1.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
2.
1851
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As of the start of 1851, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 11 – Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion, January 15 – Christian Female College, modern-day Columbia College, receives its charter from the Missouri General Assembly. January 28 – Northwestern University is founded in Illinois, February 6 – Black Thursday in Australia, Bushfires sweep across the state of Victoria, burning about a quarter of its area. February 12 – Edward Hargraves claims to have gold in Australia. February 15 – In Boston, Massachusetts, members of the anti-slavery Boston Vigilance Committee rescue fugitive slave Shadrach Minkins from a courtroom following his arrest by U. S. marshals. March 1 – Victor Hugo uses the phrase United States of Europe in a speech to the French National Assembly, march 11 – Giuseppe Verdis opera Rigoletto is first performed at La Fenice in Venice. March 27 – The first white men reportedly see Yosemite Valley, march 30 – A population census is taken in the United Kingdom. 6.3 million live in cities of 20,000 or more in England, april 9 – San Luis, the oldest permanent settlement in the state of Colorado, is founded by settlers from Taos, New Mexico. April 20 – Ramón Castilla loses power in Peru, april 21 – John Stuart Mill marries Harriet Taylor. April 28 – Santa Clara College is chartered in Santa Clara, may 1 The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London is opened by Queen Victoria. Mid-May to mid-July – Great Flood of 1851, extensive flooding across the Midwestern United States, the town of Des Moines is virtually washed away, and many rainfall records hold for 160 years. June 21 – The Immortal Game, a chess match, is played between Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky during a break in the first international tournament, held in London. July 1 The Colony of Victoria separates from New South Wales, serial poisoner Hélène Jégado is arrested in Rennes, France. July 10 – The University of the Pacific is chartered as California Wesleyan College in Santa Clara, july 29 – Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia. August 1 – Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention deciding that all men have the right to vote. August 22 – The yacht America wins the first Americas Cup race, september 15 – Saint Josephs University is founded in Philadelphia. September 18 – The New York Times is founded, september 30 – The HSwMS Eugenie leaves from Karlskrona, Sweden to begin its voyage as the first Swedish Royal Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world. October – The Reuters news service is founded, october 15 – The City of Winona, Minnesota is founded
3.
Australian gold rushes
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During the Australian gold rushes, significant numbers of workers relocated to areas in which gold had been discovered. A number of gold occurred in Australia prior to 1851. This is mainly because, prior to 1851, the government of New South Wales had suppressed news of gold finds which it believed would reduce the workforce. The first gold rush in Australia began in May 1851 after prospector Edward Hargraves claimed to have discovered gold near Orange. Hargraves had been to the Californian goldfields and had learned new gold prospecting techniques such as panning and cradling, Hargraves was offered rewards by the Colony of New South Wales and the Colony of Victoria. Before the end of the year, the rush had spread to many other parts of the state where gold had been found, not just to the west. The Australian gold rushes changed the convict colonies into more cities with the influx of free emigrants. These hopefuls, termed diggers, brought new skills and professions, the mateship that evolved between these diggers and their collective resistance to authority led to the emergence of a unique national identity. Although not all diggers found riches on the goldfields, many decided to stay, in July 1851, Victorias first gold rush began on the Clunes goldfield. Gold, just as in New South Wales, was found in many other parts of the state. When the rush began at Ballarat, diggers discovered it was a prosperous goldfield, lieutenant-Governor, Charles La Trobe visited the site and watched five men uncover 136 ounces of gold in one day. Mount Alexander was even more rich than Ballarat, with gold sitting just under the surface, the shallowness allowed diggers to easily unearth gold nuggets. In 7 months,2.4 million pounds of gold was transported from Mount Alexander to nearby capital cities, the gold rushes caused a huge influx of people from overseas. Australias total population more than tripled from 430,000 in 1851 to 1.7 million in 1871, Australia first became a multicultural society during the gold rush period. Between 1852 and 1860,290,000 people migrated to Victoria from the British Isles,15,000 came from other European countries, non-European immigrants, however, were unwelcome, especially the Chinese. The Chinese were particularly industrious, with techniques that differed widely from the Europeans and this and their physical appearance and fear of the unknown led to them to being persecuted in a racist way that would be regarded as untenable today. In 1855,11,493 Chinese arrived in Melbourne, Chinese travelling outside of New South Wales had to obtain special re-entry certificates. In 1855, Victoria enacted the Chinese Immigration Act 1855, severely limiting the number of Chinese passengers permitted on an arriving vessel
4.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
5.
Bathurst, New South Wales
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Bathurst /ˈbæθəst/ is a regional city in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 200 kilometres north-west of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council, Bathurst is the oldest inland settlement in Australia and had an estimated population of 36,013 as at June 2015. Bathurst is often referred to as the Gold Country as it was the site of the first gold discovery, today education, tourism and manufacturing drive the economy. The internationally known racetrack Mount Panorama is a landmark of the city, Bathurst has an historic city centre with many buildings remaining from the gold rush period of the mid to late 1800s. The median age of the population is 34.0 years, which is particularly young for a regional centre. Population growth has reached 1. 6% per annum over the five years until 2010 and this growth over recent years has resulted in increased urban development including retail precincts, sporting facilities, housing estates and expanding industrial areas. Bathurst is located on the edge of the Great Dividing Range in the Macquarie River plain. The city is located adjacent to the Macquarie River which is part of the Murray-Darling basin, the city is protected by a levee bank to protect the city from occasional flood events. Mount Panorama is located 3 kilometres from the CBD and effectively within the city limits, it is 877 metres AMSL, Bathurst is located adjacent to the Great Western Highway which begins in the centre of the city of Sydney and finishes at Bathurst. Within the city, two state highways start, the Mitchell Highway to Bourke and the Mid-Western Highway to Hay. Bathurst is located approximately mid-way along a road route from Canberra and Goulburn to Mudgee. Bathurst is also located on the Main Western Railway line that starts at Sydney Central Station, the Macquarie River divides Bathurst with the CBD located on the western side of the river. Four road bridges and two bridges span the river within the city area. Two physical components comprise the Bathurst region, the Bathurst Basin and they are drained by the Macquarie, Turon, Fish and Campbells Rivers to the north and Abercrombie and Isabella Rivers to the south. The central basin area of the Bathurst area is mainly granite soils while in the north area sandstone, conglomerates, greywacke, siltstones, limestones and minor volcanos predominate. The south is more complex geology with siltstones, sandstones, greywacke, shales and chert, basalt and granite intrusions and embedded volcanic, underlying Bathurst is the dominant feature of Bathurst granite and at Mount Panorama and Mount Stewart basalt occurs. Due to its elevation, Bathurst has a highland climate. Bathurst is in Australias cool temperate zone which is defined as having mild to warm summers
6.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
7.
