1.
2nd millennium
–
The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
2nd millennium
2.
19th century
–
The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
19th century
–
Antoine-Jean Gros, Surrender of Madrid, 1808. Napoleon enters Spain's capital during the
Peninsular War, 1810
19th century
–
Arab slave traders and their captives along the Ruvuma river (in today's Tanzania and Mozambique), 19th century
19th century
–
The
Industrial Revolution forever modified the economy worldwide.
19th century
–
Map of the world from 1897. The
British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.
3.
20th century
–
The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
20th century
–
The
Earth as
seen from
Apollo 17. The second half of the 20th century saw humankind's first
space exploration.
20th century
–
Ukraine, early days of the 1941 Nazi invasion. The
Soviet Union lost around 27 million people between 1941 and 1945, almost half of all
World War II deaths.
20th century
–
Albert Einstein is often regarded as the father of
modern physics.
20th century
–
Richard Nixon and
Leonid Brezhnev aboard the
USS Sequoia, June 19, 1973
4.
21st century
–
The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world. The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present, millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the rise of life sciences, making mankinds long-held dreams, such as curing cancer. By the 2010s, gene therapy, first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996, showed promise but remains an experimental, by 2013, about 80% of the worlds population used mobile phones. An estimated 33% owned personal computers in 2010, and 46% used the Internet by 2016, the International Energy Agency estimates that 83% of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88% by 2030. The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and it had reached 7.3 billion in 2015, and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050. There is a debate among experts and the public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. A less common variation would have been twenty nought-five, the Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as the twenty-ten Olympics. The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020, kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular, it would influence the pronunciation of that year. See the timeline of the 21st century, genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka. Also controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims, 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country, on December 17,2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, in addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, Severe human rights violations continue to be reported
21st century
–
Shanghai becomes a symbol of the recent economic boom of
China.
21st century
–
Protesters try to stop members of the
G8 from attending the summit during the
27th G8 summit in
Genoa,
Italy by burning vehicles on the main route to the summit.
21st century
–
September 11 attacks
21st century
–
Various scenes from the
2005 civil unrest in France. The riots renewed debate over France's failure to integrate millions of immigrants.
5.
1880s
–
The 1880s was a decade that began on January 1,1880, and ended on December 31,1889. They occurred at the period of the Second Industrial Revolution. Most Western countries experienced an economic boom, due to the mass production of railroads. The modern city as well as the rose to prominence in this decade as well. The 1880s were also part of the Gilded Age, which lasted from 1874 to 1907, aceh War War of the Pacific Mahdist War 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War 13 September 1882 — British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate. American Indian Wars 20 July 1881 — Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana. Frequent lynchings of African Americans in Southern United States during the years 1880–1890 and this would be followed over the next few decades by conquest of almost the entirety of the remaining uncolonised parts of the continent, broadly along the lines determined. 3 August 1881, The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed,1884, International Meridian Conference in Washington D. C. held to determine the Prime Meridian of the world. 1884–1885, Berlin Conference, when the western powers divided Africa, the United States had five Presidents during the decade, the most since the 1840s. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, may to August,1883, Krakatoa, a volcano in Indonesia, erupted cataclysmically,36,000 people were killed, the majority being killed by the resulting tsunami. September 1887, The Yellow river flooded and killed about 900,000 people, the 1880s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts,13 March 1881 — Assassination of the Tsar of the Russian Empire Alexander II of Russia. 19 September 1881 — James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States 2 March 1882 — Roderick Maclean fails to assassinate Queen Victoria,3 April 1882 — Bob Ford assassinates Jesse James, legendary outlaw. 6 May 1882 - Lord Frederick Cavendish, Chief Secretary for Ireland,1880, Oliver Heaviside of Camden Town, London, England receives a patent for the coaxial cable. In 1887, Heaviside introduced the concept of loading coils, in the 1890s, Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin would both create the loading coils and receive a patent of them, failing to credit Heavisides work. 1880–1882, Development and commercial production of lighting was underway. Thomas Edison of Milan, Ohio, established Edison Illuminating Company on December 17,1880, based at New York City, it was the pioneer company of the electrical power industry. Edisons system was based on creating a power plant equipped with electrical generators. Copper electrical wires would then connect the station with other buildings, Pearl Street Station was the first central power plant in the United States
1880s
–
A Summer Shower, by
Charles Edward Perugini, 1888
1880s
–
1882 Anglo-Egyptian War
1880s
–
Alexander II of Russia
1880s
–
Benz Patent Motorwagen which is widely regarded as the first
automobile was first introduced in 1885.
6.
1890s
–
The phrase, The Gay Nineties, was not coined until the 1920s. This decade was also part of the Gilded Age, a phrase coined by Mark Twain, alluding to the seemingly profitable era that was riddled with crime and poverty. In the United States, the 1890s were marked by an economic depression sparked by the Panic of 1893. As of January 23,2017, there is only 1 verified living person who was born in the 1890s. On December 29,1890,365 troops of the US 7th Cavalry, supported by four Hotchkiss guns, surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou and Hunkpapa Sioux near Wounded Knee Creek, the Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. One day earlier, the Sioux had been cornered and agreed to themselves in at the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota. They were the very last of the Sioux to do. the process of disarming the Sioux, the 7th Cavalry quickly suppressed the Sioux fire, and the surviving Sioux fled, but US cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, about 146 men, women, twenty-five troopers also died, some believed to have been the victims of friendly fire as the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions. Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, with a number later dying from hypothermia. The incident is noteworthy as the engagement in history in which the most Medals of Honor have been awarded in the military history of the United States. This was the last tribe to be invaded which broke the backbone of the American Indian Wars,1891, Chilean Civil War fought from January to September. José Manuel Balmaceda, President of Chile, and the Chilean Army loyal to him face Jorge Montts Junta, the latter was formed by an alliance between the National Congress of Chile and the Chilean Navy. 1891, Tobacco Protest in Qajar dynasty Persia, on March 20,1890, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Shah of Iran granted a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for fifty years. In exchange, Talbot paid the shah an annual sum of £15,000 in addition to a quarter of the profits after the payment of all expenses. Now they were forced to seek permits from the Tobacco Régie as well as required to inform the concessionaires of the amount of tobacco produced, during the spring of 1891 mass protests against the Régie began to emerge in major Iranian cities. Initially it was the bazaaris who led the opposition under the conviction that it was their income, the reference to the Hidden Imam, a critical person in Shia Islam, meant that Shirazi was using the strongest possible language to oppose the Régie. Initially there was skepticism over the legitimacy of the fatwa, however Shirazi would later confirm the declaration,1892, The Johnson County War in Wyoming. Actually this range war took place in April 1892 in Johnson County, Natrona County, the combatants were the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers Association
1890s
–
Dreyfus affair – Alfred Dreyfus being dishonorably discharged, 5 January 1895.
1890s
–
1895
Benz Velo. Along with its contemporary
Duryea Motor Wagon, those vehicles were considered the earliest standardized cars. The 1890s also saw further developments in the
history of the automobile.
1890s
–
Panhard-Levassor (1890–1895). This model was the first automobile to circulate in Portugal
1890s
–
Charles Kayser of the Edison lab seated behind the Kinetograph. Portability was not among the camera's virtues.
7.
1900s (decade)
–
The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an example, they are nineteen-oh-six, nineteen-six, which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. In American English, nineteen-oh-six is the most common, nineteen-six is less common, nineteen-ought-six is recognized, the strength of the comedic effect diminished during the aughts of the next century, as the public grew used to questioning how to refer to an ohs or aughts decade. Russo-Japanese War establishes the Empire of Japan as a world power, battle of Riyadh was a minor battle of the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Battle of Dilam was a battle of the Unification War between Rashidi and Saudi rebels. First Saudi–Rashidi War was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh versus the Emirate of Hail, demand for Home Rule for Ireland Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. January 1,1901, British colonies in Australia federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia May 20,1902 — Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 7,1905 — The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence. October 5,1908 — Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, April 19,1902 — A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000. May 8,1902 — In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre, April 7,1906 — Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. September 18,1906 — A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong, January 14,1907 — An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. December 28,1908 — An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, April 26,1900 — The Great Lumber Fire of Ottawa–Hull kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, may 3,1901 — The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL, USA. July 10,1902 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 10,1903 — Paris Métro train fire. December 30,1903 — A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, February 7,1904 — The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, USA destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. June 15,1904 — A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021, june 28,1904 — The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. January 22,1906 — The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, the 1900s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts, July 29,1900 — King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci
1900s (decade)
1900s (decade)
–
A shocked
mandarin in
Manchu robe in the back, with
Queen Victoria (
British Empire),
Wilhelm II (
German Empire),
Nicholas II (
Imperial Russia),
Marianne (
French Third Republic), and a
samurai (
Empire of Japan) stabbing into a
king cake with Chine ("China" in French) written on it. A portrayal of New Imperialism and its effects on China.
1900s (decade)
–
Ruins from the
1906 San Francisco earthquake, remembered as one of the worst
natural disasters in United States history
1900s (decade)
–
A sketch of
Leon Czolgosz shooting U.S. President
William McKinley.
8.
1910s
–
The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11,1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919. However, each of these states had large German and Hungarian minorities, the decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos and this atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16,1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. Wadai War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan Wars – two wars took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Saudi-Ottoman War Latvian War of Independence - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. The Russian Revolution is the term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917. April 13,1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent, xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of Chinas ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for a revolution at 6 p. m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz six months later, the Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic, federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain, fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, easter Rising against the British in Ireland, eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires
1910s
–
Leonid Perfetsky picture showing a conflict between the soldiers of
Ukrainian Galician Army and
Volunteer Army in the streets of Kiev during their
joint operation against the
Bolsheviks, under the command of
General Denikin, Aug 1919.
1910s
1910s
–
Trotsky,
Vladimir Lenin and
Kamenev at the Second Party Congress of the Communist Party of Russia in 1919.
1910s
–
Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
9.
1920s
–
The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1920, and ended on December 31,1929. French speakers refer to the period as the Années folles, emphasizing the social, artistic. The economic prosperity experienced by many countries during the 1920s was similar in nature to that experienced in the 1950s and 1990s, each period of prosperity was the result of a paradigm shift in global affairs. These shifts in the 1920s, 1950s, and 1990s, occurred in part as the result of the conclusion of World War I and Spanish flu, World War II, the 1920s saw foreign oil companies begin operations throughout South America. Venezuela became the second largest oil producing nation. In some countries the 1920s saw the rise of political movements. Communism spread as a consequence of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks’ victory in the Russian Civil War, fear of the spread of Communism led to the emergence of far right political movements and fascism in Europe. The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America, the Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, “Normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave, the women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes, large baseball stadiums were built in major U. S. cities, in addition to palatial cinemas. Most independent countries passed womens suffrage after 1918, especially as a reward for support of the war effort and endurance of its deaths. Egypt officially becomes an independent country through the Declaration of 1922, though it remains under the military. Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933, organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit. The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration, the major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth. The Lost Generation, was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. A peak in the early 1920s in the membership of the Ku Klux Klan of four to five million members, followed by a rapid decline down to an estimated 30,000 members by 1930. The Scopes Trial, which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War
1920s
–
Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol.
1920s
–
Benito Mussolini and
Fascist Blackshirts during the
March on Rome in 1922.
1920s
–
This Cruzcampo Beer Truck was photographed in the 1920s in
Spain (left side of the photograph).
1920s
–
Crowd gathering after the
Wall Street Crash of 1929
10.
