town of Des Moines is virtually washed away, and many rainfall records hold for 160 years. June 21 – The Immortal Game, a chess match, is played between Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky during a break in the first international tournament, held in London. July 1 The Colony of Victoria separates from New South Wales, serial poisoner Hélène Jégado is arrested in Rennes, France. July 10 – The University of the Pacific is chartered as California Wesleyan College in Santa Clara, july 29 – Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia. August 1 – Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention deciding that all men have the right to vote. August 22 – The yacht America wins the first Americas Cup race, september 15 – Saint Josephs University is founded in Philadelphia. September 18 – The New York Times is founded, september 30 – The HSwMS Eugenie leaves from Karlskrona, Sweden to begin its voyage as the first Swedish Royal Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world. October – The Reuters news service is founded, october 15 – The City of Winona, Minnesota is founded
18.
1852
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As of the start of 1852, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 14 – President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaimed a new constitution for the French Second Republic, january 15 – Nine men representing various Jewish charitable organizations came together to form what became the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. January 17 – The United Kingdom recognized the independence of the Transvaal, February 11 – The first British public toilet for women was opened in Bedford Street, London. February 15 – The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, February 16 – The Studebaker Brothers Wagon Company, precursor of the automobile manufacturer, was established. February 25 – HMS Birkenhead sank near Cape Town, British Cape Colony, only 193 of the 643 on board survived after troops stood firm on the deck so as not to overwhelm the lifeboats containing women and children. March 1 – Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, March 2 – The first American experimental steam fire engine was tested. March 4 – Phi Mu sorority was founded in Macon Georgia March 20 – Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe was published in form in Boston. April 1 – The Second Anglo-Burmese War began, april 18 – Taiping Rebellion, Taiping forces began the siege of Guilin. May 19 – Taiping Rebellion, The siege of Guilin was lifted, june 12 – Taiping Rebellion, Taiping forces entered Hunan. July 1 – United States statesman Henry Clay was the first to receive the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda, July 5 – Frederick Douglass delivered his famous speech What to the Slave is the Fourth of July. July 28 – Henry Clay steamboat disaster in Riverdale, Bronx, August 3 – The first Boat Race between Yale and Harvard, the first American intercollegiate athletic event, was held. September 24 – French engineer Henri Giffard made the first airship trip from Paris to Trappes, october 7 — After learning that U. S. President Fillmore has sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry, to trade with Japan, Nicholas I of Russia sent Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin to lead the Pallada on a similar mission. Putyatin arrived on August 21,1853, one month after Perry, october 16 — After nearly five years imprisonment in France, former Algerian Emir Abdelkader El Djezairi was released by orders of then-president Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. The theorem was not proven for almost 123 years, until 1976, october 31 — General Joaquin Solares of Guatemala led an invasion of neighboring Honduras, beginning a war that lasted until February 13,1856. November – Leo Tolstoys debut novel Childhood was published under the initials L. N. in this issue of the Saint Petersburg literary journal Sovremennik. November 2 – U. S. presidential election,1852, november 4 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour becomes the Piedmontese prime minister. November 11 – The new Palace of Westminster was opened in London, november 21–22 – The New French Empire was confirmed by plebiscite,7,824,000 for,253,000 against
19.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
20.
Tom Hyer
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Tom Hyer was an American bare-knuckle boxer. He was a champion of boxing in America from September 9,1841 to 1851, Hyer was born in New York in 1819. His father Jacob had also been a prizefighter, Hyer was recognized as a champion of boxing after a 101-round victory over Country McCloskey at Caldwells Landing New York on September 9,1841. He did not fight again for ten years. Hyer defeated James Ambrose, also known as Yankee Sullivan in the 16th round at Still Pond Creek, the fight lasted 17 minutes,18 seconds and Hyer won a $10,000 purse. This was a widely publicized boxing match at the time and helped to ignite the sports popularity, while he challenged other fighters, he never fought again. Yankee Sullivan claimed Hyers title in 1851 based on Hyers retirement, Hyer died in 1864, with a reported cause of death as cardiac dropsy. Tom married Emma Beke of Maine and had one daughter, Charlotte, Charlotte and Floyd had a daughter, May Rankin Grant, who married Charles R Davis. All are interred at the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, list of bare-knuckle boxers William Poole Washington Post, Tom Hyer the Great Pug. Monarch of the Prize Ring Fifty Years Ago, endeavors to Bring the Two Together in a Fistic Combat Failed. Hyer Would Have Taken All the Heavy-weight Champions Up to and Including Sullivan Into Camp, there has recently been some discussion of the merits of the fighters who graced or disgraced the war time era of the United States and the early Victorian era of England. This discussion has borne largely upon the merits of Tom Hyer, Yankee Sullivan, and John Morrissey
21.