Penal transportation
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The practice would become mandated for use in Scotland consequent to an act in 1785, but remained used less than in England. Transportation on a scale would resume with the departure of the First Fleet to Australia in 1787. France also transported convicts to Devils Island and New Caledonia, most of this article deals with transportation from Great Britain. Banishment or forced exile from a polity or society has used as a punishment since at least Ancient Roman times. It removed the offender from society, possibly permanently, but was seen as a more merciful or forgiving punishment than execution, by 1670, as new felonies were defined, the option of being sentenced to transportation was allowed. Forgery of a document, for example, was a crime until the 1820s. Depending on the crime, the sentence was imposed for life or for a set period of years, if imposed for a period of years, the offender was permitted to return home after serving out his time, but had to make his own way back. Many offenders thus stayed in the colony as free persons, Transportation was not used by Scotland before the Act of Union 1707, following union, the 1717 Transportation Act specifically excluded its usage in Scotland. Act 1785 the Parliament of Great Britain specifically extended the usage of transportation to Scotland and it remained little used under Scots Law until the early 19th century. In Australia, a convict who had served part of his time might apply for a ticket of leave and this enabled some convicts to resume a more normal life, to marry and raise a family, and to contribute to the development of the colony. In the 17th and 18th centuries criminal justice was severe, later termed the Bloody Code and this was due to both the particularly large number of offences which were punishable by execution, and to the limited choice of sentences available to judges for convicted criminals in England. With the development of colonies, transportation was introduced as a punishment, although legally it was considered a condition of a pardon. Convicts who represented a menace to the community were sent away to distant lands, a secondary aim was to discourage crime for fear of being transported. Transportation continued to be described as an exhibition of the kings mercy. It was a solution to a problem in the domestic penal system. There was also the hope that transported convicts could be rehabilitated and reformed by starting a new life in the colonies. In 1615, in the reign of James I, a committee of the Council had already obtained the power to choose from the prisoners those that deserved pardon and, consequently and these bills failed, but it was clear that change was needed. Transportation was not a sentence in itself, but could be arranged by indirect means, the reading test, crucial for the benefit of clergy, was a fundamental feature of the penal system, but in order to prevent its abuse, this pardoning process was used more strictly
8.
Tasmania
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Tasmania is an island state of the Commonwealth of Australia. It is located 240 km to the south of the Australian mainland, the state encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands. The state has a population of around 519,100, just over forty percent of which resides in the Greater Hobart precinct, Tasmanias area is 68,401 km2, of which the main island covers 64,519 km2. Though an island state, due to an error the state shares a land border with Victoria at its northernmost terrestrial point, Boundary Islet. The Bishop and Clerk Islets, about 37 km south of Macquarie Island, are the southernmost terrestrial point of the state of Tasmania, the island is believed to have been occupied by Aboriginals for 40,000 years before British colonisation. It is thought Tasmanian Aboriginals were separated from the mainland Aboriginal groups about 10,000 years ago when the sea rose to form Bass Strait. The conflict, which peaked between 1825 and 1831 and led to more than three years of law, cost the lives of almost 1100 Aboriginals and settlers. The near-destruction of Tasmanias Aboriginal population has been described by historians as an act of genocide by the British. The island was part of the Colony of New South Wales. In 1854 the present Constitution of Tasmania was passed and the year the state received permission to change its name to Tasmania. In 1901 it became a state through the process of the Federation of Australia, the state is named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who made the first reported European sighting of the island on 24 November 1642. Tasman named the island Anthony van Diemens Land after his sponsor Anthony van Diemen, the name was later shortened to Van Diemens Land by the British. It was officially renamed Tasmania in honour of its first European discoverer on 1 January 1856, Tasmania was sometimes referred to as Dervon, as mentioned in the Jerilderie Letter written by the notorious Australian bushranger Ned Kelly in 1879. The colloquial expression for the state is Tassie, Tasmania is also colloquially shortened to Tas, especially when used in business names and website addresses. TAS is also the Australia Post abbreviation for the state, the reconstructed Palawa kani language name for Tasmania is Lutriwita. The island was adjoined to the mainland of Australia until the end of the last glacial period about 10,000 years ago, much of the island is composed of Jurassic dolerite intrusions through other rock types, sometimes forming large columnar joints. Tasmania has the worlds largest areas of dolerite, with many distinctive mountains, the central plateau and the southeast portions of the island are mostly dolerite. Mount Wellington above Hobart is an example, showing distinct columns known as the Organ Pipes
9.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
10.
Dandenong Ranges
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The Dandenong Ranges are a set of low mountain ranges, rising to 633 metres at Mount Dandenong, approximately 35 km east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The ranges consist mostly of rolling hills, steeply weathered valleys and gullies covered in temperate rainforest, predominantly of tall Mountain Ash trees. After European settlement in the region, the range was used as a source of timber for Melbourne. The ranges were popular with day-trippers from the 1870s onwards, much of the Dandenongs were protected by parklands as early as 1882 and by 1987 these parklands were amalgamated to form the Dandenong Ranges National Park, which was added to again in 1997. The range experiences light to moderate snow falls a few times most years, today, the Dandenongs are home to over 100,000 residents and the area is popular amongst visitors, many of which stay for the weekend at the various Bed & Breakfasts through the region. The popular Puffing Billy Railway, a steam railway, runs through the southern parts of the Dandenongs. The etymology of the Dandenongs is a complicated one, two names have been used to refer to the ranges, Corhanwarrabul and Dandenong, both derived from the Woiwurrung language of the Wurundjeri people. It is suspected that the name Dandenong was applied to the ranges because Dandenong Creek originates there, however and it is not known where the name Dandenong came from nor what it means, or even its correct spelling, other variations include, Tanjenong, Tangynon and Bangeong. In any case, both names relate at least to watercourses in general, and not to mountains or ranges, so as the name Dandenong may not actually apply to anything in the immediate area, the relevance of the name Corhanwarrabul becomes apparent. Carhanwarrabul was the name for one of the two main summits, perhaps both or perhaps the entire range. The name applied to the summits and was in continued use up until around 1900. At any rate, Corhanwarrabul remains the most relevant name for the ranges to date, the range is the remains of an extinct volcano last active 373 million years ago. It consists predominantly of Devonian dacite and rhyodacite, the topography consists of a series of ridges dissected by deeply cut streams. Rainfall is fairly uniform through the year, tending to peak between April and October with lower rainfall during the months of January and February, the mean annual rainfall is between 1000 and 1500 mm, increasing with elevation and from west to east. Due to the elevation, fog is common in winter months, as a result of its elevation snow typically falls one or two times a year at higher elevations, mostly between the months of June and October. A rare summer snow occurred on Christmas Day 2006, the local region has experienced substantial warming in recent decades and heavy snowfalls which were once common have become rare. The last significant snowfall to affect the Dandenongs Ranges was on August 10,2008, a Bureau of Meteorology weather station sits at an elevation of 513 m in the Ferny Creek Reserve in the southern part of the Dandenongs Ranges. This weather station replaced one that was located on the summit of Dunns Hill
11.
Belgrave, Victoria
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Belgrave is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,35 km east of Melbournes central business district. Its local government area is the Shire of Yarra Ranges, at the 2006 Census, Belgrave had a population of 4094, and the suburb is only 16 years younger than the Melbourne CBD. Belgrave was first settled in 1851, Belgrave was named after an 1840s chapel in Leeds, Yorkshire, England, the name was carried by Mr and Mrs R. G. Benson when they came to Melbourne in 1856 and their sons, the Benson Brothers, settled in the Belgrave district in the 1870s. A Post Office opened in the area around 1904, many men from Belgrave went to the two world wars, and there is a war memorial in Belgrave. Most of the district of Belgrave is located on Main Street. There are also shops on Bayview Road, which is located just across the rail bridge, there is an organic and fair trade emphasis amongst some businesses including Belgrave Organics, a number of cafés serving fairtrade coffee. There are two clothing stores. It also has a very active Traders Association and it is also the terminus of the Belgrave Suburban Electric Railway Line. Other nearby attractions include The 1000 Steps, Sherbrooke Forest and Sherbrooke Falls in the Dandenong Ranges National Park, Belgrave has a park 3 km from the Main Street. The Cameo Cinema has eight cinemas, with Cinema 1 dating to the 1930s, there is an outdoor Cinema at the rear of the building, which is open only during the summer months. There is a scene with live acts taking place at Sooki Lounge, Gin Lane. The historic property known as Glen Harrow Gardens has been featured on television programs. During the summer months Belgrave Pool is open, Belgrave pool is an outdoor 33m heated pool. Belgrave itself does not contain any schools, with these being located in the neighbouring suburbs of Tecoma, Selby. Upwey High School is the nearest state high school, thomas Mores Catholic Church, and Mater Christi College, a girls secondary school located on Bayview Road. Belgrave has a station, which acts as the base for all police stations in the Dandenong Ranges Region. There is also the Belgrave Volunteer Fire Brigade on Bayview Road, there is also an Ambulance station in Bayview Road
12.