1902
–
As of the start of 1902, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 The first college bowl game, the Rose Bowl between Michigan and Stanford, is held in Pasadena, California. Nurses Registration Act 1901 comes into effect in New Zealand, making it the first country in the world to require registration of nurses. On January 10, Ellen Dougherty becomes the worlds first registered nurse, January 12 – Uddevalla Suffrage Association is officially dissolved. January 23 – A snowstorm at Mount Hakkoda, northern Honshu, Japan, January 28 – The Carnegie Institution is founded in Washington, D. C. with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie. February 9 – Fire levels 26 city blocks of Jersey City, february 11 – Police and universal suffrage demonstrators are involved in a physical altercation in Brussels. February 15 – The Berlin U-Bahn underground is opened, february 18 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt prosecutes the Northern Securities Company for violation of the Sherman Act. February 27 American writer John Steinbeck is born, australian officers Breaker Morant and Peter Handcock are executed for the murder of Boer prisoners of war near Louis Trichardt. March 6 – Real Madrid C. F. is founded as Madrid Football Club, march 7 – Second Boer War, South African Boers win their last battle over the British Army, with the capture of a British general and 200 of his men. March 8 – Jean Sibeliuss Second Symphony is premiered in Helsinki, march 10 – A Circuit Court prevents Thomas Edison from having a monopoly on motion picture technology. April 2 – Electric Theatre, the first movie theater in the United States, april 13 – A new car speed record of 74 mph is set in Nice, France, by Léon Serpollet. April 19 – The 7.5 Mw Guatemala earthquake shakes Guatemala with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII, may 5 – The Commonwealth Public Service Act creates Australias Public Service. May 13 – Alfonso XIII of Spain begins his reign, may 20 – Cuba gains independence from the United States. May 22 – The White Star Liner, SS Ionic, is launched, may 29 – Lord Rosebery opens London School of Economics. May 31 – The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War, june 2 – The Anthracite Coal Strike begins in the United States. June 15 – The New York Central Railroad inaugurates the 20th Century Limited passenger train between Chicago and New York City, june 16 – Australia, Female British subjects win the vote with the Uniform Franchise Act. June 17 – Norwich City Football Club is formed, june 26 – Edward VII institutes the Order of Merit. July 5 – Erik Gustaf Boström returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, july 8 – Service of Reclamation within U. S. Geological Survey
1902
–
January 1: first
Rose Bowl college
American football game.
1902
–
May 8:
Mount Pelée erupts.
1902
–
Andrew Carnegie
1902
–
Tallulah Bankhead
11.
1903
–
As of the start of 1903, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Edward VII is proclaimed Emperor of India, January 19 – The first west–east transatlantic radio broadcast is made from the United States to England. February 11 – The Oxnard strike of 1903 becomes the first time in U. S. history that a union is formed from members of different races. February 15 – Morris and Rose Michtom introduce the first teddy bear in the United States, february 17 – El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve. February 23 – Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States in perpetuity, march 2 – In New York City, the Martha Washington Hotel, the first hotel exclusively for women, opens. March 3 – The British Admiralty announces plans to build a base at Rosyth. March 4 – Beşiktaş J. K. founded, march 5 – The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople–Baghdad Railway. March 12 – The University of Puerto Rico is founded, march 14 – The Hay–Herrán Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Colombian Senate later rejects the treaty, april 26 – Atletico Madrid, as well known for professional football club in Spain, officially founded. April 29 – A 30-million-m3 landslide kills 70-90 in Frank, Alberta, april 29 – The 7.0 Ms Manzikert earthquake affects eastern Turkey, leaving 3,500 dead. May 4 – The leading Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary Gotse Delchev is killed in a skirmish with the Turkish army, may 18 – The port of Burgas, Bulgaria opens. May 24 – The Paris–Madrid race for automobiles begins, during which at least eight people are killed, june 11 – Serbian King Alexander Obrenović and Queen Draga are assassinated in Belgrade by the Black Hand organization. June 14 – The town of Heppner, Oregon, is destroyed by a cloud burst that resulted in a flash flood that kills an estimated 238 people. July 1–July 19 – First Tour de France bicycle race, won by Maurice Garin, july 7 – The British take over the Fulani Empire. July 23 – Dr. Ernst Pfenning of Chicago becomes the first owner of a Ford Model A, july 29 – Explosion of a United States Cartridge Company magazine destroys 70 homes killing 22 residents of Tewksbury, Massachusetts. July 30–August 23 – Second Congress of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party held in exile in Brussels, august 2 – The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, organized by the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, breaks out in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Adrianople. August 4 – Pope Pius X succeeds Pope Leo XIII as the 257th pope, august 10 – Paris Métro train fire takes place. August 25 – The Judiciary Act is passed in the Australian parliament, september – Texas State University in San Marcos, TX opens its doors as Southwest Texas Normal School
1903
–
January 1:
Edward VII becomes
Emperor of India.
1903
–
February 15: first
teddy bear.
1903
–
Alexander I
1903
–
July 23: 1903 Ford Model A.
12.
1904
–
As of the start of 1904, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 7 – The distress signal CQD is established, only to be replaced 2 years later by SOS, january 12 – Henry Ford sets a new automobile land speed record of 91.37 mph. January 16 – The first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America takes place at Madison Square Garden in New York City, january 18 – The Herero Rebellion in German South-West Africa begins. January 23 – The Ålesund Fire destroys most buildings in the town of Ålesund, Norway, february 7 – The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland, destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. February 8–9 – Battle of Port Arthur, A surprise Japanese naval attack on Port Arthur in Manchuria starts the Russo-Japanese War, february 10 – Roger Casement publishes his account of Belgian atrocities in the Congo. February 17 – Puccinis opera Madama Butterfly, with a theme of Japan–United States relations. On May 28 a revised version opens in Brescia to huge success, february 23 – For $10 million, the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone. February 28 – Sport Lisboa e Benfica is founded in Portugal, march 3 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany becomes the first person to make a political recording of a document, using Thomas Edisons cylinder. March 4 – Russo-Japanese War, Russian troops in Korea retreat toward Manchuria, march 26 –80,000 demonstrators gather in Hyde Park, London, to protest against the importation of Chinese labourers to South Africa by the British government. March 31 – British expedition to Tibet – Battle of Guru, April 8 The Entente Cordiale is signed between the UK and France. Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times, aleister Crowley begins writing Liber Al vel Legis, better known as The Book of the Law, a text central to Thelema. He completes this task on April 10, April 19 – The Great Toronto Fire destroys much of that citys downtown, but there are no fatalities. April 27 – The Australian Labor Party becomes the first such party to gain national government, April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Worlds Fair opens in St. Louis, Missouri. May 4 United States Army engineers begin work on the Panama Canal, German football club FC Schalke 04 is established. May 5 Pitching against the Philadelphia Athletics, Cy Young of the Boston Americans throws the first perfect game in the era of baseball. British expedition to Tibet, Hundreds of Tibetans attack the British camp at Changlo and, for a while, hold the advantage before being defeated by superior weapons and losing at least 200 men. May 9 – Great Western Railway of England 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro becomes the first railway locomotive to exceed 100 mph. May 15– The Russian minelayer Amur lays a minefield about 15 miles off Port Arthur and sinks Japans battleships Hatsuse,15,000 tons, with 496 crew, may 21 – The International Federation of Association Football, FIFA, is established
1904
–
February 7: Aftermath of the
Great Baltimore Fire.
1904
–
Port Arthur from Gold Hill
1904
–
November 8: Republican
Theodore Roosevelt is elected President of the United States by defeating Democrat
Alton B. Parker.
1904
–
November 24:
caterpillar track
13.
1906
–
As of the start of 1906, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 16–April 7 – Algeciras Conference to resolve the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany, january 22 – The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, killing over 100 in the ensuing disaster. January 31 – Ecuador–Colombia earthquake and associated tsunami, february 10 – HMS Dreadnought is launched and sparks the naval race between Britain and Germany. February 11 – Pope Pius X publishes the encyclical Vehementer Nos denouncing the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches, february 11 – Two British £1-per-head tax collectors are killed near Richmond, Natal, sparking the Bambatha Rebellion. March 10 – Courrières mine disaster, an explosion in a mine in France kills 1,060. March 18 – In France, Romanian inventor Traian Vuia becomes the first person to achieve an unassisted takeoff in a powered monoplane. April 7 – Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples, april 14 – The Azusa Street Revival, the primary catalyst for the revival of Pentecostalism this century, opens in Los Angeles. April 18 – San Francisco earthquake on the San Andreas Fault destroys much of San Francisco, California, USA, killing at least 3,000, with 225, 000–300,000 left homeless, and $350 million in damages. April 23 – In Tsarist Russia, the Fundamental Laws are announced at the first state Duma, may – Jack Londons novel White Fang begins serialization in the American magazine Outing. May 29 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden over the issue of expanded voting rights and he is replaced by the right-wing naval officer and public official, Arvid Lindman. June 7 – Cunard liner RMS Lusitania is launched in Glasgow as the worlds largest ship, July 1 – Sporting Lisbon, a well known football club in Portugal, founded. July 6 – The Second Geneva Convention meets, July 12 – Alfred Dreyfus is exonerated. He is reinstalled in the French Army on July 21, thus ending the Dreyfus affair, august 4 – The first Imperial German Navy submarine, U-1, is launched. August 16 – A magnitude 8.2 earthquake in Valparaíso, august 22 – The first Victor Victrola, a phonographic record player, is manufactured. August 23 – Unable to control a rebellion Cuban President Tomás Estrada Palma requests United States intervention, the subsequent provisional occupation administration lasts until 1909. September 11 – Mahatma Gandhi coins the term Satyagraha to characterize the Non-Violence movement in South Africa, september 18 – A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong. September 30 – The first Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning is held, the winning team, piloting the balloon United States, lands in Fylingdales, Yorkshire, England. October 1 – The Grand Duchy of Finland becomes the first nation to include the right of women to stand as candidates when it adopts universal suffrage, october 6 – The Majlis of Iran convenes for the first time
1906
–
The ruins of
San Francisco following the
April 18 earthquake and later fires
1906
–
Roberto Rossellini
1906
–
Ernst Boris Chain
1906
–
Josephine Baker
14.
1907
–
As of the start of 1907, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 6 – The first Montessori school and daycare center for working class children opens in Rome, january 14 –1907 Kingston earthquake, An earthquake, in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. March The 1907 Romanian Peasants Revolt results in possibly as many as 11,000 deaths. The Diamond Sūtra, a woodblock printed Buddhist scripture dated 868, is discovered by Aurel Stein in the Mogao Caves in China, march 5 – At the opening of the new State Duma in Saint Petersburg, Russia,40,000 demonstrators are dispersed by Russian troops. March 15–March 16 – Elections to the new Parliament of Finland are the first in the world with woman candidates, march 22 – The first taxicabs with taximeters begin operating in London. March 25 – The first university sports federation in Europe is established in Hungary with the participation or support of the associations of ten universities and colleges, march 28 – Volcanic eruption of Ksudach in the Kamchatka Peninsula. May 13 – The 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party convenes in secret in London, june 10–August 10 – Peking to Paris motor race, won by Prince Scipione Borghese driving a 7-litre 35/45 hp Itala. June 15 – The Second Hague Peace Conference opens at The Hague, june 26 – Tiflis bank robbery, Bolsheviks attack a cash-filled bank coach in the centre of Tiflis, Georgia, killing forty people. July 1 – The Orange River Colony gains autonomy as the Orange Free State, july 21 – The SS Columbia sinks after colliding with the lumber schooner San Pedro off Shelter Cove, California, U. S. A. resulting in 88 deaths. July 24 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 brings the government, august 1–9 – Robert Baden-Powell leads the first Scout camp on Brownsea Island, England. August 29 – The partially completed superstructure of the Quebec Bridge collapses entirely, september 7 – British passenger liner RMS Lusitania sets out on her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York City. September 26 – New Zealand and Newfoundland become dominions, the committee ultimately decides to reform Esperanto. October 17 – Guglielmo Marconi initiates commercial transatlantic radio communications between his high power longwave wireless stations in Clifden Ireland and Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. October 18 – Hague Convention revised by Hague Peace Conference, october 27 – Černová massacre, Fifteen people are shot during the consecration of a Catholic church in Hungary. November 16 – British passenger liner RMS Mauretania, the worlds largest and fastest at this date, november 21 – Washington State College defeats the University of Washington 10-5 in Apple Cup played in Seattle. December 6 – Monongah Mining disaster, A coal mine explosion kills 362 workers in Monongah, West Virginia, december 8 – Upon the death of Oscar II, he is succeeded by his son Gustaf V as king of Sweden. December 14 – The largest sailing ship built, the 7-masted Thomas W. Lawson, is wrecked in the Isles of Scilly. December 17 – Ugyen Wangchuck becomes first Druk Gyalpo, december 19 – An explosion in a coal mine in Jacobs Creek kills 239
1907
–
Manfred von Ardenne
1907
–
January 14: Earthquake in
Jamaica
1907
–
Zarah Leander
1907
–
Nikolaas Tinbergen
15.
