1.
1897 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1897. January–March – Oscar Wilde, imprisoned in Reading Gaol in England, writes his letter to his lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, january 2 – Newspapers in London, England erroneously report the death of Mark Twain. It is believed that the rumors began when Twains cousin had become ill, Twain makes his famous statement the report of my death was an exaggeration. April–December – H. G. Wells science fiction novel The War of the Worlds is serialised in Pearsons Magazine, april 13 – The Grand Guignol is opened in Paris by Oscar Méténier. May 19 – Oscar Wilde is released early this morning from Pentonville Prison in London and this afternoon he visits Hatchards bookshop briefly before catching an evening train to Newhaven en route to exile on the continent under the name Sebastian Melmoth. On May 18 he had staged a reading of a version at the Lyceum Theatre. July 2 – Yorkshire Dialect Society founded, the oldest such society in England, july 25 – Writer Jack London sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush where he will write his first successful stories. October – First issue Albina, the Romanian literary and agriculturalist magazine aimed at a peasant readership, put out in Bucharest by Ioan Kalinderu, George Coșbuc, november 1 – The Library of Congress Building in Washington, D. C. is opened. December 30 – The comedy The White Horse Inn, by Oscar Blumenthal and Gustav Kadelburg, opens in Berlin, decades later it will be turned into a popular, hall Caines novel The Christian is published, becoming the first in Britain to sell a million copies. Anna Katharine Greens That Affair Next Door introduces the first female fictional character in a novel, Amelia Butterworth. Benito Pérez Galdós is elected to the Real Academia Española, the publisher Doubleday is founded as the Doubleday & McClure Company by Frank Nelson Doubleday in partnership with magazine publisher Samuel McClure in New York City. The publisher Commercial Press is founded as the first modern publishing organisation in China by 26-year-old Xia Ruifang and three friends in Shanghai
2.
1898 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1898. January 13 – Émile Zolas open letter to Félix Faure, President of France, on the Dreyfus affair, on February 23, Zola is convicted of criminal libel in connection with Jaccuse. Following dismissal of his appeal he flees to London to escape imprisonment, in August he begins writing his novel Fécondité in the suburbs. February 5–June 18 – M. P. February 25 – Première of Frank Wedekinds Earth Spirit, first of his Lulu plays, in Leipzig, in a production by Carl Heine, March 25 – O. Henry is imprisoned in Ohio Penitentiary, Columbus, for embezzlement. May 28 – Max Beerbohm succeeds George Bernard Shaw as theatre critic of The Saturday Review, june – First appearance of E. W. Hornungs fictional gentleman thief A. J. Raffles in the story The Ides of March in Cassells Magazine. Peadar Ua Laoghaires story Séadna begins serialization in Ireland as the first Irish language novel, Gerald Duckworth establishes the publishers Gerald Duckworth and Company in London. Henry Jamess novella In the Cage is among their first years output, English designer C. R. Ashbee begins book production at the Essex House Press. Joseph Wrights English Dialect Dictionary begins publication, the Generation of 98 writers and thinkers are active in Spain. The term Young Poland is coined after a manifesto by Artur Górski, published in the Kraków newspaper Życie, to signify the period of modernism in the Polish arts. Burks, American writer September 15 – J. Slauerhoff, Dutch poet and novelist September 16 – H. A. S. Lewis, English novelist and childrens writer December 27 – W. C
3.
1899 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1899. January 21 – French actress Sarah Bernhardt, having taken over management of the Paris theatre which she renames the Théâtre Sarah-Bernhardt, opens in the title rôle of Victorien Sardous La Tosca. On May 20 she premières an adaptation of Shakespeares Hamlet with herself in the title rôle March 20 – W. H. Davies, tramp-poet, loses his foot trying to jump a freight train at Renfrew, april – Karl Kraus establishes the radical periodical Die Fackel in Vienna. April–June – Rainer Maria Rilke travels to Moscow to meet Leo Tolstoy, may–December – Winston Churchills only work of fiction, Savrola, A Tale of the Revolution in Laurania, is serialized in Macmillans Magazine. May 8 – The Irish Literary Theatre, founded by W. B, Yeats, Augusta, Lady Gregory, George Moore and Edward Martyn, stages its first performance in Dublin, a version of Yeats verse drama The Countess Cathleen. June 20 – English writer Edward Thomas marries Helen Noble at Fulham register office, september 1 – The National Theatre in Norway opens with performances of pieces by Holberg. September – The British Mutoscope and Biograph Companys King John becomes the first known film based on a Shakespeare play, november 6 – William Gillettes play Sherlock Holmes, based on the writings of Arthur Conan Doyle, opens in New York City with himself in the title rôle. November 7 – Anton Chekhovs Uncle Vanya receives its metropolitan première at the Moscow Art Theatre with Konstantin Stanislavski directing and playing the rôle of Astrov and Olga Knipper as Yeléna. December 12 – Herbert Putnam is appointed Librarian of Congress in the United States, december – The imprisoned William Sydney Porters pseudonym O. Henry first appears over the short story Whistling Dicks Christmas Stocking in this months McClures Magazine. Curtis Brown established in London by American Albert Curtis Brown, edgar Rice Burroughs begins working in his fathers business. Simon Pokagons O-gi-maw-kwe Mit-I-gwa-ki is published, the first novel both by and about Native Americans in the United States, Arthur Machens wife Amy dies after a long illness, an event that has a devastating effect on him. Lin Shus first translation into Chinese from a Western text, The Lady of the Camellias as 巴黎茶花女遺事, is published, Leo Tolstoys last novel, Resurrection, is published serially in Niva. First series of the Arden Shakespeare under the editorship of W. J. Craig begins publication by Methuen in London with an edition of Hamlet edited by Edward Dowden. A. Henty – The Golden Canon E. W. Hornung – The Amateur Cracksman Henry James – The Awkward Age Selma Lagerlöf – The Tale of a Manor Octave Mirbeau – The Torture Garden A. E. W. M. Edwards, Guernsey-born writer July 11 – E. B
4.
1900 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1900. May Rainer Maria Rilke makes his visit to Russia in the company of Lou Andreas-Salomé. Release of the first film to feature the detective character Sherlock Holmes, Sherlock Holmes Baffled, by the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company. May 17 – L. Frank Baums The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is published in Chicago, june 24 – During the Boxer Rebellion, the Hanlin Academy in Peking, housing the oldest and richest library in the world, catches fire and is destroyed. July 1 – Net Book Agreement comes into force in the U. K, november 19 – August Strindbergs To Damascus receives its première at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm with August Palme and Harriet Bosse, Strindbergs future wife, in the leading rôles. Ermete Novelli establishes the Casa di Goldoni, a new theatre, at Rome, S. Pritchett, English short story writer January 19 – William Larminie, Irish poet and folklorist January 20 – Richard Doddridge Blackmore, English novelist January 25 – Frederick H
5.
