1.
1871
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As of the start of 1871, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 18 – The member states of the North German Confederation, the King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. January 21 – Giuseppe Garibaldis group of French and Italian volunteer troops in support of the French Third Republic win a battle against the Prussians in Dijon, february 9 – United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries is founded. March 7 – José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, becomes Prime Minister of the Empire of Brazil, march 21 – John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne marries Princess Louise. March 21 – Otto von Bismarck becomes first Chancellor of the German Empire, march 22 In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U. S. state to be removed from office by impeachment. The United States Army issues an order for the abandonment of Fort Kearny, march 26 – The Paris Commune is formally established in Paris. March 27 – The first rugby union International results in a 4–1 win by Scotland over England, march 29 First Surgeon General of the United States appointed. The Royal Albert Hall in London is opened by Queen Victoria, april – The Stockholms Handelsbank is founded. April 4 – New Jersey Detective Agency chartered, april 20 – U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Civil Rights Act. April 24 – Murder of servant girl Jane Clouson in Eltham, may 4 – The first supposedly Major League Baseball game is played. May 8 – The first Major League Baseball home run is hit by Ezra Sutton of the Cleveland Forest Citys, may 10 – Treaty of Frankfurt is signed confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. May 11 – The first trial in the Tichborne case begins in the London Court of Common Pleas, may 21 – Opening of the first rack railway in Europe, the Vitznau–Rigi Railway on Mount Rigi in Switzerland. May 30 – French Third Republic, Government suppression of the Paris Commune rebellion is completed, june 1 – Bombardment of the Selee River Forts, Koreans attack two United States Navy warships. June 10 – United States expedition to Korea, Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of the United States Marine Corps in a naval attack on the Han River forts on Ganghwa Island in Korea. June 18 – The University Tests Act removes restrictions limiting access to Oxford, Cambridge, july 20 British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada. C. W. Alcock proposes that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association, july 21 – August 26 – First ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region taken by the photographer William Henry Jackson during the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871. July 22 – The foundation stone of the first Tay Rail Bridge is laid, july 28 – The Annie, the first boat ever launched on Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park region. August 29 – The abolition of the han system is carried out in Japan, August 31 – Adolphe Thiers becomes the President of the French Republic
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
1869 in the United States
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Events from the year 1869 in the United States. January 20 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the first woman to testify before the United States Congress, sisterhood, a philanthropic educational organization for women, is founded at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa. March 4 – Ulysses S. Grant succeeds Andrew Johnson as the 18th President of the United States of America, April 6 – The American Museum of Natural History is founded in New York City. May 6 – Purdue University is founded in West Lafayette, Indiana, may 10 – The golden spike is driven marking the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in Promontory, Utah. May 15 – Womans suffrage, In New York, Susan B, anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton form the National Woman Suffrage Association. May 26 – Boston University is chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, June 1 – The Cincinnati Red Stockings open the baseball season as the first fully professional baseball team. June 15 – John Wesley Hyatt patents the first plastic, Celluloid, in Albany, September 24 – Black Friday, The Fisk-Gould Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States. November 6 – The first intercollegiate game of American football is played, December 7 – Outlaw Jesse James commits his first confirmed bank robbery, in Gallatin, Missouri. December 10 The first American chapter of Kappa Sigma is founded at the University of Virginia, the Wyoming territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, one of the first such laws in the world. Heinz H. J. Heinz Company is founded as Heinz Noble & Company in Sharpsburg, James Gordon Bennett, Jr. of the New York Herald asks Henry Morton Stanley to find Dr. Livingstone. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale is founded, marcus Jastrow arrives in the United States to become rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia. Reconstruction era Gilded Age February 2 – Smith W. Brookhart, senator from Iowa from 1922 to 1926 February 19 – Frederic C. Senator from Connecticut from 1929 to 1935 April 2 – Hughie Jennings, baseball player April 4 – Mary Colter, architect April 8 – Harvey Cushing, neurosurgeon April 9 – James Thomas Heflin, U. S. Senator from Alabama from 1920 to 1931 May 3 – Warren Terhune, U. S. Navy Commander and 13th Governor of American Samoa June 10 – William Kenyon, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1915 till 1921 December 16 – Bertha Lamme, electrical engineer December 22 Edwin Arlington Robinson, poet Nathan Paine, lumber baron January 1 – Martin W. Bates, U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1857 to 1859 January 11 – Sophia Dallas, wife of George M. Dallas, Second Lady of the United States February 18 – Walker Brooke, senator from Mississippi from 1852 to 1853 March 13 – James Guthrie, U. S. Senator from Kentucky from 1865 to 1868 April 13 – Isaiah Rogers, architect May 23 – Alexander O. Anderson, U. S. Senator from Tennessee from 1840 to 1841 July 18 – Laurent Clerc, advocate for the deaf July 22 – John A. Roebling, bridge engineer July 30 – Isaac Toucey, senator from Connecticut from 1851 to 1857 August 6 – David J. Baker, U. S
4.
1870 in the United States
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Events from the year 1870 in the United States. January 3 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins, january 10 – John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil. January 15 – A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey, january 26 – Reconstruction, Virginia rejoins the Union. January 27 – The first college sorority, Kappa Alpha Theta, is established at DePauw University, February 3 – The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing African-American males the right to vote, is ratified. February 10 Anaheim, California is incorporated, the YWCA is founded in New York City. February 12 – Women gain the right to vote in Utah Territory, February 23 – Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union. February 25 – Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, February 26 – In New York City, the first pneumatic subway is opened. March 19 – The Ohio Legislature passes the Cannon Act, thereby establishing the Ohio Agriculture and Mechanical College, march 24 – Syracuse University is established and officially opens. March 30 The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving blacks the right to vote, is proclaimed by Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, texas is readmitted to the Union following Reconstruction. March 31 – Thomas Mundy Peterson is the first African-American to vote in an election, june 22 – The U. S. Congress creates the United States Department of Justice. June 26 – Christmas is declared a holiday in the United States. July 15 – Reconstruction, Georgia becomes the last former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union, september 6 – Louisa Ann Swain of Laramie, Wyoming, becomes the first woman in the United States to cast a vote legally since 1807. September 18 – Old Faithful Geyser is observed and named by Henry D. Washburn during the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition to Yellowstone, first Documented climb of Mt Rainer by medal of Honor winner General Hazard Stevens. October 25 – Eutaw riot, A white mob attacks a group of citizens, killing as many as four of them, in Eutaw. November 1 – The newly created Weather Bureau makes its first official meteorological forecast, High winds at Chicago, Underwood Constitution, A controversial revised Constitution of Virginia goes into effect following a drafting convention that was dominated by the Radical Republicans led by John Underwood. Reconstruction era Gilded Age February 26 – John S. Cohen, may 9 – Lawrence Brainerd, United States Senator from Vermont from 1854 till 1855. July 13 – Daniel Sheldon Norton, United States Senator from Minnesota from 1865 till 1870. August 14 – David Farragut, flag officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War October 3 – Joseph Mozier, media related to 1870 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
5.