1908
–
As of the start of 1908, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. According to NASA reports,1908 was the coldest recorded year since 1880, january 1 – Nimrod Expedition, Ernest Shackleton sets sail from New Zealand on the Nimrod for Antarctica. January 12 – A long-distance radio message is sent from the Eiffel Tower for the first time, january 13 – A fire at the Rhoads Opera House in Boyertown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. kills 170. January 24 – Start of publication of Robert Baden-Powells Scouting for Boys in London, the book will over time sell over 100 million copies and effectively begin the worldwide Boy Scout movement. February 1 – Lisbon Regicide, King Carlos I of Portugal, february 3 – Panathinaikos, as well known for professional multi-sports club of Greece, founded in Athens. February 12 – The first around-the-world car race, the 1908 New York to Paris Race, february 18 – Japanese emigration to the United States is forbidden under terms of the Gentlemens Agreement of 1907. March – The Childrens Encyclopædia begins publication in London, march 4 The Pretoria branch of the Transvaal University College, precursor to the University of Pretoria, is established. The Collinwood school fire, near Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A. kills 174, march 9 – Inter Milan, a well-known football club in Italy, founded. March 21 – French aviator Léon Delagrange pilots the first passenger flight with Henri Farman on board, march 27 – The first Scout troop outside the U. K. is formed in Gibraltar. April 20 – Sunshine rail disaster, A rear-end collision of two trains in Melbourne, Australia, kills 44 people and injures more than 400, april 21 – Frederick Cook claims to have reached the North Pole on this date. May 26–October – Franco-British Exhibition held in London, may 26 – At Masjed Soleyman in southwest Persia, the first major commercial oil discovery in the Middle East is made. The rights to the resource are quickly acquired by the United Kingdom, july 6 – Robert Peary sets sail for the North Pole. July 11–12 – The steamship Amalthea, housing 80 British strikebreakers in Malmö harbour, july 13–25 –1908 Summer Olympics held in London. The Winter Olympics are held here on 19–31 October, july 23 – Young Turk Revolution, The Committee of Union and Progress issues a formal ultimatum to Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the constitution of 1876 within the Ottoman Empire. It is restored the following day, july 27-28 – The 1908 Hong Kong typhoon sinks the passenger steamer Ying King, losing 421 lives. August 8 – Wilbur Wright flies in France for the first time demonstrating true controlled powered flight in Europe, august 8 – The Hoover Company of Canton, Ohio, acquires manufacturing rights to the upright portable vacuum cleaner just invented by James M. Spangler. August 17 – Émile Cohl makes the first fully animated film, august 24 – After an intense power struggle, Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco is deposed, and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Hafid. September 17 – At Fort Myer, Virginia, U. S. A, thomas Selfridge becomes the first person to die in an airplane crash
1908
–
Evidence of the
Tunguska event (June 30). Photo taken
19 years later.
1908
–
January 24:
Boy Scout movement.
1908
–
Walter Bruch behind camera
1908
–
Bette Davis
16.
1905 in architecture
–
The year 1905 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. October 18 - London County Councils new street at Kingsway and redevelopment of Aldwych are opened, work begins on Stoclet Palace, Brussels, designed by Josef Hoffmann. Formation of the Dresden Die Brücke expressionist architecture movement, february 27 - Berlin Cathedral in Berlin, Germany, is inaugurated. June 11 - National Theatre of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela September 27 - Arcade du Cinquantenaire in Brussels, Belgium, november - The Plaza Grill and Cinema, Ottawa, Kansas, possibly the oldest movie theater in the United States that is still in operation. Darwin D. Martin House in Buffalo, New York, USA, zacherlhaus in Vienna, Austria, designed by Jože Plečnik. Land Administration Building in Brisbane, Australia, designed by Thomas Pye, st. Stephens Basilica in Budapest, Hungary, completed by József Kauser to an 1851 design by Miklós Ybl. Hôtel de ville in Sfax, Tunisia, designed by Raphaël Guy, voewood, High Kelling, Norfolk, UK, designed by E. S. Prior. Antwerpen-Centraal railway station in Belgium, designed by Louis Delacenserie, murry Guggenheim House in West Long Branch, New Jersey, designed by Carrère and Hastings. Royal Gold Medal - Aston Webb, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Albert Henry Krehbiel. C. August 2 - Cesar Castellani, Maltese architect working in British Guiana August 22 - Alfred Waterhouse, English architect of the Gothic Revival
1905 in architecture
–
Berlin Cathedral around date of completion
1905 in architecture
–
Arcade du Cinquantenaire, Brussels
17.
1905 in art
–
Summer – Henri Matisse and André Derain work together in the French Mediterranean village of Collioure. October – Salon dAutomne in Paris, the colors used by Matisse and others lead the critic Louis Vauxcelles to describe their works derisively as les Fauves. Die Brücke group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden, léon Bonnat succeeds Paul Dubois as director of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen open the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession photo art gallery on Fifth Avenue in New York City, opening of the Gibbes Museum of Art in Charleston, South Carolina. Jacob Epstein establishes his studio in London
1905 in art
–
Matisse –
The Open Window
18.
1905 in music
–
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1905. January 6 - Premiere of Leoš Janáčeks piano cycle On an Overgrown Path at the Besední dům Hall in Brno, January 26 - Arnold Schoenbergs symphonic poem Pelleas und Melisande is premiered in Vienna. January 29 - Gustav Mahlers Kindertotenlieder is premiered in Vienna, september - The lyrics of Rabindranath Tagores song Amar Shonar Bangla are published in two magazines. They are later adopted as the anthem of Bangladesh. October - The opera house at Nancy, France, is destroyed by fire, october 15 - Claude Debussys La Mer is premiered in Paris. October 21 - Henry Wood first conducts a performance of his Fantasia on British Sea Songs at a Trafalgar Day concert in London, Otto Klemperer meets Mahler for the first time, while conducting one of his works. Hery Frantzen Come Clean by Paul Sarebresole Daddys Little Girl w. Edward Madden m. Theodore F. Morse Dearie w. m, clare Kummer Down Where The Silvry Mohawk Flows w. Monroe Rosenfeld m. John A. Heinzman & Otto Milton Heinzman Everybody Works But Father w. m, Jean Havez Farewell, Mister Abner Hemingway w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz Forty-Five Minutes From Broadway w. m, George M. Cohan from the musical of the same name. Friends That Are Good And True Eysler G. O. P. Bryan, Hoffman Gee, but This Is A Lonesome Town Gaston The Girl Who Cares For Me w. Gus Edwards Goodbye, Maggie Doyle Jean Schwartz Good-bye, Sweet Old Manhattan Isle w. William Jerome m. Jean Schwartz Goodbye, Sweetheart, Goodbye w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Harry von Tilzer Happy Heine m. J. Bodewalt Lampe Hes Me Pal w. Vincent P. Bryan m. Victor Herbert I Would Like To Marry You w. m. Edward Laska I Thought It Was My Birthday Come w. m, T. W. Connor If A Girl Like You Loved A Boy Like Me w. m. Gus Edwards If The Man In The Moon Were A Coon w. m, Fred Fisher Im Getting Sleepy w. Wilbur U. Gumm m. Joe Hollander Im The Only Star That Twinkles On Broadway w. Andrew B, sterling m. Harry von Tilzer Im Trying To Find A Sweetheart w. Jean Lenox m. Henry O. Sutton In Dear Old Georgia w. Harry Williams m. Egbert Van Alstyne In My Merry Oldsmobile w. Vincent P. Bryan m, gus Edwards In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree w. Harry H. Williams m. Egbert Van Alstyne The Irish Girl I Love w. George V. Hobart m, W. Frank Williams m. Ernest Hogan & Tom Lemonier It Aint All Honey And It Aint All Jam w. m. Fred Murray & George Everard Its Allus De Same In Dixie Cook Ive Got A Little Money And Ive Saved It All For You Farrell, Silver Ive Sweethearts In Every Port Keith Jolly Pickaninnies m
1905 in music
–
List of years in music
1905 in music
19.
1905 in rail transport
–
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1905. January 30 - The Halifax and South Western Railway opens, connecting Halifax to Yarmouth, january 31 - New York Central and Hudson River Railway officially takes control of Ottawa and New York Railway. March 21 - Construction begins on the Apalachicola Northern Railroad in Florida, april 26 - The San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad signs an agreement to operate over the California Southern Railroads track through Cajon Pass via trackage rights. June 11 - The Pennsylvania Railroad inaugurates the fastest freight train schedule in the world, June 12 - Pennsylvania Railroads passenger train Pennsylvania Special sets a speed record between Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, travelling at 127.2 mph. July 1 - The three principal railway companies in Italy are brought together with a number of operators into the nationalised Ferrovie dello Stato. July 8 - Death Valley Scotty pays US$5,500 in cash to Atchison, Topeka, july 11 - The Scott Special arrives at Dearborn Station in Chicago, Illinois,44 hours and 54 minutes after departing Los Angeles, California. July 27 - The Hall Road rail accident near Liverpool in England kills 21 people, August 22 - The Portland and Seattle Railway is incorporated. September 1 - The Witham rail crash in England kills 11, september 9 - Construction begins on the Nevada Northern Railway in Ely, Nevada. September 12 - Opening of the Victoria Falls Bridge across the Zambezi River as part of the projected Cape-Cairo railway, october 15 - Rail line completed in the Sudan from Atbara to the Red Sea at Suakin. October 29 - Circum-Baikal Railway brought into permanent operation in the Russian Empire, october 31 - Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway property purchased by Government of India. November 3 - The Englewood branch of the old South Side Elevated system of the Chicago L opens between 59th Street junction and State Street, Construction begins on the Tidewater Railway in Virginia. ALCO purchases rival steam locomotive manufacturer Rogers Locomotive Works, American Car and Foundry acquires Indianapolis Car and Foundry and Indianapolis Car Company. January 21 - O. S. Nock, English railway author, february 8 - Jay Cooke, American financier who built the Northern Pacific Railway. September 4 - William Dean, Chief Mechanical Engineer of Great Western Railway of England 1877-1902, december 14 - Herman Haupt, American railroad civil engineer. December 29 - Charles Tyson Yerkes, American financier of rapid transit systems in Chicago,1942 Quiz Book on Railroads and Railroading. Rivanna Chapter, National Railway Historical Society, This Month in Railroad History - August, rivanna Chapter, National Railway Historical Society, This Month in Railroad History - June
1905 in rail transport
–
Victoria Falls Bridge nears completion
1905 in rail transport
–
Charles Tyson Yerkes
20.