1902 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1902. January 5 The political drama Dantons Death by Georg Büchner, receives its première, first performance of George Bernard Shaws controversial 1893 play Mrs. Warrens Profession at a private club in London. April – Mark Twain purchases a home in Tarrytown, New York, june 4 – Mark Twain receives an honorary doctorate of literature degree from the University of Missouri. June 16 – Bertrand Russell writes to Gottlob Frege informing him of the problem that will become known as Russells paradox. July 1 – The Romanian language literary review Luceafărul begins publication in Budapest, september 9 – P. G. Wodehouse leaves his job at the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Company in London to become a freelance writer. Early October – Beatrix Potters self-illustrated childrens book The Tale of Peter Rabbit is first published in an edition by Frederick Warne & Co in London. By the end of the year it sells 28,000 copies, October 5 – Thousands attend the funeral of French novelist Émile Zola at the Cimetière de Montmartre, Paris, they include Alfred Dreyfus, given special permission by Mme Zola to attend. November 4 – J. M. Barries comedy The Admirable Crichton is premièred at the Duke of Yorks Theatre in London, irving, Henry Kemble and Irene Vanbrugh and running for an extremely successful 828 performances. December 5 – Leo Tolstoys drama The Power of Darkness is premièred at the Moscow Art Theatre by Konstantin Stanislavski with some success, although he is self-critical. December 18 – Maxim Gorkys drama The Lower Depths – Scenes from Russian Life is premièred at the Moscow Art Theatre with Stanislavski directing and starring, the Irish Literary Theatre project ends. Poet Ștefan Petică publishes the cycle Fecioara în alb, which marks a maturing of Romanian Symbolism, crevedia, Romanian poet, novelist and journalist. A. Henty, English historical novelist Nobel Prize for Literature, Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen
6.
1904 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1904. January Mark Twain begins dictating his Autobiography, first issue of Süddeutsche Monatshefte, published in Munich by Paul Nikolaus Cossmann. January 17 – Anton Chekhovs last play, The Cherry Orchard, February 25 – J. M. Synges tragedy Riders to the Sea is first performed at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin, by the Irish National Theatre Society. April 24 – Lithuanian press ban in the Russian Empire lifted, may 10 – Following the death on 22 February of her father, Sir Leslie Stephen, Virginia Woolf suffers a mental breakdown. June 16 – The original Bloomsday, the day James Joyce first walks out with Nora Barnacle, to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend, june 28 – Anton Chekhov, dying of tuberculosis at Badenweiler, writes to his sister Masha, saying his health is improving. He dies just over two weeks later, september – Mark Twain purchases a home at 21 Fifth Avenue, New York City. November 1 George Bernard Shaws comedy about Ireland, John Bulls Other Island, opens at the Royal Court Theatre, London, Yeats rejects it for Dublins Abbey Theatre. The Stephen family have moved to a home at 46 Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London, here the Bloomsbury Group will form. December 24 – The Coliseum Theatre in London opens, december 27 The Irish National Theatre Society opens to the public in Dublin for the first time. The bill consists of three plays, On Bailes Strand and Cathleen Ní Houlihan by Yeats and Spreading the News by Lady Gregory. Alexander Bloks poetry cycle Stikhi o prekrasnoi Dame, written to his new wife, a seven-year-old Wasif Jawhariyyeh begins keeping his diaries, later acclaimed as masterpieces of modern Arabic and Jerusalemite literature. Herbert Beerbohm Tree establishes what will become the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, 1889–1903» Giovanni Pascoli – Primi poemetti and Primi conviviali A. C
7.
1906 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1906. February 8 – Writer Hilaire Belloc becomes a Liberal Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom, february 15 – J. M. Dent and Company commence publication in the United Kingdom of the Everymans Library series with Boswells Life of Johnson. March 13 – Romanian nationalist historian Nicolae Iorga instigates a boycott of the National Theater Bucharest over its staging of French-language plays, april 10–October 13 – Maxim Gorky visits the United States with his mistress, the actress Maria Andreyeva, to raise funds for the Bolsheviks. In the Adirondack Mountains he writes his novel of revolutionary conversion and struggle, the couple then retreat to Capri. April 18 – The 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroys the new building for Stanford University Library before it can be completed. Many of the leading poets and writers retreat to join the arts colony at Carmel-by-the-Sea. May–October – Jack Londons novel White Fang is serialized in the American magazine Outing, june – Virginia Stephen, the future Virginia Woolf, writes her first work of fiction, the short story which becomes known as Phyllis and Rosamond when first, posthumously, published. July 11 – Murder of Grace Brown in the Herkimer County, New York, pre-September – Last full-scale court performance of gambuh dance-drama in Bali. September 1 – Annie Carroll Moore begins work as Superintendent of the Department of Work with Children at the New York Public Library and it is first staged in Stockholm on December 13 at the Folkan. November 8 – Max Reinhardt inaugurates the Kammerspiele at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin with a production of Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen designed by Edvard Munch. December 24 – Reginald Fessenden transmits the first radio program, a reading, a violin solo. Livraria Lello & Irmão opens a new bookstore in Porto, the magazine Eesti Kirjandus is founded in the Governorate of Estonia as part of the Estonian national awakening
8.
1908 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1908. March – Ezra Pound leaves America for Europe, in April, he moves to Venice, where in July he self-publishes his first collection of poems, A Lume Spento. In August he settles in London, where he will remain until 1920, june 18 – Mark Twain purchases a house in Redding, Connecticut. Summer – The Marlowe Society stages a production at the New Theatre, Cambridge, July – Katherine Mansfield moves to London, she will never return to her native New Zealand. September 30 – Maurice Maeterlincks The Blue Bird is premièred at Konstantin Stanislavskys Moscow Art Theatre, october 3 – The Avenida Theatre opens on Buenos Aires Avenida de Mayo with a production of Lope de Vegas El castigo sin venganza directed by María Guerrero. December – Ford Madox Hueffer begins publication of the literary magazine The English Review in London, yeats, produces its first publication, Poetry and Ireland, essays by W. B. Ethiopian linguist Afevork Ghevre Jesuss ልብ ፡ ወለድ ፡ ታሪክ ።, malay tale Hikayat Hang Tuah is first published, edited by Sulaiman bin Muhammed Nur and William Shellabear. Romanian writer Urmuz is known to be working on his manuscript stories, K. M. Forster – A Room with a View John Fox, Jr. Madero – La sucesión presidencial en 1910 Friedrich Nietzsche – Ecce homo, Wie man wird, was man ist Alfred R. M
9.