1872 in the United States
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Events from the year 1872 in the United States. February 13 – Rex, the most famous parade on Mardi Gras, February 20 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City. March 1 – Yellowstone National Park is established as the worlds first national park March 5 – George Westinghouse patents the air brake for railways. March 26 – The 7. 4–7.9 Mw Lone Pine earthquake shakes eastern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X. Twenty-seven people were killed, may 10 – Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States. May 22 – Reconstruction, President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law restoring full rights to all. June 4 – Two men lead investors to land near the Wyoming-Colorado border claiming to have found diamonds there, September 4 – The New York Sun breaks the story on the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal September 26 – The first Shriners Temple is established in New York City. October 1 – The Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College begins its first academic session, October 2 – Morgan State University founded. November – Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horace Greeley in the U. S, November 5 – Womens suffrage, In defiance of the law, suffragist Susan B. Anthony votes for the first time, November 7 – The Mary Celeste sets sail from New York, bound for Genoa. November 9 – Great Boston Fire of 1872, In Boston, Massachusetts, the two-day event destroyed about 65 acres of city,776 buildings, much of the financial district and caused US$60 million in damage. November 28 – The geologist Clarence King uncovers the hoax in Wyoming in The New York Times. November 29 – Indian Wars, The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River, December 4 – The crewless American-owned ship Mary Celeste is found by the British brig Dei Gratia in the Atlantic. December 9 – P. B. S. Pinchback takes office as Governor of Louisiana, the first African American governor of a U. S. state. Reconstruction era Gilded Age The Wheeler Survey of the southwestern US, 1872–1879 January 20 – Julia Morgan, California architect January 31 – Zane Grey, Western novelist February 1 – Jerome F. S. Senator from Tennessee from 1929 to 1931 March 15 – Harry Holman, character film actor April 5 – Samuel Cate Prescott, food scientist and microbiologist April 23 – Nathan Philemon Bryan, senator from Arkansas from 1913 to 1937 James J. Couzens, U. S. Senator from Arkansas in 1913 November 7 – Leonora Speyer, née von Stosch, classical violinist and poet November 11 – Maude Adams, stage actress December 9 – Thomas W. Hardwick, U. S. Senator from Georgia from 1914 to 1919 December 17 – Walter Loving, African American military bandleader January 4 – Arnold Naudain, U. S. Senator from Delaware from 1830 to 1836 January 7 – James Fisk, financier January 9 – Henry Halleck, general January 21 – Thomas Bragg, U. S
6.
1873 in the United States
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Events from the year 1873 in the United States. January 17 – Indian Wars, The first Battle of the Stronghold is fought during the Modoc War, february 20 – The University of California opens its first medical school in San Francisco, California. March 1 – E. Remington and Sons of Ilion, New York start production of the first practical typewriter. March 3 – Censorship, The U. S. Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any obscene, lewd, March 4 – President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant begins his second term. March 15 – The Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity is founded at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, March 22 – Emancipation Day for Puerto Rico, Slaves are freed. April 1 – The Coinage Act of 1873 comes into force, ending bimetallism in the U. S. april 15–17 – Indian Wars, The Second Battle of the Stronghold is fought. May – Henry Rose exhibits barbed wire at an Illinois county fair, which is taken up by Joseph Glidden and Jacob Haish, may 20 – Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent#139121 for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. began manufacturing the famous Levis brand of jeans, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, may 23 – The Preakness Stakes horse race first runs in Baltimore, Maryland. June 4 – Indian Wars, The Modoc War ends with the capture of Captain Jack, july 21 – At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American West. September 17 – The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, later The Ohio State University, opens its doors with 25 students, september 18 – The New York stock market crash triggers the Panic of 1873, part of the Long Depression. December 15 – Women of Fredonia, New York march against the liquor dealers in town to inaugurate the Womans Crusade of 1873–74. This leads to the creation of the Womans Christian Temperance Union, railroads connected Northern Michigan port cities of Ludington, Traverse City and Petoskey. Coors Brewing Company begins making beer in Golden, Colorado, central Park is officially completed in New York City, New York. Nine Pekin ducks are imported to Long Island, the Womans Temperance League is organized by Eliza Daniel Stewart. Senator from North Carolina from 1931 to 1946 October 8 – Ma Barker, leader of the Barker gang October 17 – William Luther Hill, Senator from Florida in 1936 October 29 – Lester J. Dickinson, U. S. Senator from Iowa from 1931 to 1937 March 4 – Alfred Iverson, March 27 – James Dixon, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1857 till 1869. November 9 – Stephen Mallory, United States Senator from Florida from 1851 till 1861, november 27 – Richard Yates, United States Senator from Illinois from 1865 till 1871. Media related to 1873 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Flag of the United States
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The flag of the United States, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States. S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, the current design of the U. S. flag is its 27th, the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4,1959, the 50-star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21,1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the version of the U. S. flag and has been in use for over 56 years. At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the flag contemporaneously known as the Continental Colors has historically been referred to as the first national flag. The name Grand Union was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the American flag, the flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign. However, an East India Company flag could have nine to 13 stripes. In any case, both the stripes and the stars have precedents in classical heraldry, Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. The first official U. S. flag flown during battle was on August 3,1777, Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag, the 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign. In the late 18th century, the notion of a flag did not yet exist. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee, on May 10,1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States. However, the term, Standard, referred to a standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag, the appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows, one arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle, the so-called Betsy Ross flag
8.
Timeline of United States history
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This is a timeline of United States history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States, some dates before September 14,1752, when the British government adopted the Gregorian calendar, may be given in the Old Style
9.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
10.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
11.
Ulysses S. Grant
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Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War and he implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with President Andrew Johnson. His presidency has often criticized for tolerating corruption and for the severe economic depression in his second term. Grant graduated in 1843 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, after the war he married Julia Boggs Dent in 1848, their marriage producing four children. Grant initially retired from the Army in 1854 and he struggled financially in civilian life. When the Civil War began in 1861, he rejoined the U. S. Army, in 1862, Grant took control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee, and led Union forces to victory in the Battle of Shiloh, earning a reputation as an aggressive commander. He incorporated displaced African American slaves into the Union war effort, in July 1863, after a series of coordinated battles, Grant defeated Confederate armies and seized Vicksburg, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River and dividing the Confederacy in two. After his victories in the Chattanooga Campaign, Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general, Grant confronted Robert E. Lee in a series of bloody battles, trapping Lees army in their defense of Richmond. Grant coordinated a series of devastating campaigns in other theaters, as well, in April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, effectively ending the war. Historians have hailed Grants military genius, and his strategies are featured in history textbooks. After the Civil War, Grant led the armys supervision of Reconstruction in the former Confederate states and he also used the army to build the Republican Party in the South. After the disenfranchisement of some former Confederates, Republicans gained majorities, in his second term, the Republican coalitions in the South splintered and were defeated one by one as redeemers regained control using coercion and violence. In May 1875, Grant authorized his Secretary of Treasury Benjamin Bristow to shut down and his peace policy with the Indians initially reduced frontier violence, but is best known for the Great Sioux War of 1876. Grant responded to charges of corruption in executive offices more than any other 19th Century president and he appointed the first Civil Service Commission and signed legislation ending the corrupt moiety system. In foreign policy, Grant sought to trade and influence while remaining at peace with the world. His administration successfully resolved the Alabama claims by the Treaty of Washington with Great Britain, Grant avoided war with Spain over the Virginius Affair, but Congress rejected his attempted annexation of the Dominican Republic. His administration implemented a standard and sought to strengthen the dollar. Grant left office in 1877 and embarked on a two-year diplomatic world tour that captured the nations attention, in 1880, Grant was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican presidential nomination for a third term
12.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
13.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
14.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
15.