Governors of the Australian states
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The governors of the Australian states are the representatives of the Queen of Australia in each of Australias six states. The state governors are not subject to the authority of the governor-general. In practice, with few exceptions the governors are required by convention to act on the advice of the state premiers or the members of a states Cabinet. The office of governor is the oldest constitutional office in Australia, the title was first used with the Governor of New South Wales, and dates back to 1788 to the day on which the area became the first British settlement in Australia. Each of the subsequent five states in Australia was also founded as a British colony, the settlement which became Queensland was founded in 1824, but was not separated from New South Wales until 1859. New South Wales and Tasmania were founded as penal colonies, Tasmania in particular was run as a virtual prison camp in its early years. The Governors were also commanders-in-chief, and the troops under their command were the basis of their authority. From the 1820s, however, the number of free settlers in the colonies led to a process of constitutional reform which gradually reduced the powers of the governors. New South Wales was given its first legislative body, the New South Wales Legislative Council, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia, which were not founded as penal settlements, moved rapidly towards constitutional government after their establishment. However, the states insisted on retaining their separate links to the Crown, the post of governor was again called into question during the Depression of the 1930s, when the cost of maintaining six vice-regal establishments drew criticism from the labour movement and others. During this period some states left the position unfilled as a measure for some years. But no state attempted to abolish the post of governor, all governors at this time were British, and most were from the upper classes and political conservatives, and Labor governments always suspected that they had an enemy in Government House. Most governors, however, tried to act impartially, and some were genuinely popular, from the 1940s the states, particularly those with Labor governments, began to appoint Australians to the post of governor. The first colonies were penal settlements and the colonial governors were military officers who ruled under martial law. Once the governors role moved from the executive to the ceremonial, although a few members of the peerage served as governors, the Australian colonial capitals were small towns and considered not grand enough to attract senior members of the British aristocracy. Even when Australians replaced Britons as governors, most continued to be retired Army, the last British-born governor of an Australian state was Rear Admiral Sir Richard Trowbridge, who was Governor of Western Australia from 1980 to 1983. The British Government retained the authority to intervene in the governments of the states under the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865. As a result, the state continued to be formally appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Foreign Secretary
13.
Governor of New South Wales
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The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales
14.
Charles Augustus FitzRoy
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Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy KCB KCH was a British military officer, politician and member of the aristocracy, who held governorships in several British colonies during the 19th century. Charles was born in England, the eldest son of General Lord Charles FitzRoy and his grandfather, Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, was the Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1768 to 1770. Charles half brother Robert FitzRoy would become a pioneering meteorologist and surveyor, Captain of HMS Beagle, the young Charles FitzRoy was educated at the Harrow School in London, before receiving a commission in the Royal Horse Guards regiment of the British Army at the age of 16. Just after his 19th birthday, FitzRoys regiment took part in the Battle of Waterloo and he travelled to Lower Canada with the Duke of Richmond in 1818. On 11 March 1820, he married Lady Mary Lennox, just after his promotion to Captain, in 1825, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and appointed Deputy Adjutant General of the Cape Colony. Sir Charles was appointed as the eleventh Governor of Prince Edward Island off the coast of Canada on 31 March 1837 and he returned to England in 1841 and shortly afterwards was made Governor of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies until 1845. Sir Charles was chosen as the tenth Governor of the colony of New South Wales by Lord Stanley in 1845, FitzRoy replaced Sir George Gipps as governor who had been a strong ruler but had provoked the animosity of many in the colony. It is likely that FitzRoy was chosen because he tended to be more appeasing in his approach, FitzRoy, his wife and his son George arrived in the colony on board HMS Carysfort on 2 August 1846. Soon after his arrival he was asked to use his influence to procure the disallowance of an act of the Tasmanian legislature imposing a duty of 15% on products imported from New South Wales. In the long discussion over the separation of the Port Phillip district, Fitzroy showed tact, during his governorship great steps were made in the development of New South Wales. Transportation of convicts ceased, the Sydney University was founded, a branch of the mint was established. After sixteen months in the colony, Sir Charles wife Mary was killed in an accident on 7 December 1847. A distraught FitzRoy considered resigning and returning to England, but his finances did not permit it, a memorial to Lady Mary Fitzroy is in St James Church, Sydney. In 1851 he named Grafton, New South Wales, after his grandfather Augustus FitzRoy, on 28 January 1855 he departed Australia and returned to England. On 11 September, his eldest son Augustus was killed in the Crimean War, on 11 December, he married Margaret Gordon. FitzRoy died in London on 16 February 1858 at the age of 61, Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy married, firstly, Lady Mary Lennox, first-born child of Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, on 11 March 1820. Within a year of her death, rumours were circulated about the colony of New South Wales about FitzRoys womanising ways, in 1850, FitzRoy made a visit to Berrima, to inspect the Fitzroy IronWorks. The Governor stayed at the Surveyor Generals Inn, operated by former boxing champion Edward Ned Chalker, neds step-daughter, Mary Ann Chalker, who was 18 at the time, worked there
15.
Governor of South Australia
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The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The Governors official residence is Government House, in Adelaide, the states capital, nevertheless, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. The Westminster system is a form of constitutional monarchy, the first Australian-born Governor of South Australia was Major-General Sir James Harrison, and most subsequent governors have been Australian-born. The first South Australian-born governor was Sir Mark Oliphant, the current governor is Hieu Van Le. The term of the governor, Rear Admiral Kevin Scarce. As from June 2014, the Queen, upon the recommendation of the Premier, accorded all current, future and these people administered the government in the absence of the official governor. Three former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Eric Neal, the latest-serving former governor to die was Dame Roma Mitchell, on 5 March 2000. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Keith Seaman. The Official Website of the Governor of South Australia Previous governors on official website
16.
Henry Young
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Sir Henry Edward Fox Young, KCMG was the fifth Governor of South Australia, serving in that role from 2 August 1848 until 20 December 1854. He was then the first Governor of Tasmania, from 1855 until 1861, Young was the third son of Sir Aretas William Young, a well-known peninsular officer, and was born at Brabourne, Kent. He was educated at Deans School, Bromley, Middlesex, and, intended for the bar, Young was, however, appointed in 1827 to a position in the colonial treasury, Trinidad, and in 1828 was transferred to Demerara, British Guiana. From 1833, Young was involved in the emancipation of slaves in the British Caribbean colonies, in 1834, he was posted briefly to St Lucia as treasurer, secretary and member of the council, and in 1835 returned to British Guiana as government secretary. In 1847, Young returned to London, before he was appointed lieutenant-governor of the Eastern District of the Cape Colony in South Africa, Young was transferred a few months later to South Australia where he arrived on 1 August 1848 on the Forfarshire. Under Young, South Australia received its first formal parliament, the South Australian House of Assembly comprised 36 members each elected from a different area. It was Governor Young who offered a prize of £2000 in 1851 for the first person to travel up the Murray River to its junction with the Darling River in a paddle steamer, the prize was claimed in 1853 by Francis Cadell with his steamer Lady Augusta. Due to the difficulty of navigating the Murray Mouth, Young supported building the railway from the port of Goolwa to the new sea port at Port Elliot. Young was president of the Adelaide Philosophical Society 1853–1854, Young began his duties in Van Diemens Land in January 1855. Sir Henry was the first Tasmanian Governor to occupy Government House, Hobart, at this time the constitution act was awaiting the royal assent, and the legislative council might wisely have postponed meeting until news of this had been received. It, however, met in July and one of its acts was to form a committee to inquire into the working of the convict department, dr Hampton, the comptroller-general of convicts, was summoned to appear as a witness and refused to attend. The council decided he was guilty of contempt and arrested him, Hampton served a writ of habeas corpus upon the sergeant-at-arms and the opinion of the law officers of the crown was against the legality of the councils proceedings. Young then attended at the house and prorogued the council until 20 October, the Times severely commented upon Youngs conduct, but he was commended by the British government. The Tasmanian supreme court ruled against the council, and when it was taken to the council this decision was confirmed. The new constitution was soon successfully instituted and Young welcomed the change in his position, feeling that he was now above the battle and he travelled through the island, showed much interest in its development, and capably carried out the work of his office. Young left Tasmania on 10 December 1861 for Melbourne whence he travelled to England and he married in 1848 the eldest daughter of Charles Marryat who survived him. He is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London, the town of Port Augusta in South Australia is named after Henrys wife, Lady Young
17.
