1.
1885 in France
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Events from the year 1885 in France. 28 February – Siege of Tuyen Quang ends, as French Foreign Legion is relieved after being besieged by forces of the Empire of China,23 March – Battle of Bang Bo in Vietnam, significant battle of the Sino-French War and French defeat. Led to the Tonkin Affair, a political crisis. 28 March – French abandon Lang Son,9 June – Sino-French War ends as treaty is signed. 14 October – Legislative Election held,18 October – Legislative Election held
2.
1884 in France
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Events from the year 1884 in France. June – At Bac Le, Chinese forces attack a French column sent to occupy Tonkin in accordance with earlier treaties,6 June – Treaty of Hué is signed between representatives of Vietnam and the French Empire. 29 July – Société des Artistes Indépendants is founded in Paris 23 August – Naval Battle of Foochow in which Chinese fleet was destroyed by the French,1 October – French begin occupation of Keelung. 23 November – Siege of Tuyen Quang begins in Indochina, French Foreign Legion besieged by forces of the Empire of China. 4 April – Adolphe Dugléré, chef,10 April – Jean-Baptiste Dumas, chemist. 6 May - Judah P. Benjamin, American-born United States Senator from Louisiana from 1853 till 1861 Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne, Jew who became a Jesuit Catholic priest, eugène Pelletan, writer, journalist and politician
3.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
4.
1889 in France
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Events from the year 1889 in France. 31 March – The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated,6 May – Exposition Universelle opens in Paris, along with the Eiffel Tower. 22 September – Legislative election held,6 October – Legislative election held. 31 October – Exposition Universelle closes, moulin Rouge built and opened in Paris. Defense minister Georges Boulanger attempts a coup but is forced to flee the country
5.
1890 in France
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Events from the year 1890 in France. 2 January – Steamship Persia wrecked off Corsica,130 lives lost,21 February – First Franco-Dahomean War begins. 1 March – Léon Bourgeois succeeds Ernest Constans as Minister of the Interior,4 March – Battle of Cotonou, attack on French positions repulsed. 4 October – First Franco-Dahomean War ends in French victory, société Nationale des Beaux-Arts is founded. Pierre Puvis de Chavannes is president and co-founder
6.
1887
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As of the start of 1887, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 11 – Louis Pasteurs anti-rabies treatment is defended in the Académie Nationale de Médecine by Dr. Joseph Grancher, january 20 – The United States Senate allows the Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base. January 21 The Amateur Athletic Union is formed, Brisbane receives a one-day rainfall of 465 millimetres – a record for any Australian capital city. January 24 – Battle of Dogali, Abyssinian troops defeat the Italians, january 28 In a snowstorm at Fort Keogh, Montana, USA, the largest snowflakes on record are reported. They are 15 inches wide and 8 inches thick, construction of the foundations of the Eiffel Tower starts in Paris, France. February 2 – In Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, the first Groundhog Day is observed, february 4 – The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, as passed by the 49th United States Congress, is signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. February 5 – The Giuseppe Verdi opera Otello premieres at La Scala, february 8 – The Dawes Act, or the General Allotment Act, is enacted. February 23 – The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, february 26 – At the Sydney Cricket Ground, George Lohmann becomes the first bowler to take eight wickets in a Test innings. March 3 – Anne Sullivan begins teaching Helen Keller, march 4 – Gottlieb Daimler unveils his first automobile. March 7 – North Carolina State University is established as North Carolina College of Agriculture, march 13 – Chester Greenwood patents earmuffs. April 1 – Mumbai Fire Brigade is established, April 4 – Argonia, Kansas elects Susanna M. Salter as the first female mayor in the United States. April 9 – The Charter of Incorporation was approved for The Teutonia Maennerchor Hall in the East Allegheny neighborhood of Pittsburgh, April 10 – The Catholic University of America is founded on Easter Sunday. April 21 – Schnaebele incident – French/German border incident nearly leads to war between the two countries, April 20 – Occidental College is founded. May 3 – An earthquake hits Sonora, Mexico, may 9 – Buffalo Bills Wild West Show opens in London. May 14 – The cornerstone of the new Stanford University, in northern California, is laid, June 8 – Herman Hollerith receives a patent for his punched card calculator. June 18 – The Reinsurance Treaty is closed between Germany and Russia, June 21 The British Empire celebrates Queen Victorias Golden Jubilee, marking the 50th year of her reign. June 23 – The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada, creating that nations first national park, June 28 – Minot, North Dakota is incorporated as a city. June 29 – The United Retail Federation is established in Brisbane, july – James Blyth operates the first working wind turbine at Marykirk in Scotland
7.
History of France
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The first written records for the history of France appear in the Iron Age. The Gauls, the largest and best attested group, were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language, over the course of the 1st millennium BC the Greeks, Romans and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands. Afterwards a Gallo-Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman Empire, in the later stages of the Roman Empire, Gaul was subject to barbarian raids and migration, most importantly by the Germanic Franks. The Frankish king Clovis I united most of Gaul under his rule in the late 5th century, Frankish power reached its fullest extent under Charlemagne. The war formally began in 1337 following Philip VIs attempt to seize the Duchy of Aquitaine from its holder, Edward III of England. Despite early Plantagenet victories, including the capture and ransom of John II of France, among the notable figures of the war was Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl who led French forces against the English, establishing herself as a national heroine. The war ended with a Valois victory in 1453, victory in the Hundred Years War had the effect of strengthening French nationalism and vastly increasing the power and reach of the French monarchy. During the period known as the Ancien Régime, France transformed into an absolute monarchy. During the next centuries, France experienced the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, Henry, King of Navarre, scion of the Bourbon family, would be victorious in the conflict and establish the French Bourbon dynasty. A burgeoning worldwide colonial empire was established in the 16th century, French political power reached a zenith under the rule of Louis XIV, The Sun King, builder of Versailles Palace. In the late 18th century the monarchy and associated institutions were overthrown in the French Revolution, the country was governed for a period as a Republic, until the French Empire was declared by Napoleon Bonaparte. France was one of the Triple Entente powers in World War I, fighting alongside the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States and smaller allies against Germany and the Central Powers. France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, the Third Republic was dismantled, and most of the country was controlled directly by Germany while the south was controlled until 1942 by the collaborationist Vichy government. Living conditions were harsh as Germany drained away food and manpower, Charles de Gaulle led the Free France movement that one-by-one took over the colonial empire, and coordinated the wartime Resistance. Following liberation in summer 1944, a Fourth Republic was established, France slowly recovered economically, and enjoyed a baby boom that reversed its very low fertility rate. Long wars in Indochina and Algeria drained French resources and ended in political defeat, in the wake of the Algerian Crisis of 1958, Charles de Gaulle set up the French Fifth Republic. Into the 1960s decolonization saw most of the French colonial empire become independent, while smaller parts were incorporated into the French state as overseas departments, since World War II France has been a permanent member in the UN Security Council and NATO. It played a role in the unification process after 1945 that led to the European Union
8.