Schuyler Colfax
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Schuyler Colfax Jr. was a journalist, businessman, and politician from Indiana. He served as a United States Representative, Speaker of the House of Representatives, to date, he is one of only two Americans to have served as both House speaker and vice president. Colfax was known for his opposition to slavery while serving in Congress, in January 1865, as Speaker of the House, Colfax made the unusual choice to cast a vote for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. After winning the election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant and Colfax. Grant ran again, and Colfax reversed himself and attempted to win the presidential nomination. In January 1871, Colfax encouraged a unified Italy to adopt a republican government that protected religious freedom, Colfax left the vice presidency at the end of his term in 1873 and never again ran for office. Afterwards he worked as a executive and became a popular lecturer. Colfax died in Mankato, Minnesota on January 13,1885 while changing trains as he was en route to Rock Rapids, Iowa to give a speech. Schuyler Colfax was born on March 23,1823, in New York City to Schuyler Colfax Sr. a bank teller, and Hannah Delameter Stryker, william was commander at Sandy Hook during the War of 1812. Colfaxs father contracted tuberculosis and died on October 30,1822 and his sister Mary died in July 1823,4 months after he was born. His mother later remarried, becoming the wife of George W. Mathews, Colfaxs mother and grandmother ran a boarding house as their primary means of economic support. In 1836 Colfaxs family moved to New Carlisle, Indiana, in 1841 Mathews was elected St. Joseph County Auditor, and he appointed Colfax as his deputy, a post which Colfax held for all eight years Mathews served as auditor. Colfax became interested in journalism and covered the Indiana Senate for the Indiana State Journal, in 1845 Colfax purchased the newspaper and changed its name to the St. Joseph Valley Register. In addition to covering the Indiana Senate, Colfax contributed articles on Indiana politics to the New York Tribune, leading to a friendship with its editor, at 19 Colfax became the editor of the pro-Whig South Bend Free Press. He owned the Register for nine years, at first in support of the Whigs, on October 10,1844 Colfax married childhood friend Evelyn Clark. On November 18,1868, two weeks after he was elected president, Colfax married Ellen M. Wade, a niece of Senator Benjamin Wade. They had one son, Schuyler Colfax III, who served as mayor of South Bend, Colfax was a delegate to the 1848 Whig National Convention. He was also a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1849-50
16.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
17.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
18.
Salmon P. Chase
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Salmon Portland Chase was an American politician and jurist who served as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States from 1864 to his death in 1873. Earlier in his career, Chase was the 23rd Governor of Ohio, senator from Ohio prior to service under Abraham Lincoln as the 25th Secretary of the Treasury. As Secretary of the Treasury, Chase strengthened the government, introducing its first paper currency as well as a national bank. He coined the slogan of the Free Soil Party, Free Soil, Free Labor, Chief Justice Chase presided over the Senate trial of Andrew Johnson during the Presidents impeachment proceedings in 1868. Chase was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, on January 13,1808, to Janet Ralston and Ithamar Chase, senator Dudley Chase of Vermont was another uncle. He studied in the schools of Windsor, Vermont, and Worthington, Ohio. He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity and Phi Beta Kappa, while at Dartmouth, he taught at the Royalton Academy in Royalton, Vermont. Chase then moved to the District of Columbia, where he opened a school while studying law under U. S. Attorney General William Wirt. He was admitted to the bar in 1829, Chase moved to a country home near Loveland, Ohio, and practiced law in Cincinnati from 1830. He rose to prominence for his compilation of the states statutes. From the beginning, despite the risk to his livelihood, he defended runaway slaves and he worked initially with the American Sunday School Union. Chase was also a member of the literary Semi-Colon Club, its members included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Chase became the leader of the political reformers, as opposed to the Garrisonian abolitionist movement. For his defense of escaped slaves seized in Ohio under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 and his argument in the case of Jones v. Van Zandt on the constitutionality of fugitive slave laws before the U. S. Supreme Court attracted particular attention. In this and similar cases, the court ruled against him, Chase contended that slavery was local, not national, and that it could exist only by virtue of positive state law. Elected as a Whig to the Cincinnati City Council in 1840, for seven years he was the leader of the Liberty Party in Ohio. He helped balance its idealism with his approach and political thought. He was skillful in drafting platforms and addresses, and he prepared the national Liberty platform of 1843, building the Liberty Party was slow going. By 1848 Chase was leader in the effort to combine the Liberty Party with the Barnburners or Van Buren Democrats of New York to form the Free Soil Party
19.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
20.
James G. Blaine
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In the general election, he was narrowly defeated by Democrat Grover Cleveland. Blaine was one of the late 19th century’s leading Republicans and champion of the moderate reformist faction of the party known as the “Half-Breeds. ”Blaine was born in the western Pennsylvania town of West Brownsville and after moved to Maine. Nicknamed “the Magnetic Man, he was a speaker in an era that prized oratory. He began his career as an early supporter of Abraham Lincoln. In Reconstruction, Blaine was a supporter of suffrage. Initially a protectionist, he worked for a reduction in the tariff. His efforts at expanding the United States trade and influence began the shift to a more active American foreign policy, Blaine was a pioneer of tariff reciprocity and urged greater involvement in Latin American affairs. An expansionist, Blaine’s policies would lead in less than a decade to the establishment of the United States acquisition of Pacific colonies, James Gillespie Blaine was born January 31,1830 in West Brownsville, Pennsylvania, the third child of Ephraim Lyon Blaine and his wife Maria Blaine. Blaine’s father was a western Pennsylvania businessman and landowner, and the lived in relative comfort. On his father’s side, Blaine was descended from Scotch-Irish settlers who first emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1745 and his great-grandfather, Ephraim Blaine, served as a Commissary-General under George Washington in the American Revolutionary War. Blaine’s mother and her forebears were Irish Catholics who immigrated to Pennsylvania in the 1780s, Blaine’s parents were married in 1820 in a Roman Catholic ceremony, although Blaine’s father remained a Presbyterian. Following a common compromise of the era, the Blaines agreed that their daughters would be raised in their mother’s Catholic faith while their sons would be brought up in their father’s religion, in politics, Blaine’s father supported the Whig party. Blaine’s biographers describe his childhood as “harmonious, and note that the boy took an early interest in history, at the age of thirteen, Blaine enrolled in his father’s alma mater, Washington College, in nearby Washington, Pennsylvania. There, he was a member of the Washington Literary Society, Blaine succeeded academically, graduating near the top of his class and delivering the salutatory address in June 1847. After graduation, Blaine considered attending law school at Yale Law School, in 1848, Blaine was hired as a professor of mathematics and ancient languages at the Western Military Institute in Georgetown, Kentucky. Although he was eighteen years old and younger than many of his students. Blaine grew to enjoy life in his state and became an admirer of Kentucky Senator Henry Clay. He also made the acquaintance of Harriet Stanwood, a teacher at the nearby Millersburg Female College, on June 30,1850, the two were married
21.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
22.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
23.