Governor of Tasmania
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The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown. See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor, the official residence of the Governor is Government House located at the Queens Domain. The first Australian-born Governor of Tasmania was Sir Stanley Burbury, the first Tasmanian-born governor was Sir Guy Green. Since Burbury, all Tasmanian governors have been Australian-born, except for Peter Underwood, on 10 November, Premier Will Hodgman announced that University of Tasmania legal academic Kate Warner would be appointed as the states first female governor. Warner was sworn in on 10 December, between 1804 and 1813, Van Diemens Land was divided along the 42nd parallel, and the two sections governed as separate Lieutenant-Governorships under the Governor of New South Wales. Collins was the officially appointed Lieutenant-Governor—upon his death in 1810. The northern settlement at Port Dalrymple was administered by four Commandants until the settlements were merged to form the colony under the governorship of Thomas Davey in 1813. The colony was called Van Diemens Land until 1856, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Phillip Bennett. The latest-serving former governor to die was Sir Stanley Burbury, on 24 April 1995, the most recently serving governor to die was Peter Underwood, who died in office on 7 July 2014. Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Tasmania Parliamentary Library - Governors of Tasmania
18.
William Denison
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Sir William Thomas Denison, KCB was Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemens Land from 1847 to 1855, Governor of New South Wales from 1855 to 1861, and Governor of Madras from 1861 to 1866. According to Percival Serle, Denison was a man of high character and he showed great interest in the life of the colony, and helped to foster education, science and trade, during the period when Tasmania was developing into a prosperous colony. In New South Wales his task was easier, and he had no difficulty in coping adequately with the problems arose during the early days of responsible government in Australia. In November 1838 he married Caroline Hornby, Lt. Denison was one of the junior Royal Engineers who worked under Lt. Colonel John By on the Rideau Canal in Upper Canada. Of note, Denison carried out experiments under the direction of Lt. Col, by to determine the strength, for construction purposes of the old growth Canadian timber in the vicinity of Bytown. His findings were published by the Institution of Civil Engineers in England who bestowed him the prestigious Telford Medal in silver. He returned to England in 1831 and worked at Woolwich and as an instructor at Chatham from 1833 and he worked at Greenwich observatory with Ramsdens zenith sector and in 1837 he was engineer in charge of Woolwich Dockyard. He was promoted to captaion in 1841 and he visited Bermuda in 1842, in 1844-5 he worked with the royal commission on the health of towns. Denison was knighted for his work in the Admiralty in 1846, Denison was offered the position of Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land in 1846 on the recommendation of Sir John Burgoyne, and arrived at Hobart on 25 January 1847. There had been a strong protest from members of the Anti-Transportation League, Denison was told that no convicts would be sent so that he could fix the problem. The Tasmanian Legislative Council had no quorum and he became at odds with the two judges, the power of the Council to levy taxes. This had arisen after a case of dog tax that John Morgan, Denison thereupon charged the judges with neglect of duty in failing to identify the faults in the laws before they were enacted. He suggested that the Chief Justice should apply for leave of absence, Denison was afterwards reprimanded by the Secretary of State, Earl Grey, for his conduct towards Pedder, but the dismissal of Montagu was confirmed. He, however, succeeded in conciliating some of the citizens by granting 5 acres of land in Hobart as a site for an unsectarian school, subsequently, the British Government began sending convicts in large numbers. The Anti-Transportation League formed to oppose transportation had the support of all the leading colonists of Tasmania. While this movement had been going on, the question of granting responsible government had much to the front. In 1850 an act for the government of the Australian colonies was passed. A council of 16 members was elected in Tasmania, all supporting the Anti-Transportation movement, and he, however, incurred some criticism by proclaiming pre-emptive right land regulations before the new Council met
19.
Governor of Victoria
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The Governor of Victoria is the representative in the Australian state of Victoria of its monarch, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia and is one of the Governors of the Australian states. The governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the federal level. The governors office and official residence is Government House next to the Royal Botanic Gardens, the Governor of Victoria is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier of Victoria. The current Governor of Victoria is former judge Linda Dessau, Victorias first female governor, nevertheless, the governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the premier. The governor of Victoria is appointed by the queen of Australia, on the advice of the premier of Victoria, to act as her representative as head of state in Victoria. The governor acts at the pleasure, meaning that the term of the governor can be terminated at any time by the queen acting upon the advice of the premier. Upon appointment, he or she becomes a viceroy, the governors main responsibilities fall into three categories – constitutional, ceremonial and community engagement. In 1984, the Personal Standard of the Governor of Victoria was changed to the State Flag of Victoria, with the blue background replaced by gold, above the Southern Cross is the Royal Crown. Previously, the used by Victorian governors after 1870 had been the Union Jack with the Badge of the State of Victoria emblazoned in the centre. Between 1903 and 1953, the Tudor Crown was used on the State Flag and Governors Standard, the Governor’s Standard is flown at Government House and on vehicles conveying the governor. The Standard is lowered over Government House when the governor is absent from Victoria, there is also a lieutenant-governor and an administrator. The Chief Justice of Victoria is ex officio the Administrator, unless he or she is the lieutenant-governor, in which case, the lieutenant-governor takes on the responsibilities of the governor when that post is vacant or when the governor is out of the state or unable to act. The administrator takes on those duties if both the governor and lieutenant-governor are not able to act for the above reasons, see Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of governor. Until the appointment of Victorian-born Sir Henry Winneke in 1974, the Governors of Victoria were British, prior to the separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales in 1851, the area was called the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. The Governor of New South Wales appointed superintendents of the District, in 1839 Charles La Trobe was appointed superintendent. La Trobe became Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria on separation on 1 July 1851, between 1850 and 1861, the Governor of New South Wales was titled Governor-General of New South Wales, in an attempt to form a federal structure. Until Victoria obtained responsible government in 1855, the Governor-General of New South Wales appointed lieutenant-governors to Victoria, on Victoria obtaining responsible government in May 1855, the title of the then incumbent lieutenant-governor, Captain Sir Charles Hotham, became governor. As of July 2015, four former governors are alive, the oldest being John Landy, the most recent governor to die was Davis McCaughey, on 25 March 2005
20.