1909 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1909. January – T. E. Hulmes poems Autumn and A City Sunset, january 15 – Opening night of Filippo Tommaso Marinettis drama La donna è mobile at the Teatro Alfieri, Turin. February 20 – Filippo Tommaso Marinettis Futurist Manifesto is first published, march 2 – Katherine Mansfield, at this time pregnant by another man, marries singing teacher George Bowden in London, leaving him the same evening to resume a lesbian relationship with Ida Baker. April The opening night of Filippo Tommaso Marinettis drama Le Roi bombance is heckled by the audience, the German periodical Die Tat is founded by Ernst Horneffer. April 24 – The Metropolitan Library in Beijing, predecessor of the National Library of China, is founded by the Qing government, september 6 – Israel Zangwills play The Melting Pot opens in New York City. September 23 – Gaston Lerouxs novel The Phantom of the Opera begins serialization in the Paris newspaper Le Gaulois. September 29 – Franz Kafkas short story The Aeroplanes at Brescia, based on an event, is published in the Prague newspaper Bohemia. November – E. M. Forsters science fiction short story The Machine Stops is published in The Oxford and Cambridge Review. G
10.
1911 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1911. February–March – Antisemitic riots in Paris over the staging of Henri Bernsteins Après moi by the Comédie-Française, instigated by the far-right Action Française, in conjunction with the far-left Guerre Sociale. March – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in Paris, announces planned Futurist conference, april – Hugo Gernsback begins to publish his pioneering science fiction novel Ralph 124C 41+ in his monthly magazine Modern Electrics in the United States. April 8 – English poet Lascelles Abercrombie and his move to live near Dymock in rural Gloucestershire. October 16 – New building for Mitchell Library opens in Glasgow, october 17 – Rudolf Wilhelm Friedrich Ditzen, the later novelist Hans Fallada, kills his best friend in a suicide pact staged as a duel. November The Kalem Company of New York agrees to pay the estate of author Lew Wallace $25,000 in legal settlement for having adapted Ben Hur from his novel without securing prior rights. Virginia Stephen begins to share a London house at 38 Brunswick Square with other members of the Bloomsbury Group, Leonard Woolf, Adrian Stephen, John Maynard Keynes, jaroslav Hašek begins publishing stories of The Good Soldier Švejk in the Prague newspaper Karikatura edited by the illustrator Josef Lada. Irish novelist George Moore publishes Ave, the first part of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, french publishing house Éditions Gallimard founded in Paris by Gaston Gallimard as Les Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue Française. Its first publication is Paul Claudels play LOtage, D. Beresford – The Hampdenshire Wonder Ambrose Bierce – The Devils Dictionary Algernon Blackwood – The Centaur J. E. Casely-Hayford – Ethiopia Unbound G. K. E. B. Du Bois – The Quest of the Silver Fleece Edna Ferber – Dawn OHara Ford Madox Ford – Ladies Whose Bright Eyes E. M. Forster – The Celestial Omnibus R. H. E. W
11.
1912 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1912. January 5 – Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craigs seminal symbolist Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, conrad continues to work on finishing the book while the first chapters are appearing weekly in the Herald, completing it on March 26. March 3 – Frieda Weekley meets D. H. Lawrence in Nottingham, april 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, The ocean liner RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States. American mystery writer Jacques Futrelle, English journalist and publisher William Thomas Stead, a copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in a jewelled binding by Sangorski & Sutcliffe is also lost. The event leads to a flood of poems, including Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain, may 6 – Lie Kim Hok dies of typhus in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, aged 58. Lauw Giok Lan completes his translations of Hugo Hartmanns Dolores, de Verkochte Vrouw as Prampoean jang Terdjoewal and of Geneviève de Vadans as De Juffrouw van Gezelschap. June – As I. G. Ofir, Romanian poet Benjamin Fondane has his debut in the magazine Floare Albastră. August 10 – Virginia Stephen marries Leonard Woolf at St. Pancras Town Hall in London and they honeymoon in Provence, Spain and Italy before returning to live in London. September 21 – Harley Granville-Barkers production of Shakespeares The Winters Tale opens at the Savoy Theatre, London, with simplified scenery, ensemble acting and it is replaced in November by his production of Twelfth Night. October Edgar Rice Burroughs character Tarzan first appears in Tarzan of the Apes in American pulp magazine The All-Story, sax Rohmers character Fu Manchu first appears in The Zayat Kiss in English pulp magazine Story-Teller, the first instalment of The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu. October 12 – Arthur Schnitzlers play La Ronde is first performed, in Budapest, october 25 – First issue of Simbolul, put out in Bucharest by Marcel Janco, Tristan Tzara, and Ion Vinea. – A Slap in the Face of Public Taste, the text of Russian Futurism, is published as both a manifesto and a poetry almanac. Edited and authored by David Burliuk, Viktor Khlebnikov, Aleksei Kruchenykh, attacks the tradition of Russian Symbolism, in particular works by Leonid Andreyev, Konstantin Balmont, Alexander Blok, and Ivan Bunin, but also ridicules independents such as Maxim Gorky. Texts of 13 Sanskrit dramas, perhaps from the first centuries BCE, publication of the Loeb Classical Library, parallel text editions of the classics, begins by London publisher Heinemann. Moruzi – Pribegi în țară răpită John Muir – The Yosemite P. D. F. L. R. – Sesto Pals, Romanian Israeli poet, priestleys An Inspector Calls are set in this year
12.