President of France
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The President of the French Republic, is the executive head of state of the French Fifth Republic. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, and their relation with the prime minister, the current President of France is François Hollande, who took office on 15 May 2012. Hollande has announced that he stand down in the upcoming 2017 French presidential election. President Chirac was first elected in 1995 and again in 2002, at that time, there was no limit on the number of terms, so Chirac could have run again, but chose not to. He was succeeded by Nicolas Sarkozy on 16 May 2007, following a further change, the Constitutional law on the Modernisation of the Institutions of the Fifth Republic,2008, a president cannot serve more than two consecutive terms. François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac are the only Presidents to date who have served a two terms. In order to be admitted as a candidate, potential candidates must receive signed nominations from more than 500 elected officials. These officials must be from at least 30 départements or overseas collectivities, furthermore, each official may nominate only one candidate. There are exactly 45,543 elected officials, including 33,872 mayors, spending and financing of campaigns and political parties are highly regulated. There is a cap on spending, at approximately 20 million euros, if the candidate receives less than 5% of the vote, the government funds €8,000,000 to the party. Advertising on TV is forbidden but official time is given to candidates on public TV, an independent agency regulates election and party financing. After the president is elected, he or she goes through an investiture ceremony called a passation des pouvoirs. The French Fifth Republic is a semi-presidential system, unlike many other European presidents, the French President is quite powerful. The president holds the nations most senior office, and outranks all other politicians, the presidents greatest power is his/her ability to choose the prime minister. When the majority of the Assembly has opposite political views to that of the president, when the majority of the Assembly sides with them, the President can take a more active role and may, in effect, direct government policy. The prime minister is then the choice of the President. This device has been used in recent years by François Mitterrand, Jacques Chirac, since 2002, the mandate of the president and the Assembly are both 5 years and the two elections are close to each other. Therefore, the likelihood of a cohabitation is lower, among the powers of the government, The president promulgates laws
9.
Prime Minister of France
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The French Prime Minister in the Fifth Republic is the head of government and of the Council of Ministers of France. During the Third and Fourth Republics, the head of government position was called President of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister proposes a list of ministers to the President of the Republic. Decrees and decisions of the Prime Minister, like almost all decisions, are subject to the oversight of the administrative court system. Few decrees are taken after advice from the Council of State, all prime ministers defend the programs of their ministry, and make budgetary choices. The extent to which those decisions lie with the Prime Minister or President depends upon whether they are of the same party, manuel Valls was appointed to lead the government in a cabinet reshuffle in March 2014, after the ruling Socialists suffered a bruising defeat in local elections. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic, the President can choose whomever they want. On the other hand, because the National Assembly does have the power to force the resignation of the government, for example, right after the legislative election of 1986, President François Mitterrand appointed Jacques Chirac prime minister. Chirac was a member of the RPR and an opponent of Mitterrand. Despite the fact that Mitterrands own Socialist Party was the largest party in the Assembly, the RPR had an alliance with the UDF, which gave them a majority. Such a situation, where the President is forced to work with a minister who is an opponent, is called a cohabitation. So far, Édith Cresson is the woman to have ever held the position of prime minister. Aristide Briand holds the record for most nomination as Prime Minister with 11 between 1909 and 1929 with some terms as short as 26 days, other members of Government are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister can engage the responsibility of his or her Government before the National Assembly and this process consists of placing a bill before the Assembly, and either the Assembly overthrows the Government, or the bill is passed automatically. In addition to ensuring that the Government still has support in the House, the Prime Minister may also submit a bill that has not been yet signed into law to the Constitutional Council. Before he is allowed to dissolve the Assembly, the President has to consult the Prime Minister, the office of the prime minister, in its current form, dates from the formation of the French Third Republic. Under the French Constitutional Laws of 1875, he was imbued with the powers as his British counterpart. In practice, however, the minister was a fairly weak figure. Most notably, the legislature had the power to force the cabinet out of office by a vote of censure
10.
Maurice Rouvier
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Maurice Rouvier was a French statesman of the Opportunist faction. He is best known for his policies and his unpopular policies designed to avoid a rupture with Germany. He was born in Aix-en-Provence, and spent his career in business at Marseille. He supported Léon Gambettas candidature there in 1867, and in 1870 he founded an anti-imperial journal and he also belonged to the same masonic lodge as Gambetta, La Réforme in Marseille. Becoming secretary general of the prefecture of Bouches-du-Rhône in, 1870-71, he refused the office of prefect. In July 1871 he was returned to the National Assembly for Marseille at a by-election and he became a recognized authority on finance, and repeatedly served on the Budget Commission as reporter or president. He then joined Gambettas cabinet as minister of commerce and the colonies, then came the scandal of the decorations in which President Grévys son-in-law Daniel Wilson figured, and the Rouvier cabinet fell in its attempt to screen the president. Rouviers opposition in his capacity of president of the Budget Commission was one of the causes of the defeat of Charles Floquets cabinet in February 1889, in the new Tirard ministry formed to combat the Boulangist agitation, he was minister of finance. He kept the same post in the Freycinet, Loubet and Ribot cabinets of 1890-93, accusations that he accepted bribes from Cornelius Herz and the baron de Reinach compelled his resignation from the Ribot cabinet during the Panama scandals in December 1892. He became a banker and was known for his thorough familiarity with financial. In this cabinet he at first held the ministry of finance, under a law passed in April 1905, for instance, a certain credit was earmarked in the French budget for the purpose of public subsidies for unemployment benefit funds. Public attention, however, was concentrated on foreign policy. During the Combes ministry Theophile Delcassé had come to an understanding with Spain on the Moroccan question. His policy had aroused German jealousy, which became evident in the asperity with which the question of Morocco was handled in Berlin, at a cabinet meeting on 5 June Rouvier reproached the Foreign Minister with imprudence over Morocco, and after a heated discussion Delcassé resigned. Rouvier himself took the portfolio of foreign affairs at this crucial point, rouviers government did not long survive the presidential election of 1906. The disturbances arising in connection with the Separation Law were skillfully handled by Georges Clemenceau to discredit the ministry,17 June 1905 - Pierre Merlou succeeds Rouvier as Minister of Finance. 12 November 1905 - Eugène Étienne succeeds Berteaux as Minister of War, fernand Dubief succeeds Étienne as Minister of the Interior. Georges Trouillot succeeds Dubief as Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
11.
