1.
United States Davis Cup team
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The United States of Americas Davis Cup Team represents the United States in Davis Cup tennis competition, and is governed by the United States Tennis Association. The U. S. competed in the very first Davis Cup in 1900 and they are the most successful Davis Cup team ever to compete in the Davis Cup, winning the coveted Davis Cup title on 32 separate occasions closely followed by Australia on 28. The U. S. Davis Cup Team won the very first Davis Cup title in 1900 and their most recent win was in 2007, defeating Russia in the final. *Rankings as of 16 January 2017 Here is the list of all match-ups since 1981, the statistics reflect results since the 1981 Davis Cup, and are up-to-date as of the 2013 Davis Cup World Group quarterfinals. Record against continents Record by decade 2010–2019, 5–5 2000–2009, 16–9 1990–1999, 24–7 1981–1989, 16–6 Team page on DavisCup. com
2.
Davis Cup
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The Davis Cup is the premier international team event in mens tennis. It is run by the International Tennis Federation and is contested annually between teams from competing countries in a knock-out format and it is described by the organisers as the World Cup of Tennis, and the winners are referred to as the World Champion team. The competition began in 1900 as a challenge between Great Britain and the United States, by 2016,135 nations entered teams into the competition. The most successful countries over the history of the tournament are the United States, the present champions are Argentina who beat Croatia to win the title for the first time in 2016. The womens equivalent of the Davis Cup is the Fed Cup, Australia, the Czech Republic, and the United States are the only countries to have held both Davis Cup and Fed Cup titles in the same year. The Hopman Cup, a competition for mixed teams, carries less prestige. The tournament was conceived in 1899 by four members of the Harvard University tennis team who wished to challenge the British to a tennis competition and they in turn commissioned a classically styled design from William B. Durgins of Concord, New Hampshire, crafted by the Englishman Rowland Rhodes, Davis went on to become a prominent politician in the United States in the 1920s, serving as US Secretary of War from 1925 to 1929 and as Governor-General of the Philippines from 1929 to 1932. The first match, between the United States and Britain, was held at the Longwood Cricket Club in Boston, the American team, of which Dwight Davis was a part, surprised the British by winning the first three matches. The following year the two countries did not compete, but the US won the match in 1902 and Britain won the four matches. By 1905 the tournament expanded to include Belgium, Austria, France, and Australasia, the tournament was initially titled the International Lawn Tennis Challenge although it soon became known as the Davis Cup, after Dwight Davis trophy. The Davis Cup competition was played as a challenge cup. All teams competed against one another for the right to face the previous champion in the final round. Beginning in 1923, the teams were split into two zones, the America Zone and the Europe Zone. The winners of the two met in the Inter-Zonal Zone to decide which national team would challenge the defending champion for the cup. In 1955 a third zone, the Eastern Zone, was added, because there were three zones, the winner of one of the three zones received a bye in the first round of the INZ challenger rounds. In 1966, the Europe Zone was split into two zones, Europe Zone A and Europe Zone B, so the winners of the four competed in the INZ challenger rounds. From 1950 to 1967, Australia dominated the competition, winning the Cup 15 times in 18 years
3.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
4.
Tennis
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Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent or between two teams of two players each. Each player uses a racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return, the player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society, the sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including wheelchair users. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis and it had close connections both to various field games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport of real tennis. The rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s, two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times, and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s. Tennis is played by millions of players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. Historians believe that the ancient origin lay in 12th century northern France. Louis X of France was a player of jeu de paume, which evolved into real tennis. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, in due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe. Because of the accounts of his death, Louis X is historys first tennis player known by name. Another of the enthusiasts of the game was King Charles V of France. It wasnt until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called tennis, from the French term tenez, an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent. It was popular in England and France, although the game was played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, during the 18th century and early 19th century, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England. This in turn led to the codification of rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls. In 1872, along with two doctors, they founded the worlds first tennis club in Leamington Spa. Evans, turfgrass agronomist, Sports historians all agree that deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis, according to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield popularized this game enormously
5.