1914 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1914. January 18 – A party held in honour of English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt at his farm in West Sussex brings together W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. Flint and Frederic Manning, february–December – Publication of New Numbers, a quarterly collection of work by the Dymock poets in England edited by Lascelles Abercrombie. February 2 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commences serialization in The Egoist, february 4 – A staging of George A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall in Ireland provokes a riot. February 10 – Thomas Hardy marries his wife, childrens author Florence Dugdale, at St Andrews. March The Times Literary Supplement is published separately for the first time, the Little Review is founded by Margaret Caroline Anderson as part of Chicagos literary renaissance. March 4 – Irish-born novelist George Moore publishes Vale, the final of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, june – James Joyces Dubliners, a collection of fifteen short stories depicting the Irish middle classes in and around Dublin during the early 20th century, is published in London. June 20 – First issue of the Vorticist literary magazine BLAST edited by Wyndham Lewis is published and it includes Ford Madox Hueffers The Saddest Story, a preliminary version of The Good Soldier. June 24 – Edward Thomas makes the English railway journey which inspires his poem Adlestrop en route to meet Robert Frost, july E. M. Forster completes his novel Maurice, with its theme of male homosexual love, it is not published until 1971. Heinrich Mann completes his novel Der Untertan, with its critique of German nationalism, August The literature of World War I makes its first appearance. John Masefield writes the poem August,1914, the last he will produce before the peace, stanley Unwin purchases a controlling interest in the London publisher George Allen. August 25 – The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is set on fire by German troops during the Rape of Belgium, September – J. R. R. Tolkien writes a poem about Eärendil, the first appearance of his mythopoeic Middle-earth legendarium. Eärendil will much later appear in the The Silmarillion, at this time Tolkien is an Oxford undergraduate staying at Phoenix Farm, Gedling near Nottingham. September 2 – Charles Masterman invites 25 eminent literary men to Wellington House in London to form a secret British War Propaganda Bureau, kipling soon afterwards writes the poem For all we have and are. Yeats, however, refuses to sign a letter of support for the War signed by most of the participants, September 9 – Hilaire Belloc is contracted to write regular articles on the War in the new British weekly Land and Water. September 21 – Laurence Binyons poem For the Fallen, containing his Ode of Remembrance, is published in The Times, T. S. Eliot meets fellow American poet Ezra Pound for the first time, in London. September 29 – Arthur Machens short story The Bowmen, origin of the legend of the Angels of Mons, is published in The Evening News, november 7 – The first issue of The New Republic magazine is published in the United States. November 16 – M. P. Shiel is convicted and imprisoned for indecently assaulting, december 31 – T. S. Oxford is very pretty, but I dont like to be dead
13.
1916 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1916. January – The Journal of Negro History is founded by Carter G. Woodson, march 1 – Transfer of the National Library of Wales at Aberystwyth into its purpose-built premises is completed. March 22 – Marriage of J. R. R. Tolkien and Edith Bratt at St. Mary Immaculate Roman Catholic Church, Warwick and they will serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Beren and Lúthien. Tolkien leaves for military service in France at the beginning of June, april–June – Katherine Mansfield and John Middleton Murry live as neighbours to D. H. and Frieda Lawrence at Higher Tregerthen, near Zennor in Cornwall. Of the seven leaders of the Rising, Thomas MacDonagh, Patrick Pearse and Joseph Plunkett are all poets and James Connolly a balladeer, the event is the theme of W. B. Yeats poem Easter,1916, first published this September, may 16 – Natsume Sōsekis novel Light and Darkness begins serialization in the Tokyo and Osaka editions of the newspaper Asahi Shimbun but will remain unfinished at the authors death on December 9. Future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan, wounded in Septembers Battle of Flers–Courcelette and sheltering in a slit trench, yeats makes his fifth and final proposal of marriage to the newly widowed Maud Gonne in France. Summer – In the United States 15-year-old Margaret Mitchell writes the manuscript of a novella called Lost Laysen in two notebooks and she will later give the manuscript to a boyfriend and the book remains lost until rediscovered in the mid-1990s and published in 1996. Meanwhile, Mitchell will go on to write Gone with the Wind, September – Joseph Conrads novella The Shadow Line commences serialization in both The English Review and the Metropolitan Magazine. October 19 – New building for the German National Library opens in Leipzig, December 29 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is first published complete in book form in New York. July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, partial inspiration for Peter Benchleys novel Jaws, November – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novel November 1916 is set in the lead-up to the Russian Revolution
14.
1917 in literature
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This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1917. January Francis Picabia produces the first issue of the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona, J. R. R. February 4/5 – English writer Hugh Kingsmill is taken prisoner while fighting in France. February 16 – The publishing house of Boni & Liveright is established in New York City by Horace Liveright with Albert Boni, and establishes the Modern Library imprint. April – Leonard and Virginia Woolf take delivery of the printing press they require in order to establish the Hogarth Press at their home. Their first publication is Two Stories, june 4 – The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded, Laura E. Richards, Maude H. Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New York World. June 18 – Luigi Pirandellos drama Right You Are is premièred in Milan, summer – The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets and writers. October 20 – 51-year-old poet W. B, yeats marries 25-year-old Georgie Hyde-Lees at Harrow Road register office in London a couple of months after having had a proposal of marriage to his ex-mistresss daughter, Iseult Gonne, rejected. December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams Why Marry, the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre. The colonial government of the Dutch East Indies establishes the Kantoor voor de Volklectuur, the Marc Chagall illustrated version of The Magician by I. L. Peretz is published in Vilnius. This is the background to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novels in The Red Wheel sequence March 1917, august 18 – First meeting between Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon, the basis of Stephen MacDonalds drama Not About Heroes and Pat Barkers novel Regeneration
15.
1908 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. March – Ezra Pound leaves America for Europe, in April, he moves to Venice, where in July he self-publishes his first collection of poems, A Lume Spento. In August he settles in London, where he will remain until 1920, summer – The Marlowe Society stages a production at the New Theatre, Cambridge, of Miltons masque Comus directed by Rupert Brooke. Renée Vivien attempts suicide by overdose of laudanum at the Savoy Hotel in London, founding in London of the Poets Club, a group comprised mainly amateurs which met monthly for most of the year. Late in the year – T. E. Hulme reads to the Poets Club his paper, A Lecture on Modern Poetry, William Wilfred Campbell, Poetical Tragedies including Mordred, Daulac, Morning and Hildebrand William Henry Drummond, The Great Fight, Poems and Sketches. O. Barnabooth Louis-Joseph Doucet, La Chanson du Passant, French language, Canada Albert Ferland, Le Canada Chante, French language, Canada C
16.
1907 in art
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The year 1907 in art involved some significant events. February 7 – Vanessa Stephen marries Clive Bell, september – A cast of G. F. Watts sculpture Physical Energy is erected posthumously in Kensington Gardens in London. Henri Matisse begins to teach at the Académie Matisse in Paris, adolphe Valette joins the staff of Manchester Municipal School of Art. Kunsthalle Mannheim designed by Hermann Billing to serve an International Art Exhibition, the Chicago Plan is produced by Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett, and illustrated by Jules Guerin. Bernard Berenson publishes North Italian Painters of the Renaissance, cadmium Red pigment first produced, in Germany. Georges Braque exhibited Viaduc à lEstaque, now at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, simultaneously, there was a retrospective exhibition of 56 works by Paul Cézanne, as a tribute to the artist who died in 1906. W. W. Marie Z. Peto, American trompe-lœil painter November 27 – Paul Ritter, German architectural painter November 28 – Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, painter and designer
17.