41st United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1869 to March 4,1871, during the first two years of Ulysses Grants presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860, both chambers had a Republican majority. S. Congress March 18,1869, Public Credit Act of 1869,1,16 Stat.1 May 31,1870, Enforcement Act of 1870, Sess. 114,16 Stat.140 June 22,1870, An Act to establish the Department of Justice,150,16 Stat.162 July 12,1870, Currency Act of 1870, Sess. 252,16 Stat.251 July 14,1870, Funding Act of 1870, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. During this Congress, Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, and Georgia were readmitted to representation, President, Schuyler Colfax President pro tempore, Henry B. Anthony Speaker, James G. Blaine Republican Conference Chair, Robert C, banks Democratic Caucus Chairman, William E. Niblack and Samuel J. Randall This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, skip to House of Representatives, below The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Directory for the 41st Congress, 1st Session. Congressional Directory for the 41st Congress, 2nd Session, Congressional Directory for the 41st Congress, 3rd Session
24.
42nd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1871 to March 4,1873, during the third and fourth years of Ulysses S. Grants presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860, both chambers had a Republican majority. June 10,1871, U. S.255,17 Stat, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. President, Schuyler Colfax President pro tempore, Henry B, anthony Speaker, James G. Blaine Republican Conference Chair, Austin Blair This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, the Senate, 1789-1989, Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Directory for the 42nd Congress, 2nd Session, Congressional Directory for the 42nd Congress, 2nd Session. Congressional Directory for the 42nd Congress, 3rd Session, Congressional Directory for the 42nd Congress, 3rd Session
25.
Governor of Alabama
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The Governor of Alabama is the chief executive of the U. S. state of Alabama. The governor is the head of the branch of Alabamas state government and is charged with enforcing state laws. The governor has the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Alabama Legislature, to convene the legislature. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the military forces. There have officially been 53 governors of the state of Alabama, the first governor, William Wyatt Bibb, served as the only governor of the Alabama Territory. Five people have served as acting governor, bringing the number of people serving as governor to 58. Four governors have served multiple terms, Bibb Graves, Jim Folsom. Officially, these terms are numbered only with the number of their first term. William D. Jelks also served non-consecutive terms, but his first term was in an acting capacity, the longest-serving governor was George Wallace, who served sixteen years over four terms. The shortest term for a governor was that of Hugh McVay, who served four. Lurleen Wallace, wife of George Wallace, was the first and so far only woman to serve as governor of Alabama, the current governor is Republican Robert J. Bentley, who took office on January 17,2011. For the period before Alabama Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Mississippi Territory, Alabama Territory was formed on March 3,1817, from Mississippi Territory. It had only one appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state. Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14,1819, following the end of the American Civil War, Alabama during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Alabama was readmitted to the Union on July 14,1868, the first Alabama Constitution, ratified in 1819, provided that a governor be elected every two years, limited to serve no more than four out of every six years. This limit remained in place until the constitution of 1868, which simply allowed governors to serve terms of two years, the current constitution of 1901 increased terms to four years, but prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. Amendment 282 to the constitution, passed in 1968, allowed governors to succeed themselves once, the constitution had no set date for the commencement of a governors term until 1901, when it was set at the first Monday after the second Tuesday in the January following an election. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1868, abolished in 1875, earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor, but the official listing includes these as full governors
26.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
27.
Governor of Arkansas
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The Governor of Arkansas is the head of the executive branch of Arkansass state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The state has had 45 elected governors, as well as 10 acting governors who assumed powers and duties following the resignation or death of the governor, before becoming a state, Arkansas Territory had four governors appointed to it by the President of the United States. Orval Faubus served the longest term as governor, being elected six times to serve twelve years. Bill Clinton, elected five times over two terms, fell only one month short of twelve years. The current governor is Asa Hutchinson, who took office on January 13,2015 after his election on November 4,2014, for the period before Arkansas Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of Missouri Territory. Arkansaw Territory was split from Missouri Territory on July 4,1819 and it lost land twice, on November 15,1824, and May 6,1828, with the land being made unorganized territory both times, this land eventually became part of Oklahoma. As secretary of the territory from 1819 to 1829, Robert Crittenden served as acting governor whenever the governor was not in the state. This meant he was in fact the first person to perform the office of Governor of Arkansas Territory, Arkansas was admitted to the Union on June 15,1836. It seceded from the Union on May 6,1861, following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Fourth Military District. Arkansas was readmitted to the Union on June 22,1868, the first state constitution of 1836 established four-year terms for governors, which was lowered to two years in the 1874, and current, constitution. Amendment 63 to the Arkansas Constitution, passed in 1984, increased the terms of governor and lieutenant governor to four years. Governors were originally limited only to serving no more than eight out of twelve years. A referendum in 1992 limited governors to two terms and this led to some situations where the governorship changed hands in quick succession, due to senate terms ending or new senate presidents being elected. For example, after John Sebastian Little resigned in 1907, three senate presidents acted as governor before the elected governor took office. Should the president of the senate be similarly incapacitated, the next in line for the governorship was the speaker of the house of representatives. The 1864 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor who would act as president of the senate. The 1868 constitution maintained the position, but the 1874 constitution removed it, amendment 6 to the constitution, passed in 1914 but not recognized until 1925, recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who becomes governor in case of vacancy of the governors office. The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket, Arkansas was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic party
28.