United States Tennis Association
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The United States Tennis Association is the national governing body for tennis in the United States. A not-for-profit organization with more than 700,000 members, it invests 100% of its proceeds to promote and develop the growth of tennis, the association was created to standardize rules and regulations and to promote and develop the growth of tennis in the United States. The USTA runs the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center which hosts the US Open every year, the USTA has leagues in most places for adults skill levels between beginner and pro. The USTA also hosts tournaments across the country every weekend for club players or professionals, the USTA has 17 geographical sections with more than 700,000 individual members and 7,000 organizational members, and a professional staff. In 1920 the word National was dropped from the organizations name, in 1975, the word Lawn was officially dropped from the name. The USTA uses National Tennis Rating Program ratings or more commonly NTRPs to rate the players based on skill level, the NTRPs range from the beginner 1.5 with.5 increments all the way up to 7.0 or world-class players. The NTRPs are used in the leagues for equal levels and tournaments, the most common NTRPs are 3.5 and 4.0. At the end of a year, the USTA reveals online what rating everybody in the program is. Rating depends on how many matches youve won, what the score was, if you are joining for the first year, a guide is given to you to self rate. All of the played in the spring season are taken into account of what ranking you are. Http, //www. eastern. usta. com/For-Players/20016_USTA_Adult_Senior_Leagues__Ratings/ The USTA hosts adult tournaments in most cities with populations over 150,000 people, leagues for adults with ratings ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 are organized in the Spring and/or Fall. In most areas, the adult seasons consist of singles, doubles, fewer cities have Fall leagues for singles and/or alternate league types such as combo, mixed combo, or tri-level. In most states, there are one and five tournaments each weekend. Adults with a 3.0 to 4.5 rating can usually play in these tournaments, leagues include,10 and under, Juniors, Adults 18-40, and Adults 40 or older. Anyone over 40 may request placement in the 18-40 league, http, //www. eastern. usta. com/For-Players/19991_Home/. intloc=headernav US Open Cincinnati Masters New Haven Open at Yale U. S. Mens Clay Court Championships * First female to be elected USTA president. Samuel Hardy Award - The International Tennis Hall of Fame annually presents the Samuel Hardy Award to a USTA volunteer in recognition of long and outstanding service to the sport of tennis. The recipient must exemplify those qualities of personal unselfishness and devotion to the game which have been an inspiration to others, the award is presented at the USTA Annual Meeting. The honorees are selected by an appointed by the chairman of the International Tennis Hall of Fame
6.
Lawn Tennis Association
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The Lawn Tennis Association is the national governing body of tennis in Great Britain, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. The organisation was founded in 1888 and seven-time Wimbledon champion William Renshaw was elected as its first president, as the governing body, the LTA’s overall purpose is to grow and sustain the sport. The success of British tennis is tracked by five headline measures of success,1, number of members of registered places to play 2. Number of British tennis members 3, number of regularly competing juniors 4. Number of International A Matrix juniors 5, number of players in the top 100. These measures of success gives a snapshot of the impact of work the LTA does. The LTA’s focus is to develop participation growth to more people play tennis. The approach to growing participation is based on investment in four areas,1. Places – Investing in places to play at parks, clubs, schools, people – Supporting the people who make tennis happen, including coaches, volunteers and club officials 3. Programmes – Developing programmes including LTA Mini Tennis, Cardio Tennis and Tennis Xpress 4 and it opened in 2007 and is a focal point for Britains top players. It has 22 courts, player accommodation and a science centre. The NTC has 12 acrylic hard courts,6 clay courts, hard Courts, The NTCs 12 acrylic courts are a GreenSet Grand Prix Acrylic surface. The indoor courts have a sprung timber sub-frame, while the courts are laid directly on asphalt. This GreenSet surface is used at international tournaments including Davis Cup, Fed Cup, WTA. 4 Northern European Clay Courts and 2 FRENCH-COURT synthetic clay courts, grass Courts, The LTA consulted All England Lawn Tennis Club head groundsman Eddie Seaward to advise on the installation of its four outdoor grass courts. The quality and playing characteristics replicate those found at the Wimbledon Championships, along with its 22 tennis courts, the NTC is equipped with a state-of-the-art gymnasium, outdoor sprint track, hydrotherapy, plunge pools and relaxation egg. The NTC has overnight accommodation for up to 54 people, along with a player lounge, the NTC provides services in Performance analysis, fitness, psychology, physiotherapy and rehab, strength and conditioning, medical support and nutrition. The current structure is as follows, Level 1 Coaching Assistant - The Level 1 Coaching Assistant is an introduction to tennis coaching, Level 1’s are qualified to assist accredited coaches in groups of Mini Tennis
7.