1907 in architecture
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The year 1907 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The hotel closes in 2008, and planning permission for demolition is approved in 2009, may 18 - The foundation stone of Bedford School chapel in England, designed by G. F. Bodley, is laid. September 29 - The foundation stone of Washington National Cathedral in Washington, deutscher Werkbund is founded by Hermann Muthesius in Munich. City plan for Barcelona by Léon Jaussely officially adopted, disstrict plan for Highland Park, Texas, by Wilbur David Cook and George Kessler drawn up. April 13 - Old New York Evening Post Building at 20 Vesey Street on Manhattan, designed in Art Nouveau style by Robert D. Kohn, october 8 - Kirche am Steinhof in Vienna, designed by Otto Wagner Great Mosque of Djenné in French Sudan. St Matthews Church, Paisley in Scotland, designed by W. D. McLennan, rebuilt Sainte-Madeleine, Strasbourg, in Alsace-Lorraine, designed by Fritz Beblo. The Magasins Réunis, a department store in Nancy, France. Villa Fruhinsholz in Nancy, France, designed by Léon Cayotte, Stadttheater Barmen in Wuppertal and Stadttheater Düren, both designed by Carl Moritz in Germany. North Hall, the dormitory on the quad at Vassar College. The building is renamed Jewett Hall in 1912 in honor of the Colleges first president, rebuilt Basel SBB railway station in Switzerland, designed by Emil Faesch and Emmanuel La Roche. AIA Gold Medal - Aston Webb, RIBA Royal Gold Medal - John Belcher. June 17 - Charles Eames, American designer August 13 J. M
18.
1907 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1907. February 21 – Frederick Deliuss opera A Village Romeo and Juliet is premiered in Berlin, february 22 – Thomas Beecham conducts Deliuss new opera at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London. May 27 – Bach House opens in what is at this time believed to be the birthplace of Johann Sebastian Bach, publication of Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music by Ferruccio Busoni. Cosima Wagner steps down from her position as head of the Bayreuth Festival and she is succeeded by her son Siegfried. All She Gets from the Iceman is Ice w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Alfred Solman And A Little Bit More w. Alfred Bryan m, Fred Fisher Ballooning w. Paul West m. Jerome Kern The Bandolero w. m. Leslie Stuart Be My Little Teddy Bear w. Vincent Bryan m, max Hoffman Because Im Married Now w. m. Herbert Ingraham Bon Bon Buddy by Alex Rogers Brother Noah Gave Out Checks For Rain w. m, Arthur Longbrake Budweisers A Friend Of Mine w. Vincent P. Bryan m. Seymour Furth Bye Bye Dearie w. Andrew B, sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer The Caissons Go Rolling Along m. Edmund L. Gruber Come Along, My Mandy w. m, tom Mellor, Alfred J. Lawrence & Harry Gifford New words Nora Bayes & Jack Norworth 1910 Common Sense w. m. Chris Smith & John Larkins Dont Worry w. m, ed Rose & Ted Snyder Down Home Shout Herman Carle Fairy Queen m. Percy Wenrich Fishing For the Moon David Kilburn Stevens Gladiolus Rag by Scott Joplin Golden Rod McKinley The Handsome, Brave Life Saver Gumble Harrigan w. m. Introduced by George M. Cohan in the musical Fifty Miles from Boston He Goes to Church on Sunday w. Vincent Bryan m. E. Ray Goetz He Was One Of The Boys w. m. T. W. Connor The Homesick Yankee Clark Honey Boy w. Jack Norworth m. Albert Von Tilzer The Honeybees Honeymoon Reed I Finnish em Off, T. W. Connor I Love You So w. Adrian Ross m. Franz Lehár I Wish I Had A Girl w. Gus Kahn m. Grace Leboy Kahn Id Rather Be A Lobster Than A Wise Guy Morse Id Rather Two-Step Than Waltz, benjamin Hapgood Burt Im Afraid to Come Home in the Dark w. Harry H. Williams m. Egbert Van Alstyne Im Happy When The Band Plays Dixie Vandeveer Im Tying The Leaves So They Wont Come Down w. E. S. S. Huntingdon m. J. Fred Helf In A Hammock Built For Two w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry von Tilzer In the Land of the Buffalo Williams, herbert H. Taylor In Washington w. Vincent Bryan m. Gertrude H. Hoffman Its A Poor Heart That Never Rejoices w. m. T. W. Connor Its Delightful To Be Married w. Anna Held m. Vincent Scotto Its Great To Be A Soldier Man Morse Its Nice To Have A Sweetheart Kerker Ive Told His Missus All About Him Tate Just Because He Couldnt Sing Love Me And The World Is Mine w. m
19.
Elizabeth Bowen
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Elizabeth Bowen, CBE was an Irish novelist and short story writer. Elizabeth Dorothea Cole Bowen was born on 7 June 1899 at 15 Herbert Place in Dublin and her parents, Henry Charles Cole Bowen and Florence Bowen later brought her to Bowens Court at Farahy, near Kildorrery, County Cork, where she spent her summers. When her father became ill in 1907, she and her mother moved to England. After her mother died in 1912 Bowen was brought up by her aunts and she was educated at Downe House School under the headship of Olive Willis. After some time at art school in London she decided that her talent lay in writing and she mixed with the Bloomsbury Group, becoming good friends with Rose Macaulay who helped her seek out a publisher for her first book, a collection of short stories entitled Encounters. In 1923 she married Alan Cameron, an administrator who subsequently worked for the BBC. The marriage has been described as a sexless but contented union, the marriage was reportedly never consummated. She had various relationships, including one with Charles Ritchie, a Canadian diplomat seven years her junior. She also had an affair with the Irish writer Seán Ó Faoláin, Bowen and her husband first lived near Oxford, where they socialized with Maurice Bowra, John Buchan and Susan Buchan, and where she wrote her early novels, including The Last September. Following the publication of To the North they moved to 2 Clarence Terrace, Regents Park, London, in 1937, she became a member of the Irish Academy of Letters. In 1930 Bowen became the first woman to inherit Bowens Court, during World War II she worked for the British Ministry of Information, reporting on Irish opinion, particularly on the issue of neutrality. Bowens political views tended towards Burkean conservatism, during and after the war she wrote among the greatest expressions of life in wartime London, The Demon Lover and Other Stories and The Heat of the Day, she was awarded the CBE the same year. Her husband retired in 1952 and they settled in Bowen’s Court, many writers visited her at Bowens Court from 1930 onwards, including Virginia Woolf, Eudora Welty, Carson McCullers, Iris Murdoch, and the historian Veronica Wedgwood. For years Bowen struggled to keep the house going, lecturing in the United States to earn money, in 1957 her portrait was painted at Bowens Court by her friend, painter Patrick Hennessy. She travelled to Italy in 1958 to research and prepare A Time in Rome, but by the following year Bowen was forced to sell her beloved Bowens Court, which was demolished in 1960. After spending some years without a permanent home, Bowen finally settled at Carbery, Church Hill, Hythe and her final novel, Eva Trout, or Changing Scenes, won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1969 and was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 1970. Subsequently, she was a judge awarded the 1972 Man Booker Prize to John Berger for G. She spent Christmas 1972 at Kinsale, County Cork with her friends, Major Stephen Vernon and his wife, here she was visited by Connolly, Lady Vernon, Isaiah Berlin, Rosamund Lehmann, and her literary agent, Spencer Curtis Brown, among others
20.