Powell Clayton
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Powell Clayton was an American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Arkansas from 1871 to 1877 and United States Ambassador to Mexico from 1899 to 1905. He previously served as the 9th Governor of Arkansas from 1868 to 1871, a member of the Republican Party, ideologically Clayton was a Radical Republican. Clayton was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, to John and he was a direct descendent of William Clayton, originally from Chichester, England. Clayton the immigrant was a friend of George Fox, founder of the Quakers. John Clayton was a keeper and carpenter. John and Ann Clayton had ten children in all, six died in infancy, the young Clayton attended a private military academy in Pennsylvania, north of Philadelphia. He later attended engineering school at Wilmington, Delaware and he moved to Kansas in 1855 and served as an engineer at Leavenworth, Kansas. On April 29,1861, he is recorded as having a company of militia at Fort Leavenworth and his brothers William and John followed him to the West and, at one point, they all worked in Arkansas. In May 1861 Clayton was formally mustered into the United States Volunteers as a captain of the 1st Kansas Infantry, in December 1861, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 5th Kansas Cavalry and later to colonel in March 1862. During the war he served primarily in Arkansas and Missouri, fighting in battles in those states. During the morning and early afternoon of October 25,1863, Clayton commanded federal troops occupying Pine Bluff and he successfully repulsed a three-pronged confederate attack of the forces of General John S. Marmaduke. His troops had piled cotton bales around the Pine Bluff courthouse and surrounding streets to make a barricade for the Union defenders, confederate losses were 41 killed, wounded, and captured. Clayton was appointed a general of volunteers on August 1,1864. In 1868 Clayton was elected as the first Republican governor of Arkansas and his tenure was marked by soaring state debt, corruption, and violence. He was forced to declare martial law for four months in late 1868 and early 1869, the Klan assaulted and killed freedmen asserting their new-found rights, as well as Republican leaders supporting those rights. The Governor was assisted by General Daniel Phillips Upham, partisan critics accused his administration with corruption while he was governor. Clayton was impeached by the legislature but was never convicted of a crime. He was reportedly involved with the tampering of a US senate election between Thomas Boles and John Edwards, at the time the office was filled by election by the state legislature, Clayton was not convicted of any charges
29.
Ozra Amander Hadley
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Ozra Amander Hadley was an American politician and acting governor of the U. S. state of Arkansas. Hadley was born in Cherry Creek, New York, and was educated in the public schools and he attended Fredonia Academy, now State University of New York at Fredonia. Hadley moved to Minnesota in 1855, where he was a farmer, while in Minnesota, Hadley became active in local politics and was appointed county auditor. After the American Civil War, Hadley relocated to Arkansas where he became a merchant, Hadley was elected by the Reconstruction state legislature as a Republican to serve in the Arkansas Senate from 1869 to 1871, he was elected president of the Senate in 1871. In 1871, as part of a compromise, Hadley was appointed Acting Governor after the resignation of Powell Clayton. Hadley served as acting governor from March 17,1871 to January 6,1873, during his term, he sided with the Radical Republicans and denied assistance to re-enfranchised whites. After his gubernatorial term, Hadley served as registrar of the U. S and he was appointed as postmaster at Little Rock, where he served from 1878 to 1882. Hadley moved to Watrous, now a ghost town in Mora County, New Mexico and he died in Watrous in 1915. National Governors Association Brooks–Baxter War Arkansas Militia in Reconstruction National Governors Association
30.
Governor of California
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The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
31.
Henry Huntly Haight
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Henry Huntly Haight was the tenth governor of California from December 5,1867 to December 8,1871. Son of Fletcher Mathews Haight, he was born in Rochester, New York and he married Anna Bissell and had at least one son, Dr. Louis Montrose Haight. Haight never held office of any kind before he was elected Governor of California on the Democratic ticket. He was the first governor to use the offices in the California State Capitol in Sacramento and he signed the Act, March 23,1868 creating the University of California. After he was governor he made his home in Alameda, California and he died in 1878, and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California. Henry Haight Elementary School in Alameda, California is named after the former governor, henry Haight biography at the California State Library
32.
Newton Booth
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Newton Booth was an American politician. Born in Salem, Indiana, he attended the common schools, in 1841, his parents Beebe and Hannah Booth moved from Salem to Terre Haute, Indiana. Newton graduated from Asbury University, later renamed DePauw University, in nearby Greencastle and he studied law in Terre Haute and was admitted to the bar in 1850. In the same year he moved to California, where he engaged in the wholesale grocery business at Sacramento. He made his fortune as a saloon keeper and he returned to Terre Haute in 1857 and engaged in the practice of law with future U. S. Congressman Harvey D. Scott until 1860, when he returned to Sacramento and he was the uncle of author Booth Tarkington, son of his sister Elizabeth Booth, who was raised in Terre Haute. He married his business partners widow Octavine C, elected as an Anti-Monopolist, he served as a Senator from March 4,1875, to March 3,1881, he was not a candidate for reelection in 1880. During his time in the Senate he served as chairman of the U. S. Senate Committee on Manufacturers, in 1876, the Greenback Party nominated him for Vice President of the United States on the ticket with Peter Cooper. However, Booth declined the nomination and Samuel F. Cary replaced him, after serving in Congress, he returned to his wholesale mercantile business in Sacramento where he died in 1892. He is interred in Sacramento Historic City Cemetery, newton Booth Biography at the California State Library United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, newton Booth at Find a Grave This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
33.
Governor of Connecticut
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The Governor of Connecticut is the elected head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The current governor is Dan Malloy, who took office on January 5,2011, Connecticut is among the few U. S. states that includes its colonial governors of Connecticut Colony in an unbroken list of chief executives spanning over 350 years to the present day. John Haynes became the first governor in 1639, the first incumbent after the Revolution, Jonathan Trumbull, is therefore numbered the sixteenth governor of Connecticut. For the period before independence, see the list of governors of Connecticut. Connecticut was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 9,1788, before it declared its independence, Connecticut was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. Like most early states, Connecticut had claims to western areas and it maintained its Western Reserve until 1800, at which time it was reassigned to the Northwest Territory. There have been 68 governors of the state, serving 72 distinct spans in office, the longest terms in office were in the states early years, when four governors were elected to nine or more one-year terms. The shortest term was that of Hiram Bingham III, who served one day before resigning to take an elected seat in the U. S. Senate. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr. is noted for a third party win in American politics. The Governor of Connecticut is the head of the executive branch of Connecticuts state government. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Connecticut General Assembly. Unusual among U. S. governors, the Governor of Connecticut has no power to pardon, the Governor of Connecticut is automatically a member of the states Bonding Commission. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Connecticut. The current Constitution of Connecticut, ratified in 1965, calls for a term for the governor. The previous constitution of 1818 originally had only a term for governor. The 1875 amendment also set the date of the term to its current date, before then. The constitution provides for the election of a lieutenant governor for the term as the governor. The two offices are elected on the ticket, this provision was added in 1962
34.