Yankee Sullivan
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Yankee Sullivan, also known as Frank Murray and James Sullivan, was a bare-knuckle fighter and boxer. He was a champion from 1851 to October 12,1853. He considered himself to be the inheritor of Tom Hyers title, James Ambrose was born in Bandon, County Cork, Ireland in 1811. He grew up in Londons East end and became a prizefighter at an early age and he arrived in Australia after being sentenced 20 years jail. Having served eight years building roads he was granted a ticket of leave and settled in the Rocks area of Sydney, drunken Sailors, Red Coats and gentlemen were their favored quarry. As a bare knuckled fighter, Ambrose was handy with his fists and had a fierce reputation, Sullivan arrived in New York in the early 1840s and gained a reputation as a prizefighter and a political enforcer. He was sentenced to two years in prison for his involvement in the promotion of a fight between Christopher Lilly and Thomas McCoy which resulted in the death of McCoy. He received a pardon after two years on the condition that two men put up two hundred dollars and that he not to fight for two years. During his time in New York he was the owner of a known as the Sawdust House on Walker Street. On February 7,1849, he fought Tom Hyer in Still Pond, Maryland, billed as a contest between undefeated fighters, the men left Baltimore by boat accompanied by a party of three hundred spectators. The flotilla was being chased by two groups of local Militia and a detachment of police aboard the steamer Boston, the Boston had a scow in tow for returning prisoners as well as some small boats. The fight was scheduled to take place on Pooles Island in the middle of the Chesapeake Bay. On the day before the fight, Tom Hyer went to Carroll Island near the shore of the bay while Yankee Sullivan took up temporary residence in a building on Pooles Island. In the wee hours of February 7,1849, the steamer Boston arrived at Carroll Island, the Militia and police went ashore in hopes of capturing Tom Hyer. The Hyer party had been tipped off, and they left for Pooles Island several hours before, compounding their problems, the scow the Boston was towing had become swamped. Also, some of the boats they brought had broken loose. Nevertheless, the intrepid, albeit bungling, Militia and police made their way to Pooles Island, upon reaching Pooles Island, the pursuers were so exhausted that they were only able to marshal a force of 10 members to go ashore. The landing party first approached the building where Tom Hyer was staying and he descended the stairs and secreted himself on the first floor of the building
22.
William Thompson (boxer)
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William Abednego Thompson was an English bare-knuckle boxer. He was the last of 21 children born in the slums between Long Row and Parliament Street, from an early age, Thompson developed well and was noted as having an ability with sports. When he was 15 his father died and William was sent to the Nottingham Workhouse with his mother, after leaving the Workhouse, Thompson sold oysters in and around the streets of Nottingham before obtaining a job as an iron turner. By the age of 18, he was fighting for money to provide for his family. He defeated his first eight opponents — including the champion of the town of Bingham. At age 21 he was a prize fighter. Thompson was a boxer who compensated for his lack of height with an incredible ability to punch hard and fast. He was also agile, earning the name Bendy because of his constant bobbing and weaving around the ring, his nickname evolved. Though it was his speed and agility that won him his fights, it was Thompsons personality and he would make up rhymes about his opponents during the fights, and distract them with insults and tall tales of their wives and mothers while pulling funny faces at them. It wasnt long before Thompson was drawing crowds of over 10,000 people to his illicit fights, Thompsons career is mostly remembered for his fierce rivalry with the Hucknall-born boxer Ben Caunt. In 1835 the two met for the first time for a purse of £25 and this fight lasted 22 rounds, which at the time did not last a set amount of time, but was called whenever a fighter was knocked down. Bendigo, who was 19 kg lighter and 15 cm shorter, got into difficulties during the fight and this, along with his constant manic laughter and free flowing insults, frustrated Caunt, who finally struck Thompson while he was kneeling and so lost the match on a foul. A writer at the fight described Caunt as full of trickery and treachery — he has no ethics and Thompson as deadly and as poisonous as a rattlesnake with about the same ethics. A few months later, Thompson responded to a letter in a newspaper from Liverpudlian William Looney, challenging. any man in the world for £200 stake, the two met on 13 June 1837, on a hill at Chapel-en-le-Frith the halfway point between their hometowns. Thompson took control of the shortly after and started somersaulting in the ring, endearing him to the crowds. However, even through the constant barrage of punches Looney fought bravely on, eventually Thompsons athleticism shone through and he was declared the winner after dominating over an hour of fighting. On 3 April 1838 Caunt finally obtained his rematch, worth £300 in prize money, consequently, he easily outfoxed and outmanoeuvred Caunt. The fight lasted for 75 rounds of furious combat, in the fifth round, Caunt had Thompson on the ropes and nearly strangled him but Thompson fought back, peppering his opponent with body shots and more insults
23.