Dwight F. Davis
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Dwight Filley Davis, Sr. was an American tennis player and politician. He is best remembered as the founder of the Davis Cup international tennis competition and he was the Assistant Secretary of War from 1923 to 1925 and Secretary of War from 1925 to 1929. Dwight Filley Davis was born in St. Louis, Missouri on July 5,1879 and he reached the All-Comers final for the Mens Singles title at the US Championships in 1898 and 1899. He then teamed up with Holcombe Ward and won the Mens Doubles title at the championships for three years in a row from 1899 to 1901, Davis and Ward were also Mens Doubles runners-up at Wimbledon in 1901. Davis also won the American intercollegiate singles championship of 1899 as a student at Harvard College and he was a member of the US team that won the first two competitions in 1900 and 1902, and was also the captain of the 1900 team. He participated in the 1904 Summer Olympics and he was eliminated in the second round of the singles tournament. In the doubles tournament he and his partner Ralph McKittrick lost in the quarter-finals, Davis was educated at Washington University Law School, though he was never a practicing attorney. He was, however, politically active in his town of St. Louis. During his tenure, he expanded athletic facilities and created the first municipal tennis courts in the United States and he served President Calvin Coolidge as Assistant Secretary of War and as Secretary of War. He then served as Governor General of the Philippines under Herbert Hoover and his first wife, Helen Brooks, whom he married in 1905, died in 1932. He married Pauline Sabin in 1936 and he wintered in Florida from 1933 until his death, living at Meridian Plantation, near Tallahassee. Davis died at his home in Washington, D. C. on November 28,1945, Davis has been honored with a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Media related to Dwight F. Davis at Wikimedia Commons Dwight F. Davis at the Davis Cup International Tennis Hall of Fame profile
8.
Great Britain Davis Cup team
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The Great Britain Davis Cup team is the mens national tennis team and has represented the United Kingdom internationally since 1900. Organised by the Lawn Tennis Association, it is one of the 50 members of International Tennis Federations European association, the United Kingdom teams performance has been inconsistent, it enjoyed its most successful periods in the 1910s and the 1930s, and has seen a resurgence in recent years. The team has won the world cup 10 times and been runner-ups on 8 occasions and it has longstanding rivalries with Australia and the United States. The national team took part in the inaugural Davis Cup in 1900 and they are the third most successful team in terms of championships won. Under the current management of Leon Smith, the team qualified to the World Group in 2013, won the title in 2015. Great Britains first match, and first ever national match in history, was a 0–3 loss to the United States in 1900. The tournament was not organised in 1901, and lost the following year, the national team would go on to dominate the competition, winning the next three tournaments. The postwar period saw moderate results, but British fortunes declined until the appointment of 31-year old Paul Hutchins as captain in 1976 and he would captain the team for 10 years, and lead the team in 31 ties. He would lead Great Britain to the final in 1978, defeating Australia 3–2 in the semifinal, despite losing in the final, the team won the BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award. Likewise, it was the first time the LTA promoted the event, according to The Guardian Britain has seen a decline in its Davis Cup fortunes ever since. The next two years saw mixed results, but in in 1981 the team reached the semifinals, losing to Australia and it would be their last semifinal until 2015. Warren Jacques, an Australian, was appointed captain in 1988 as Hutchins replacement and he was appointed due to his former role in coaching Kevin Curren, the 1985 Wimbledon finalist. However, the idea to appoint a person who was not of the nationality was so foreign that the LTA sought special dispensation from the International Tennis Federation. The teams results continued to slide under Jacques leadership, following the teams 0–5 defeat to France, Jacques was removed as captain and replaced by Tony Pickard. When asked about the defeat, Jacques claimed Were ten years from being competitive in the Davis Cup, in the ensuing years, under Pickards leadership, Great Britain would manage to keep its place in the World Group. In 1994, Pickard delivered an attack on the Lawn Tennis Associations training department. In response the LTA did not renew Pickards contract, the team lost the last four matches under Pickards stewardship, marking the worst performance in twenty years. David Lloyd took over as captain later that year and his captaincy started well, with Great Britain winning the Europe/Africa Zone II, and being promoted to the Europe/Africa Zone I
9.