James E. English
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James Edward English was a United States Representative and later U. S. English was born in New Haven, Connecticut and attended the common schools and he was twice married, to Caroline A. Fowler and to Anna Robinson Morris. He had four children, Edward Fowler English, Augusta Caroline English, Edward Fowler English, English engaged in the lumber business, banking, and manufacturing. He was a member of the New Haven board of selectmen from 1847 to 1861, and he was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1855 and of the Connecticut Senate from 1856 to 1858, and was an unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant governor in 1860. English was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1864. He left his ill wife to vote at the U. S. Capitol and his aye prompted applause and the tide turned. However, his reservation was not to be, as he had a successful career afterwards. Regarding his vote in favor of the Thirteenth Amendment, English said to a friend, I suppose I am politically ruined, but that day was the happiest of my life. Unsuccessful in his 1866 gubernatorial bid, English was elected Connecticuts 26th governor on April 1,1867 and he lost his reelection in 1869, but was successfully reelected in 1870 and served from May 4,1870 to May 16,1871. During his tenure, an argument between the railroad and shipping industries was settled with the approval for construction of two new bridges, English was elected again in 1872 to serve in the Connecticut House of Representatives. He was appointed as a Democrat to the U. S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Orris S. Ferry and served from November 27,1875, to May 17,1876, when a successor was elected. An unsuccessful candidate for election in 1876 to fill the vacancy, English resumed his manufacturing, English died in New Haven March 2,1890, and is interred at Evergreen Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
35.
Marshall Jewell
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Marshall Jewell was a manufacturer, pioneer telegrapher, telephone entrepreneur, world traveler, and political figure who served as 44th and 46th Governor of Connecticut, the U. S. Minister to Russia, the 25th United States Postmaster General, Jewell, distinguished for his fine china skin, grey eyes, and white eyebrows, was popularly known as the Porcelain Man. As Postmaster General, Jewell made reforms and was intent on cleaning up the Postal Service from internal corruption, Postmaster Jewell aided Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin H. Bristow shut down and prosecute the Whiskey Ring. President Grant, however, became suspicious of Jewells loyalty after Jewell fired a Boston postmaster over non payment of a surety bond, a native of New Hampshire, Jewell was the son of a prominent tanner and currier, having apprenticed in his fathers tannery business. Jewell moved to Boston where he learned the art of being a currier, in 1847, Jewell moved to Hartford where he worked for his fathers business as a currier. Jewell stopped working as a currier and became a telegrapher, where he worked in New York, Ohio. Jewell was a Whig who supported the election of Zachary Taylor to the office of the Presidency, having supported Taylor, Jewell moved to Mississippi where he was elected General Superintendent of Telegraphers. Jewell moved back to New York in 1849, and in 1850 he returned to his fathers tannery business having entered into partnership with his father. Between 1859 and 1860, Jewell traveled to and visited Europe on business connected with the tannery firm, in 1865 Jewell returned to Europe and traveled to Egypt and the Holy Land. Having returned to the United States, Jewell, a Republican, ran for Connecticut state senator in 1867, however, in 1868, Jewell ran for the office of Connecticut Governor, however, he lost the election. Jewell ran again the year and was elected Governor of Connecticut having served from 1869 until 1870. Jewell was reelected to the governorship in 1871 having served until 1873, Jewell was also a presidential candidate at the 1876 Republican National Convention and served as the chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1880 until 1883. Having returned to Connecticut, Jewell became a merchant, having invested in the Hartford Evening Post. He died in 1883 in New Haven, Connecticut, and was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Marshall Jewell was born in Winchester, New Hampshire on October 25,1825. His father, Pliny Jewell, native of Hartford, was a prominent tanner and currier and his elder brother was named Harvey Jewell. The young Marshall received an education at common schools. At an early age Jewell apprenticed for his father in the business working as a day laborer until the age of 18. Jewell moved to Woburn where he learned the skill of being a currier, Jewell returned to his fathers tannery business in Hartford where he worked in the currier shop for two years
36.
Governor of Delaware
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The Governor of Delaware is the head of the executive branch of Delawares state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. There have been 70 people who have served as governor, over 73 distinct terms, additionally, Henry Molleston was elected, but died before he could take office. The shortest term is that of Dale E. Wolf, who served 18 days following his predecessors resignation, the current governor is John Carney, who took office on January 17,2017. For the period before independence, see the List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania, between 1681 and 1776, Delaware was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, administered by colonial governors in Pennsylvania as the Lower Counties on Delaware. In 1776, soon after Delaware and the other Thirteen Colonies declared independence from Britain and it created the office of President of Delaware, a chief executive to be chosen by the legislature to serve a term of three years. The term was lengthened to four years by the 1831 constitution, the current constitution of 1897 allows governors to serve two terms. The 1776 constitution stated that if the presidency were vacant, the speaker of the council would be a vice-president. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor are elected at the same time, two have served as President of Pennsylvania. Four resigned to take other offices, three in the U. S. Congress and one to be President of Pennsylvania, all representatives and senators listed represented Delaware except where noted. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors who are living at this time. The most recent death of a former U. S. governor of Delaware was that of David Buckson, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Delaware to die was Sherman W. Tribbitt, who died on August 14,2010. Delaware gubernatorial elections General Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Delaware
37.
Gove Saulsbury
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Dr. Gove Saulsbury was an American physician and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, and he served in the Delaware General Assembly, Saulsbury was born in Mispillion Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, son of William and Margaret Ann Smith Saulsbury. His father was a descendant of the Salusbury Family of Wales and he was the older brother of U. S. Senators Willard Saulsbury, Sr. and Eli M. Saulsbury, senator Willard Saulsbury, Jr. Gove Saulsbury attended Delaware College in Newark and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1842. He married Rosina Jane Smith and had five children, Margaret, Olivia Smith, Rosa, Gove, Saulsbury was a medical doctor and lived at the northwest corner of the Green in Dover. He and his family were members of the Methodist Church, saulsburys choice of religious denomination sparked some controversy within the family as both of his brothers were staunch Episcopalians. In 1861 he was President of the Delaware Medical Society, Saulsbury was elected to the State Senate and served in the 1863/64 and 1865/66 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1865/66 session and succeeded to the office of Governor of Delaware on the death of Governor William Cannon on March 1,1865. Defeating James Riddle of New Castle County, he was elected to a term in his own right in 1866. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention] in 1876, with Saulsbury as governor, the Democratic Party took full control in Delaware. This included the recommendation that African-Americans convicted of certain crimes be sold back into slavery and this fear-mongering was so successful that no Republicans were elected to the Delaware General Assembly in 1868, and hardly any were elected for many years thereafter. When Saulsbury’s term was over, he wanted to assume the U. S. Senate seat held by his brother, Willard had compromised himself with a well-known drinking problem, and many wanted him replaced. Unfortunately for Gove Saulsbury, the brother, Eli M. Saulsbury also wanted the seat. After much balloting in the General Assembly, it became apparent to Willard that he could not win, so he switched his votes to Eli, Gove Saulsbury returned to his medical practice full-time. Saulsbury died at Dover and is buried there in the Old Methodist or Whatcoat Cemetery and he was President of the Delaware Medical Society in 1861, and in 1873 was one of the founders of Wesley College in Dover. He was a strong and effective leader for a bitterly reactionary majority in Delaware, and his policies set the tone, according to Scharf, Saulsbury had “a deep sense of personal responsibility. He had a strong will and asserted his opinions earnestly and often and he was the slyest, cunningest man, and the most natural born politician Delaware ever produced. He was said to have apologized, compromised, or surrendered
38.