Cricket
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Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket at each end. One team bats, attempting to score as many runs as possible, each phase of play is called an innings. After either ten batsmen have been dismissed or a number of overs have been completed, the innings ends. The winning team is the one that scores the most runs, including any extras gained, at the start of each game, two batsmen and eleven fielders enter the field of play. The striker takes guard on a crease drawn on the four feet in front of the wicket. His role is to prevent the ball hitting the stumps by use of his bat. The other batsman, known as the non-striker, waits at the end of the pitch near the bowler. A dismissed batsman must leave the field, and a teammate replaces him, the bowlers objectives are to prevent the scoring of runs and to dismiss the batsman. An over is a set of six deliveries bowled by the same bowler, the next over is bowled from the other end of the pitch by a different bowler. If a fielder retrieves the ball enough to put down the wicket with a batsman not having reached the crease at that end of the pitch. Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires, the laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council and the Marylebone Cricket Club. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball. Although crickets origins are uncertain, it is first recorded in south-east England in the 16th century and it spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire, leading to the first international matches in the mid-19th century. ICC, the governing body, has over 100 members. The sport is followed primarily in Australasia, Britain, the Indian subcontinent, southern Africa, womens cricket, which is organised and played separately, has also achieved international standard. A number of words have been suggested as sources for the term cricket, in the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598 it is called creckett. One possible source for the name is the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff, in Samuel Johnsons Dictionary, he derived cricket from cryce, Saxon, a stick
24.
Sheffield Cricket Club
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The Sheffield Cricket Club was founded in the 18th century and soon became important to the development of cricket in northern England. It was the forerunner of Yorkshire County Cricket Club and some of the teams fielded by Sheffield were styled Yorkshire. Sheffield generally held important match status, depending on the quality of their opponents, the earliest known references to cricket in Yorkshire are in 1751. These relate to local matches in Sheffield and to a game on or soon after Monday,5 August at Stanwick, near Richmond, between the Duke of Cleveland’s XI and Earl of Northumberland’s XI. It is believed that Sheffield Cricket Club was founded soon after that date and it began to play matches against teams from northern towns. Sheffield quickly became the centre for cricket in Yorkshire. In September 1757, a match took place between Wirksworth and Sheffield at Brampton Moor, near Chesterfield and this is the earliest reference to cricket in Derbyshire. Mr White does not give the source from which he himself derived the information. On Tuesday,7 July 1761, the Leeds Intelligencer announced a game to be played at Chapeltown the following Thursday, on Thursday,5 September 1765, the London Chronicle reported a great match on Monday,26 August, Leeds v Sheffield at Chapeltown Moor, near Leeds. As this game was highly rated and was reported by a London newspaper, in August 1771, the first of many matches between Sheffield and Nottingham was held. This one took place on the Forest Racecourse at Nottingham and is the earliest known reference to cricket in Nottinghamshire and this match may tentatively be regarded as the beginning of county-level cricket in the north of England. The Sheffield club was representative of its county in a fashion to Nottingham. In 1772, the Daily Messenger carried reports of a match in Sheffield on Monday,1 June, the Sheffield club continued to play occasional important matches, mainly against other northern clubs. In September 1833 occurred the first use of Yorkshire as the name instead of Sheffield. This was in the Yorkshire v Norfolk match at Hyde Park, the great Fuller Pilch was still playing for Norfolk. Yorkshire was by now finding star players of its own, especially the fast bowling all-rounder Tom Marsden. Although the Sheffield and Manchester clubs had met previously, there was a significant development on 23,24 &25 July 1849 when the match was called Yorkshire versus Lancashire at Hyde Park. This was the first match to involve a Lancashire county team and also, therefore, in the winter of 1854, the club agreed to build a new ground on land near to Bramall Lane which they were to lease from the Duke of Norfolk for ninety-nine years
25.
Sheffield
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Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, its derives from the River Sheaf. With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 569,700, Sheffield is the third largest English district by population. The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000, in the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Known as the Steel City, many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, the 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield along with other British cities. Sheffields gross value added has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £9.2 billion in 2007, the economy has experienced steady growth averaging around 5% annually, greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber. The city is in the foothills of the Pennines, and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries, the Loxley, the Porter Brook, the Rivelin. 61% of Sheffields entire area is space, and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park. The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have inhabited since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period. The earliest evidence of occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes and it is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield. Gradually, Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira, a Celtic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield. The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the half of the first millennium. In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, after the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city. By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square, from 1570 to 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor. During the 1740s, a form of the steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible
26.