Longwood Cricket Club
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Longwood Cricket Club is a tennis and former cricket club based in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States. It is the site of the first Davis Cup competition, a club for cricket was opened in 1877 at Longwood Estate, a place named after the house Napoleon Bonaparte stayed at while exiled to Saint Helena. Located on the outskirts of Boston, cricketers and baseball players put Longwood on the sports map, specifically, Harry Wright, first player-manager of the Boston Red Stockings, played cricket for the United States, as did his brother George Wright. George Wright combined with tennis pro Charlie Chambers in league games throughout New England, George Wright was the co-proprietor of Wright and Ditman, purveyor of fine sports goods. Wright brought the first tennis gear to Boston on his return from a tour of England in 1874. Wright also taught tennis to Harvard students and toured with them in California in 1890, a lawn tennis court was laid in 1878, two years after the organization of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Lords Cricket Ground in London. On January 5,1888, Longwood member and US cricket team captain C. L. Bixby led the team to a win over the West Indies cricket team at the Bourda ground in Georgetown, Guyana. Richard D. Sears, who won seven United States Championships, the clubs first tennis tournament was held in 1882. The Eastern Championship for doubles tennis was held in 1890, the following year saw the first Longwood Bowl tournament, attracting top American players. It would continue to be held annually until 1942, Cricket was last played at Longwood in 1933 before a one-off game was held in October 2008 between the Faded Blues CC and St. Columbas Cricket Club from Newport, Rhode Island. The Davis-captained Americans won the inaugural contest 3–0, in total,15 Davis Cup ties have been settled at Longwood. The British Isles defeated the Americans 4–1 in the 1903 final, the 1908 semi-final saw the Americans reverse their fortunes and prevail by the same score. The next eight ties played at Longwood did not involve the American team,1914 saw Australia defeat Britain 3–0 in a semi-final. After France swept Japan 5–0 in a 1927 semi-final, the Davis Cup would not return to Longwood for 11 years, a further decade would elapse before in 1948 Australia won another semi, this time over Czechoslovakia, 3–1. In 1957, the U. S. team returned to Brookline to defeat Brazil 5–0 in a 3rd round tie, two years later saw Australia dispatch with India 4–1 in the penultimate round. Another 40 years would pass before in 1999, Australia, led by Pat Rafter and Lleyton Hewitt defeated the U. S. led by Pete Sampras and this was the last time a top-flight professional tennis match was played at Longwood. Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Company, Longwood Cricket Club Map, 40°29′46″N 74°39′22″W
10.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
11.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
12.
US Open (tennis)
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The United States Open Tennis Championships is a hardcourt tennis tournament. The tournament is the version of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world. The US Open is held annually, starting on the last Monday in August, the main tournament consists of five event championships, mens and womens singles, mens and womens doubles, and mixed doubles, with additional tournaments for senior, junior, and wheelchair players. Since 1978, the tournament has played on acrylic hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens. The US Open is owned and organized by the United States Tennis Association, net proceeds from ticket sales, sponsorships, and television deals are used to promote the development of tennis in the United States. The US Open is the only Grand Slam that employs tiebreakers in every set of a match, the first edition was won by Richard Sears, who went on to win seven consecutive singles titles. In the first years of the U. S. National Championship only men competed and this was followed by the introduction of the U. S. Womens National Doubles Championship in 1899 and the U. S. The womens tournament used a system from 1888 through 1918. This view was opposed by another group of players which included eight former national singles champions, the contentious issue was brought to a vote at the annual USNLTA meeting on February 5,1915 and with 128 votes in favor and 119 against it was decided to relocate. From 1921 through 1923, the tournament was played at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia and it returned to Forest Hills in 1924 following the completion of the newly constructed 14,000 seat concrete Forest Hills Stadium. Though regarded unofficially by many as a major championship beforehand, the tournament was officially designated as one of the tournaments by the ILTF commencing in 1924. At the 1922 U. S. National Championships the draw for the first time included seeded players in order to avoid leading players drawing against each other in the early rounds. Open era The open era began in 1968 when all five events were merged into the US Open, the 1968 combined tournament was open to professionals for the first time. That year,96 men and 63 women entered the event, from 1970 to 1974 the US Open used a best-of-nine point, sudden death tiebreaker before moving to the ITF best-of-twelve point system. In 1973 the US Open became the first Grand Slam tournament to award equal prize money to men and women with that years singles champions John Newcombe, another US Open innovation came in 1975 when floodlights enabled night play for the first time. In 1978 the tournament moved from the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills, Queens to the larger USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens, three miles to the north. In the process, the tournament switched the court surface from clay, jimmy Connors is the only individual to have won US Open singles titles on all three surfaces, while Chris Evert is the only woman to win on two surfaces. The US Open is the only Grand Slam tournament that has played every year since its inception
13.