Charles La Trobe
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La Trobe was a strong supporter of religious, cultural and educational institutions. La Trobe was the nephew of British architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and he was educated in England and later spent time in Switzerland and was active in mountaineering, he made a number of ascents in the Alps 1824–26. La Trobe wrote several books describing his experiences, The Alpenstock, Or Sketches of Swiss Scenery and Manners and The Pedestrian. In 1832 he visited the United States along with Count Albert Pourtales and he then wrote The Rambler in North America and The Rambler in Mexico. On 16 September 1835 he married Sophie de Montmollin in Berne and their first child, Agnes Louisa de La Trobe, was born on 2 April 1837 in Switzerland. In 1837 La Trobe was entrusted with a government commission in the West Indies, on 4 February 1839 he was appointed superintendent of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales though he had little managerial and administrative experience. La Trobe sailed into Sydney on 26 July 1839, with his wife and 2-year-old daughter, the La Trobes went on to Melbourne on 1 October. Governor Gipps was disturbed when he heard about it, La Trobe, however, convinced him that he had acted innocently. On the land he erected his home, which has preserved and is called LaTrobes Cottage. Melbourne had a population of around 3,000 at the time and was rapidly expanding, La Trobe commenced works to improve sanitation and streets. A Separation Association had been formed in 1840 wanting Port Phillip District to become a separate colony, in 1841 La Trobe wrote to Gipps, asking him to visit Melbourne to form his own opinion on the separation question. La Trobe did not actively campaign for separation, content that Earl Grey had included separation in the plan for the colonies. La Trobe acted as lieutenant-governor of Van Diemens Land for four months in 1846-47, by 1851, Port Phillip district had gained separation from New South Wales, becoming the colony of Victoria, and La Trobe was lieutenant-governor for three years - a position he held until 1854. Soon after separation gold was discovered at several locations in Victoria and he was commonly referred to as Charley Joe, and by extension, any government officials or policemen were called joes. La Trobe, who had suffered self-doubt and criticisms due to his inexperience, had submitted his resignation in December 1852 but had to wait until a replacement, Charles Hotham, could take his place. Towards the end of his governorship, La Trobes wife Sophie became ill, Sophie died on 30 January 1854. On his return to Europe after his term, La Trobe in 1855 married Sophies sister, Rose Isabelle de Meuron, the couple had two daughters in Switzerland and moved to England in 1861. He did not get any further British government appointments and his eyesight was increasingly deteriorating, and he was completely blind for the last years of his life
21.
Governor of Western Australia
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The Governor of Western Australia is the representative in Western Australia of the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II. Furthermore, all Bills passed by the Parliament of Western Australia require the Governors signature before they become Acts, the current governor is Kerry Sanderson, who is the first woman to hold the position. She succeeded Malcolm McCusker in October 2014, until the appointment of Sir James Mitchell in 1948, all governors of Western Australia had been British officials. The Governor of Western Australia is styled Her Excellency during her term in office, in August 2014, three of the four living past governors – John Sanderson, Ken Michael, and Malcolm McCusker – were given the title The Honourable, on the recommendation of the premier. The other living former governor, Michael Jeffery, already held the title and this is a list of Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of Western Australia. Stirling had said of his own position, I believe I am the first Governor who ever formed a settlement without Commission, Laws, Instructions, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Michael Jeffery. The most recent governor to die was Sir Francis Burt, on 8 September 2004, Government House, Perth Government House, Western Australia, The Official Website of the Governor of Western Australia
22.
Charles Fitzgerald
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Captain Charles Fitzgerald was the Governor of The Gambia from 1844 until 1847, then Governor of Western Australia from 1848 to 1855. Fitzgerald joined the navy in March 1809, passed his examination in 1815, an encounter with Aborigines resulted in Fitzgerald being speared in the leg and at least three Aborigines shot dead. The town of Geraldton, Western Australia was named after him, the Constitution Centre of Western Australia. Governors and Premiers of Western Australia, west Perth, Western Australia, The Constitution Centre of Western Australia
23.
Governor-general
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Governor-General or governor general, in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm. Governors-General have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, in modern usage, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies which became self-governing within the British Empire. In these cases, the Crowns representative in the federated Dominion was given the title of governor general. Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the Kings representative retaining the title of governor throughout this time, since 2016, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these countries the governor-general acts as the representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state. The only other nation which uses the designation is Iran. In Iran, the authority is headed by a governor general. As such they held the prerogative powers of the monarch. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, the governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which are not generally worn today. If of the rank of general, equivalent or above. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated, in other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The governor-general, however, is appointed by the monarch. Executive authority is vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Except in rare cases, the only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister. The governor-general is still the representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general, in Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her representatives. However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, to a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state
24.
Governor-General of Australia
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The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia, when travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia, so is treated as a head of state. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General, a Governor-General is not appointed for a specific term, but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension. Since 28 March 2014, the Governor-General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove, from Federation in 1901 until 1965,11 out of the 15 Governors-General were British aristocrats, they included four barons, three viscounts, three earls, and one prince. Since then, all but one of the Governors-General have been Australian-born, as of 2017, only one Governor-General, Dame Quentin Bryce, was a woman. The selection of a Governor-General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia, the candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment. The prime minister advises the monarch to appoint his nominee. This has been the procedure since November 1930, when James Scullins proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government, Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime ministers direct advice. Both of these appointments had been agreed to despite British government objections, despite these precedents, George V remained reluctant to accept Scullins recommendation of Isaacs and asked him to consider Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood. However, Scullin stood firm, and, on 29 November, the King agreed to Isaacss appointment and this right to not only advise the monarch directly, but also to expect that advice to be accepted, was soon taken up by all the other Dominion prime ministers. This, among other things, led to the Statute of Westminster 1931, having agreed to the appointment, the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance, usually several months before the end of the current Governor-Generals term. During these months, the person is referred to as the Governor-General-designate, the actual appointment is made by the monarch. Governors-General have during their tenure the style His/Her Excellency the Honourable, since May 2013, the style used by a former Governor-General is the Honourable, it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office. From the creation of the Order of Australia in 1975, the Governor-General was, ex officio, Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order, and therefore became entitled to the post-nominal AC. In 1986 the Letters Patent were amended again, and Governors-General appointed from that time were again, ex officio, until 1989, all Governors-General were members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus held the additional style the Right Honourable for life. The same individuals were also usually either peers, knights, or both, in 1989, Bill Hayden, a republican, declined appointment to the British Privy Council and any imperial honours. Dame Quentin Bryce was the first Governor-General to have had no title or pre-nominal style. Until 2015, the honour continued after the retirement from office of the Governor-General, formerly, the Governor-General automatically became a knight or dame upon being sworn in
25.
Black Thursday bushfires
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The Black Thursday bushfires were a devastating series of fires that swept the state of Victoria, Australia, on 6 February 1851. They are considered the largest Australian bushfires in a region in recorded history, with approximately five million hectares, or a quarter of Victoria. Twelve human lives were lost, along with one million sheep, thousands of cattle, the temperature became torrid, and on the morning of the 6th of February 1851, the air which blew down from the north resembled the breath of a furnace. A fierce wind arose, gathering strength and velocity from hour to hour, by some inexplicable means it wrapped the whole country in a sheet of flame — fierce, awful, and irresistible. The Black Thursday bushfires, the largest Australian bush fires ever recorded, were caused in part by a drought that occurred throughout 1850 when the continent suffered from extreme heat. On 6 February 1851, a strong wind came down from the north and gained power. It is believed that the disaster began in Plenty Ranges when a couple of bullock drivers left logs burning unattended, the year preceding the fires was exceptionally hot and dry and this trend continued into 1851. The primary cause of catastrophic bush fires during this period lies in an understanding of local fire regimes. Aboriginal people had managed these areas for tens of thousands of years, using fire-stick farming to clear out fuel build up and maintain tracts of walkable land and hunting grounds. Their displacement by Europeans meant a complete shift in the ecology of the Australian bush with the result that tremendous fires become possible. By eleven it was about 47 °C in the shade, the air cooled to 43 °C by one oclock and rose to 45 °C around four o’clock. Survivors claimed the air was so full of smoke and heat that their lungs seemed to collapse, the air was so dark it made the roads seem bright. Pastures and plains became shrivelled wastelands, water-holes disappeared, creeks dried up, clouds of smoke filled the air, forests and ranges became one large sheet of flames. The hot north wind was so strong that thick black smoke reached northern Tasmania, creating a murky mist, resembling a combination of smoke, homes, crops and gardens were consumed by the rushing fire leaving a quarter of Victoria in a heap of desolate ruins. The weather at sea was even more fearful than on shore, the intense heat could be felt 32 km out to sea where a ship came under burning ember attack and was covered in cinders and dust. Eventually, a breeze and light rain cooled the surface. Fully one half of the timber in this neighbourhood has been burned or blown down, farms across the region were destroyed, along with a number of settlements in Gippsland, Western Port, Geelong, Heidelberg and east to Diamond Creek and Dandenong. Three men from Mount Macedon lost their lives, overall, the disaster resulted in the death of twelve people, one million sheep, and thousands of cattle over 60 to 80 kilometres
26.