Roses Match
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The Roses Match refers to any game of cricket played between Yorkshire County Cricket Club and Lancashire County Cricket Club. Yorkshires emblem is the rose, while Lancashires is the red rose. The associations go back to the Wars of the Roses in the 15th century, the term is occasionally used in connection with other sports where Lancashire play Yorkshire, such as rugby union and rugby league. The first First Class Match between Yorkshire and Lancashire was in 1849 with Yorkshire winning by 5 wickets at the Hyde Park Ground in Sheffield. The very first Roses Match was played in 1867 at the Station Road Cricket Ground, the first match in the newly constituted County Championship, in 1890, ended in the inevitable draw. Including first class matches, second team fixtures, one day games and other representative matches there have been over 600 Roses Matches over the century and a half since the first one. In the match played over the Whitsuntide bank holiday in June 1924 Lancashire were skittled for just 74 in their second innings, leaving Yorkshire a target of just 58 the next day. Despite opening with Percy Holmes and Herbert Sutcliffe Yorkshire were dispatched for just 33 by Cecil Parkin and Dick Tyldesley, leonard Green, Lancashires captain, was batting when the score stood at 499. Neville Cardus relates the story that Green said to himself Its not likely that Lancashire ever again will score 500 against Yorkshire and he pushed a ball from Wilfred Rhodes to the off-side and ran like the wind. The ball was hurled back in anger by Yorkshire legend Emmott Robinson, picking himself up he heard Rhodes muttering to himself, Theres somebody runnin up and down this wicket. Ah dont know who it is, but theres some-body runnin up, the operative words in that famous lamentation are, Ah dont know who it is. This was their sides highest first-wicket stand against Yorkshire, beating Reggie Spooner and he picked himself up, dusted himself down and later that over ripped out Frank Lowsons middle stump. He soon dismissed Ted Lester and Willie Watson for 2 more ducks, not to be outdone Fred Trueman was always keen to entertain the crowds, even during one of the slower passages of play. Renowned for his mastery of seam and swing, and ebullient self-confidence, Fred didnt miss a beat Aye, I did. It went straight through Peter Marner like a streak opiss and flattened all three, the Roses Match was broadcast on ITV by Granada Television, shown in Lancashire and Yorkshire Television between the 1970s and the late 1980s. Matches were shown in these and other ITV regions in the United Kingdom, Yorkshire and Lancashire played two Roses Matches a season home and away in the County Championship. In 1993 the Championship was reduced so 18 teams would play each opponent once, for some seasons Yorkshire and Lancashire played an extra early season game to maintain home and away fixture. With a two division County Championship was introduced in 2000 with home and away games against each opponent which brought back two Roses Matches, in 2002 Yorkshire were relegated so there was a three-year break in games until their promotion back to the First Division
27.
George Parr (cricketer)
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George Parr was an English cricketer, whose first-class career lasted from 1844 to 1870. Known popularly as the Lion of the North, Parr was a right-handed batsman, throughout his career he played mainly for Nottinghamshire, and was club captain from 1856 to 1870. He also made appearances for other counties and for Marylebone Cricket Club. He was a stalwart of the All-England Eleven and was captain of the first England touring team and he also captained Englands second tour to Australia and New Zealand in 1864, returning home unbeaten. Parr played in 207 first-class matches and had 358 innings, in 30 of which he was not out and he scored 6,626 runs at a time when conditions greatly favoured bowlers. His highest score was 130 for Nottinghamshire, against Surrey at The Oval on 14 July 1859 and he made 31 fifties and took 126 catches. He took 29 wickets in his career with a best analysis of 6/42, the Parr Stand which was recently replaced at Trent Bridge was named in his honour
28.
Horse racing
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Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys or driven over a set distance for competition. Horse races vary widely in format, often, countries have developed their own particular horse racing traditions. Variations include restricting races to particular breeds, running over obstacles, running over different distances, running on different track surfaces, Horse racing has a long and distinguished history and has been practised in civilisations across the world since ancient times. Archaeological records indicate that horse racing occurred in Ancient Greece, Babylon, Syria and it also plays an important part of myth and legend, such as the contest between the steeds of the god Odin and the giant Hrungnir in Norse mythology. Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman, both chariot and mounted horse racing were events in the ancient Greek Olympics by 648 BC and were important in the other Panhellenic Games. This was despite the fact that racing was often dangerous to both driver and horse as they frequently suffered serious injury and even death. In the Roman Empire, chariot and mounted horse racing were major industries, fifteen to 20 riderless horses, originally imported from the Barbary Coast of North Africa, ran the length of the Via del Corso, a long, straight city street, in about 2½ minutes. In later times, Thoroughbred racing became, and remains, popular with the aristocrats and royalty of British society, historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle, Horse racing of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. The various forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat. There are many different types of racing, including, Flat racing. Jump racing, or Jumps racing, also known as Steeplechasing or, in the UK and Ireland, National Hunt racing, Harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a sulky. Breeds that are used for flat racing include the Thoroughbred, Quarter Horse, Arabian, Paint, Jump racing breeds include the Thoroughbred and AQPS. In harness racing, Standardbreds are used in Australia, New Zealand and North America, light cold blood horses, such as Finnhorses and Scandinavian coldblood trotter are also used in harness racing within their respective geographical areas. There also are races for ponies, both flat and jump and harness racing, Flat racing is the most common form of racing seen worldwide. Track surfaces vary, with turf most common in Europe, dirt more common in North America and Asia, individual flat races are run over distances ranging from 440 yards up to two and a half miles, with distances between five and twelve furlongs being most common. Short races are referred to as sprints, while longer races are known as routes in the United States or staying races in Europe
29.