1905 in science
–
The year 1905 in science and technology involved some significant events, particularly in physics, listed below. January 2 – Charles Dillon Perrine at Lick Observatory discovers Elara, the Dominion Observatory opens in Ottawa. Various astronomers discover the minor planets 554 Peraga through 583 Klotilde, the nova V604 Aquilae appears in the constellation Aquila. The Umov effect is noted by Nikolay Umov, april 18 – William Bateson coins the term genetics in a letter to Adam Sedgwick. Reginald Punnetts Mendelism is published in Cambridge, probably the first popular book on genetics. Frederick Blackman proposes his law of limiting factors in relation to photosynthesis, nettie Stevens and Edmund Beecher Wilson independently describe the XY sex-determination system. Stamen Grigorov identifies the bacterium Lactobacillus bulgaricus, an agent in the creation of yogurt. Maltese doctor and archaeologist Themistocles Zammit identifies unpasteurized milk as the source of the pathogen causing Brucellosis. National Association of Audubon Societies for the Protection of Wild Birds, Carl von Linde obtains pure liquid oxygen and nitrogen by cooling air. Alfred Einhorn synthesises the local anesthetic novocaine, the first commercial use of the Frank–Caro process for the nitrogen fixation reaction of calcium carbide and atmospheric nitrogen to produce calcium nitrate as a fertilizer. Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch develop the Haber process for making ammonia from its elements, pierre Fatou defines the Mandelbrot set. Oswald Veblen proves the Jordan curve theorem, martin Kutta describes the popular fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. James Cullen, S. J. begins the study of Cullen numbers, emanuel Lasker proves the Lasker–Noether theorem for the special case of polynomial rings. The Saurian Expedition led by John C, merriam recovers many specimens of ichthyosaur. Tyrannosaurus rex is described and named by Henry Fairfield Osborn, albert Einstein publishes his four Annus Mirabilis papers. In particular, he formulates the theory of relativity and states the law of mass-energy conservation. He also explains the effect by quantization and mathematically analyzes Brownian motion. Because of this,1905 is said to be the year for physics
1905 in science
–
Albert Einstein
21.
1905 in sports
–
1905 in sports describes the years events in world sport. Proposed rules changes include the addition of the forward pass,14 March — foundation of Chelsea F. C. New clubs elected to the league include Chelsea, Hull City, VFL Premiership Fitzroy wins the 9th VFL Premiership, Fitzroy 4.6 d Collingwood 2. Besides winning this bout, Hart has earlier in the year defeated Jack Johnson over 20 rounds at San Francisco, Hart holds the title until 1906. 9 September — Battling Nelson defeats Jimmy Britt by a knockout to win the World Lightweight Championship. 20 December — Bob Fitzsimmons loses his World Light Heavyweight Championship to Philadelphia Jack OBrien on a 13th round technical knockout in San Francisco, OBrien effectively relinquishes the title soon afterwards and it remains vacant until 1914. The Dawson club has travelled over 4,000 miles by dog sled, boat, frank McGee, incensed by comments from the Dawson squad, scores 14 goals as Ottawa wins the second game 23–2. Ottawa wins the Federal Amateur Hockey League championship to defend the Stanley Cup, Ottawa defeats Rat Portage Thistles 2 games to nil in a Stanley Cup challenge. Events 9 December — Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association is formed from teams in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League, Stanley Cup champion Ottawa and Montreal Wanderers join from FAHL and Montreal, Montreal Shamrocks, Montreal Victorias and Quebec Bulldogs join from the CAHL. Events The Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association is replaced by the Intercollegiate Lacrosse League, Gordon Bennett Cup Sixth and final running of the Gordon Bennett Cup takes place in France on the Charade Circuit, then known as the Circuit dAuvergne, at Clermont-Ferrand. As road racing has been banned in France, this is the first time the trophy is contested on a circuit, the winner for the second successive year is Léon Théry driving a Richard-Brasier. Ardennes Circuit The fourth Circuit des Ardennes is run on 7 August over 591.255 km in the vicinity of Bastogne, the winner is Victor Hémery driving a Darracq 80 hp in a time of 5,58,32. Vanderbilt Cup The second Vanderbilt Cup is run on 14 October over 455.430 km on Long Island, the winner is Victor Hémery driving a Darracq 80 hp in a time of 4,36,08. Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb First running of the Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb on August 12 and these are knockout competitions in the same format as the Challenge Cup except for their regional character
1905 in sports
–
Alf Common:
football 's first £1,000 player
22.
1905 in France
–
Events from the year 1905 in France. 31 March - German emperor William II asserts German equality with France in Morocco,13 May - Mata Hari debuts in Paris. 9 December -1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches, october - The Fauvist artists, notably Henri Matisse, first exhibit, at the Salon dAutomne in Paris. 9–30 July - Third Tour de France, won by Louis Trousselier
1905 in France
–
18th century
23.
1905 in India
–
Events in the year 1905 in India. George, Prince of Wales and Princess Mary tour India, 1905-062 January - Jainendra Kumar,16 January - Dr. Manubhai P. Vaidya, educationist and recipient of Best Teacher Award from Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the President of India. 21 March - Kushal Konwar, Indian National Congress President of Golaghat,10 May - Pankaj Mullick, singer and composer. 29 August - Dhyan Chand, field hockey player,9 September - Brahmarishi Hussain Sha, seventh head of Sri Viswa Viznana Vidya Adhyatmika Peetham and scholar. 12 December - Mulk Raj Anand, novelist in English, rashid Jahan, author, short story writer and playwright. 19 January - Debendranath Tagore, founder in 1848 of the Brahmo Religion, full Date Unknown Protap Chunder Mozoomdar, Writer, Leader of the Brahmo Samaj Protap Chunder Mozoomdar
1905 in India
–
1904
24.
1905 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1905 in Ireland. 9 January - The Lillebonne, the largest vessel constructed in Dublin, is successfully launched in the North Wall Yard. 16 February - At the Royal Navys Haulbowline base, explosions on board HM Submarine A5 due to petrol fumes after refuelling kill six of the eleven crew. 6 March - The obligation of the Post Office in regard to letters addressed in Irish is raised in the British House of Commons, the debate arises because the GPO in Dublin returned parcels addressed in Irish by the Gaelic League. 29 May - Statistics for Ireland in 1904 show that nearly 37,000 people emigrated, since 1851 almost 4 million people have left the island. 7 July - The Drunkenness Bill is debated in the British House of Commons, Irish Members of Parliament criticise the bill on the grounds that it is offensive. 28 November - Founding of Sinn Féin, Church House in Belfast is built, home to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. February - J. M. Synges historical play The Well of the Saints is first performed at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin,23 May - George Bernard Shaws play Man and Superman is first performed at the Royal Court Theatre, London. Padraic Colums The Land is performed at the Abbey Theatre, George A. Birminghams roman à clef The Seething Pot is published. Lord Dunsanys short story sequence The Gods of Pegāna is published, filson Youngs novel The Sands of Pleasure is published. The traditional hymn Be Thou My Vision is first translated from Old Irish into English by Mary Elizabeth Byrne, the All-Ireland Champions are Kilkenny and Kildare 2 January - Padraic Fallon, poet. 23 April - William Conolly-Carew, 6th Baron Carew,26 April - Denis ODea, actor. 22 May - Mick Ahern, Cork hurler,8 June - Brian Coffey, poet and publisher. 24 June - Michael Scott, architect,3 September - Jimmy Dunne, soccer player. 9 September - Jimmy McCambridge, soccer player,15 September - Pat OCallaghan, athlete and Olympic gold medallist. 11 December - Erskine Hamilton Childers, Fianna Fáil TD, Cabinet Minister, Ó Síocháin, journalist, author and lawyer. 12 January - James Mason, chess player and writer,9 February - Valentine Browne, 4th Earl of Kenmare, peer. 14 March - George Fisher, Mayor of Wellington, New Zealand,6 April - Henry Benedict Medlicott, geologist
1905 in Ireland
–
1904
25.
1905 in Norway
–
Events in the year 1905 in Norway. 1905 is the year when Norway regained its independence after the dissolution of the Union between Sweden and Norway, the article Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 covers the events surrounding the break with Sweden in depth. 26 October - Norway was recognized by Sweden as an independent constitutional monarchy,12 November – a referendum confirmed the monarchy and rejected a republican form of government. 18 November – The Norwegian Parliament unanimously elected the Danish Prince Carl to be king,25 November – Haakon VII and his family arrived in Christiania. 4 April – Arne Randers Heen, mountain climber
1905 in Norway
–
The Norwegian Storting passes the "revolutionary" resolution.
1905 in Norway
–
King Haakon and
crown prince Olav arrive in Norway for the first time in 1905 and are greeted by Prime Minister
Christian Michelsen
1905 in Norway
–
The swearing in of king of Haakon VII in the
Parliament of Norway Building.
1905 in Norway
–
Norwegian soldiers guarding the border with Sweden, September 1905
26.
1905 in Ottoman Syria
–
The following is a timeline of the Ottoman Syria history. 3 October 1918 - Sinai and Palestine Campaign, The forces of the Arab revolt led by Prince Faysal enter Damascus, in 1920 Prince Faysal becomes the king of the Arab Kingdom of Syria for a short period. 1 October 1918 - Sinai and Palestine Campaign, A combined Arab,23 September - Sinai and Palestine Campaign, British occupation of Haifa is completed. 4 April 1918 - The first edition of the Hebrew-language daily newspaper Haaretz is published, sponsored by the British military government in Palestine,1918, Forces of the Arab Revolt enter Damascus accompanied by British troops, ending 400 years of Ottoman rule. 8–26 December 1917, The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Battle of Jerusalem - The Ottomans are defeated by the British forces at the Battle of Jerusalem, the British Armys General Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot, in a reference to the entrance of Caliph Umar in 637. 15 November 1917, Sinai and Palestine Campaign, British troops capture Tel Aviv,2 November 1917, The Balfour Declaration is published in which the British Government declares its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. 31 October-7 November 1917, Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Third Battle of Gaza - British forces capture Gaza,31 October 1917, Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Battle of Beersheba - Australian and New Zealand cavalry troops capture Beersheba from the Turks. 6 July 1917, Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Arabian troops led by T. E. Lawrence capture Aqaba from the Turks,19 April 1917, Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Second Battle of Gaza - Turkey repels British assault on Gaza-Beersheba line. Although the Muslim evacuees are allowed to return before long, the Jewish evacuees were not able to return until after the British conquest of Palestine. 26 March 1917, Sinai and Palestine Campaign, First Battle of Gaza - British fail to advance into Palestine after 17,000 Turkish troops block their advance. 9 January 1917, Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Battle of Rafa - British Empire forces defeat the Turks in Rafah,1916, The Mutasarrifiyet of Mount Lebanon is abolished. It was largely a trade agreement with an area set aside for indirect control through an Arab state or a confederation of Arab states. March–October 1915, The 1915 locust plague breaks out in the Palestine region, the canal was vital to the British war effort. 1915-1917, Famine in Syria resulting in up to 500,000 deaths due to shortage of supplies. 1914, Ottomans fight on the side of the Central Powers in World War I, may 1909, Hauran Druze Rebellion erupts. 11 April 1909, Tel Aviv was founded on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa,1 September 1908, The Hejaz Railway opens. 1901, The Jewish National Fund was founded at the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel with the aim of buying and developing land in the Palestine region of Ottoman Syria for Jewish settlement, 1900-1908, Hejaz Railway, construction of Railroad Damascus-Medina. 1898, German Kaiser Wilhelm visits Jerusalem to dedicate the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer and he meets Theodore Herzl outside city walls
1905 in Ottoman Syria
–
first meeting between
Chaim Weizmann (wearing Arab dress as a sign of friendship) and the
Hashemite Prince Faisal in
Transjordan in an attempt to establish favourable relations between
Arabs and
Jews in the Middle East, June 1918.
1905 in Ottoman Syria
–
Timeline of
Ottoman Syria
1905 in Ottoman Syria
–
The surrender of Jerusalem to the British, 9 December 1917.