Mount Gambier, South Australia
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Mount Gambier is the second most populous city in South Australia with an estimated urban population of 28,929. The peak of the dormant volcano was the first place in South Australia named by European explorers and it was sighted in 1800 by Lieutenant James Grant from the survey brig, HMS Lady Nelson, and named for Lord James Gambier, Admiral of the Fleet. The peak is marked by Centenary Tower, built in 1901 to commemorate the first sighting, the city is known for its geographical features, particularly its volcanic and limestone features, most notably its Blue Lake, parks and gardens, caves and sinkholes. Before European settlement, the Buandig people were the original Aboriginal inhabitants of the area and they called it ereng balam or egree belum, meaning home of the eagle hawk. The peak of the dormant Mount Gambier crater was sighted in 1800 by Lieutenant James Grant from the brig, HMS Lady Nelson. The Post Office opened on 22 September 1846, John Byng built the Mount Gambier Hotel in 1847, hastings Cunningham founded Gambierton in 1854 by subdividing a block of 77 acres. From 1861 to 1878 the Post Office was known by name before reverting to Mount Gambier. Local government appeared in 1863 when Dr Wehl, who now owned a substantial millhouse on Commercial Road, was elected chairman of the District Council of Mount Gambier. In December 1864 this became the District Council of Mount Gambier West and, at the same time, incorporation in 1876 saw a further division, with the creation of the Town Council and Mr John Watson elected Mayor. Mount Gambier was governed in this fashion until 1932, when the District Council of East and West merged to form a single District Council of Mount Gambier once more. On 9 December 1954, Mount Gambier was officially declared a city, Mount Gambiers urban area is located mainly along the northern slopes and plain of a maar volcano of the same name, Mount Gambier. Comprising several craters, it is part of the Newer Volcanics Province complex of volcanoes, one of these contains a huge lake of high-quality artesian drinking water which changes colour with the seasons. In winter, it is a grey and then changes to a spectacular cobalt blue in the summer, giving rise to its name. This 70-metre deep lake also accommodates a range of aquatic flora and fauna. There are several craters in the city including Valley Lake. The region surrounding the city also includes other features such as Mount Schank. Mount Gambier has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, the town has warm dry summers and cool wet winters. July is the wettest month with an average of 99.6 mm falling on 22 days whilst February normally records the lowest rainfall with an average of 25 mm on an average 8 days
27.
Portland, Victoria
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Portland /ˈpɔːrtlənd/ is a city in Victoria, Australia, and is the oldest European settlement in the state. It is also the urban centre in the Shire of Glenelg and is located on Portland Bay. The bay was named in 1800 by the British navigator James Grant, I also distinguished the Bay by the name of Portland Bay, in honour of His Grace the Duke of Portland, wrote Grant. The bay, the deep sea port between Adelaide and Melbourne, offers a sheltered anchorage against the often wild weather of Bass Strait. Whaling captain William Dutton is known to have been resident in the Portland Bay area when the Henty clan arrived and is said to have provided seed potatoes for the Henty garden, after a voyage of 34 days, the Thistle arrived at Portland Bay on 19 November 1834. Edward Henty was only 24 years old and, early in December, using a plough he had made himself, the next voyage of the Thistle brought his brother Francis with additional stock and supplies, and in a short time houses were erected and fences put up. In his diary entry for 3 December 1834, Henty wrote Arrived at 6p. m, in the 5 December entry Henty wrote On descending the hill we saw a native. He immediately ran on seeing us and he was busily employed pulling the gums from the wattle trees. There in Portland the Hentys were discovered by the explorer Thomas Mitchell in 1836, the squatter settlement was illegal since, at that time, the British Colonial Office policy was to contain colonial settlements in Australia within geographic limits. It had been considering how to deal with the prior occupation. The Hentys also farmed in areas known as Australia Felix, around Casterton, by 1838, land auctions had been authorised from Sydney and Charles Tyers surveyed the Portland township in 1839. It was government policy to encourage squatters to take possession of land they chose. A Post Office was opened on 4 December 1841, the third to open in the Port Phillip District after Melbourne, around 1842 a Presbyterian church and school were founded by the Rev. Alexander Laurie, who later ran the Portland Herald. His widow and two sons founded The Border Watch in nearby Mount Gambier, the Gunditjmara are the traditional owners of the south west, taking in what is now Portland. They were present when the early commercial sealers like William Dutton arrived and it has been argued whether Dutton was first, but he was considered to be somewhat itinerant by the establishment of the era and not the discoverer of this deepwater bay and fertile hinterland. Henty sowed the first Victorian wheat crop on cliff top land, while the Hentys landed ashore in Portland on 19 November 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, Gunditjmara still reside in and around the district, they are renowned in scientific circles for their early aquaculture development at nearby Lake Condah. Physical remains such as the weirs and fish traps are to be found in Lake Condah, the Gunditjmara were a settled group, living in small circular stone huts
28.
Western Port
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Western Port, commonly but unofficially known as Western Port Bay, is a large tidal bay in southern Victoria, Australia, opening into Bass Strait. It is the second largest bay in the state, geographically, it is dominated by the two large islands, French Island and Phillip Island. Contrary to its name, it lies to the east of the larger Port Phillip and it is visited by Australian fur seals, whales and dolphins, as well as many migratory waders and seabirds. It is listed under the Ramsar Convention as a wetland of international significance, the area around the bay and the two main islands were originally part of the Boonwurrung nations territory prior to European settlement. Western Port was first seen by Europeans in 1798 when a crew in a whaleboat led by George Bass. Due in most part to a lack of food, the expedition was halted, today the bay is mostly used for recreation, however, there is also a military base, shipping and oil production facilities adjoining the bay. Western Port is around one hour from Melbourne by car and a number of holiday villages with sandy swimming beaches lie on its shores. Prior to European settlement, the Bunurong people lived around Western Port living off shellfish, mutton birds and plant life. The bay was discovered by Europeans in 1797, when George Bass received permission from Governor Hunter in Sydney to sail a whaleboat along the section of coast south of Botany Bay. On such a stretch of water, Bass could not get more than halfway through the strait now known as Bass Strait. In the year 1826 it was reported that the French had resolved to found a settlement at some Australian harbor - probably King Georges Sound or Western Port, the British Government at once sent instructions to Sydney for Governor Darling to immediately take possession of these places. As a result, Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, with orders to proceed to Western Port, on 18 November 1826. They took a number of convicts and a force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Formerly a major drainage system, it was inundated together with Port Phillip by the rising sea in the Holocene period. The waters of Western Port cover an area of 680 km² of which 270 km² are exposed as mud flats at low tide, the topography of Western Port is dominated by two large islands, French Island and Phillip Island. The coastline, including that of the islands, is some 263 km, the bay and its islands are criss-crossed by seven seismically active fault lines and experiences numerous minor earthquakes every year. Several natural river paths and channels provide access for boats to the reaches, however. Some of the tributaries of Western Port are Bunyip River, Lang Lang River, Bass River, Cardinia Creek, Redbill Creek, Mosquito Creek, Brella Creek
29.