1000 Guineas Stakes
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The 1000 Guineas Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old fillies. It is run on the Rowley Mile at Newmarket over a distance of 1 mile and it is the second of Britains five Classic races, and the first of two restricted to fillies. It can also serve as the leg of the Fillies Triple Crown, followed by the Oaks and the St Leger. The 1000 Guineas was first run on 28 April 1814, five years after the running of the equivalent race for both colts and fillies, the 2000 Guineas. The two races were established by the Jockey Club under the direction of Sir Charles Bunbury, who had earlier co-founded the Derby and they were named according to their original prize funds. By the mid-1860s, the 1000 Guineas had become one of Britains most prestigious races for three-year-olds, the five leading events for this age group, characterised by increasing distances as the season progressed, were now referred to as Classics. The concept was adopted in many other countries. European variations of the 1000 Guineas include the German 1,000 Guineas, the Irish 1,000 Guineas, the Poule dEssai des Pouliches, other countries to have adopted the format include Australia, Japan and New Zealand. The 1000 Guineas is served by trial races such as the Nell Gwyn Stakes and the Fred Darling Stakes, the 1000 Guineas itself can act as a trial for the Oaks, and the last horse to win both was Kazzia in 2002. The prize money for the 1000 Guineas has equaled that of the 2000 Guineas since 2001, each had a purse of £350,000 in 2012. Horseracing in Great Britain List of British flat horse races Paris-Turf,1978, horseracingintfed. com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – One Thousand Guineas. Pedigreequery. com –1000 Guineas Stakes – Newmarket, tbheritage. com – One Thousand Guineas Stakes. The Breedon Book of Horse Racing Records
30.
2000 Guineas Stakes
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The 2000 Guineas Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run on the Rowley Mile at Newmarket over a distance of 1 mile and it is one of Britains five Classic races, and at present it is the first to be run in the year. It also serves as the leg of the Triple Crown, followed by the Derby. The 2000 Guineas Stakes was first run on 18 April 1809, and it preceded the introduction of a version for fillies only, both races were established by the Jockey Club under the direction of Sir Charles Bunbury, who had earlier co-founded the Derby at Epsom. The races were named according to their prize funds. By the mid-1860s, the 2000 Guineas was regarded as one of Britains most prestigious races for three-year-olds, the five leading events for this age group, characterised by increasing distances as the season progressed, began to be known as Classics. The concept was adopted in many other countries. European variations of the 2000 Guineas include the Irish 2,000 Guineas, the Mehl-Mülhens-Rennen, the Poule dEssai des Poulains, elsewhere, variations include the Australian Guineas and the Satsuki Shō. The 2000 Guineas is served by trial races such as the Craven Stakes and the Greenham Stakes, the 2000 Guineas itself can act as a trial for the Derby, and the last horse to win both was Camelot in 2012. The most recent 2000 Guineas participant to win the Derby was Australia, since 2001, the 2000 Guineas and the 1000 Guineas Stakes have offered equal prize money. Each had a purse of £350,000 in 2012. b Nureyev finished first in 1980, Horseracing in Great Britain List of British flat horse races Paris-Turf,1978. Horseracingintfed. com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Two Thousand Guineas, tbheritage. com – Two Thousand Guineas Stakes. The Breedon Book of Horse Racing Records
31.
Epsom Derby
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The Derby Stakes, popularly known as The Derby, is a Group 1 flat horse race in England open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Epsom Downs Racecourse in Surrey over a distance of one mile, four furlongs and 10 yards and it is Britains richest horse race, and the most prestigious of the five Classics. It is sometimes referred to as the Blue Riband of the turf, the race serves as the middle leg of the Triple Crown, preceded by the 2000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger, although the feat of winning all three is now rarely attempted. The name Derby has become synonymous with great races all over the world, however, the Epsom Derby is the original. It is one of Britains great national sporting events and has a large worldwide TV audience, in Great Britain the name Derby is pronounced /ˈdɑːrbi/, while in the United States it is /ˈdɜːrbi/, a case of spelling pronunciation. The Derby originated at a following the first running of the Oaks Stakes in 1779. A new race was planned, and it was decided that it should be named either the host of the party. According to legend the decision was made by the toss of a coin, but it is probable that Bunbury, the inaugural running of the Derby was held on Thursday 4 May 1780. It was won by Diomed, a colt owned by Sir Charles Bunbury, the first four runnings were contested over 1 mile, but this was amended to the current distance of 1½ miles in 1784. Lord Derby achieved his first success in the event in 1787, the starting point of the race was moved twice during the 19th century. The first move, suggested by Lord George Bentinck, was in 1848, and it was discovered in 1991 that the exact length of the race was one mile, four furlongs and 10 yards. Initially, the Derby was run on a Thursday in late May or early June depending on when Easter occurred, in 1838 the race was moved to a Wednesday to fit in with the railways timetables but was still run on different dates depending on Easter. In 1995 the day was changed from the first Wednesday in June to the first Saturday, the Derby has been run at Epsom in all years except during the world wars. From 1915 to 1918 and from 1940 to 1945 the Derby was run at Newmarket and these races are known as the New Derby. The Derby has inspired similar events around the world. European variations include the Derby Italiano, the Deutsches Derby, the Irish Derby, other national equivalents include the Australian Derby, the New Zealand Derby and the Tokyo Yūshun. Several races in the United States include the Derby name, including the Kentucky Derby, investec became the sponsor of the Derby in 2009, and the current sponsorship deal runs until 2022. The race was backed by Ever Ready and Vodafone
32.