James Ponder
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James Ponder was an American merchant and politician from Milton in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, Ponder was born near Milton, Delaware, son of John and Hester Milby Ponder. He married Sallie Waples in 1851 and had four children, Ida, John, James Waples and they lived at 414 Federal Street and were members of St. John the Baptist Episcopal Church in Milton. He inherited his father’s business and expanded it into shipbuilding, agriculture, Ponder was elected to the State House for the 1857/58 session and then to the State Senate for the 1865/66 and 1867/68 sessions. He was Speaker during the 1867/68 session, in 1870 he was elected Governor of Delaware, defeating the Republican candidate, Thomas Boone Coursey. He served from January 17,1871 until January 19,1875, the election of 1870 was the first opportunity for African-Americans to vote in Delaware elections, and Ponder’s tenure was marred by an ongoing response to this change. Ponder himself was in no way sympathetic, saying to the General Assembly that the Federal government was wrong in extending the franchise to “uneducated Negroes. ”The 1870 election featured rigged voter lists that effectively denied the vote to most African-Americans, and resulted in all the seats in the General Assembly going to the Democratic Party. Two years later, in response, U. S. President Ulysses S, the most controversial action of the term was Ponder’s appointment of his brother-in-law, former U. S. Senator Willard Saulsbury as Chancellor of Delaware, Saulsbury had left the Senate as a disgraced alcoholic, and promised Ponder he would change his ways if he was appointed. Ponder died at Milton and is buried there in the Methodist Episcopal Cemetery, the Gov. James Ponder House at Milton was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1, members of the Delaware General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January. State Senators have a term and State Representatives have a two-year term. The Governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term, History of the State of Delaware. A History of Delaware Through its Governors, History of Delaware 1609-18882 vols. Philadelphia, L. J. Richards & Co, hall of Governors Portrait Gallery Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover
39.
Governor of Florida
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The Governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Floridas state government and the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. When Florida was first acquired by the United States, future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor, Florida Territory was established in 1822, and five people served as governor over six distinct terms. The first territorial governor, William Pope Duval, served 12 years, since statehood in 1845 there have been 43 people who have served as governor, one of whom served two distinct terms. Three state governors have served two full terms, William D. Bloxham, in two stints, and Reubin Askew and Jeb Bush, who each served their terms consecutively. Bob Graham almost served two terms, as he resigned only three days left. The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson, who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor, Bob Graham, the current governor is Rick Scott, who took office on January 4,2011, following the 2010 election. He was re-elected in 2014, and his term began on January 6,2015. For a list of governors of Florida before it became a United States territory, spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10,1821. Florida Territory was organized on March 30,1822, combining East and West Florida, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3,1845. Following the end of the American Civil War, it was part of the Third Military District, Florida was readmitted to the Union on June 25,1868. The Florida Constitution of 1838 provided that a governor be elected four years. The secessionist constitution of 1861 would have reduced this to two years and removed the limit, but the state fell to the Union before the first election under that constitution. The rejected constitution of 1865 and the constitution of 1868 maintained the four-year term, though without the earlier term limit. The start of a term was set in 1885 at the first Tuesday after the first Monday in the January following the election, originally, the president of the state senate acted as governor should that office be vacant. The 1865 and 1868 constitutions created the office of lieutenant governor and this office was abolished in 1885, with the president of the senate again taking on that duty. The 1968 constitution recreated the office of lieutenant governor, who now becomes governor in the absence of the governor, the governor and lieutenant governor are elected on the same ticket. Florida was a strongly Democratic state before the Civil War, electing only candidates from the Democratic and it elected three Republican governors following Reconstruction, but after the Democratic Party re-established control,90 years passed before voters chose another Republican. Fifteen of Floridas governors have served in offices, including one President of the United States
40.
Harrison Reed (politician)
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Harrison Reed was the ninth Governor of Florida. Reed was born in Littleton, Massachusetts, on August 26,1813, to parents Seth Reed, the Reed family came to Milwaukee in 1836. Harrison was one of eight Reed children and his brothers were Herbert Reed, a Milwaukee grocer who married Phebe Adeline Brisbane, Orson Reed of Summit, Wisconsin who married Agnes Fairservice, Curtis Reed and George Reed. His sister, Mary Augusta Reed Smith married Judge Abram Daniel Smith and his sister, Martha Reed Mitchell married banker and railroad tycoon, Alexander Mitchell. His sister Julia Ann Reed Noyes, married Dr. Thomas J. Noyes, at age 16, he was apprenticed to a printer, but health problems caused him to quit. He became a merchant, in 1836 and moved to Milwaukee, there he opened the first general store and started the first Sunday school. His business failed in the Panic of 1837 and he then took a turn at farming. He was an owner and editor of the Milwaukee Sentinel in Milwaukee. He co-published the Wisconsin State Journal in Madison with David Atwood from 1859-1861 and he married Amanda Anna Louisa Turner on August 12,1841, in Milwaukee. Together, they helped settle the towns of Neenah and Menasha and they had four children, one of whom died before the age of two. In 1861 he moved to Washington, D. C. to assume a post at the Treasury Department, while in Washington, his wife died on October 13,1862. In 1863, he was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to be a tax commissioner in Florida to deal with seized Confederate property, while working as Tax Commissioner, Reed traveled to Fernandina Beach on several occasions. He met Chloe Merrick, a teacher of children, on one occasion. He became very impressed with Miss Merrick, in 1865, President Andrew Johnson appointed him the postal agent for Florida. In 1868, Florida enacted a new constitution and Reed was elected governor by the people and he appointed Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs as Floridas first African-American Secretary of State, and commissioned Gibbs as a lieutenant colonel in the Florida State Militia. During his term, there were at least two efforts to him, the first by William Henry Gleason, his lieutenant governor from 1868 to 1870. Gleason proclaimed himself Governor in November 1868, the state adjutant general and the countys sheriff supported Reed and organized an effort to deny Gleason access to the Capitol. On November 24,1868, the Florida Supreme Court held that the Senate had lacked a quorum, during the second attempt to impeach Reed, Lieutenant Governor Samuel T. Day claimed to be Acting Governor from February 10 to May 4,1872
41.