Holcombe Ward
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Holcombe Ward was an American male tennis player who was active during the last years of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th. He won the US National Championships singles title in 1904 and additionally won six titles at the Grand Slam event. Ward is best remembered for winning the singles title at the US National Championships in 1904 after defeating William Clothier in straight sets in the all-comers final. In 1905 Ward won the London Grass Court Championships, now known as Queens Club Championships, Ward was a member of the USA Davis Cup Team in 1900,1902,1905 and 1906. In 1900 and 1902 he played the match in the challenge round which the US team won against the British Isles. In total Ward played 14 Davis Cup matches in seven ties, after his active career Ward became President of the USLTA from 1937 to 1947. Holcombe Ward at the International Tennis Hall of Fame Holcombe Ward at the International Tennis Federation Holcombe Ward at the Davis Cup
14.
Malcolm Whitman
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Malcolm Mal Douglass Whitman was an American tennis player who won three singles titles at the U. S. National Championships. He graduated from The Roxbury Latin School, where he is celebrated as one of its greatest athletes, Whitman was American intercollegiate singles tennis champion in 1896 and doubles champion in 1897 and 1898 as a student at Harvard University. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1899 and received his bachelor in law degree in 1902, in 1896 Whitman entered his first U. S. National Championships at the Newport Casino and lost in the quarterfinals to Bill Larned. The following year,1897, he again lost in the quarterfinals, Whitman is best known for this hat-trick of singles titles at the U. S. National Championships. Between 1898 and 1900, he stayed undefeated there, in 1901 he did not compete and in the 1902 Championships he lost in the All-Comers final to Englishman Reginald Doherty. According to the Doherty brothers Malcolm Whitman and Bill Larned were at the time the best American singles players and he played on the inaugural American Davis Cup squad in 1900 and beat Englishman Arthur Gore in Boston, MA to help his US team win the trophy. In the 1902 Davis Cup final against Great Britain in Brooklyn, NY he again contributed to his teams win by defeating Joshua Pim, Whitman retired from tennis in 1902 at the age of 25. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the U. S. National Lawn Tennis Association, in 1932 he wrote a book on the origin of tennis titled Tennis - Origins and Mysteries. She died in December 1909 after the birth of their second child, in July 1912 Whitman married Jennie Adeline Crocker but they divorced in 1924. In 1926, Whitman married Lucilla Mara de Vescovi, known as the Countess Mara, in December 1931 his daughter Mary,16, from his second marriage, died of pneumonia. On December 28,1932 Whitman committed suicide by jumping off an apartment building in New York after a nervous breakdown, Malcolm Douglass Whitman, Tennis Origins and Mysteries. With an historical bibliography by Robert W. Henderson, derrydale Press, New York NY1932. Malcolm D. Whitman, Fly Fishing Up to Date, privately printed by The Plimpton Press, Norwood, Mass 1924 Malcolm D. Whitman, writing under the pseudonym Icarus de Plume, The Island of Elcadar Marshall Jones Co. Boston 1921 Malcolm Whitman at the International Tennis Hall of Fame Malcolm Whitman at the International Tennis Federation Malcolm Whitman at the Davis Cup
15.
Robert Wrenn
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Wrenn was born in Highland Park, Illinois. Wrenn attended Harvard University where he was a prominent quarterback on the football team and he won his tennis titles in 1893,1894,1896 and 1897. In 1898, he was serving in Cuba with Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders in the Spanish–American War and he contracted yellow fever while in Cuba. Wrenn played for the U. S. Davis Cup team in 1903 together with his brother George. He was arrested in 1914 when the car he was driving ran over and killed Herbert George Loveday, Wrenn was vice-president of the United States Tennis Association from 1902 until 1911 and president from 1912 until 1915. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1955, Robert Wrenn at the Association of Tennis Professionals Robert Wrenn at the International Tennis Hall of Fame Robert Wrenn at the International Tennis Federation Robert Wrenn at the Davis Cup
16.
Arthur Gore (tennis)
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Arthur William Charles Wentworth Gore was a British tennis player. Gore was a World No.1 ranked player and he is best known for his two Gold medals at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, England, winning the Mens Indoor Singles and the Mens Indoor Doubles. He also competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, gores Wimbledon win in 1909, at age 41, makes him the oldest player to date to hold the Wimbledon Gentlemens Singles title. Gore won the title at the Scottish Championships in 1892. He won the title at the Kent Championships on two occasions, in 1900 by defeating Harold Mahony in the final in straight sets and in 1906 against A. L. Bentley. In 1900 and 1908 he won the title at the British Covered Court Championships. In May 1908 he won the title at the British Covered Court Championships, played at the Queens Club in London. Gore was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2006, Arthur Gore at the International Tennis Hall of Fame Arthur Gore at the International Tennis Federation Arthur Gore at the Davis Cup
17.