Wimmera
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The Wimmera is an ill–defined district, sometimes incorrectly referred to as an economic region, of the Australian state of Victoria. It can also be defined as the land within the catchment of Horsham. Most of the Wimmera is very flat, with only the Grampians and Mount Arapiles rising above vast plains, the Grampians are very rugged and tilted, with many sheer sandstone cliffs on their eastern sides, but gentle slopes on the west. In the context of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia, the Wimmera is a sub–region of 2,145,380 hectares located within the Murray Darling Depression bioregion, the Wimmera is one of the nine districts in Victoria used for weather forecasting by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. At the 2011 census, the six local government areas that are thought to comprise the district had a combined population of 54,645. The area of these same four LGAs is 41,963 square kilometres, the area contains a number of important towns, such as Horsham, Warracknabeal, Dimboola, Stawell and Nhill. Almost all of these are dependent on the grain and sheep industries. ^1 The Shire of Buloke is included in both the Mallee and the Wimmera districts, hence the imprecise definition, the climate is semi-arid to sub-humid, with annual rainfall ranging generally from 380 millimetres in the north to 580 millimetres in the south. In the Grampians, annual precipitation can be as high as 1,150 millimetres, most rain falls in winter, though heavy summer falls can occur, the most famous of which was the thunderstorm that dumped 133.2 millimetres on Nhill in mid-January 1974. Temperatures are hot in summer, ranging typically from a maximum of 30 °C to a minimum of 14 °C, in the winter, maximums are 15 °C, but mornings can be cool, averaging at Horsham 4 °C. These grey soils are the principal wheat soils of Victoria, red-brown earths are also used for wheat but do not give as high yields and require more fertilisation. The Wimmera River flows from the Grampians towards Lake Hindmarsh, many streams in the region flow only after sustained heavy rainfall and are often dry for long spells. In fact, in recent years Rocklands Reservoir, the water storage of the district, has become almost unviable due to a succession of dry years. The Wimmera is renowned for its natural heritage, the Grampians also possess many important Aboriginal artifacts. A local Aboriginal name Gariwerd was adopted by the National Park in 1991 in recognition of this fact, however, geography of Victoria Regions of Victoria
30.
Edward Hargraves
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Edward Hammond Hargraves was a gold prospector who claimed to have found gold in Australia in 1851, starting an Australian gold rush. Edward Hamond Hargraves was born at Gosport, Hampshire, England and he was educated at Brighton Grammar School in England and Lewes. He travelled to California during the California Gold Rush, but his prospecting there was not successful, on 12 February 1851 he, with John Lister, found five specks of gold in Lewis Ponds Creek in New South Wales in Australia. Hargraves was rewarded by the New South Wales Government for his find – he was paid £10,000 and was appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands, the Victorian Government paid him £5,000. He only claimed £2,381 before the funds were frozen after James Lister protested, an enquiry was held in 1853 which upheld that Hargraves was the first to discover the goldfield. The goldfield was then named Ophir, in 1856, Hargraves purchased a 640-acre landing at Budgewoi on the Central Coast of New South Wales. He went on to build Norahville at Noraville, wollombi Aboriginal Tribe members are known to have worked on the property. Some sources state that Hargraves had befriended the Aboriginal tribe members, in 1877, Hargraves was granted a pension of £250 per year by the Government of New South Wales, which he received until his death. Shortly before his death in Sydney on 29 October 1891, a second enquiry found that John Lister, Lister is buried in the cemetery at Millthorpe, NSW and Tom at Byng, NSW, both within 20km of Ophir. 1988 Gold Gem and Treasure Hodge, Brian, dictionary of National Biography,1901 supplement. London, Smith, Elder & Co. Maitland Mercury,7 May 1851 disputing Hargraves claims
31.
Australasian Anti-Transportation League
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The Australasian Anti-Transportation League was a body established to oppose penal transportation to Australia. Beginning in Van Diemens Land in the late 1840s, it had branches in Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, the Colonial Office abandoned transportation to eastern Australia in 1852. Transportation to New South Wales had ceased in 1840 and the number transported to Van Diemens Land increased sharply, a two-year suspension of the transportation of male convicts to Van Diemens Land was implemented in May 1846. The dispatch, taken to mean what it said on its face, was made public before the imperial authorities corrected their error, by 1851, it had developed into the Australasian League for the Abolition of Transportation with branches on the mainland. In Tasmanias first partially elective Legislative Council, its supporters won all 16 seats up for election, vincent, arrived in Tasmania in 1853. The League had its own flag, the Union Jack with the Southern Cross which was created before 1851 by John West, a. G. L. Shaw, Convicts and the Colonies
32.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
33.
Turon River
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Turon River, a perennial stream that is part of the Macquarie catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the central western district of New South Wales, Australia. Partly situated in the Turon National Park, the river is host to recreational and tourist activities such as horseback riding, gold panning, canoeing, camping. The upper reaches of the Turon River are partly bound by Turon National Park, established in 2002, the Turon River is well renowned because it was the site of one of Australias first alluvial gold rushes. During the gold rush Chinese migrant workers built a race to bring water to mining operations along sections of the Turon River. Many parts of the race can still be today, such as at Turon Gates. The Turon River was the site of violence between miners and licensing authorities during the gold rush, sofala, New South Wales Rivers of New South Wales List of rivers of Australia Macquarie-Bogan River catchment
34.
James Esmond
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Prospector and miner, and was one of the first people to discover gold in Australia. Esmond was born in Enniscorthy, a town in County Wexford in the south-east of Ireland, in 1822, in 1849, having heard news of the California gold rush, Esmond sailed for California to try his luck. Arriving too late to be successful as a prospector, Esmond took work as a supervisor on the diggings, before returning to Sydney, Esmond travelled on the same ship as Edward Hargraves, the man credited with first discovering gold in New South Wales. Esmond returned to Buninyong, and took work as a contractor digging post holes, there he met Dr George Hermann Bruhn, a German doctor and geologist who was returning from Clunes. Esmond set out for Clunes, with his colleague James Pugh, having investigated the area, they concluded that there was gold there, and so they hired two sawyers, known as Burns and Kelly, to work the site. Having recovered several ounces of gold from the site, Esmond travelled to Geelong on 5 July 1851, news of the find was broken in the Melbourne newspapers on 16 July, and by Clarke in the Advertiser on 22 July. Esmond sent the first saleable gold produced in Victoria – fourteen ounces – to Clarke on 22 August, Esmond would later claim that he first found gold on 28 June. On 22 May 1851 the Government of New South Wales had issued regulations under crown lands legislation to control gold mining, impose mining licences, in 1853 and 1854, the Legislative Council of Victoria established the first of several Select Committees to consider rewards for the discovery of goldfields. The committee considered Esmonds claim of discovery, and accepted that he found gold on 28 June 1851 and that the site was revealed on 22 July. Ultimately, the found that Michel was the first to discover and publicise a goldfield, but that Esmond was the first actual producer of gold. In 1865, Esmond started a mining company conducting deep shaft mining in the area north of Clunes. Despite his efforts, the company was unsuccessful, and he sold it. Esmond died on 3 December that year,36 years to the day after the Eureka Stockade. Withers respectful tribute to Esmond, one of a number of Eureka diggers who had died, was unusual at the time. Esmond was survived by his wife Margaret, their three sons and six daughters, victorian gold rush The Australian gold rush
35.