Pierre Tirard
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Pierre Emmanuel Tirard was a French politician. He was born to French parents in Geneva, Switzerland, after studying in his native town, Tirard became a civil engineer. After five years of government service he resigned to become a jewel merchant, nominated a member of the Commune, he protested against the tyranny of the central committee, and escaped from Paris to resume his place among the extreme Left in the National Assembly at Versailles. In 1876 he was returned for the 1st arrondissement of Paris to the Chamber of Deputies and he held the same portfolio in the first Freycinet ministry and in the Jules Ferry cabinet. He was minister of commerce in Freycinets second cabinet, of finance under E Duclerc, when Carnot became president of the Republic in 1887 he asked Tirard to form a ministry. He had to deal with the Wilson scandal which had led to President Jules Grévys downfall and his refusal to proceed to the revision of the constitution of 1875 led to his defeat on 30 March 1888. He returned to power next year, and decided to bring Boulanger and his supporters before the High Court. He also arrested Philippe, Duke of Orleans, who had visited France in disguise and he resigned office on 15 March 1890 on the question of the Franco-Turkish commercial treaty. He replaced Maurice Rouvier in Alexandre Ribots cabinet as minister of finance, premier Tirard becomes Minister of the Colonies, in addition to Minister of Commerce and Industry. 10 November 1889 – Édouard Barbey succeeds Krantz as Minister of Marine
12.
Louis Pasteur
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Louis Pasteur was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. He is remembered for his breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of diseases. He reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and created the first vaccines for rabies and his medical discoveries provided direct support for the germ theory of disease and its application in clinical medicine. He is best known to the public for his invention of the technique of treating milk and wine to stop bacterial contamination. He is regarded as one of the three founders of bacteriology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch, and is popularly known as the father of microbiology. Pasteur was responsible for disproving the doctrine of spontaneous generation and he performed experiments that showed that without contamination, microorganisms could not develop. Under the auspices of the French Academy of Sciences, he demonstrated that in sterilized and sealed flasks nothing ever developed, although Pasteur was not the first to propose the germ theory, his experiments indicated its correctness and convinced most of Europe that it was true. Today, he is regarded as one of the fathers of germ theory. Pasteur also made significant discoveries in chemistry, most notably on the basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals. Early in his career, his investigation of tartaric acid resulted in the first resolution of what is now called optical isomers and his work led the way to the current understanding of a fundamental principle in the structure of organic compounds. He was the director of the Pasteur Institute, established in 1887, till his death, although Pasteur made groundbreaking experiments, his reputation became associated with various controversies. Historical reassessment of his notebook revealed that he practiced deception to overcome his rivals, Louis Pasteur was born on December 27,1822, in Dole, Jura, France, to a Catholic family of a poor tanner. He was the child of Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. The family moved to Marnoz in 1826 and then to Arbois in 1827, Pasteur entered primary school in 1831. He was a student in his early years, and not particularly academic. He drew many pastels and portraits of his parents, friends, Pasteur attended secondary school at the Collège dArbois. In October 1838, he left for Paris to join the Pension Barbet, in 1839, he entered the Collège Royal de Besançon to study philosophy and earned his Bachelor of Letters degree in 1840. He was appointed a tutor at the Besançon college while continuing a degree course with special mathematics
13.
French Riviera
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The Côte dAzur, often known in English as the French Riviera, is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France, also including the sovereign state of Monaco. There is no boundary, but it is usually considered to extend from the Italian border in the east to Saint-Tropez, Hyères, Toulon. This coastline was one of the first modern resort areas and it began as a winter health resort for the British upper class at the end of the 18th century. In the summer, it played home to many members of the Rothschild family. After World War II, it became a popular tourist destination and convention site, many celebrities, such as Elton John and Brigitte Bardot, have homes in the region. Officially, the Côte dAzur is home to 163 nationalities with 83,962 foreign residents and its largest city is Nice, which has a population of 347,060. The city is the center of a communauté urbaine – Nice-Côte dAzur – bringing together 24 communes, Nice is home to Nice Côte dAzur Airport, Frances third-busiest airport, which is on an area of partially reclaimed coastal land at the western end of the Promenade des Anglais. A second airport at Mandelieu was once the commercial airport. The A8 autoroute runs through the region, as does the old main road known as the Route nationale 7. Trains serve the region and inland to Grasse, with the TGV Sud Est service reaching Nice-Ville station in five. The French Riviera has a population of more than two million. The region has 35,000 students, of whom 25 percent are working toward a doctorate, the French Riviera is a major yachting and cruising area with several marinas along its coast. As a tourist center, French Riviera benefits from 310 to 330 days of sunshine per year,115 kilometres of coastline, the name Côte dAzur was given to the coast by the writer Stéphen Liégeard in his book, La Côte d’azur, published in December 1887. Liégeard was born in Dijon, in the French department of Côte-dOr, the term French Riviera is typical of English use. It was built by analogy with the term Italian Riviera, which extends east of the French Riviera. As early as the 19th century, the British referred to the region as the Riviera or the French Riviera, usually referring to the part of the coast. Originally, riviera is an Italian noun which means coastline, in Occitan and French, the only usual names are Còsta dAzur in Occitan and Côte dAzur in French. A name like French Riviera is unusual and sounds odd, it could work as a word-to-word translation of the British point of view
14.