Reginald Doherty
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Frank Doherty was a British tennis player and the older brother of tennis player Laurence Doherty. He was known in the world as R. F. rather than Reggie. He was a four-time Wimbledon singles champion and a triple Olympic Gold medalist in doubles, superfluous Doherty was born on 14 October 1872 at Beulah Villa in Wimbledon, Surrey, the oldest son of William Doherty, a printer, and his wife, Catherine Ann Davis. Doherty began tennis early in life and as a boy at Westminster School showed great promise, at age 14 he won the boys singles title at an open championship in Llandudno. Doherty was educated at the University of Cambridge, where he played for the Cambridge University Lawn Tennis Club, in 1895 and 1895 he was part of the Cambridge team that beat Oxford and won the Scottish and Essex championships. Grand Slams Doherty played in his first Wimbledon Championships in 1894, in 1897 Doherty won his first singles Wimbledon title after beating reigning champion Harold Mahony in three straight sets. He successfully defended his title for the three years. In 1898 he did so by beating his brother in the Challenge Round in five sets, in 1901 he finally lost his Wimbledon crown when he was defeated in the Challenge Round by Arthur Gore in four sets. He was also a runner-up at the US Championships in 1902 where he was beaten by the defending American champion William Larned in four sets, together with his brother Laurie he won eight Wimbledon Championships doubles titles and two US Championship doubles titles. Davis Cup Doherty represented the British Isles in the prestigious Davis Cup contest from 1902 to 1906, in 1902 he won the doubles match with his brother but lost the final and decisive singles match against American Malcolm Whitman in straight sets. In 1903 he contributed significantly to his teams first Davis Cup title against the United States by winning the doubles match, Doherty won the Davis Cup trophy a further three times although in these years he only competed, and won, in the doubles matches. Olympics Doherty won the title at the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris with his brother. He also competed in the tournament and reached the semifinal. Reggie withdrew, since the brothers refused to play each other before the final and he also won the mixed doubles title with five-time Wimbledon champion Charlotte Cooper. Doherty did not compete in the 1904 Olympics in St. Louis, in the 1908 Olympics in London Reggie again won the doubles title, this time with compatriot George Hillyard. Doherty was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1980 together with his brother, according to his obituary in The New York Times, Doherty had been ill health for some time. The article further stated, he held at various times every important championship the world of tennis has for a man to win and he was not beaten until he began to fail in health. Both brothers apparently suffered from respiratory problems throughout their lives, R. F. and his brother had been urged to take up lawn tennis by their father, reportedly for health reasons
18.
Sydney Howard Smith
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Sydney Howard Smith was a British tennis and badminton player. Sydney Smith was the first All England Badminton Mens Singles champion in 1900, Smith and partner Frank Riseley won the Gentlemens Doubles title at Wimbledon in 1902 and 1906. He was a member of the British Davis Cup team in 1905 and 1906, Tennis analyst Karoly Mazak ranked Smith as the World No.2 player in 1899 he also won the Welsh Championships singles title 10 times and the Northern Lawn Tennis Championships singles title 7 times
19.
Herbert Roper Barrett
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Herbert Roper Barrett, KC was a tennis player from Great Britain. Barrett was born on 24 November 1873 in Upton, Essex, at the London Olympics in 1908 Barrett won a gold medal in the mens indoor doubles event with Arthur Gore. They also won the doubles in Wimbledon in 1909, in 1912 and 1913 he won the Wimbledon doubles title with Charles Dixon. He played his first Wimbledon singles competition in 1898, reaching the round in which he lost to eventual finalist Lawrence Doherty. Over the following years he would make appearances at Wimbledon until his final participation in 1921. He participated in the first Davis Cup in 1900 and was the captain of the winning British Davis Cup team in 1933. His most successful tournament wins were at the Suffolk Championships at Saxmundham which he won 17 times between 1898 and 1921 and he died on 27 July 1943. org medals overview Times Obituary Tennis Archives - Player Profile
20.