1905 in Ottoman Syria
–
Ottoman machine gun corps at the Tell el Sheria Gaza line, 1917.
27.
1905 in the United States
–
Events from the year 1905 in the United States. President, Theodore Roosevelt Vice President, vacant, Charles W. March 10 – In Cleveland, Ohio, March 17 – Franklin D. Roosevelt marries his fifth cousin Eleanor Roosevelt, President Roosevelt, the brides uncle, gives her away. March 20 – Grover Shoe Factory disaster, A boiler explosion, building collapse and fire in Brockton, April 6 – Lochner v. New York, The Supreme Court of the United States invalidates New Yorks 8-hour-day law. April 6–July 19 – The 1905 Chicago Teamsters strike,21 people die and 416 are injured in the violence, merriam leads the Saurian Expedition, a paleontological research mission in northern Nevada. May 10 – The 1905 Snyder, Oklahoma tornado destroys much of Snyder, Oklahoma, may 15 – Las Vegas, Nevada is founded when 110 acres, in what later becomes downtown, are auctioned off. June 1–October 14 – The Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition is held in Portland, Oregon, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Lewis and Clark expedition. June 24 – The founding convention of the Industrial Workers of the World, A radical workers union, du Bois and William Monroe Trotter establish the Niagara Movement, a precursor to the National Association to the Advancement of Colored People. July 29 – U. S. Secretary of War William Howard Taft has talks with Prime Minister of Japan Katsura Taro, notes from these conversations are later found in 1924 and cause a controversy as it appears to contain U. S. recognition of Japans claims in Korea. September 5 – Russo-Japanese War – Treaty of Portsmouth, In New Hampshire, Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin and port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan. September 11 –19 die and 48 are seriously injured when the Ninth Avenue Elevated train derails in Manhattan, october 5 – The Wright Brothers third aeroplane stays in the air for 39 minutes with Wilbur piloting. This is the first aeroplane flight lasting over half an hour, december 30 – A bomb kills Frank Steunenberg, ex-governor of Idaho, the case leads to a trial against leaders of the Western Federation of Miners. Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer are banned from the Brooklyn Public Library for setting a bad example, the Institute of Musical Art, now known as the Juilliard School, is founded in New York City. Progressive Era Lochner era Black Patch Tobacco Wars April 9 – J. William Fulbright, Senator from Minnesota from 1940 to 1942 and 1943 to 1949 January 19 – Benjamin F. Rice, United States Senator from Arkansas from 1868 till 1873. February 27 – George S. Boutwell, United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1851 till 1853, March 1 – Edward O. Wolcott, United States Senator from Colorado from 1889 till 1901. March 6 – John Henninger Reagan, United States Senator from Texas, Acting Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury, bate, 23rd Governor of Tennessee from 1883 till 1887 and United States Senator from Tennessee from 1887 till 1905. March 18 – Joseph Roswell Hawley, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1881 till 1905, April 21 – Orville H. Platt, United States Senator from Connecticut from 1879 till 1905. July 1 – John Hay, author, biographer, 37th United States Secretary of State List of American films of 1905 Media related to 1905 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
1905 in the United States
–
May 10:
Snyder, Oklahoma tornado
1905 in the United States
–
45 stars (1896–1908)
1905 in the United States
–
September 5:
Treaty of Portsmouth
1905 in the United States
–
September 11:
Ninth Avenue derailment
28.
Calendar era
–
A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. For example, the Gregorian calendar numbers its years in the Western Christian era, the instant, date, or year from which time is marked is called the epoch of the era. There are many different calendar eras such as Saka Era, in antiquity, regnal years were counted from the accession of a monarch. This makes the Chronology of the ancient Near East very difficult to reconstruct, based on disparate and scattered king lists, such as the Sumerian King List and the Babylonian Canon of Kings. In East Asia, reckoning by era names chosen by ruling monarchs ceased in the 20th century except for Japan, for over a thousand years, ancient Assyria used a system of eponyms to identify each year. Assyrian scribes compiled limmu lists, including a sequence of almost 250 eponyms from the early 1st millennium BC. This is an invaluable aid, because a solar eclipse was recorded as having taken place in the limmu of Bur-Sagale. Astronomers have identified this eclipse as one took place on 15 June,763 BC. Among the ancient Greek historians and scholars, a method of indicating the passage of years was based on the Olympic Games. The Olympic Games provided the various independent city-states with a recognizable system of dates. Olympiad dating was not used in everyday life and this system was in use from the 3rd century BC. The modern Olympic Games do not continue the four periods from ancient Greece, the 669th Olympiad would have begun in the summer of 1897. Another common system was the indiction cycle, documents and events began to be dated by the year of the cycle in the 4th century, and this system was used long after the tax ceased to be collected. It was used in Gaul, in Egypt, and in most parts of Greece until the Islamic conquest, thus 2001 was the ninth indiction. The beginning of the year varied, the Seleucid era was used in much of the Middle East from the 4th century BC to the 6th century AD, and continued until the 10th century AD among Oriental Christians. The era is computed from the epoch 312 BC, in August of that year Seleucus I Nicator captured Babylon, thus depending on whether the calendar year is taken as starting on 1 Tishri or on 1 Nisan the Seleucid era begins either in 311 BC or in 312 BC. An early and common practice was Roman consular dating and this involved naming both consules ordinarii who had taken up this office on January 2 of the relevant civil year. The use of consular dating ended in AD541 when the emperor Justinian I discontinued appointing consuls, the last consul nominated was Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius
Calendar era
–
Key concepts
29.
Gregorian calendar
–
The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582, the calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0. 002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices—particularly the northern vernal equinox, transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe, the last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923. Many countries that have used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes. The reform was a modification of a made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of years in four centuries from 100 to 97. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the date of Easter. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the years position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox, the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes, the Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days. To unambiguously specify a date, dual dating or Old Style, dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date, because of differences in the starting date of the year, and/or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar continued to use the calendar era, which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity. This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today, the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, in the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this day was inserted by doubling 24 February. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers, the cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years
Gregorian calendar
Gregorian calendar
Gregorian calendar
–
First page of the papal bull
Inter gravissimas
Gregorian calendar
–
Detail of the pope's tomb by
Camillo Rusconi (completed 1723); Antonio Lilio is genuflecting before the pope, presenting his printed calendar.
30.
Ab urbe condita
–
Ab urbe condita is a Latin phrase meaning from the founding of the City, traditionally dated to 753 BC. AUC is a system used by some ancient Roman historians to identify particular Roman years. Renaissance editors sometimes added AUC to Roman manuscripts they published, giving the impression that the Romans usually numbered their years using the AUC system. The dominant method of identifying Roman years in Roman times was to name the two consuls who held office that year, the regnal year of the emperor was also used to identify years, especially in the Byzantine Empire after 537 when Justinian required its use. The traditional date for the founding of Rome of 21 April 753 BC, was initiated by 1st century BC scholar Marcus Terentius Varro, the correctness of Varros calculation has not been confirmed but it is still used worldwide. From Emperor Claudius onwards, Varros calculation superseded other contemporary calculations, celebrating the anniversary of the city became part of imperial propaganda. Claudius was the first to hold magnificent celebrations in honour of the citys anniversary, hadrian and Antoninus Pius held similar celebrations, in 121 AD and 147/148 AD respectively. During 248 AD, Philip the Arab celebrated Romes first millennium, coins from his reign commemorate the celebrations. The Anno Domini year numbering was developed by a monk named Dionysius Exiguus in Rome during 525, in his Easter table the year 532 AD was equated with the regnal year 248 of Emperor Diocletian. It was later calculated that the year 1 AD corresponds to the Roman year 754 AUC, based on Varros epoch
Ab urbe condita
–
Antoninianus of
Pacatianus,
usurper of Roman emperor Philip in 248. It bears the legend ROMAE AETER[NAE] AN[NO] MIL[LESIMO] ET PRIMO, "To eternal Rome, in its one thousand and first year".
31.
Balinese saka calendar
–
The Balinese saka calendar is one of two calendars used on the Indonesian island of Bali. Unlike the 210-day pawukon calendar, it is based on the phases of the moon, based on a lunar calendar, the saka year comprises twelve months, or sasih, of 30 days each. The months are adjusted by allocating two lunar days to one day every 9 weeks. This day is called ngunalatri, Sanskrit for minus one night, the length of these months is calculated according to the normal 63-day cycle. Both sets of days are numbered 1 to 15, the first day of the year is usually the day after the first new moon in March. Note, however, that Nyepi falls on the first day of Kadasa, the calendar is 78 years behind the Gregorian calendar, and is calculated from the beginning of the Saka Era in India. It is used alongside the 210-day Balinese pawukon calendar, and Balinese festivals can be calculated according to either year, the Indian saka calendar was used for royal decrees as early as the ninth century CE. The same calendar was used in Java until Sultan Agung replaced it with the Javanese calendar in 1633, the Balinese Hindu festival of Nyepi, the day of silence, marks the start of the Saka year. Tilem Kepitu, the last day of the 7th month, is known as Siva Ratri, devotees stay up all night and meditate. There are another 24 ceremonial days in the Saka year, usually celebrated at Purnama, ISBN9813018496 Hobart, Angela, Ramseyer, Urs & Leeman, Albert The Peoples of Bali, Blackwell Publishers. ISBN063117687 X Ricklefs, M. C, A History of Modern Indonesia, MacMillan, ISBN 978-0-333-24380-0
Balinese saka calendar
–
Information about the Saka calendar on a Balinese wall calendar
32.
Bengali calendar
–
The Bengali Calendar or Bangla Calendar is a solar calendar used in the region of Bengal. A revised version of the calendar is the national and official calendar in Bangladesh, the New Year in the Bengali calendar is known as Pôhela Bôishakh. The Bengali Era or Anno Bengal, the Bengali year is 594 less than the AD or CE year in the Gregorian calendar if it is before Pôhela Bôishakh, the revised version of the Bengali calendar was officially adopted in Bangladesh in 1987. However, it is not followed in India where the traditional version continues to be followed due to occurrence of Hindu festivals based on a particular sidereal solar day. The Bengali calendar is a solar calendar, the calendar was developed by Alauddin Husain Shah, a Hussain Shahi sultan of Bengal by combining the lunar Islamic calendar with the solar calendar, prevalent in Bengal. All theories agree that the Mughal Emperor, Akbar was instrumental in promulgating the Bengali calendar, Akbar modified, developed and re introduced the Bengali Calendar in order to make tax collection easier in Bengal. The calendar was called as Tarikh-e-Elahi. Sources credit the idea to Alauddin Husain Shah, akbars royal astronomer Fathullah Shirazi developed the Bengali calendar, by synthesizing the Lunar Islamic and Solar calendars. The calendar started with the Islamic calendar value, but the Sanskrit month names were used from the earlier version, the distinctive characteristic of the Bengali year was that rather than being a lunar calendar, it was based on a union of the solar and lunar year. This was essentially a great promotion as the solar and lunar years were formulated in very diverse systems, primarily this calendar was named as Fasli Sôn and then Bônggabdô. The Bengali Year was launched on 1584 AD or 992 AH and this was the day that Akbar defeated Hemu in the clash of Panipat to ascend the throne. The month of Muharram in the year 963 AH was equal to the month of Boishakh in the Bengali calendar, in the Tarikh-e-Elahi version of the calendar, each day of the month had a separate name, and the months had different names from what they have now. The Bengali calendar consists of 6 seasons, known as Rreetu ঋতু or Kal কাল, hence after some centuries the months will shift far away from the actual seasons. But the new revised version of the Bengali calendar used in Bangladesh will continue to maintain the seasons on time as mentioned above. The Bengali Calendar incorporates the seven-day week as used by other calendars. The names of the days of the week in the Bengali Calendar are based on the Navagraha, the day begins and ends at sunrise in the Bengali calendar, unlike in the Gregorian calendar, where the day starts at midnight. Pôhela Bôishakh in West Bengal and other states of India with Bengali diaspora, is celebrated on 14/15 April of the Gregorian calendar, however, according to the revised version of the calendar, now followed in Bangladesh, Pôhela Bôishakh always falls on 14 April. It is not clear, from what ground they start counting of 1st Bengali calendar year from the 593AD, the length of a year is counted as 365 days, as in the Gregorian calendar
Bengali calendar
–
Differences shown between the two different versions of the Bengali calendar (for
Asharh month of the year 1419). On the top is the "Traditional unrevised version" followed in
West Bengal and below it is the "New revised version" followed in
Bangladesh.