Ivan Vazov National Theatre
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The Ivan Vazov National Theatre is Bulgarias national theatre, as well as the oldest and most authoritative theatre in the country and one of the important landmarks of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It is located in the centre of the city, with the facade facing the City Garden, incidentally Vazovs play, The Outcasts was the first to be performed at the theatre when it opened. The theatres Neoclassical building, designed by famous Viennese theatre architects Hermann Helmer and Ferdinand Fellner, was finished in 1906, the building was extensively damaged by a fire in 1923 during an anniversary celebration, but was reconstructed in 1929 by German architect Martin Dülfer. A theatrical school was established as part of the National Theatre in 1925, the bombing of Sofia in World War II caused considerable damage to the building, but it was reconstructed in 1945. Another reconstruction followed in 1971–1975, and a €100,000 restoration project was implemented in 2006, the Ivan Vazov National Theatre has a well-equipped main stage with 750 seats, a smaller 120-seat stage and an additional 70-seat one on the fourth floor. The buildings facade is depicted on the obverse of the Bulgarian 50 levs banknote, the theatre has been host to productions from notable theatre directors such as Alexander Morfov who has been the Chief director since 1993. Official website Historical photographs of the Ivan Vazov National Theater Official Facebook Page 3D Laser scanning of the interior
21.
Sofia
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Sofia is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. The city has a population of 1.26 million, while 1.68 million people live in its metropolitan area, the city is located at the foot of Vitosha Mountain in the western part of the country, within less than 50 kilometres drive from the Serbian border. Its location in the centre of the Balkan peninsula means that it is the midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, whereas the Aegean Sea is the closest to it, Sofia has been an area of human habitation since at least 7000 BC. Being Bulgarias primate city, Sofia is a hometown of many of the local universities, cultural institutions. Sofia is one of the top 10 best places for business in the world. Sofia is Europes most affordable capital to visit as of 2013, for the longest time the city possessed a Thracian name, derived from the tribe Serdi, who were either of Thracian, Celtic, or mixed Thracian-Celtic origin. It seems that the first written mention of Serdica was made during his reign, during the Romans civitas Serdenisium was mentioned the brightest city of the Serdi in official inscriptions. The city was major throughout the past ever since Antiquity, when Roman emperor Constantine the Great referred to it as my Rome, other names given to Sofia, such as Serdonpolis and Triaditza, were mentioned by Byzantine Greek sources or coins. The Slavic name Sredets, which is related to middle and to the citys earliest name, the city was called Atralissa by the Arab traveller Idrisi and Strelisa, Stralitsa or Stralitsion by the Crusaders. The name Sofia comes from the Saint Sofia Church, as opposed to the prevailing Slavic etymology among Bulgarian cities and towns. It is ultimately derived from the Egyptian Kemetic word sbÅ, meaning star, door, teaching and wisdom and this was a tradition of collection of wise literature, shared between Mediterranean cultures, which was called sophia in Greek. In these documents the city is called Sofia, but at the time the region and the citys inhabitants are still called Sredecheski. The city became popular to the Ottomans by the name Sofya. In 1879 there was a dispute about what the name of the new Bulgarian capital should be, the citys name is pronounced by Bulgarians with a stress on the o, in contrast with the tendency of foreigners to place the stress on i. The female given name Sofia is pronounced by Bulgarians with a stress on the i, Sofia has an area of 492 km2, while Sofia City Province has an area of 1344 km2. Sofias development as a significant settlement owes much to its position in the Balkans. It is situated in western Bulgaria, at the foot of the Vitosha mountain, in the Sofia Valley that is surrounded by the Balkan mountains to the north. The valley has an altitude of 550 metres
22.
John Millington Synge
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Edmund John Millington Synge was an Irish playwright, poet, prose writer, travel writer and collector of folklore. He was a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival and was one of the co-founders of the Abbey Theatre and he is best known for his play The Playboy of the Western World, which caused riots in Dublin during its opening run at the Abbey Theatre. Synge developed Hodgkins disease, a cancer that was then untreatable. He died several weeks short of his 38th birthday as he was trying to complete his last play, Synge was born in Newtown Villas, Rathfarnham, County Dublin, on 16 April 1871. He was the youngest son in a family of eight children and his parents were members of the Protestant upper middle class. His father, John Hatch Synge, who was a barrister, came from a family of landed gentry in Glanmore Castle and he was the uncle of brothers, mathematician John Lighton Synge and optical microscopy pioneer Edward Hutchinson Synge. Synges father contracted smallpox and died in 1872 at the age of 49, Synges mother moved the family to the house next door to her mothers house in Rathgar, County Dublin. Synge, although ill, had a happy childhood there. He developed an interest in bird-watching along the banks of the River Dodder and during holidays at the seaside resort of Greystones, County Wicklow. Synge was educated privately at schools in Dublin and Bray, and later studied piano, flute, violin, music theory and he travelled to the continent to study music, but changed his mind and decided to focus on literature. He was a student and won a scholarship in counterpoint in 1891. The family moved to the suburb of Kingstown in 1888, and Synge entered Trinity College, Dublin and he graduated with a BA in 1892, having studied Irish and Hebrew, as well as continuing his music studies and playing with the Academy Orchestra in the Antient Concert Rooms. Between November 1889 and 1894 he took music lessons with Robert Prescott Stewart. Synge joined the Dublin Naturalists Field Club and read the works of Charles Darwin and he wrote, When I was about fourteen I obtained a book of Darwins. My studies showed me the force of what I read, the more I put it from me the more it rushed back with new instances and power. Soon afterwards I turned my attention to works of Christian evidence, reading them at first with pleasure, soon with doubt and he then continued, Soon after I had relinquished the kingdom of God I began to take up a real interest in the kingdom of Ireland. Synge later developed an interest in Irish antiquities and the Aran Islands and he left the League because, as he told Maud Gonne, my theory of regeneration for Ireland differs from yours. I wish to work on my own for the cause of Ireland, in 1893 he published his first known work, a poem influenced by Wordsworth, Kottabos, A College Miscellany
23.