The Flying Dutchman (horse)
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The Flying Dutchman was an English Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He raced for four seasons between 1848 and 1851, winning all but one of his fifteen races, including the Epsom Derby, on his final racecourse appearance he defeated Voltigeur in what was probably the most celebrated match race in the history of British thoroughbred racing. He went on to be a success at both in Britain and France, where he died in 1870. The Flying Dutchman was regarded by experts as one of the greatest British racehorses of the nineteenth century, the Flying Dutchman, bred at Kirkleatham in Yorkshire, was a dark bay or brown horse standing 15.3 hands high. He had a back, deep shoulders, powerful hindquarters, good bone. The roman-nosed animal also had a stride, a quiet temper. The Flying Dutchman was by Bay Middleton, who won every race in his two seasons on the turf until he was retired due to a problem one of his forelegs. Bay Middleton was by Sultan, winner of the Derby, Bay Middleton also sired Aphrodite, The Hermit, Andover, and Fly By Night. As a broodmare-sire, he produced Ellen Middleton, and dams of Wild Dayrell, Saunterer, Mainstone, Sunbeam and he was the Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland in 1844 and 1849. The Flying Dutchman was out of the 15-hand mare Barbelle and she was by the stallion Sandbeck, who won the 1823 Club Stakes at Doncaster and 1824 Yorks Fitzwilliam Stakes, and produced the colt Redshank. Her other offspring included Van Tromp, who was successful on the turf. His success led to Lord Eglintons decision to agree to any of her future foals £1,000. He thus became the owner of Barbelles 1846 colt foal, the Flying Dutchman was sent into training with John Fobert at Middleham. The Flying Dutchman was undefeated in five races as a two-year-old in 1848 and he won the July Stakes at Newmarket and a £400 Sweepstakes at the same course. At Liverpool he won a Sweepstakes for £1400, in autumn he appeared at Doncaster where he won the Champagne Stakes and one other race. His winnings for the season were £4,095, as a three-year-old, The Flying Dutchman did not race before the Epsom Derby and was rumoured to be less than fully fit. He nevertheless started joint-favourite with Tadmor for the race at odds of 2/1 in a field of twenty-six runners, ridden by Charles Marlow he led after half a mile but was overtaken in the straight by the outsider Hotspur, who was travelling strongly in the havey, muddy ground. Marlow had to use the whip twice to ensure that he regained the lead and won by half a length over, with Tadmor third
33.
Epsom Oaks
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The Oaks Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old fillies. It is run at Epsom Downs over a distance of 1 mile,4 furlongs and 10 yards and it is the third of Britains five Classic races to be held during the season, and the second of two restricted to fillies. It can also serve as the leg of the Fillies Triple Crown, preceded by the 1,000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger. The event is named after The Oaks, an estate located to the east of Epsom which was leased to the 12th Earl of Derby in the 18th century and he and his guests devised the race during a party at the estate in 1778. It was first run in 1779, one year before the introduction of the Derby Stakes, the inaugural winner, Bridget, was owned by Lord Derby himself. The Oaks subsequently became one of Britains leading events for three-year-olds, by the mid-1860s, the five leading events for this age group were referred to as Classics. The concept was adopted in many other countries. European variations of the Oaks include the Irish Oaks, the Preis der Diana, the Prix de Diane, other national equivalents include the AJC Oaks, the New Zealand Oaks and the Yushun Himba. Since 1892, horses have each carried 9 stone in the race, prior to this, there were several fluctuations, from an original 8 stone 4 pounds, down to 8 stone, then progressively upwards. During both World wars the race was run at Newmarket under the title the New Oaks Stakes, the 2014 running incorporated the name of Sir Henry Cecil in its title. Horseracing in Great Britain List of British flat horse races Trial races for the Epsom Oaks Paris-Turf,1978, horseracinghistory. co. uk – Oaks. horseracingintfed. com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Oaks Stakes. Pedigreequery. com – Oaks Stakes – Epsom Downs, the Breedon Book of Horse Racing Records
34.