Laurence Doherty
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Hugh Laurence Laurie Doherty was a British tennis player and the younger brother of tennis player Reginald Doherty. He was a six-time slam champion and a double Olympic Gold medalist at the 1900 Summer Olympics in singles and doubles, in 1903 he became the first non-American player to win the U. S. National Championships. Doherty was born on 8 October 1875 at Beulah Villa in Wimbledon, London, the youngest son of William Doherty, a printer, and his wife, Catherine Ann Davis. Doherty was the shorter of the two brothers, at 1. 78m, who played tennis in their native England. Like his brother he was educated at Westminster School from 1890 to 1894 followed by Trinity Hall, Cambridge and he gained his blues in 1896,1897, and 1898. In 1892 Doherty won the Renshaw cup, the All-England Championships singles title for boys under 16 which was held in Scarborough, in addition to lawn tennis he also played real tennis and golf. The brothers were reportedly urged to play tennis by their father, known as Little Do, Doherty won Wimbledon five consecutive times in singles and eight times in doubles with his brother. He won the title at the British Covered Court Championships, played at the Queens Club in London. Additionally he won the title at The South of France Championships in Nice seven times in a row. Doherty won the event of the tennis competition at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. Gold medals were not given at the 1900 Games, in the semifinal he was scheduled to play against his brother but Reggie withdrew, since the brothers refused to play each other before the final. In the final Doherty defeated Harold Mahony in three straight sets, Doherty also won the doubles title at the 1900 Olympic Games with his brother. Between 1902 and 1906 Doherty played for the British Davis Cup team and was undefeated during this period, in 1902 he partnered his brother to win the doubles match in the challenge round against the United States but the latter retained the Cup after a 3–2 victory. In 1903 Doherty won both his singles matches as well as the match to help the British Isles to their first Davis Cup victory. In 1904,1905 and 1906 he was part of the British team that defended the Cup. In 1914, after the outbreak World War I, Doherty joined the Anti-Aircraft branch of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve but was released in 1915 due to ill health and he gave up tennis for golf in 1906 and distinguished himself in that sport as well. In 1908 Doherty reached the last 16 of the British amateur championship at the Royal St Georges course, the brothers co-wrote R. F. and H. L. Doherty on Lawn Tennis. Doherty died of toxemia on 21 August 1919 at Leon Cottage in Broadstairs and he was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1980 together with his brother
21.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
22.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
23.
The Independent
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The Independent is a British online newspaper. The printed edition of the paper ceased in March 2016, nicknamed the Indy, it began as a broadsheet newspaper, but changed to tabloid format in 2003. Until September 2011, the paper described itself on the banner at the top of every newspaper as free from party political bias and it tends to take a pro-market stance on economic issues. The daily edition was named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2004 British Press Awards. In June 2015, it had a daily circulation of just below 58,000,85 per cent down from its 1990 peak. On 12 February 2016, it was announced that The Independent, the last print edition of The Independent on Sunday was published on 20 March 2016, with the main paper ceasing print publication the following Saturday. Launched in 1986, the first issue of The Independent was published on 7 October in broadsheet format and it was produced by Newspaper Publishing plc and created by Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Matthew Symonds. All three partners were former journalists at The Daily Telegraph who had left the paper towards the end of Lord Hartwells ownership, marcus Sieff was the first chairman of Newspaper Publishing, and Whittam Smith took control of the paper. The paper was created at a time of a change in British newspaper publishing. Rupert Murdoch was challenging long-accepted practices of the print unions and ultimately defeated them in the Wapping dispute, consequently, production costs could be reduced which, it was said at the time, created openings for more competition. As a result of controversy around Murdochs move to Wapping, the plant was effectively having to function under siege from sacked print workers picketing outside, the Independent attracted some of the staff from the two Murdoch broadsheets who had chosen not to move to his companys new headquarters. Launched with the advertising slogan It is, and challenging both The Guardian for centre-left readers and The Times as the newspaper of record, The Independent reached a circulation of over 400,000 by 1989. Competing in a market, The Independent sparked a general freshening of newspaper design as well as, within a few years. Some aspects of production merged with the paper, although the Sunday paper retained a largely distinct editorial staff. It featured spoofs of the other papers mastheads with the words The Rupert Murdoch or The Conrad Black, a number of other media companies were interested in the paper. Tony OReillys media group and Mirror Group Newspapers had bought a stake of about a third each by mid-1994, in March 1995, Newspaper Publishing was restructured with a rights issue, splitting the shareholding into OReillys Independent News & Media, MGN, and Prisa. In April 1996, there was another refinancing, and in March 1998, OReilly bought the other 54% of the company for £30 million, brendan Hopkins headed Independent News, Andrew Marr was appointed editor of The Independent, and Rosie Boycott became editor of The Independent on Sunday. Marr introduced a dramatic if short-lived redesign which won critical favour but was a commercial failure, Marr admitted his changes had been a mistake in his book, My Trade
24.