33.
Berber calendar
–
The Berber calendar is the agricultural calendar traditionally used by Berbers. It is also known as the fellaḥi, the calendar is utilized to regulate the seasonal agricultural works. It is used in lieu of the Islamic calendar, a calendar considered ill-adapted for agriculture because it does not relate to seasonal cycles. The current Berber calendar is a legacy of the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis, the latter calendar was used in Europe before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, with month names derived from Latin. Berber populations previously used various indigenous calendars, such as that of the Guanche autochthones of the Canary Islands, however, relatively little is known of these ancient calendrical systems. Not much is known about the division of time among the ancient Berbers, some elements of a pre-Islamic, and almost certainly a pre-Roman calendar, emerge from some medieval writings, analyzed by Nico van den Boogert. Some correspondences with the traditional Tuareg calendar suggest that in antiquity there existed, with degree of diffusion. According to a 17th-century manuscript by Tomás Marín de Cubas, they computed their year, called Acano and it began in summer, when the sun enters in Cancer, on June 21, at the first conjunction they celebrated nine festival days for the crop. The name of one month is known in the native language. It seems it was the month of the year, corresponding to August. Such a name, in case it was made up by something like *wen that of + smet, may correspond, in the list of medieval Berber month names, with the ninth and tenth months, but data are too scarce for this hypothesis to be deepened. The agricultural Berber calendar still in use is almost certainly derived from the Julian calendar, the only slight discrepancy lies in that the extra day in leap years is not usually added at the end of February, but at the end of the year. Jean Servier has doubted that the calendar descends directly from the Julian calendar of the Latin era, there are standard forms for the names of the Amazigh calendar. The table below provides the forms used in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. In some areas they may be different due to communication and manipulation by the government. Moreover, pronunciation differs according to the region, the coldest period is made up by 20 white nights, from 12 to 31 dujamber, and 20 black nights, beginning on the first day of yennayer, corresponding to the Gregorian 14 January. The first day of the year is celebrated in various ways in the different parts of North Africa, a widespread tradition is a meal with particular foods, which vary from region to region, but in many zones it is provided by the sacrifice of an animal. In Algeria, such a holiday is celebrated even by people who dont use the Berber calendar in daily life
Berber calendar
–
Seasons in North Africa:
Atlas Mountains in January and April.
Berber calendar
–
A page from a Tunisian calendar, showing the correspondence of 1 Yennayer ʿajmi (in red on bottom) with the 14 January of the Gregorian calendar. The writing on the bottom signals that it is ʿajmi
New Year's Day and that al-lyali al-sud ("the black nights") are beginning.
Berber calendar
–
Iḍ n innayr
Berber calendar
–
Photo taken on 31 December 2007 near
Tafraout (Morocco), with the writings aseggas ameggaz ("good year") in
Tifinagh and bonne année 2959 ("good year 2959") in French. Note the 1-year mistake, as 2959 corresponds to the Gregorian year 2009.
34.
Edward VII
–
Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
Edward VII
–
Coronation portrait by Sir
Luke Fildes
Edward VII
–
Portrait of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, by
Winterhalter, 1846
Edward VII
–
Edward at
Niagara Falls, 1860
Edward VII
–
Edward and Alexandra on their wedding day, 1863
35.
Buddhist calendar
–
While the calendars share a common lineage, they also have minor but important variations such as intercalation schedules, month names and numbering, use of cycles, etc. In Thailand, the name Buddhist Era is a numbering system shared by the traditional Thai lunisolar calendar. The Southeast Asian lunisolar calendars are based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. One major difference is that the Southeast Asian systems, unlike their Indian cousins, instead, they employ their versions of the Metonic cycle. However, since the Metonic cycle is not very accurate for sidereal years, yet no coordinated structural reforms of the lunisolar calendar have been undertaken. Today, the traditional Buddhist lunisolar calendar is used mainly for Theravada Buddhist festivals, the Thai Buddhist Era, a renumbered Gregorian calendar, is the official calendar in Thailand. The Burmese calendar in turn was based on the original Surya Siddhanta system of ancient India, one key difference with Indian systems is that the Burmese system has followed a variation of the Metonic cycle. It is unclear from where, when or how the Metonic system was introduced, the Burmese system, and indeed the Southeast Asian systems, thus use a strange combination of sidereal years from Indian calendar in combination with the Metonic cycle better for tropical years. In all Theravada traditions, the epochal year 0 date was the day in which the Buddha attained parinibbāna. However, not all agree on when it actually took place. In Burmese Buddhist tradition, it was 13 May 544 BCE, but in Thailand, it was 11 March 545 BCE, the date which the current Thai lunisolar and solar calendars use as the epochal date. In Myanmar, the difference between BE and CE can be 543 or 544 for CE dates, and 544 or 543 for BCE dates, in Sri Lanka, the difference between BE and CE is 544. The calendar recognizes two types of months, synodic month and sidereal month, the Synodic months are used to compose the years while the 27 lunar sidereal days, alongside the 12 signs of the zodiac, are used for astrological calculations. The days of the month are counted in two halves, waxing and waning, the 15th of the waxing is the civil full moon day. The civil new moon day is the last day of the month, because of the inaccuracy of the calendrical calculation systems, the mean and real New Moons rarely coincide. The mean New Moon often precedes the real New Moon, as the Synodic lunar month is approximately 29.5 days, the calendar uses alternating months of 29 and 30 days. Various regional versions of Chula Sakarat/Burmese calendar existed across various regions of mainland Southeast Asia, unlike Cambodian and Burmese systems, Kengtung, Lan Na, Lan Xang and Sukhothai systems refer to the months by numbers, not by names. The Buddhist calendar is a calendar in which the months are based on lunar months
Buddhist calendar
–
Thailand's version of the lunisolar Buddhist calendar
36.
Byzantine calendar
–
The Byzantine calendar, also called Creation Era of Constantinople or Era of the World, was the calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from c.691 to 1728 in the Ecumenical Patriarchate. It was also the official calendar of the Byzantine Empire from 988 to 1453, the calendar was based on the Julian calendar, except that the year started on 1 September and the year number used an Anno Mundi epoch derived from the Septuagint version of the Bible. Its year one, the date of creation, was September 1,5509 BC. It is not known who invented the World era and when, nevertheless, the first appearance of the term is in the treatise of a certain monk and priest, Georgios, who mentions all the main variants of the World Era in his work. He also already regards it as the most convenient for the Easter computus and this date underwent minor revisions before being finalized in the mid-7th century, although its precursors were developed c. By the second half of the 7th century, the Creation Era was known in Western Europe, by the late 10th century around AD988, when the era appears in use on official government records, a unified system was widely recognized across the Eastern Roman world. The era was ultimately calculated as starting on September 1, Thus historical time was calculated from the creation, and not from Christs birth, as in the west. The Eastern Church avoided the use of the Anno Domini system of Dionysius Exiguus, meanwhile, as Russia received Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, she inherited the Orthodox Calendar based on the Byzantine Era. After the collapse of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the era continued to be used by Russia and it was only in AD1700 that the Byzantine World Era in Russia was changed to the Julian Calendar by Peter the Great. It still forms the basis of traditional Orthodox calendars up to today, September AD2000 began the year 7509 AM. Both of these early Christian writers, following the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, the Alexandrian Era developed in AD412, was the precursor to the Byzantine Era. After the initial attempts by Hippolytus, Clement of Alexandria and others, the Alexandrine monk Panodorus reckoned 5904 years from Adam to the year AD412. This created the Alexandrian Era, whose first day was the first day of the proleptic Alexandrian civil year in progress,29 August 5493 BC, with the ecclesiastical year beginning on 25 March 5493 BC. This system presents in a sort of way the mystical coincidence of the three main dates of the worlds history, the beginning of Creation, the Incarnation. It was the first day of the year in the medieval Julian calendar, the Alexandrian Era of March 25,5493 BC was adopted by church fathers such as Maximus the Confessor and Theophanes the Confessor, as well as chroniclers such as George Syncellus. Its striking mysticism made it popular in Byzantium especially in monastic circles and it had for its basis a chronological list of events extending from the creation of Adam to the year AD627. The chronology of the writer is based on the figures of the Bible, St. John Chrysostom says in his Homily On the Cross and the Thief, that Christ, opened for us today Paradise, which had remained closed for some 5000 years. St. Isaac the Syrian writes in a Homily that before Christ, for five thousand five hundred
Byzantine calendar
–
Byzantine mosaic of the
Creation of Adam, (
Monreale Cathedral).
Byzantine calendar
–
Byzantine culture
37.
Chinese calendar
–
Traditional Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar which reckons years, months and days according to astronomical phenomena. It is used for activities in China and overseas Chinese communities. It depictures and lists the dates of traditional Chinese holidays, and guides Chinese people in selecting the most auspicious days for weddings, funerals, moving, in the Chinese calendar, the days begin and end at midnight. The months begin on the day with the dark moon, the years begin with the dark moon near the midpoint between winter solstice and spring equinox. The solar terms are the important components of the Chinese calendar, in a month, there are one to three solar terms. The currently used traditional Chinese calendar is the end result of centuries of evolution, many astronomical and seasonal factors were added by ancient scientists, and people can reckon the date of natural phenomena such as the moon phase and tide upon the Chinese calendar. The Chinese calendar has over 100 variants, whose characteristics reflect the evolutionary path. As with Chinese characters, different variants are used in different parts of the Chinese cultural sphere, calendars in Mongolia and Tibet have absorbed elements from the Chinese calendar and elements from other systems, but they are not direct descendants of the Chinese calendar. The official calendar in China is the Gregorian calendar, but the traditional Chinese calendar still plays an important role there. The Chinese calendar is known officially as the Rural Calendar, but is referred to by other names, such as the Former Calendar. The Chinese calendar preserves traditional East Asian culture, although the month sequences of Chinese calendar is decided by the solar term, the Chinese calendar is not an agriculture calendar. The Chinese calendar has greatly influenced the traditional calendars around Asia, the calendar has a year, month and date frame. The key elements are the day, synodic month and solar year, the Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar, similar to the Hindu and Hebrew calendars. The concepts in the Chinese, Hindu, and Hebrew calendars, day, in the Chinese calendar, a day starts from the midnight, in the Hindu calendars, a day starts from sunrise, and in the Hebrew calendar, a day starts from sunset. Month, the time is based on the obliquity of the moon path, a month is about 29 17/32 days. Phase, 1/30 month, 12° obliquity of the moon path, a unique concept of dating method in the Hindu calendar, a phase is about 63/64 day, which derived out the 64 divinatory symbols. Date, the day number in a month, in the Chinese and Hebrew calendars, days are numbered in sequence from 1 to 29 or 30, and in the Hindu calendars, the days are numbered according to the number of the phase in the days. In the Hindu calendars, some dates may be vacant, Year, the time based on the earths revolution
Chinese calendar
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A combination calendar, with Gregorian system below and a
Chinese zodiac chart above.
38.