St Leger Stakes
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The St Leger Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Doncaster over a distance of 1-mile,6 furlongs and 132 yards, established in 1776, the St Leger is the oldest of Britains five Classics. It is the last of the five to be run each year, the St Leger is the final leg of the English Triple Crown, which begins with the 2000 Guineas and continues with the Derby. It also completes the Fillies Triple Crown, following on from the 1000 Guineas, the event was devised by Anthony St Leger, an army officer and politician who lived near Doncaster. It was initially referred to as A Sweepstake of 25 Guineas, the rules stipulated that colts and geldings were to carry 8 st, and fillies would receive an allowance of 2 lb. The inaugural running was held at Cantley Common on 24 September 1776, the first winner was an unnamed filly owned by the events organiser, the 2nd Marquess of Rockingham. The filly was later named Allabaculia, the title St Leger Stakes was decided at a dinner party held in 1776 at The Red Lion Inn located in the Market place Doncaster to discuss the following years race. It was suggested that it should be called the Rockingham Stakes in honour of the host, the Marquess of Rockingham, the event was moved to its present location, Town Moor, in 1778. The race came to prominence in 1800, when a horse called Champion registered the first Derby-St Leger double. Its length was cut to 1 mile,6 furlongs and 193 yards in 1813, the victory of West Australian in 1853 completed the first success in the Triple Crown. The St Leger Stakes was closed to geldings in 1906 and it was transferred to Newmarket during World War I, and the substitute event was called the September Stakes. It was cancelled in 1939 because of the outbreak of World War II, for the remainder of this period it was staged at Manchester, Newmarket and York. The race was switched to Ayr in 1989 after the running at Doncaster was abandoned due to subsidence. The 2006 race took place at York because its regular venue was closed for redevelopment, the St Leger Stakes has inspired a number of similar events around the world, although many are no longer restricted to three-year-olds. European variations include the Irish St Leger, the Prix Royal-Oak, the Deutsches St Leger, as the last of the classics, the race marks the end of summer in England. The popular adage sell in May and go away, come back on St Leger Day suggests investors should sell their shares in May and buy again after the race. The Agatha Christie novel The ABC Murders has the St. Leger as a point near the end of the novel. de – St. Leger Stakes. Horseracingintfed. com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – St. Leger, pedigreequery. com – St. Leger Stakes – Doncaster
35.
Rowing (sport)
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Rowing, often referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport with origins back to Ancient Egyptian times. It is based on propelling a boat on water using oars, by pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be recreational, where the focus is on learning the technique of rowing, or competitive. There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete, modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 10th century when races were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies, amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College and Westminster School. Similarly, clubs were formed at the University of Oxford, with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815, at the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University, the International Rowing Federation, responsible for international governance of rowing, was founded in 1892 to provide regulation at a time when the sport was gaining popularity. Across six continents,150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport, Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take due to bad weather. Womens rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976, today, only fourteen boat classes race at the Olympics, Each year the World Rowing Championships is staged by FISA with 22 boat classes raced. In Olympic years only the boat classes are raced at the World Championships. The European Rowing Championships are held annually, along with three World Rowing Cups in which each event earns a number of points for a country towards the World Cup title, since 2008, rowing has also been competed at the Paralympic Games. Many other competitions often exist for racing clubs, schools, and universities in each nation. While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and this may be done on a canal, river, lake, sea, or other large bodies of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility, whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of competition. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, the many different formats are a result of the long history of the sport, its development in different regions of the world, and specific local requirements and restrictions. There are two forms of rowing, In sweep or sweep-oar rowing, each rower has one oar and this is generally done in pairs, fours, and eights. In some regions of the world, each rower in a boat is referred to either as port or starboard
36.
The Boat Race 1849 (March)
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The 9th Boat Race took place on the River Thames on 29 March 1849. Typically held annually, the event is a rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The race was won by Cambridge who triumphed over Oxford easily, every member of the Cambridge crew came from Trinity College. The Boat Race is a rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the 4. 2-mile Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London, Cambridge went into the race leading overall with six victories to Oxfords two. They had beaten Oxford in the race, held in 1845. Cambridge used a boat built by Searle,62 feet 9 inches in length and 26 inches in width. The umpire for the race was J. C, fellowes while the starter was Edward Searle. The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 11 st 2.5 lb, every rower from Cambridge was studying at Trinity College but all were new to the event, not one Blue returned from the 1846 race. F. Blomfield was replaced as the Light Blue cox by George Booth as a result of an accident, Oxford welcomed back E. C. Burton at number four and their cox, C. Soanes. Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station, after a close start, Oxford pulled ahead and held a half-length lead by the time they passed the Star and Garter pub. By Hammersmith Bridge, the Oxford crew began to slow, their cox made an error in steering, at Chiswick Eyot the crews were level once again, and Cambridge started to draw away. Several lengths ahead by Barnes Bridge, Cambridge won by around 60 seconds, the result meant that Cambridge led overall with seven victories to Oxfords two. Three main factors were attributed with Oxfords substantial defeat, firstly their stroke, and boat club president, William Rich had set such a high rating, he and his crew were unable to sustain it for the duration of the race, becoming quickly tired. Secondly, Rich himself suggested that Oxfords vessel was inadequate, calling it a bad boat, finally, poor steering had allowed Cambridge to pass them like a shot. Given the nature of the defeat, Oxford sent out a challenge in October 1849 to Cambridge for a re-row, for the first and only time in the history of the Boat Race, a second race was held in the same calendar year, this time in December. One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Races, From A. D.1829 to 1869
37.