Clunes, Victoria
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Clunes is a town in Victoria, Australia,36 kilometres north of Ballarat, in the Shire of Hepburn. At the 2006 census it had a population of 1,026, the 2011 census recorded a population of 1,656 usual residents. The Djadja Wurrung people were the first inhabitants of the region including the settlement which later became Clunes, the town was home to Victorias first registered gold discovery made by William Campbell in 1850. Clunes post office opened as early as 1 October 1857 and in 1874 Clunes was connected to the Victorian railway network, Clunes station was opened in the same year. In 1873 mine employers attempted to introduce Saturday afternoon and Sunday shifts, the miners refused to sign the new terms outlined in their contract renewals and went on strikethat lasted 3 months. From the 1850s through to 1893, when gold mining came to an end. During this period gold in excess of 1.2 million ounces was produced at Clunes, Clunes held its first Booktown for a Day event on 20 May 2007. Over 50 booksellers from around Australia set up shop for the day in the heritage buildings. Renamed to Back to Booktown a year later and to Clunes Booktown Festival in 2012, the township now holds the event each year on the first weekend in May. With more than 60 booksellers, millions of books and 15,000 visitors, it has become the largest collection of books in any regional centre of Australia, in 2008 Back to Booktown won Hepburn Shires Community Event of the Year. On 21 January 2010 the Hon. John Brumby, Premier of Victoria, said during the Australia Day Luncheon, the regional community of Clunes in north-west Victoria sees its future as a cultural destination centred around literature. As well as their successful ‘Back to Booktown’ festival, just last month our Government helped launch the new Creative Clunes Community Bookshop, on 19 April 2012 Clunes was given International Booktown status - a title awarded to the town by the International Organisation of Booktowns. Clunes is the first town in the Southern Hemisphere and the 15th town world-wide to have received the official recognition, the Australia Day awards for 2013 for Hepburn Shires Community Event of the Year were awarded to Childrens Booktown 2012. Opened in 2000, about 80 students take up residency in the Wesley Clunes Residential Learning Village in the centre of town, where they learn how to take care of themselves for when they grow up. Many of the scenes and some internal scenes in the 2003 film Ned Kelly. The Old State Bank in Fraser Street was used for the scenes featuring the Euroa bank robbery. Clunes also appears in the films Mad Max starring Mel Gibson and it also appears in the ABC television series Queen Kat, Carmel & St Jude, Something in the Air and Halifax f. p. Clunes was once closed off to the public for the TV show The Mole in 2001, the mission in that episode was to direct one of the contestants to pick up another contestant in a blacked-out car
36.
Victorian gold rush
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The Victorian gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s. For a number of years the output from Victoria was greater than in any other country in the world with the exception of the more extensive fields of California. Victorias greatest yield for one year was in 1856, when 3,053,744 troy ounces of gold were won from the diggings, from 1851 to 1896 the Victorian Mines Department reported that a total of 61,034,682 oz of gold was mined in Victoria. Gold was first discovered in Australia on 15 February 1823, by assistant surveyor James McBrien, at Fish River, the find was considered unimportant at the time, and was not pursued for policy reasons. Gold discoveries in Beechworth, Ballarat and Bendigo sparked gold rushes similar to the California Gold Rush, at its peak some two tonnes of gold per week flowed into the Treasury Building in Melbourne. The gold exported to Britain in the 1850s paid all her foreign debts, Melbourne was a major boomtown during the gold rush. The city became the centre of the colony with rail networks radiating to the regional towns, politically, Victorias goldminers introduced male franchise and secret ballots, based on Chartist principles. As gold dwindled, pressures for reform, protectionism and political reform grew. A Land Convention in Melbourne during 1857 demanded land reform, Melbourne became one of the great cities of the British Empire and the world. Following the huge gold rushes were the Chinese in 1854, in short, the gold rush was a revolutionary event and reshaped Victoria, its society and politics. There were rumours abroad about the presence of gold in Australia, however the Colonial Secretary, Edward Deas Thomson, saw a great future for the country when Edward Hargraves proved his theory that Australia was a vast storehouse of gold. Hargraves had been in the California gold rush and knew gold country, the news spread like wildfire, and soon the race was on from coast to gold fields. Flocks were left untended, drovers deserted their teams, merchants and lawyers rushed from their desks and entire ships crews, captains included, marched off to seek their fortunes. In March 1850, Mr. W. Campbell of Strath Loddon found on the station of Mr. Donald Cameron and this was concealed at the time but on 10 January 1851, Campbell disclosed it. Others had found indications of gold, dr. George H. Bruhn, a German physician, whose services as an analyst were in great demand, had been shown specimens of gold from what afterwards became the Clunes diggings. A party formed by Mr. Louis John Michel, consisting of himself, Mr. William Haberlin, James Furnival, James Melville, James Headon, and B. The third discovery was by Mr. Thomas Hiscock, a resident at Buninyong, clarke, and by the discovery of Brentanis nugget in the Pyrenees district two years before, he had kept a constant lookout for gold in his neighbourhood. Dr. George H. Bruhn, a German physician, in the month of January,1851, dr. Bruhn forwarded specimens, which were received by the Gold Discovery Committee on 30 June 1851
37.
Gold
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Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly yellow, dense, soft, malleable. Chemically, gold is a metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions, Gold often occurs in free elemental form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the element silver and also naturally alloyed with copper. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium, golds atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher numbered, naturally occurring elements. It is thought to have produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars. Because the Earth was molten when it was formed, almost all of the present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core. Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of acid and hydrochloric acid. Gold also dissolves in solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction, as a precious metal, gold has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other arts throughout recorded history. A total of 186,700 tonnes of gold is in existence above ground, the world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine. As of 2014, the worlds largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes, Gold is cognate with similar words in many Germanic languages, deriving via Proto-Germanic *gulþą from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-. The symbol Au is from the Latin, aurum, the Latin word for gold, the Proto-Indo-European ancestor of aurum was *h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning glow. This word is derived from the root as *h₂éu̯sōs, the ancestor of the Latin word Aurora. This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant shining dawn, Gold is the most malleable of all metals, a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, and an avoirdupois ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be thin enough to become semi-transparent
38.
Earl Grey
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Earl Grey is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1806 for General Charles Grey, 1st Baron Grey, a member of the prominent Grey family of Northumberland, Earl Grey was the third son of Sir Henry Grey, 1st Baronet of Howick. The first Earl Grey was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles, in 1808, he also succeeded his uncle as third Baronet, of Howick. The second Earl was succeeded by his son, Henry. He was also a Whig politician and served under Lord John Russell as Secretary of State for War, on his death, the titles passed to his nephew, Albert, 4th Earl Grey. He was the son of General the Hon. Charles Grey, Lord Grey was governor general of Canada between 1904 and 1911. His son, Charles, 5th Earl Grey, was a major in the Army and he died without male issue and was succeeded by his second cousin once removed, Richard, 6th Earl Grey. He was the great-great-grandson of Admiral the Hon. George Grey, the 6th Earl died in September 2013 and was succeeded by his brother Philip, 7th Earl Grey. The Grey Baronetcy, of Howick in the County of Northumberland, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain in 1746 for Henry Grey, in 1720 he married Hannah, daughter of Thomas Wood of Fallodon near Alnwick in Northumberland. Grey was succeeded by his eldest son, the second baronet and he represented Northumberland in the House of Commons. He died unmarried and was succeeded by his nephew, the second Earl Grey, for further history of the baronetcy, see above. Several other members of branch of the Grey family have gained distinction. The Right Reverend the Hon. Edward Grey, fifth son of the first Earl, was Bishop of Hereford from 1832 to 1837 and his fourth son Sir William Grey served as Governor of Bengal from 1866 to 1871 and as governor of Jamaica from 1874 to 1877. His daughter Sybil Frances Grey was the mother of Prime Minister Anthony Eden, the aforementioned the Hon. Charles Grey, third son of the second Earl, was a general in the Army. The aforementioned the Hon. George Grey, fourth son of the second Earl, was an admiral in the Royal Navy, the family seats were Howick Hall and Fallodon Hall in Northumberland. Earl Grey tea is named after the second Earl Grey, the Grey Cup, the championship trophy for the Canadian Football League, is named after the 4th Earl, in 1909, at the time, Lord Grey was serving as Governor General of Canada. A column topped with a statue of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, has a prominent location in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, Grey County in Ontario, Canada is named after Earl Grey. The Gateshead fiddler James Hill composed the tune Earl Gray in the Scottish Strathspey style and it still remains part of the traditional music repertoire of Scotland and Northumberland