Dragon (zodiac)
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The Dragon is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Dragon is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 辰 and it has been proposed by one academic researcher that the Earthly Branch character may have been associated with scorpions, it may have symbolized the star Antares. In the Buddhist calendar used in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Sri Lanka, in the Gurung zodiac, the Dragon is replaced by the eagle. Among all the 12 animal signs, the Monkey has the most tacit understanding with the Dragon people, the cunning Rat can be good partner with the Dragon to make something big. The Dragon people can live happily with the Snake, for the Snake can prevent the Dragon from behaving outrageously. People under the signs of the Tiger, Rooster, Horse, Goat, Rabbit and Pig like to be friends with the Dragon, as they admire the Dragons beautiful bearing, also, two Dragons can get along well with each other. However, the relationship between the Dragon and the Ox people are usually tense, because both of them are very majestic, the people who the Dragon feels headaches with the most is the Dog. They feel uncomfortable due to the Dog peoples close guard, Chinese astrology Chinese dragon Chinese zodiac Burmese zodiac Chinese New Year Dragons in mythology
Dragon (zodiac)
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The Water Dragon
lantern festival.
Dragon (zodiac)
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Contents
39.
Snake (zodiac)
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The Snake is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac and related to the Chinese calendar, as well as in related East Asian zodiacal or calendrical systems. The Year of the Snake is associated with the Earthly Branch symbol 巳, according to one mythical legend, there is a reason for the order of the 12 animals in the 12-year cycle. The story goes that a race was held to cross a river. The same 12 animals are used to symbolize the cycle of hours in the day. The hour of the Snake is 9,00 to 11,00 a. m. the time when the sun warms up the earth, the month of the Snake is May 5 to June 5. In Chinese symbology, Snakes are regarded as intelligent, but with a tendency to be somewhat unscrupulous, the Snake is the 6th of the 12 signs and belongs to the Second Trine, together with the Ox and the Rooster, with which it is most compatible. Depictions of zodiacal Snakes either solo or in context with the other eleven zodiacal creatures shows how they have been imagined in the calendrical context. Snakes in Chinese mythology Snakes in mythology Serpent Eberhard, Wolfram, A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols, Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought
Snake (zodiac)
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Old Town of Lijiang UNESCO zodiac circle: a stone circle inscribed with symbols of the Chinese zodiac near the entrance to the Old Town of Lijiang, Yunnan
Snake (zodiac)
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Sign of Snake
Snake (zodiac)
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Detail of above, showing the Snake designated by its Earthly Branch sign (front, center right)
Snake (zodiac)
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Chinese astrological Snake
40.
Coptic calendar
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The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church and still used in Egypt. This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptian calendar, to distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the Ethiopian calendar but have different numbers, the Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy and this calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months,12 of 30 days each and one month at the end of the year of 5 days in length. The year starts on 11 September in the Julian Calendar or on the 12th in the year before Leap Years, the Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year. The Feast of Neyrouz marks the first day of the Coptic year, ignorant of the Egyptian language for the most part, the Arabs confused the Egyptian new years celebrations, which the Egyptians called the feast of Ni-Yarouou, with the Persian feast of Nowruz. The misnomer remains today, and the celebrations of the Egyptian new year on the first day of the month of Thout are known as the Neyrouz. Coptic years are counted from 284, the year Diocletian became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A. M. Note that A. M. abbreviation is used for unrelated calendar eras which start at the putative creation of the world. Every fourth Coptic year is a year without exception, as in the Julian calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year is always 29 August, Easter is reckoned by the Julian Calendar in the Old Calendarist way. To obtain the Coptic year number, subtract from the Julian year number either 283 or 284, Coptic Christmas is observed on what the Julian Calendar labels the 25th day of December, a date that currently corresponds with January 7 on the more widely used Gregorian Calendar. Another early source is Theophilus Bishop of Caesarea, We ought to celebrate the birth-day of our Lord on what day soever the 25th of December shall happen, however, it was not until 367 that December 25 was begun to be universally accepted. Before that, the Eastern Church had kept January 6 as the Nativity under the name Epiphany, john Chrysostom, in a sermon preached in Antioch in 387, relates how the correct date of the Nativity was brought to the East ten years earlier. Dionysius of Alexandria emphatically quoted mystical justifications for this very choice,25 March was considered to be the anniversary of Creation itself. It was the first day of the year in the medieval Julian calendar, there may have been more practical considerations for choosing 25 December. The choice would help substitute a major Christian holiday for the popular Pagan celebrations surrounding the Winter Solstice, in AD274, Emperor Aurelian had declared a civil holiday on 25 December to celebrate the deity Sol Invictus
Coptic calendar
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Anglican Communion
41.
Ethiopian calendar
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A seven- to eight-year gap between the Ethiopian and Gregorian calendars results from an alternate calculation in determining the date of the Annunciation. Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopic calendar has twelve months of 30 days plus five or six epagomenal days, the Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar, but their names are in Geez. The sixth epagomenal day is added every four years without exception on August 29 of the Julian calendar, thus the first day of the Ethiopian year,1 Mäskäräm, for years between 1900 and 2099, is usually September 11. It, however, falls on September 12 in years before the Gregorian leap year, in the Gregorian year 2015, the Ethiopian calendar year 2008 begins on September 12, rather than September 11, on account of this additional epagomenal day occurring every four years. It occurs on September 11 in the Gregorian calendar, except for the following a leap year. The Ethiopian calendar year 1998 Amätä Məhrät began on September 11,2005, however, the Ethiopian years 1996 and 1992 began on September 12,2003 and 1999, respectively. This date correspondence applies for the Gregorian years 1900 to 2099, as the Gregorian year 2000 is a leap year, the current correspondence lasts two centuries instead. 400, thus its first civil year began seven months earlier on August 29, meanwhile, Europeans eventually adopted the calculations made by Dionysius Exiguus in AD525 instead, which placed the Annunciation eight years earlier than had Annianus. This causes the Ethiopian year number to be eight years less than the Gregorian year number from January 1 until September 10 or 11, in the past, a number of other eras for numbering years were also widely used in Ethiopia and the Kingdom of Aksum. Respective to the Gregorian and Julian New Years Days,3 1/2 to four months later and it is also because 532 is the product of the Metonic cycle of 19 years and the solar cycle of 28 years. Around AD400, an Alexandrine monk called Panodoros fixed the Alexandrian Era, after the 6th century AD, the era was used by Egyptian and Ethiopian chronologists. The twelfth 532-year-cycle of this era began on 29 August AD360, bishop Anianos preferred the Annunciation style as New Years Day,25 March. Thus he shifted the Panodoros era by about six months, to begin on 25 March 5492 BC, in the Ethiopian calendar this was equivalent to 15 Magabit 5501 B. C. The Anno Mundi era remained in usage until the late 19th century, the four-year leap-year cycle is associated with the four Evangelists, the first year after an Ethiopian leap year is named in honour of John, followed by the Matthew-year and then the Mark-year. The year with the sixth day is traditionally designated as the Luke-year. There are no exceptions to the four-year leap-year cycle, like the Julian calendar and these dates are valid only from March 1900 to February 2100. This is because 1900 and 2100 are not leap years in the Gregorian calendar, while they are leap years in the Ethiopian calendar, meaning dates before 1900. The Ethiopian Calendar, Appendix IV, C. F, huntingford, The Prester John of the Indies
Ethiopian calendar
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A building in downtown Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, sports bunting in the Ethiopian national colors of green, yellow and red to mark the Ethiopian Millennium on September 11, 2007.
42.
Hebrew calendar
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The Hebrew or Jewish calendar is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits. The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution, including a Babylonian influence, when to add it was based on observation of natural agriculture-related events in Israel. Through the Amoraic period and into the Geonic period, this system was displaced by the mathematical rules used today. The principles and rules were codified by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah in the 12th century. Maimonides work also replaced counting years since the destruction of the Temple with the modern creation-era Anno Mundi, the era used since the Middle Ages is the Anno Mundi epoch. As with Anno Domini, the words or abbreviation for Anno Mundi for the era should properly precede the date rather than follow it, AM5777 began at sunset on 2 October 2016 and will end at sunset on 20 September 2017. The Jewish day is of no fixed length, the Jewish day is modeled on the reference to. there was evening and there was morning. In the creation account in the first chapter of Genesis, based on the classic rabbinic interpretation of this text, a day in the rabbinic Hebrew calendar runs from sunset to the next sunset. In most populated parts of the world this is always approximately 24 standard hours, halachically, a day ends and a new one starts when three stars are visible in the sky. The time between sunset and the time when the three stars are visible is known as bein hashmashot, and there are differences of opinion as to which day it falls into for some uses. This may be relevant, for example, in determining the date of birth of a child born during that gap, there is no clock in the Jewish scheme, so that the local civil clock is used. The civil clock is used only as a reference point – in expressions such as, Shabbat starts at. In Judaism, an hour is defined as 1/12 of the time from sunrise to sunset, so, during the winter, an hour can be less than 60 minutes. This proportional hour is known as a shaah zmanit, a Jewish hour is divided into 1080 halakim or parts. A part is 3⅓ seconds or 1/18 minute, the ultimate ancestor of the helek was a small Babylonian time period called a barleycorn, itself equal to 1/72 of a Babylonian time degree. These measures are not generally used for everyday purposes, instead of the international date line convention, there are varying opinions as to where the day changes. One opinion uses the antimeridian of Jerusalem, the weekdays start with Sunday and proceed to Saturday, Shabbat
Hebrew calendar
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Jewish calendar, showing Adar II between 1927 and 1948
Hebrew calendar
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A bronze Shabbat candlestick holder made in
British Mandate Palestine in the 1940s.
Hebrew calendar
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A
shofar made from a ram's horn is traditionally blown in observance of
Rosh Hashanah, the beginning of the Jewish civic year.
43.
Hindu calendar
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Hindu calendar is a collective term for the various lunisolar calendars traditionally used in Hinduism. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping, but differ in their emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle, the names of months. A Hindu calendar is referred to as Panchanga. The ancient Hindu calendar is similar in design to the Jewish calendar. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Indian calendar, later Vikrami calendar, Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka. Similarly, the ancient Jainism traditions have followed the lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts. However, the Buddhist and Jaina timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha, the Hindu calendar is also important to the practice of Hindu astrology and zodiac system, most of which it adopted from Greece, in centuries after the arrival of Alexander the Great. The Indian national calendar or Saka calendar was introduced in 1952 based on the traditional Hindu calendars and this study was one of the six ancient Vedangas, or ancillary science connected with the Vedas – the scriptures of Hinduism. The ancient Indian culture developed a time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals. David Pingree has proposed that the field of timekeeping in Jyotisha may have derived from Mesopotamia during the Achaemenid period. Ohashi states that this Vedanga field developed from actual astronomical studies in ancient India, timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and moon movements are mentioned in Vedic texts. For example, Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3 mentions the shift in the location of the sun towards north for 6 months. The Vikrami calendar is named after king Vikramaditya and starts in 57 BCE, Hindu scholars attempted to keep time by observing and calculating the cycles of sun, moon and the planets. These texts present Surya and various planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion, other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies. The manuscripts of texts exist in slightly different versions, present Surya- and planets-based calculation. These vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and they tracked the solar year by observing the entrance and departure of surya in the constellation formed by stars in the sky, which they divided into 12 intervals of 30 degrees each. Like other ancient human cultures, Hindus innovated a number of systems of which intercalary months became most used, as their calendar keeping and astronomical observations became more sophisticated, the Hindu calendar became more sophisticated with complex rules and greater accuracy
Hindu calendar
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A page from the Hindu calendar 1871-72.
Hindu calendar
44.