Earthquake
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An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earths lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to people around. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type, Earthquakes are measured using measurements from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe and these two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause damage over larger areas. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the damage to structures it causes. At the Earths surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground, when the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity, in its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts. An earthquakes point of rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter, tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behavior, once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the portion of the fault. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface and this process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of a total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction
15.
Mediterranean Sea
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The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water. The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning inland or in the middle of land and it covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2, but its connection to the Atlantic is only 14 km wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar. In oceanography, it is called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea has a depth of 1,500 m. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia and it is located between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, the seas average north-south length, from Croatia’s southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 km. The Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara, has an area of approximately 2,510,000 square km. The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times that allowed for trade, the history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri, the term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word mediterraneus, meaning amid the earth or between land, as it is between the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Ancient Greek name Mesogeios, is similarly from μέσο, between + γη, land, earth) and it can be compared with the Ancient Greek name Mesopotamia, meaning between rivers. The Mediterranean Sea has historically had several names, for example, the Carthaginians called it the Syrian Sea and latter Romans commonly called it Mare Nostrum, and occasionally Mare Internum. Another name was the Sea of the Philistines, from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites, the sea is also called the Great Sea in the General Prologue by Geoffrey Chaucer. In Ottoman Turkish, it has also been called Bahr-i Sefid, in Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYam HaTikhon, the Middle Sea, reflecting the Seas name in ancient Greek, Latin, and modern languages in both Europe and the Middle East. Similarly, in Modern Arabic, it is known as al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ, in Turkish, it is known as Akdeniz, the White Sea since among Turks the white colour represents the west. Several ancient civilisations were located around the Mediterranean shores, and were influenced by their proximity to the sea. It provided routes for trade, colonisation, and war, as well as food for numerous communities throughout the ages, due to the shared climate, geology, and access to the sea, cultures centered on the Mediterranean tended to have some extent of intertwined culture and history. Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states, later, when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum
16.
1963 in France
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Events from the year 1963 in France. President, Charles de Gaulle Prime Minister, Georges Pompidou 22 January - Élysée Treaty signed by Charles de Gaulle and Konrad Adenauer. 29 January - President Charles de Gaulle vetoes the United Kingdoms entry into the EEC.4 March - In Paris,6 people are sentenced to death for conspiring to assassinate President Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle pardons 5 of them but the other conspirator is executed by firing squad few days later,15 June - Carrefour open Europes first hypermarket, in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Essonne. 23 June - Tour de France begins,14 July - Tour de France ends, won by Jacques Anquetil
17.
1993 in France
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Events from the year 1993 in France. 7 March – Citroën launches the Xantia five-door hatchback, which replaces the 10-year-old BX, an estate model is due next year. 20 March - Peugeot launched the 306 hatchback, which replaces the 309,28 March – Legislative Election held. Gaullists win a majority and Édouard Balladur becomes Prime Minister,26 May – Olympique Marseille become the first French team to win the European Cup when a Basile Boli goal gives them a 1–0 win over AC Milan in the final in Munich. 8 June – In Paris, Christian Didier breaks into the home of René Bousquet, banker and former Vichy France administrator,13 October – The fifth summit of the Francophonie opens in Mauritius. December – The Renault Laguna is launched as a hatchback to replace the Renault 21 hatchback and saloon,2 December – The announced merger between Renault and Volvo fails. 10 December – Air France Flight 2306 is hijacked by a knife-wielding Algerian criminal and he is arrested in Nice by the police. 16 May – Marseille defeats A. C. Milan in the UEFA Champions League Final,3 July – Tour de France begins. 4 July – French Grand Prix won by Alain Prost,25 July – Tour de France ends won by Miguel Indurain of Spain. 1 September – Ilona Mitrecey, singer,13 September - Alexia Sedykh, hammer thrower 13 January – René Pleven, politician. 13 January – Charles Tillon, politician,21 January – Françoise Dior, supporter of the postwar Nazi cause. 27 January – André the Giant, professional wrestler,2 February – Jean Lecanuet, politician. 8 February – Roland Mousnier, historian,10 February – Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, politician and Prime Minister of France. 30 March – Andrée Brunet, figure skater,1 April – Andrée Brunin, poet. 1 May – Pierre Bérégovoy, politician and Prime Minister of France,22 May – Alfred Vaucher, theologian, church historian and bibliographer. 4 June – André Girard, civil servant and Resistance worker,8 June – René Bousquet, civil servant, served as secretary general of the Vichy regime police. 14 June – Louis Jacquinot, lawyer and politician,18 June – Jean Cau, writer and journalist. 19 June – Marcel Béalu, writer,21 July – René-Jean Jacquet, soccer player
18.
Saint-John Perse
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Saint-John Perse was a French poet-diplomat, awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1960 for the soaring flight and evocative imagery of his poetry. He was a major French diplomat from 1914 to 1940, after which he lived primarily in the United States until 1967, Alexis Leger was born in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe. His great-grandfather, a solicitor, had settled in Guadeloupe in 1815 and his grandfather and father were also solicitors, his father was also a member of the City Council. The Leger family owned two plantations, one of coffee and the other of sugar, in 1897, Hégésippe Légitimus, the first native Guadeloupan elected president of the Guadeloupe General Council, took office with a vindictive agenda towards colonists. The Leger family returned to metropolitan France in 1899 and settled in Pau, the young Alexis felt like an expatriate, and spent much of his time hiking, fencing, riding horses, and sailing in the Atlantic. He was awarded the baccalaureate with honors, and began studying law at the University of Bordeaux, when his father died in 1907, the resulting strain on his familys finances led Leger to temporarily interrupt his studies, but he eventually completed his degree in 1910. In 1904 he met the poet Francis Jammes at Orthez, who became a dear friend and he frequented cultural clubs, and met Paul Claudel, Odilon Redon, Valery Larbaud, and André Gide. He wrote short poems inspired by the story of Robinson Crusoe and he published his first book of poetry, Éloges, in 1911. In 1914, he joined the French diplomatic service, and spent some of his first years in Spain, Germany, when World War I broke out, he was a press corps attaché for the government. From 1916 to 1921, he was secretary to the French Embassy in Peking, in 1921 in Washington, while taking part in a world disarmament conference, he was noticed by Aristide Briand, the then-Prime Minister of France, who recruited him as his assistant. In Paris, he got to know the fellow intellectual poet Paul Valéry who used his influence to get the poem Anabase, written during Legers stay in China, Leger was warm to classical music, and knew Igor Stravinsky, Nadia Boulanger, and les Six. While in China, Leger had written his first extended poem Anabase, publishing it in 1924 under the pseudonym Saint-John Perse and he then published nothing for two decades, not even a re-edition of his debut book, because he believed it inappropriate for a diplomat to publish fiction. After Briands death in 1932, Leger served as the General Secretary of the French Foreign Office until 1940, within the Foreign Office he led the optimist faction that believed that Germany was unstable and that if Britain and France stood up to Hitler he would back down. He accompanied the French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier at the Munich Conference in 1938 and he was dismissed from his post right after the fall of France in May 1940, because he was a known anti-Nazi. In mid-July 1940, Leger began an exile in Washington. In 1940, the Vichy government dismissed him from the Légion dhonneur order, Perse declined a teaching position at Harvard University. During his American exile, Perse wrote his long poems Exil, Vents, Pluies, Neiges, Amers, Leger was on good terms with the UN Secretary General and author Dag Hammarskjöld. In 1957, American friends gave him a villa at Giens in Provence, in 1958, he married the American Dorothy Milburn Russell
19.