The Playboy of the Western World
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The Playboy of the Western World is a three-act play written by Irish playwright John Millington Synge and first performed at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, on 26 January 1907. It is set in Michael James Flahertys public house in County Mayo during the early 1900s and it tells the story of Christy Mahon, a young man running away from his farm, claiming he killed his father. The play is best known for its use of the poetic, evocative language of Hiberno-English, heavily influenced by the Irish language, there he claims that he is on the run because he killed his own father by driving a loy into his head. Flaherty praises Christy for his boldness, and Flahertys daughter, Pegeen, falls in love with Christy, to the dismay of her betrothed, because of the novelty of Christys exploits and the skill with which he tells his own story, he becomes something of a town hero. Many other women also become attracted to him, including the Widow Quin, Christy also impresses the village women by his victory in a donkey race, using the slowest beast. Eventually Christys father, Mahon, who was wounded, tracks him to the tavern. When the townsfolk realize that Christys father is alive, everyone, including Pegeen, shuns him as a liar, to regain Pegeens love and the respect of the town, Christy attacks his father a second time. This time it seems that Old Mahon really is dead, but instead of praising Christy, Christys life is saved when his father, beaten and bloodied, crawls back onto the scene, having improbably survived his sons second attack. As Christy and his leave to wander the world, Shawn suggests he and Pegeen get married soon. Pegeen laments betraying and losing Christy, Ive lost the only playboy of the western world, the Playboy Riots occurred in January 1907 during and following the opening performance of the play. The riots were stirred up by Irish nationalists who viewed the contents of the play as an offence to public morals, the riots took place in Dublin, spreading out from the Abbey Theatre and finally being quelled by the actions of the Dublin Metropolitan Police. The fact that the play was based on a story of apparent patricide also attracted a hostile public reaction, nevertheless, press opinion soon turned against the rioters and the protests petered out. Yeats declared to rioters against Seán OCaseys pacifist drama The Plough, is this to be the recurring celebration of the arrival of Irish genius. The production of Synges play met with more disturbances in the United States in 1911, on opening night in New York, hecklers booed, hissed and threw vegetables and stink bombs while men scuffled in the aisles. The company was arrested in Philadelphia and charged with putting on an immoral performance. In September 2007, the returned to the Abbey in a modern adaptation by Bisi Adigun. Set in a suburb of West Dublin, it tells the story of Christopher Malomo, in 2011, The Old Vic in London, UK, played host to a classic adaptation directed by John Crowley starring Robert Sheehan, Niamh Cusack and Ruth Negga. Theatrical In 1912 Sil-Vara and Charles H, in 1973 the Irish language national theatre group Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe produced an adaptation in the Irish language by Seán Ó Carra entitled Buachaill Báire an Domhain Thiar
24.
Abbey Theatre
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The Abbey Theatre, also known as the National Theatre of Ireland, in Dublin, Republic of Ireland, first opened its doors to the public on 27 December 1904. Despite losing its building to a fire in 1951, it has remained active to the present day. The Abbey was the first state-subsidized theatre in the English-speaking world, since July 1966, the Abbey has been located at 26 Lower Abbey Street, Dublin 1. In its early years, the theatre was associated with the writers of the Irish Literary Revival, many of whom were involved in its founding. The Abbey served as a nursery for many of the leading Irish playwrights and actors of the 20th century, including William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, Seán OCasey and John Millington Synge. In addition, through its programme of touring abroad and its high visibility to foreign, particularly American, audiences. The Abbey arose from three bases, the first of which was the seminal Irish Literary Theatre. Founded by Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and W. B, Yeats in 1899—with assistance from George Moore—it presented plays in the Antient Concert Rooms and the Gaiety Theatre, which brought critical approval but limited public interest. The second base involved the work of two Dublin directors, William and Frank Fay, William worked in the 1890s with a touring company in Ireland, Scotland and Wales, while his brother Frank was involved in amateur dramatics in Dublin. In April 1902, the Fays gave three performances of Æs play Deirdre and Yeats Cathleen Ní Houlihan in a hall in St Theresas Hall on Clarendon Street, the performances played to a mainly working-class audience rather than the usual middle-class Dublin theatregoers. The run was a success, thanks in part to the beauty and force of Maud Gonne. The company continued at the Antient Concert Rooms, producing works by Seumas OCuisin, Fred Ryan, the third base was financial support and experience of Annie Horniman. Horniman was a middle-class Englishwoman with previous experience of production, having been involved in the presentation of George Bernard Shaws Arms. She came to Dublin in 1903 to act as Yeats unpaid secretary and her money helped found the Abbey Theatre and, according to the critic Adrian Frazier, would make the rich feel at home, and the poor—on a first visit—out of place. Encouraged by the St Theresas Hall success, Yeats, Lady Gregory, Æ, Martyn and they were joined by actors and playwrights from Fays company. At first, they staged performances in the Molesworth Hall, on 11 May 1904, the society formally accepted Hornimans offer of the use of the building. As Horniman did not usually reside in Ireland, the letters patent required were granted in the name of Lady Gregory. The founders appointed William Fay theatre manager, responsible for training the actors in the newly established repertory company
25.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
26.