Rufus Bullock
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Rufus Brown Bullock was an American Republican politician and Georgia businessman. During the Reconstruction Era he called for economic opportunity and political rights for blacks. He also promoted education for both races, and encouraged railroads, banks, and industrial development. He was unpopular among whites during his governorship, but for three decades afterwards he was a private citizen. Bullock was born in Bethlehem, New York, and moved to Augusta, Georgia, Bullock served as the 46th Governor of Georgia from 1868 to 1871 during Reconstruction and was the first Republican governor of Georgia. After Georgia ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Omnibus Act declared that states were entitled to representation in Congress as one of the states of the Union. Georgia again lost the right to representation in Congress because the General Assembly expelled twenty-eight black members, in response to an appeal from Bullock, Georgia was again placed under military rule as part of the Georgia Act of December 22,1869. This made Bullock a hated political figure, after various allegations of scandal and ridicule, in 1871 he was obliged by the Ku Klux Klan to resign the governorship. He was succeeded by Republican State Senate president Benjamin Conley, who served as Governor for the two remaining months of the term to which Bullock had been elected. Conley was succeeded by James M. Smith, a Democrat, Bullock served as president of the Macon and Augusta Railroad in 1867, and established the Augusta First National Bank. He later became president of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, and in 1895 served as master of ceremonies for the Cotton States, Bullock introduced the speaker, Booker T. Washington, who gave his famous Atlanta Compromise speech. Bullock died in Albion, New York, in 1907 and was buried in Mt. Albion Cemetery nearby, Bullock has had both detractors and admirers. He remains a figure in Georgia state history. In the novel, the Republicans win the election, utilizing voter fraud with the help of their Negro constituency, entrepreneur for Equality, Governor Rufus Bullock, Commerce, and Race in Post-Civil War Georgia, Russell Duncan, University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0-8203-1557-5. Georgia State Archives Roster of State Governors,1834 March 28 article in This Day in Georgia History compiled by Ed Jackson and Charles Pou
42.
Benjamin F. Conley
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Benjamin Franklin Conley was an American politician from the U. S. State of Georgia, who served as the 47th Governor of Georgia from 1871 to 1872. He also previously served as the mayor of Augusta from 1857 to 1859, Conley was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1815 and moved to Savannah, Georgia, in his youth. He died in 1886 in Atlanta in an area known at the time as West End, Conley was buried at Augustas Magnolia Cemetery. Conleys previous political service included the office of mayor of Augusta, Georgia, Conley served as the 47th Governor of Georgia from October 30,1871 to January 12,1872, during Reconstruction and was the second Republican governor of Georgia. Conley was serving as the president of the Georgia Senate when his predecessor, as the Senate president, Conley assumed the governorship and served for only two months. Conley was the last Republican to serve as governor of Georgia until 2003, when Sonny Perdue was elected
43.
Governor of Illinois
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The Governor of Illinois is the chief executive of the State of Illinois and the various agencies and departments over which the officer has jurisdiction, as prescribed in the state constitution. It is an elected position, votes being cast by popular suffrage of residents of the state. The governor is responsible for enacting laws passed by the Illinois General Assembly, Illinois is one of 14 states with no gubernatorial term-limit. The current governor is Republican Bruce Rauner, who succeeded Pat Quinn in 2015, the term of office of Governor of Illinois is four years, and there is no limit on the number of terms a governor may serve. Inauguration takes place on the second Monday in January following a gubernatorial election, a single term ends four years later. Its first occupant was Governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who took residence at the mansion in 1855 and it is one of three oldest governors residences in continuous use in the United States. The governor is given the use of an official residence on the state fair grounds. Governors have traditionally used this part of the year. Six Illinois governors have been charged with crimes during or after their governorships, four were convicted, len Small, governor from 1921 to 1929, was indicted in office for corruption. He was acquitted, thereafter, eight of the received state jobs. Among his defense lawyers was a governor, Joseph W. Fifer, who asserted in pre-trial hearings. William G. Stratton, governor from 1953 to 1961, was acquitted of tax evasion in 1965 and he was prosecuted by future Illinois governor Jim Thompson. He was sentenced to seven years in prison five years of probation following his release. Former governor Jim Thompson, whom Ryan had served under as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in the 1980s, was manager of the law firm that defended Ryan. In August 2010, he was convicted of lying to the FBI in connection with the investigation, but the jury deadlocked on 23 other charges. Blagojevich was retried on 20 counts from his 2010 trial and on June 27,2011, Blagojevich was convicted on 17 counts of fraud, acquitted on one count, on December 7,2011, Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison. List of Governors of Illinois 1. α Current governor of Illinois, in 2015, the Council of State Governments reported that Rauner had returned all but $1 of his salary to the State of Illinois. However, the pay rate for the title of Governor in Illinois remains at $177,412, Illinois Office of the Governor Illinois Executive Mansion Burial places of Illinois Governors Article V in the Illinois Constitution list of government help in Illinois
44.
John M. Palmer (politician)
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Palmer switched political parties throughout his life, starting out a Democrat. He became in turn an anti-Nebraska Democrat, a Republican, a Liberal Republican, returned to being a Democrat and he said, I had my own views. I was not a slave of any party, and added, I thought for myself, born at Eagle Creek in Scott County, Kentucky, Palmers family in 1831 moved to Alton, Illinois. They were very poor, but he worked his way through college. In 1839, he was admitted to the bar in that state, Palmer married Malinda Ann Neely in 1842 and had ten children with her. His early careers included being a lawyer, school teacher, coopering, Palmer was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1848. Between 1852 and 1855, he was a Democratic member of the Illinois Senate and he presided over the 1856 Illinois Republican Convention in Bloomington that founded the party in his home state. In 1859 he was the Republican candidate in an election to a vacancy in the 36th Congress caused by the death of Thomas L. Harris. He later became a Republican presidential elector in 1860, and was one of the people who got his friend Abraham Lincoln nominated for the presidency at the national convention in Chicago. In 1861, he was appointed by Lincoln to be a delegate to the convention in Washington. It failed when no compromise could be reached, during the American Civil War, Palmer served in the Union army, rising from the rank of colonel to that of major general in the volunteer service. He enlisted in 1861 and was commissioned Colonel of the 14th Illinois Infantry, fremont in an expedition to Springfield, Missouri, to put down the rebellion in that state. On December 20,1861, he was promoted to brigadier general, Palmer took part in the capture of New Madrid and Island No. 10, commanding a division in the latter campaign, taken ill in the field, he returned home to recuperate and raised a new regiment, the 122nd Illinois Infantry. Taking the field again in September, he was assigned by William S. Rosecrans to command the first division of the Army of the Mississippi in Alabama and Tennessee. On November 29,1862, he was promoted to general of volunteers, and was conspicuous in the Battle of Stones River. Palmer effectively led his troops during the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863 and he commanded the XIV Corps of the Army of the Cumberland during the Chattanooga Campaign, and served under George Henry Thomas in the Atlanta Campaign. Palmers corps was a part of William T. Shermans movement at the Railroads at East Point and his corps was placed under the command of Major General John M. Schofield and ordered to cross North Utoy Creek
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Media related to 1871 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