Nobel Prize in Literature
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Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here work refers to an authors work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year, the academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the worlds most prestigious literature prize, many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity, while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read. The prize has become seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise, whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them. Tim Parks has expressed skepticism that it is possible for Swedish professors, as of 2016,16 of the 113 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin. The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European, Nobels vague wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word translates as either idealistic or ideal. The Nobel Committees interpretation has varied over the years, in recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets,31 million Swedish kronor, to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes. Due to the level of surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting approved it. The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, the members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed, the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, the Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundations newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II, according to Nobels will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature. Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature and it is not permitted to nominate oneself. Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011 about 220 proposals are returned and these proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates, by May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee. The subsequent four months are spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates. In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature
20.
1975 in France
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Events from the year 1975 in France. President, Valéry Giscard dEstaing Prime Minister, Jacques Chirac 1 January – Work is abandoned on the British end of the Channel Tunnel,6 March – A bomb explodes in the Paris offices of Springer Press. The 6 March Group demands amnesty for the Baader-Meinhof Group,6 July – The Comoros declare their independence from France. September – Chrysler Europe launches the Simca 1307, a large five-door hatchback which will go on sale in Britain in the new year as the Chrysler Alpine. It is similar in size and design to the Renault 16,15 September – The department of Corse, comprising the entire island of Corsica, is divided into two departments, Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud. November Launch of the Renault 20, a version of the Renault 30 with minor styling changes. SNCF Class 140C steam locomotive No 38 works a freight train between its depot at Gray and Chalindrey, the last steam-hauled train operated commercially by SNCF, 15–17 November – 1st G6 summit at Rambouillet. December – The Simca 1307 is voted European Car of the Year,26 June - Tour de France begins. 20 July - Tour de France ends, won by Bernard Thévenet,9 January - Xavier Méride, soccer player. 10 January - Olivier Chapuis, ice dancer,26 January - Alexandre Péclier, rugby union player. 5 February - Frédéric Baud, nordic combined skier,7 February - Emily Loizeau, author, composer and singer. 17 February - Marie-Pierre Leray, figure skater,8 March - François Grenet, soccer player. 12 March - Valérie Nicolas, team handball player,21 March - Souleymane Mbaye, boxer. 22 March - Ludovic Turpin, cyclist,25 March - Gaspard Manesse, actor and musician. 4 April - Delphine Arnault, businesswoman,12 April - Laurent Wauquiez, politician and Minister. 18 April - Frédéric Née, soccer player,27 April - Xavier Gens, film director. 30 April - David Moncoutié, cyclist,16 May - Jean-Christophe Devaux, soccer player. 31 May - Emmanuel Jonnier, cross-country skier,2 June - Sébastien Schemmel, soccer player
21.
1978 in France
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Events from the year 1978 in France. 1 February - Hollywood film director Roman Polanski skips bail and flees to France,12 March - Legislative Election held. 19 March - Legislative Election held, April - Launch of the Renault 18 saloon and estates, replacement for the Renault 12. 4 May - Communist activist Henri Curiel is murdered in Paris,16 May - Amoco Cadiz ran aground off the coast of Brittany, split in two and spilled 68.7 million US gallons of oil. 18 May–19 May - Belgian and French paratroopers fly to Zaire to aid the fight against the rebels,26 June - Bombing by Breton nationalists causes destruction in Palace of Versailles. December - The Simca Horizon is voted European Car of the Year,22 April - Eurovision Song Contest held in Paris and won by Israel. 29 June - Tour de France begins,23 July - Tour de France ends, won by Bernard Hinault. 10 December - The 1978 Kangaroo tour concludes with the France national rugby league team defeating Australia in Toulouse,5 January - Franck Montagny, motor racing driver. 6 January - Renaud Dion, cyclist,11 January - Stéphane Morisot, soccer player. 14 January - Éric Sitruk, soccer player,17 January - Stéphane Pasquier, jockey. 21 January - David Coulibaly, soccer player,30 January - Sébastien Sansoni, soccer player. 7 February - Nicolas Ardouin, soccer player,8 February - Loïc Jean-Albert, parachuter. 11 February - Aurélien Cologni, rugby league player,16 February - Nicolas Florentin, soccer player. 26 February - Stéphane Bonnes, soccer player,5 March - Stéphane Martine, soccer player. 13 March - Faustine Merret, windsurfer and Olympic gold medallist,22 March - Arnaud Le Lan, soccer player. 26 March - Cédric Mouret, soccer player,27 March - Amélie Cocheteux, tennis player. 28 March - Fabien Audard, soccer player,30 March - Édouard Cissé, soccer player. 31 March - Jérôme Rothen, international soccer player,4 April - Mathieu Assou-Ekotto, soccer player
22.