History (U.S. TV network)
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The channel originally broadcast documentary programs and historical fiction series. More recently, it has mostly broadcast various reality series such as Pawn Stars, Ax Men. As of February 2015, approximately 96,149,000 American households receive History, International localized versions of History are available, in various forms, in India, Canada, Europe, Australia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. The first European version was launched in Scandinavia in 1997 by Viasat which now operates their own channel, History was launched on January 1,1995 as The History Channel, its original format focused entirely on historical series and specials. On February 16,2008, a new logo was launched on the U. S. network as part of a rebranding effort, while the trademark H was kept, the triangle shape on the left acts as a play button for animation and flyouts during commercials and shows. On March 20,2008, as part of that same rebranding effort, The History Channel dropped The, on June 1,2015, the History logo was slightly updated, completely removing the triangle shape on the left. Programming on History has covered a range of historical periods and topics. Programming also includes mainstream reality television-style shows involving truck drivers, alligator hunters, pawn stores, antique and collectible pickers, car restorers, photography, occasionally some programs compare contemporary culture and technology with that of the past. On March 3,2013, History channel premiered its first original series, during the 1990s, History was jokingly referred to as The Hitler Channel for its extensive coverage of World War II. Much of its programming has been shifted to its sister network Military History. The network has also criticized for having a bias towards US history. The network was criticized by Stanley Kutner for airing the series The Men Who Killed Kennedy in 2003. Kutner was one of three historians commissioned to review the documentary, which the channel disavowed and never aired again, programs such as Modern Marvels have been praised for their presentation of detailed information in an entertaining format. Some of the series, including Ice Road Truckers, Ax Men. Senator Chuck Grassley is a critic of the channel and its lack of historical or educational programming, showing disdain for Ax Men. In his book 2012, Its Not the End of the World, Peter Lemesurier describes the channels Nostradamus series, in which he was invited to participate, as largely fiction, the History Channel was also singled out for ridicule by Smithsonian magazine. The article took issue with the show Ancient Aliens for postulating the idea that caused the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. The online magazine Cracked also lampooned the channel for its definition of history
25.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
26.
France Davis Cup team
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The France Davis Cup team represents France in Davis Cup tennis competition, and is governed by the Fédération Française de Tennis. France is the fourth most successful nation, with nine wins and their most recent title came in 2001. In 2016 France will compete in the World Group for the 34th time out of 36 years, frances Davis Cup matches are currently televised by France Télévisions. Davis Cup France Fed Cup team Team page on DavisCup. com
27.
1911 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
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The 1911 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the tenth edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup, named after the American tennis player Dwight F. Davis. After no country decided to challenge Australasia in 1910, only the British Isles, for the first time, however, teams were allowed to use substitute players in dead rubbers, with the United States playing Maurice E. McLoughlin in singles after Australasia had clinched the final. The final also marked the first time a tie was played in New Zealand, anthony Wilding, whose home city was Christchurch, and Australian Norman Brookes won the 1907 tournament for Australasia, the first time that America had been beaten in this tournament. With Wilding being absent in Europe for the 1911 competition, the chances of the Australasian team were weakened, rain delayed the beginning of the games scheduled for 29 December 1911, and the 1911 Davis Cup event was held between 1 and 3 January 1912. Norman Brookes beat Beals Wright in the opening match, rodney Heath increased the lead for Australasia by beating William Larned. Australasia retained the Davis Cup through a win in the doubles, with Brookes and Alfred Dunlop being successful over Wright, the fourth match was defaulted by Wright, and Larned stepped aside to give the younger McLoughlin the opportunity to play Brookes. After leading 2 sets to 1, Brookes came back and won the match, and gave Australasia a clean 5–0 victory
28.
1913 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
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The 1913 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 12th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. With Great Britains win in 1912, the returned to Europe for the first time in five years. This prompted several new teams to join the competition, creating the largest field to date, the first round tie between Germany and France, played at Wiesbaden, Germany was the first Davis Cup tie to be played on clay courts, or indeed any surface but grass. The United States would triumph in the final, which was played at Warple Road in Wimbledon, London, canada, Germany, and South Africa all competed for the first time. Belgium returned for the first time since 1904
United States