W. B. Yeats
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William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, he helped to found the Abbey Theatre, Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival along with Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and others. He was born in Sandymount, Ireland and educated there and in London and he spent childhood holidays in County Sligo and studied poetry from an early age when he became fascinated by Irish legends and the occult. These topics feature in the first phase of his work, which lasted roughly until the turn of the 20th century. His earliest volume of verse was published in 1889, and its slow-paced and lyrical poems display Yeatss debts to Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley, from 1900, his poetry grew more physical and realistic. He largely renounced the transcendental beliefs of his youth, though he remained preoccupied with physical and spiritual masks, in 1923, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Of Anglo-Irish descent, William Butler Yeats was born at Sandymount in County Dublin and his father, John Butler Yeats, was a descendant of Jervis Yeats, a Williamite soldier, linen merchant, and well-known painter who died in 1712. Benjamin Yeats, Jerviss grandson and Williams great-great-grandfather, had in 1773 married Mary Butler of a family in County Kildare. Following their marriage, they kept the name Butler in the family name, Mary was a descendant of the Butler of Ormond family from the Neigham Gowran branch of the family. They were descendants of the first Earls of Ormond, by his marriage, Williams father John Yeats was studying law but abandoned his studies to study art at Heatherleys Art School in London. His mother, Susan Mary Pollexfen, came from a merchant family in Sligo. Yeats was raised a member of the Protestant Ascendancy, which was at the time undergoing a crisis of identity. In 1997, his biographer R. F. Foster observed that Napoleons dictum that to understand the man you have to know what was happening in the world when he was twenty is manifestly true of W. B. Y. Yeatss childhood and young adulthood were shadowed by the power-shift away from the minority Protestant Ascendancy, the 1880s saw the rise of Charles Stewart Parnell and the home rule movement, the 1890s saw the momentum of nationalism, while the Catholics became prominent around the turn of the century. These developments had an effect on his poetry, and his subsequent explorations of Irish identity had a significant influence on the creation of his countrys biography. In 1867, the moved to England to aid their father, John. At first the Yeats children were educated at home and their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an education in geography and chemistry, and took William on natural history explorations of the nearby Slough countryside
27.
Leonid Andreyev
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Leonid Nikolaievich Andreyev was a Russian playwright, novelist and short-story writer, who is considered to be a father of Expressionism in Russian literature. He is one of the most talented and prolific representatives of the Silver Age period, Andreyevs style combines elements of realist, naturalist, and symbolist schools in literature. Born in Oryol, Russia within a family, Andreyev originally studied law in Moscow. He became police-court reporter for a Moscow daily, performing the routine of his humble calling without attracting any particular attention, at this time he wrote poetry and made a few efforts to publish it but was refused by most publishers. In 1898 his first short story, Bargamot and Garaska, was published in the Kurier newspaper in Moscow and this story came to the attention of Maxim Gorky who recommended that Andreyev concentrate on his literary work. Andreyev eventually gave up his law practice, fast becoming a celebrity. Through Gorky, Andreyev became a member of the Moscow Sreda literary group, Andreyevs first collection of short stories and short novels appeared in 1901, quickly selling a quarter-million copies and making him a literary star in Russia. In 1901 he published Стена,1902, he published В тумане and these last two stories caused great commotion because of their candid and audacious treatment of sex. In the years between 1898 and 1905 Andreyev published numerous stories on many subjects, including life in Russian provincial settings, court and prison incidents. During the time of the first Russian revolution Andreyev actively participated in the social and political debate as a defender of democratic ideals, several of his stories, including The Red Laugh, Governor and The Seven Who Were Hanged captured the spirit of this period. Starting from 1905 he also produced many theater dramas including The Life of Man, Tsar Hunger, Black Masks, Anathema, the Life of Man was staged by both Konstantin Stanislavsky and Vsevolod Meyerhold, the two main highlights of Russian theatre of the twentieth century, in 1907. Andreyevs works of the period after the 1905 revolution often represent the evocation of absolute pessimism, by the beginning of the second decade of the century he began losing fame as new literary powers such as the Futurists were fast arising. Aside from his writings, Andreyev published little after 1914. In 1916, he became the editor of the section of the newspaper Russian Will. He later supported the February Revolution, but foresaw the Bolsheviks coming to power as catastrophic, in 1917, he moved to Finland. From his house in Finland he addressed manifestos to the world at large against the excesses of the Bolsheviks. Idealist and rebel, Andreyev spent his last years in bitter poverty and his last novel, Satans Diary, was left unfinished at the time of his death. A play, The Sorrows of Belgium, was written at the beginning of the War to celebrate the heroism of the Belgians against the invading German army
28.
Russian symbolism
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Russian symbolism was an intellectual and artistic movement predominant at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. It represented the Russian branch of the symbolist movement in European art, the movement was inaugurated by Nikolai Minskys article The Ancient Debate and Dmitry Merezhkovskys book On the Causes of the Decline and on the New Trends in Contemporary Russian Literature. Both writers promoted extreme individualism and deified the act of creation, merezhkovsky was known for his poetry as well as a series of novels on god-men, among whom he counted Jesus, Joan of Arc, Dante Alighieri, Leonardo da Vinci, Napoleon and Hitler. His wife, Zinaida Gippius, also a poet in the early days of the symbolist movement, opened a salon in Saint Petersburg. By the mid-1890s, Russian symbolism was still mainly a set of theories and had few notable practitioners, Alexander Dobrolyubov published a book of verse in 1895, just before renouncing lay poetry in favour of wanderings from one monastery to another. Another talented author, Ivan Konevskoy, died at the age of 24 and it was not until the new talent of Valery Bryusov emerged that symbolist poetry became a major movement in Russian literature. In order to represent symbolism as a movement of formidable following, Bryusov adopted numerous pen-names, Bryusovs mystification proved successful — several young poets were attracted to symbolism as the latest fashion in Russian letters. Though the reputations of many of these writers had faded by the mid-20th century and this was especially true in the case of Innokenty Annensky, whose definitive collection of verse, Cypress Box, was published posthumously. His influence on the acmeist school of Russian poetry was paramount, Russian symbolism really flourished in the first decade of the 20th century. Many new talents began to publish verse written in the symbolist vein and these writers were especially indebted to the philosopher Vladimir Solovyov. The scholar Vyacheslav Ivanov, whose interests lay in ancient poetry and his self-proclaimed principle was to engraft archaic Miltonic diction to Russian poetry. Maximilian Voloshin, known best for his poetry about the Russian revolution, jurgis Baltrušaitis, a close friend of Alexander Scriabin and whose poetry is characterized by mystical philosophy and mesmerizing sounds, was active in Lithuania. Of the new generation, two poets, Alexander Blok and Andrei Bely, became the most renowned of the entire Russian symbolist movement. Alexander Blok is widely considered to be one of the leading Russian poets of the twentieth century and he was often compared with Alexander Pushkin, and the whole Silver Age of Russian Poetry was sometimes styled the Age of Blok. His early verse is musical and rich in sound. Later, he sought to introduce daring rhythmic patterns and uneven beats into his poetry and his mature poems are often based on the conflict between the Platonic vision of ideal beauty and the disappointing reality of foul industrial outskirts. They are often characterized by a use of color and spelling to express meaning. One of Bloks most famous and controversial poems was The Twelve, Andrei Bely strove to forge a unity of prose, poetry, and music in much of his literature, as evidenced by the title of one of his early works, Symphonies in Prose