Marcel Tabuteau
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Marcel Tabuteau was a French-American oboist who is considered the founder of the American school of oboe playing. Tabuteau was born in Compiègne, Oise, France, and given a post in the citys municipal wind band at age eleven and he then studied at the Conservatoire de Paris with the legendary oboist Georges Gillet. Damrosch was fined by the union for not advertising for musicians from New York. A French law that had been enacted on July 11,1892 gave special consideration to graduates of the Conservatoire, allowing him to be demobilized after just one year of service. He returned to the United States in 1907 and the union tried to have him expelled. The union was unsuccessful and Tabuteau became a US citizen in 1912, there his classes included Oboe, Woodwind Ensemble, Orchestral Winds/Percussion Class, and String Classes. He taught at Curtis from its founding in 1924 until his retirement in 1953, nor was the impact of his teaching confined to winds alone, as the many string players and pianists who attended his classes will testify. Marcel Tabuteau, How Do You Expect to Play the Oboe If You Cant Peel a Mushroom
23.
1966 in France
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Events from the year 1966 in France. President, Charles de Gaulle Prime Minister, Georges Pompidou 4 January - A gas leak fire at the Feyzin oil refinery near Lyon, kills 18,10 January - LExpress publishes a story of Georges Figon, who took part in the kidnapping of Mehdi Ben Barka. 18 January - Police announce that Georges Figon committed suicide, prior to his arrest for the kidnapping of Mehdi Ben Barka,7 March - Charles De Gaulle asks U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson for negotiations about the state of NATO equipment in France. 11 March - President Charles De Gaulle states that French troops will be out of NATO. 17 June - An Air France personnel strike begins,20 June - President Charles De Gaulle starts visit to the Soviet Union. 30 June - France formally leaves NATO,26 August - Riots occur in French Somaliland. 30 August - France offers independence to French Somaliland,11 October - France and the Soviet Union sign a treaty for cooperation in nuclear research. 26 October - NATO moves its HQ from Paris to Brussels,21 June - Tour de France begins. 14 July - Tour de France ends, won by Lucien Aimar,17 January - Jean-Pierre Delaunay, soccer player and coach. 24 January - Julie Dreyfus, actress,1 February - Laurent Garnier, techno music producer and DJ.3 February - Jean-Jacques Eydelie, soccer player. 4 February - Guillaume Dasquié, journalist and writer,28 February - Eric Dubus, athlete. 29 March - Stéphane Bré, soccer referee,3 April - Rémi Garde, soccer player and coach. 19 April - Véronique Gens, soprano,24 April - Pascale Paradis, tennis player. 26 April - Jean-Christophe Jeauffre, explorer, filmmaker and producer,28 April - Jean-Luc Crétier, alpine skier and Olympic gold medallist. 11 May - Estelle Lefébure, supermodel,14 May - Marianne Denicourt, actress. 17 May - Gilles Quénéhervé, athlete and Olympic medallist,24 May - Eric Cantona, soccer player. 30 May - Frédéric Hantz, soccer manager,14 June - Thierry Bonalair, soccer player. 14 June - Béatrice Mouthon, triathlete,14 June - Isabelle Mouthon-Michellys, triathlete
24.
Marcel Duchamp
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Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his artists as retinal art. Instead, Duchamp wanted to use art to serve the mind, Marcel Duchamp was born at Blainville-Crevon in Normandy, France, and grew up in a family that enjoyed cultural activities. The art of painter and engraver Émile Frédéric Nicolle, his grandfather, filled the house, and the family liked to play chess, read books, paint. Of Eugene and Lucie Duchamps seven children, one died as an infant, Marcel Duchamp was the brother of, Jacques Villon, painter, printmaker Raymond Duchamp-Villon, sculptor Suzanne Duchamp-Crotti, painter. At 8 years old, Duchamp followed in his brothers footsteps when he left home and began schooling at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille, two other students in his class also became well-known artists and lasting friends, Robert Antoine Pinchon and Pierre Dumont. For the next 8 years, he was locked into a regime which focused on intellectual development. Though he was not a student, his best subject was mathematics. He also won a prize for drawing in 1903, and at his commencement in 1904 he won a coveted first prize and he learned academic drawing from a teacher who unsuccessfully attempted to protect his students from Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and other avant-garde influences. However, Duchamps true artistic mentor at the time was his brother Jacques Villon, whose fluid, at 14, his first serious art attempts were drawings and watercolors depicting his sister Suzanne in various poses and activities. That summer he painted landscapes in an Impressionist style using oils. Duchamps early art works align with Post-Impressionist styles and he experimented with classical techniques and subjects. He studied art at the Académie Julian from 1904 to 1905, during this time Duchamp drew and sold cartoons which reflected his ribald humor. Many of the drawings use verbal puns, visual puns, or both, such play with words and symbols engaged his imagination for the rest of his life. In 1905, he began his military service with the 39th Infantry Regiment. There he learned typography and printing processes—skills he would use in his later work, due to his eldest brother Jacques membership in the prestigious Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture Duchamps work was exhibited in the 1908 Salon dAutomne. The following year his work was featured in the Salon des Indépendants, of Duchamps pieces in the show, critic Guillaume Apollinaire—who was to become a friend—criticized what he called Duchamps very ugly nudes. The group came to be known as the Puteaux Group, or the Section dOr, uninterested in the Cubists seriousness or in their focus on visual matters, Duchamp did not join in discussions of Cubist theory, and gained a reputation of being shy
25.