Cambridge University Boat Club
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The Cambridge University Boat Club is one of the rowing clubs of the University of Cambridge, England. The club was founded in 1828 and has been located at the Goldie Boathouse on the River Cam, nowadays, training primarily takes place on the River Great Ouse at Ely. The prime constitutional aim of CUBC is to beat Oxford University Boat Club in the annual Oxford, CUBC currently lead OUBC in the series by 81 races to 79, with 1 dead heat in The Boat Race 1877. The inaugural meeting of Cambridge University Boat Club took place at Gonville, following this meeting, it was agreed that a challenge be sent to the University of Oxford to organise a race between representatives of the two universities. A letter was sent to Oxford in which they were challenged to row a match at or near London, consequently, the first Boat Race took place at Henley-on-Thames in June 1829. CUBC was one of five clubs which retained the right until 2012 to appoint representatives to the Council of British Rowing, the others were Leander Club, London Rowing Club, Thames Rowing Club and Oxford University Boat Club. CUBC has produced numerous Olympic-level rowers in its history, during the Boat Race period both the Blue Boat and Goldie crews boat from Kings College Schools Boat House on the Putney embankment. The Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race
38.
Oxford University Boat Club
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Oxford University Boat Club is the rowing club of the University of Oxford, England, located on the River Thames at Oxford. The club was founded in the early 19th century, oUBCs boat house on the Isis burnt down in 1999 and much archival material, including photographs, was lost. OUBC now rows from its new boat house in Wallingford, south of Oxford. The boathouse was designed following a competition by Tuke Manton Architects LLP. The club has the use of the Redgrave Pinsent Rowing Lake in south Oxfordshire for training purposes, along with the GB Rowing squad and University College Oxford Boat Club. The club races against the Cambridge University Boat Club in The Boat Race on the Thames in London each year, oxfords team are commonly referred to as the Dark Blues. It has featured Olympic-level rowers and coxes, OUBC was one of five clubs which retained the right until 2012 to appoint representatives to the Council of British Rowing. The others were Leander Club, London Rowing Club, Thames Rowing Club, list of Oxford University Boat Race crews Rowing on the River Thames University rowing OUBC website
39.
The Boat Race 1849 (December)
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The 10th Boat Race took place on the River Thames on 15 December 1849. Typically held annually, the event is a rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. The race was won by Oxford who triumphed over Cambridge after they were disqualified and it is the only time the Boat Race has been held twice in a calendar year, and as of 2015 remains the only time the event has been decided as a result of a disqualification. The Boat Race is a rowing competition between the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the 4. 2-mile Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London, Cambridge had beaten Oxford easily in the race earlier that year. The invitation to race was immediately accepted, Cambridge held the overall lead, with seven victories to Oxfords two. Oxfords crew contained four rowers who had featured in the race in March, with Chitty, Steward, Sykes. Cambridge welcomed back five rowers and the cox, George Booth, the difference in weight between the crews was marginal, Oxfords rowers weighing an average of just under 11 st 6 lb were 0.125 pounds per man heavier than Cambridge. Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station, weather conditions were poor, rain and a strong wind provided a pitiless pelting to spectators and the crews alike. Both crews were on the river before 3pm in boats constructed by Searle and Sons, described as masterpieces of art, Cambridge made the better start and were clear by the Searles boathouse. They increased the lead by a further half-a-length and held it for another 0.5 miles, at which point Oxford produced a marked improvement in speed and began to reduce the deficit. As Cambridge had already moved in front of Oxford, they steered back towards the Surrey shore in preparation for shooting Hammersmith Bridge, in doing so, a collision ensued, causing Oxford to come to halt. Although Cambridge made a three-to-four length headstart, Oxfords subsequent pace combined with Cambridges wayward steering reduced the gap and by the end of the race, the boats were nearly level. Immediately upon the conclusion, the umpire, Thomas Howard Fellows of Leander Club declared the result in favour of Oxford. Cambridge, although believing the foul was against them, did not object to the decision, as of 2017, it remains the only time that the Boat Race has been decided by a disqualification. One Hundred and Fifty Years of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Races, From A. D.1829 to 1869