Vikram Samvat
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Vikram Samvat Nepali, नेपाली पात्रो, Listen ) is an era used in India and Nepal, just like the Christian era started in 1 CE. The Vikram Samvat started in 58/57 BCE in southern and 57/56 BCE in northern systems of Hindu calendar, the era is named after king Vikramaditya. The Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar Gregorian calendar, for example, the year 2073 BS began in 2016 CE and will end in 2017 CE. The new year begins with the first day of month Baishakh, the first day of the new year is passionately celebrated in a historical carnival that takes place every year in Bhaktapur, called Bisket Jatra. The Rana rulers of Nepal made it their official calendar, there have been calls for the Vikram Samvat to replace Saka as Indias official calendar. The classical Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years, because 12 months do not match a sidereal year exactly, correctional months are added or occasionally subtracted. A Tithi or lunar day is defined as the time it takes for the angle between the moon and the Sun to increase by 12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours, a Paksa or lunar fortnight consists of 15 tithis. According to popular tradition, the legendary king Vikramaditya of Ujjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas. Kalakacharya Kathanaka by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri gives the account, Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati. The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan, despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven, the defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana, later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the Vikrama era, the Ujjain calendar started around 56-58 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana. The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE, the earlier sources call this era by various names, including Kṛṭa, Kritaa, the era of the Malava tribe, or simply, Samvat. The earliest known inscription that calls the era Vikrama is from 842 CE and this inscription of Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena was found at Dholpur, and is dated Vikrama Samvat 898, Vaishakha Shukla 2, Chanda. The earliest known inscription that associates this era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971 CE, the earliest literary work that connects the era to Vikramaditya is Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha by the Jain author Amitagati. V. A. Smith and D. R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya, earlier, some scholars believed that the Vikrama Samavat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo-Scythian king King Azes
Vikram Samvat
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The Jain monk Kalakacharya and the
Saka King (Kalakacharya Katha manuscript,
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya,
Mumbai)
45.
Indian national calendar
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The Indian national calendar, sometimes called the Saka calendar, is the official civil calendar in use in India along with the Vikram Samvat calendar. It is used, alongside the Gregorian calendar, by The Gazette of India, in broadcasts by All India Radio and in calendars. The Saka calendar is used in Java and Bali among Indonesian Hindus. Nyepi, the Day of Silence, is a celebration of the Saka new year in Bali, nepals Nepal Sambat evolved from the Saka calendar. The term may also refer to the Hindu calendar, the Saka era is also commonly used by other calendars. The calendar months follow the signs of the tropical zodiac rather than the sidereal zodiac normally used with Hindu calendar, in leap years, Chaitra has 31 days and starts on March 21 instead. The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days, the names of the months are derived from older, Hindu lunisolar calendars, so variations in spelling exist, and there is a possible source of confusion as to what calendar a date belongs to. Years are counted in the Saka Era, which starts its year 0 in the year 78 of the Common Era. To determine leap years, add 78 to the Saka year - if the result is a year in the Gregorian calendar. Its structure is like the Persian calendar, despite this effort, local variations based on older sources such as the Surya Siddhanta may still exist. Senior Indian Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha was the head of the Calendar Reform Committee under the aegis of the Council of Scientific, other members of the Committee were, A. C. Banerjee, K. K. Daftari, J. S. Karandikar, Gorakh Prasad, R. V. Vaidya and it was Saha’s effort, which led to the formation of the Committee. The task before the Committee was to prepare an accurate calendar based on scientific study, the Committee had to undertake a detailed study of different calendars prevalent in different parts of the country. The task was complicated by the fact that religion and local sentiments were integral to those calendars. Indias first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, in his preface to the Report of the Committee, published in 1955, wrote, “They represent past political divisions in the country…. ”Usage started officially at Chaitra 1,1879, Saka Era, or March 22,1957, Dionysian Era. However, government officials seem to ignore the New Years Day of this calendar in favour of the religious calendar. Mapping Time, The Calendar and its History by E. G, Calendars and their History Indian Calendars Positional astronomy in India Indian National Calendar abstract
Indian national calendar
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Mohar of Gorkha king
Prithvi Narayan Shah dated
Saka Era 1685 (AD 1763)
46.
Kali Yuga
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Kali Yuga is the last of the four stages the world goes through as part of the cycle of yugas described in the Sanskrit scriptures, within the present Mahayuga. The other ages are called Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Kali Yuga is associated with the demon Kali. The Kali of Kali Yuga means strife, discord, quarrel or contention, according to Puranic sources, Krishnas departure marks the end of Dvapara Yuga and the start of Kali Yuga, which is dated to 17/18 February 3102 BCE. According to the Surya Siddhanta, Kali Yuga began at midnight on 18 February 3102 BCE and this is also considered the date on which Lord Krishna left the earth to return to his heavenly abode. This information is placed at the temple of Bhalka, the place of this incident, according to the astronomer and mathematician Aryabhatta the Kali Yuga started in 3102 BCE. He finished his book “Aryabhattiya” in 499 CE, in which he gives the year of the beginning of Kali Yuga. He writes that he wrote the book in the year 3600 of the Kali Age at the age of 23. As it was the 3600th year of the Kali Age when he was 23 years old, and given that Aryabhatta was born in 476 CE, according to KD Abhyankar, the starting point of Kaliyuga is an extremely rare planetary alignment, which is depicted in the Mohenjo-Daro seals. Going by this alignment the year 3102 BCE is slightly off, the actual date for this alignment is February 7 of 3104 BCE. There is also sufficient proof to believe that Vrdhha Garga knew of precession at least by 500 BCE, Garga had calculated the rate of precession to within 30% of what the modern scholars estimate. The Kali Yuga is thought by some authors to last 6480 years although other durations have been proposed, hindus believe that human civilization degenerates spiritually during the Kali Yuga, which is referred to as the Dark Age because in it people are as far away as possible from God. Hinduism often symbolically represents morality as an indian bull, in Satya Yuga, the first stage of development, the bull has four legs, but in each age morality is reduced by one quarter. By the age of Kali, morality is reduced to only a quarter of that of the golden age, the Mahabharata War and the decimation of Kauravas thus happened at the Yuga-Sandhi, the point of transition from one yuga to another. A discourse by Markandeya in the Mahabharata identifies some of the attributes of Kali Yuga, in relation to rulers, it lists, Rulers will become unreasonable, they will levy taxes unfairly. Rulers will no longer see it as their duty to promote spirituality, or to protect their subjects, people will start migrating, seeking countries where wheat and barley form the staple food source. (Srimad-Bhagavatam With regard to relationships, Markandeyas discourse says, Avarice. Humans will openly display animosity towards each other, people will have thoughts of murder with no justification and will see nothing wrong in that. Lust will be viewed as acceptable and sexual intercourse will be seen as the central requirement of life
Kali Yuga
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Kalki and his horse,
Devadatta.
47.
Islamic calendar
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The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to date events in many Muslim countries and it is also used by Muslims to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca. The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was retrospectively established as the Islamic New Year of AD622, during that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Yathrib and established the first Muslim community, an event commemorated as the Hijra. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH in parallel with the Christian, in Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form. In English, years prior to the Hijra are reckoned as BH, the current Islamic year is 1438 AH. In the Gregorian calendar,1438 AH runs from approximately 3 October 2016 to 21 September 2017, four of the twelve Hijri months are considered sacred, Rajab, and the three consecutive months of Dhū al-Qa‘dah, Dhu al-Ḥijjah and Muḥarram. As the lunar calendar lags behind the solar calendar by about ten days every gregorian year, the cycle repeats every 33 lunar years. Each month of the Islamic calendar commences on the birth of the new lunar cycle, traditionally this is based on actual observation of the crescent marking the end of the previous lunar cycle and hence the previous month, thereby beginning the new month. Consequently, each month can have 29 or 30 days depending on the visibility of the moon, astronomical positioning of the earth and weather conditions. However, certain sects and groups, most notably Dawoodi Bohra Muslims and Shia Ismaili Muslims, use a tabular Islamic calendar in which odd-numbered months have thirty days, in Arabic, the first day of the week corresponds with Sunday of the planetary week. The Islamic weekdays, like those in the Hebrew and Baháí calendars, the Christian liturgical day, kept in monasteries, begins with vespers, which is evening, in line with the other Abrahamic traditions. Christian and planetary weekdays begin at the following midnight, Muslims gather for worship at a mosque at noon on gathering day which corresponds with Friday. Thus gathering day is regarded as the weekly day of rest. A few others have adopted the Saturday-Sunday weekend while making Friday a working day with a midday break to allow time off for worship. Inscriptions of the ancient South Arabian calendars reveal the use of a number of local calendars, at least some of these calendars followed the lunisolar system. For Central Arabia, especially Mecca, there is a lack of epigraphical evidence, both al-Biruni and al-Masudi suggest that the Ancient Arabs used the same month names as the Muslims, though they also record other month names used by the pre-Islamic Arabs. Nevertheless, the Islamic position equating Nisan with Dhū al-Ḥijja has prevailed, for a comparison between the Islamic and pre-Islamic months, see Islamic and Jahili months. The Islamic tradition is unanimous in stating that Arabs of Tihamah, Hejaz, the forbidden months were four months during which fighting is forbidden, listed as Rajab and the three months around the pilgrimage season, Dhu al-Qa‘dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and Muharram
Islamic calendar
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Islamic Calendar stamp issued at King Khaled airport (10 Rajab 1428)
Islamic calendar
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Muhammad prohibiting Nasī’. Found in an illustrated copy of
Al-Bīrūnī 's
The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries (17th-century copy of an early 14th-century
Ilkhanid manuscript).
Islamic calendar
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Civil and Hijri establishment dates of a library in Old City, Jerusalem
Islamic calendar
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Key concepts
48.
Japanese calendar
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Japanese calendar types have included a range of official and unofficial systems. At present, Japan uses the Gregorian calendar together with year designations stating the year of the reign of the current Emperor, the lunisolar Chinese calendar was introduced to Japan via Korea in the middle of the sixth century. After that, Japan calculated its calendar using various Chinese calendar procedures, but in 1873, as part of Japans Meiji period modernization, a calendar based on the solar Gregorian calendar was introduced. In Japan today, the old Chinese calendar is virtually ignored, celebrations of the Lunar New Year are thus limited to Chinese, Japan has had more than one system for designating years. Including The Chinese sexagenary cycle was introduced into Japan. It was often used together with era names, as in the 1729 Ise calendar shown above, now, though, the cycle is seldom used except around New Years. The era name system was introduced from China, and has been in continuous use since AD701. Each Emperors reign begins a new era, before 1868 era names were also declared for other reasons. Nengō are the means of dating years in Japan. It is also in use in private and personal business. The Japanese imperial year or kigen 紀元 is based on the date of the founding of Japan by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC. It was first used in the calendar in 1873. However, it never replaced era names, and since World War II has been abandoned, the Western Common Era system has gradually come into common use since the Meiji period. Now, most people know it, as well as era names, the official dating system known as nengō 年号, strictly speaking, gengō 元号, has been in use since the late 7th century. Years are numbered within eras, which are named by the reigning Emperor, the nengō system remains in wide use, especially on official documents and government forms. The imperial year system was used from 1872 to the Second World War, Imperial year 1 was the year when the legendary Emperor Jimmu founded Japan –660 BC according to the Gregorian Calendar. Usage of kōki dating can be a nationalist signal, pointing out that the history of Japans imperial family is longer than that of Christianity, kōki 2600 was a special year. The 1940 Summer Olympics and Tokyo Expo were planned as anniversary events, the Japanese naval Zero Fighter was named after this year
Japanese calendar
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1729 calendar, which used the
Jōkyō calendar procedure, published by
Ise Shrine.
Japanese calendar
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This mural on the wall of
Shin-Ochanomizu subway station in Tokyo celebrates Hazuki, the eighth month.
Japanese calendar
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Koinobori, flags decorated like
koi, are popular decorations around Children's Day
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