Nadia Boulanger
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Juliette Nadia Boulanger was a French composer, conductor, and teacher. She is notable for having many of the leading composers. She also performed occasionally as a pianist and organist, in that capacity, she influenced generations of young composers, especially those from the United States and other English-speaking countries. Boulanger was the first woman to conduct major orchestras in America and Europe, including the BBC Symphony, Boston Symphony, Hallé, New York Philharmonic. She conducted several premieres, including works by Copland and Stravinsky. Nadia Boulanger was born in Paris on 16 September 1887, to French composer and pianist Ernest Boulanger and his wife Raissa Myshetskaya and they had a daughter who died as an infant before Nadia was born. Nadia was born on her fathers 72nd birthday, Ernest had studied at the Paris Conservatoire and, in 1835 at the age of 20, won the coveted Prix de Rome for composition. He wrote comic operas and incidental music for plays, but was most widely known for his choral music and he achieved distinction as a director of choral groups, teacher of voice, and a member of choral competition juries. After years of rejection, in 1872 he was appointed to the Paris Conservatoire as professor of singing, Raissa qualified as a home tutor in 1873. According to Ernest, he and Raissa met in Russia in 1873 and she joined his voice class at the Conservatoire in 1876, and they were married in Russia in 1877. Through Nadias early years, although both parents were very active musically, the girl would get upset by hearing music and hide until it stopped, when Boulanger was five, Raissa became pregnant again. During the pregnancy, Boulangers response to music changed drastically, one day I heard a fire bell. Instead of crying out and hiding, I rushed to the piano, after this, Boulanger paid great attention to the singing lessons her father gave, and began to study the rudiments of music. Her sister, named Marie-Juliette Olga but known as Lili, was born in 1893, when Ernest brought Nadia home from their friends house, before she was allowed to see her mother or Lili, he made her promise solemnly to be responsible for the new babys welfare. He urged her to part in her sisters care. From the age of seven, Nadia Boulanger studied hard in preparation for her Conservatoire entrance exams, sitting in on their classes, Lili often stayed in the room for these lessons, sitting quietly and listening. Boulanger entered the Conservatoire in 1896 at the age of nine and she came third in the 1897 solfège competition, and subsequently worked hard to win first prize in 1898. She took private lessons from Vierne and Guilmant, during this period, she also received religious instruction to become an observant Catholic, taking her First Communion on 4 May 1899
26.
1979 in France
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Events from the year 1979 in France. President, Valéry Giscard dEstaing Prime Minister, Raymond Barre 8 January - French tanker Betelgeuse explodes at the Gulf Oil terminal at Bantry in Ireland,50 are killed. February - Peugeot becomes the first carmaker to offer a turbo-diesel engine, the Simca Horizon is European Car of the Year for 1979. 18 March - Cantonales elections held,25 March - Cantonales elections held. 6 –8 April - Metz Congress of the French Socialist Party, may - Launch of the Peugeot 505, a large rear-wheel drive family saloon which will eventually replace the 504. 9 July - A car bomb destroys a Renault owned by Nazi hunters Serge, a note purportedly from ODESSA claims responsibility. 1 August - End of the Simca marque after 45 years, from now on, all former Simca and Chrysler cars will be sold as Talbots,20 September - French paratroopers help David Dacko to overthrow Bokassa in the Central African Republic. 16 October - A tsunami in Nice kills 23 people,2 November - French police shoot dead gangster Jacques Mesrine in Paris. 14 January - the first running of the Paris–Dakar Rally is won by Alain Génestier, Joseph Terbiaut,22 July - Tour de France ends, won by Bernard Hinault. 6 –9 December - World Judo Championships held in Paris,7 January - Christophe Guénot, wrestler and Olympic medallist. 12 January - Laurent Gagnier, footballer,13 January - Julien Baudet, footballer. 17 January - Grégory Carmona, footballer,20 January - Jérôme Thomas, boxer. 21 January - Élodie Navarre, actress,22 January - Stéphane Noro, footballer. 1 February - Anne-Sophie Mondière, judoka,2 February - Virginie Lagoutte, golfer. 7 February - Nicolas Dieuze, footballer,8 February - Lionel Cappone, footballer. 14 February - Cédric Fauré, footballer,14 February - Audrey Dana, actress. 16 February - Stéphane Dalmat, footballer,28 February - Sébastien Bourdais, motor racing driver. 2 March - Damien Gregorini, footballer,6 March - Arnaud Maire, footballer
27.
Joseph de Goislard de Monsabert
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Joseph de Goislard de Monsabert, was a French general who served during the Second World War. Monsabert graduated from Saint-Cyr military academy and was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1911 and he initially served with the 44th Infantry Regiment and then was moved to the 3rd Moroccan Rifle Regiment, with which he first saw combat in 1912. Promoted to Colonel in 1937, he was made a Brigadier in August 1941 and this promotion was followed by promotion to Major General in March 1943. He was promoted again to Lieutenant General in August 1944, Monsabert commanded first the Corps Franc dAfrique and then the reserve elements of the XIX Corps during the campaign for Tunisia. Subsequently, he commanded the 3rd Algerian Infantry Division with the French Expeditionary Corps in the Italian Campaign, on 3 July 1944 his forces liberated Siena. On 31 August 1944, Monsabert took command of the French II Corps of General Jean de Lattre de Tassignys Army B, Monsabert led the II Corps with distinction for the remainder of the war in Europe. Monsabert, with about 130000 soldiers took Toulon and Marseille and played a part in Alsace with a corps numbering nearly 150000 soldiers at that time. In July 1945, he was made the commander of French forces in Germany, in 1946, he retired from active military service. From 1951 until 1955, Monsabert served as a deputy in the Rassemblement du Peuple Français political party in the National Assembly of France, representing the region Pyrénées-Atlantiques. dk
28.
1981 in France
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Events from the year 1981 in France. 10 May – Presidential Election won by François Mitterrand,21 May – François Mitterrand becomes the first socialist President of the French Fifth Republic. 14 June – Legislative Election held,21 June – Legislative Election held. September – The Renault 9 is launched as a saloon. The R9 is voted European Car of the Year a few months later,18 September – France abolishes capital punishment. 27 September – TGV high speed service between Paris and Lyon begins. 1 December – Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 1308 McDonnell Douglas MD-81 crashes into mountains in Corsica,25 June – Tour de France begins. 19 July – Tour de France ends, won by Bernard Hinault,4 January – Jean-Baptiste Paternotte, soccer player. 5 January – Sébastien Duthier, soccer player,8 January – Mathieu Jost, ice dancer. 14 January – Myriam Baverel, taekwondo practitioner and Olympic medallist,17 January – Thierry Ascione, tennis player. 17 January – Christophe Riblon, cyclist,19 January – Mathieu Maton, soccer player. 21 January – Florent Lacasse, athlete,26 January – Edwin Ouon, soccer player. 1 February – David Martot, soccer player,8 February – Bertrand Grospellier, pro gamer and poker player. 15 February – Nicolas Rostoucher, swimmer,20 February – Nicolas Penneteau, soccer player. 26 February – Jean-Pascal Mignot, soccer player,28 February – Nicolas Puydebois, soccer player. 8 March – Laurent Pichon, soccer player,16 March – Julien Mazet, cyclist. 18 March – Maxime Grésèque, rugby league player,20 March – Sylvain Monsoreau, soccer player. 21 March – Sébastien Chavanel, cyclist,6 April – Sébastien Grégori, soccer player
29.
Nobel Peace Prize
–
Per Alfred Nobels will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year, the prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, the Norwegian Nobel Institute, and the Parliament. Due to its nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history. Alfred Nobels will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five chosen by the Norwegian Parliament. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category, as he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear, some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobels way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime, ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company and it is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobels death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, the Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize, the statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline. In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received, but the record was again in 2010 with 237 nominations, in 2011. Nominations from 1901 to 1956, however, have released in a database. Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for review is created. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a decision, but this is not always possible. The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year, the Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount, as of 2013, the prize was worth 10 million SEK
30.
1976 in France
–
Events from the year 1976 in France. President, Valéry Giscard dEstaing Prime Minister, Jacques Chirac, Raymond Barre 21 January - The first commercial Concorde flight takes off,7 March - Cantonales Elections held. 14 March - Cantonales Elections held,9 April - Peugeot takes over Citroen to form PSA Peugeot Citroen. 27 June - Palestinian extremists hijack an Air France plane in Greece with 246 passengers and 12 crew and they take it to Entebbe, Uganda. June - Launch of the Renault 14, a small family hatchback with front-wheel drive which is similar in concept to the hugely successful Volkswagen Golf from West Germany. 25 August - Resignation of Jacques Chirac as Prime Minister of France,24 June - Tour de France begins. 18 July - Tour de France ends, won by Lucien Van Impe of Belgium,2 January - Nicolas Goussé, soccer player. 17 January - Yohan Lachor, soccer player,20 January - Lilian Jégou, cyclist. 20 January - Yann Pivois, cyclist,22 January - Christophe Himmer, soccer player. 28 January - Pierrick Bourgeat, alpine skier,31 January - Vincent Masingue, basketball player. 1 February - Julien Loy, triathlete,2 February - Olivier Mutis, tennis player. 3 February - Stéphane Antiga, volleyball player,7 February - Florent Brard, cyclist. 8 February - Nicolas Vouilloz, mountain biker and rally driver,9 February - Walter Lapeyre, pistol shooter. 21 February - Richard Massolin, soccer player,21 February - Armand Raimbault, soccer player. 22 February - Matthieu Louis-Jean, soccer player,24 February - Romain Ferrier, soccer player. 25 February - Cyril Abidi, Kickboxing Champion and Muay Thai World Champion,25 February - Sammy Traoré, soccer player. 26 February - Cédric Michaud, speed skater,5 March - Stéphane Léoni, soccer player. 5 March - Samuel Plouhinec, cyclist,6 March - Cédric Barbosa, soccer player
31.
Gaston Modot
–
Gaston Modot was a French actor. For more than 50 years he performed for the working with a number of French directors. Modot lived in Montmartre at the beginning of the 20th century where he met Picasso, in 1909 he started his career with Gaumont and for the following 20 years he covered all silent film genres. In 1917 he was the actor in Abel Gances Mater dolorosa. He played in Germaine Dulac and Louis Dellucs avant-garde films La fête espagnole, with Max Linder, Modot played in Abel Gances Au secours. Towards the end of the 1920s he performed in German-French co-productions and he is still famous for his role of Manns in Luis Buñuels LÂge dOr. He had his first role in a film with Rene Clairs Sous les toits de Paris. He and Jean Gabin are main characters in Julien Duviviers Pépé le Moko and he acted in the Jean Renoir classics La grande illusion and La règle du jeu as well as the three-hour poetic film Les enfants du paradis for Marcel Carné. In 1962 Gaston Modot ended his acting career and he had acted in more than 100 films. Mater Dolorosa La zone de la mort La fête espagnole Fièvre The Mysteries of Paris Au secours
32.
1970 in France
–
Events from the year 1970 in France. President, Georges Pompidou Prime Minister, Jacques Chaban-Delmas 10 February – An avalanche at Val dIsère kills 39 tourists,8 March – Cantonales Elections held. 15 March – Cantonales Elections held,25 March – Concorde makes its first supersonic flight. 11 April –74 people, mostly young boys, die as an avalanche buries a tuberculosis sanatorium in the French Alps,6 October – President Georges Pompidou visits the Soviet Union. 11 October – Eleven French soldiers are killed in a shootout with rebels in Chad,1 November – Club Cinq-Sept fire in Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, Isère, kills 146. Undated – Citroen launches two new models, the GS family saloon and estate, and the SM sporting coupe, the Citroen GS is voted European Car of the Year. 27 June – Tour de France begins,19 July – Tour de France ends, won by Eddy Merckx of Belgium. 10 January – Christine Malèvre, serial killer,28 January – Laurent Levesque, film score composer. 29 January – Olivier Edmond, golfer,3 February – Franck Gava, soccer player. 6 February – Patrice Loko, soccer player,14 February – Guillaume Raoux, tennis player. 17 February – Philippe Bernat-Salles, international rugby union player,4 March – Amélie Sarn, author, comic book writer and translator. 7 March – Nathalie Lancien, cyclist and Olympic gold medallist,12 March – Marine Delterme, actress, painter, sculptor and former model. 13 March – Stéphane Goubert, cyclist,21 March – Franck David, sailor and Olympic gold medallist. 27 March – Gedeon Naudet, filmmmaker,10 April – Christophe Honoré, writer and film director. 14 April – Richard Sainct, Rally Raid Motorcycle rider,15 April – Luc Marquet, volleyball player. 24 April – Jean-Philippe Belloc, motor racing driver,3 May – Alexia Dechaume-Balleret, tennis player. 5 May – Laurent Crost, judoka,13 May – Wilfrid Boulineau, decathlete. 21 May – Pierre Billaud, radio reporter and journalist, killed in Afghanistan,22 May – Guillaume Warmuz, soccer player
