1.
1911 (film)
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1911, also known as Xinhai Revolution and The 1911 Revolution, is a 2011 Chinese historical drama film. The film is a tribute to the 100th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and it is also Jackie Chans 100th film in his career. Besides starring in it, Chan is also the executive producer, co-stars include Chans son Jaycee Chan, Li Bingbing, Winston Chao, Joan Chen and Hu Ge. This film was selected to open the 24th Tokyo International Film Festival, the story closely follows key events of the Xinhai Revolution, with focus on Huang Xing and Sun Yat-sen. Production started on 29 September 2010 in Fuxin, Liaoning, where a camera rolling ceremony was held, after half a year of intense production, it wrapped up on 20 March 2011 in Sanya, Hainan. The film was released on 23 September 2011 in China and on 29 September 2011 in Hong Kong and it opened the 24th Tokyo International Film Festival on 22 October 2011. It was released in its version in North American theatres on 7 October 2011. 1911 received generally negative reviews, it holds a 9% rotten rating on Rotten Tomatoes. On Metacritic, which uses an average of reviews, it holds 37/100, indicating generally unfavorable reviews. The Economist noted that while the film was endorsed by the Chinese government officials and it also noted that the film avoided sensitive topics, such as the reforms which led to the revolution
2.
M1911 pistol
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The M1911 is a single-action, semi-automatic, magazine-fed, recoil-operated pistol chambered for the.45 ACP cartridge. It served as the sidearm for the United States Armed Forces from 1911 to 1986. It was first used in stages of the Philippine–American War, and was widely used in World War I, World War II, the Korean War. The pistols formal designation as of 1940 was Automatic Pistol, Caliber.45, M1911 for the model of 1911 or Automatic Pistol, Caliber.45, M1911A1 for the M1911A1. The designation changed to Pistol, Caliber.45, Automatic, the U. S. procured around 2.7 million M1911 and M1911A1 pistols in military contracts during its service life. The M1911 was replaced by the 9mm Beretta M9 pistol as the standard U. S. sidearm in October 1986, but due to its popularity among users, it has not been completely phased out. Modernized derivative variants of the M1911 are still in use by units of the U. S. Army Special Forces. Designed by John Browning, the M1911 is the best-known of his designs to use the short recoil principle in its basic design, the pistol was widely copied, and this operating system rose to become the preeminent type of the 20th century and of nearly all modern centerfire pistols. It is popular with civilian shooters in competitive events such as USPSA, IDPA, International Practical Shooting Confederation, compact variants are popular civilian concealed carry weapons in the U. S. because of the designs relatively slim width and stopping power of the.45 ACP cartridge. The M1911 pistol originated in the late 1890s as the result of a search for a suitable self-loading pistol to replace the variety of then in service. Maxim had designed a self-loading rifle in the 1880s, but was preoccupied with machine guns, nevertheless, the application of his principle of using cartridge energy to reload led to several self-loading pistols in 1896. The designs caught the attention of various militaries, each of which programs to find a suitable one for their forces. In the U. S. such a program would lead to a formal test at the turn of the 20th century, during the end of 1899 and start of 1900, a test of self-loading pistols was conducted, which included entries from Mauser, Mannlicher, and Colt. This led to a purchase of 1,000 DWM Luger pistols, chambered in 7. 65mm Luger, during field trials these ran into some problems, especially with stopping power. Other governments had made similar complaints, consequently, DWM produced an enlarged version of the round, the 9×19mm Parabellum, a necked-up version of the 7.65 mm round. Fifty of these were tested as well by the U. S. Army in 1903, American units fighting Moro guerrillas during the Philippine–American War using the then-standard Colt M1892 revolver. The problems prompted the then–Chief of Ordnance, General William Crozier and this led to the 1906 trials of pistols from six firearms manufacturing companies. Of the six designs submitted, three were eliminated early on, leaving only the Savage, Colt, and DWM designs chambered in the new.45 ACP cartridge and these three still had issues that needed correction, but only Colt and Savage resubmitted their designs
3.
January 1911
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General Juan Jose Estrada was inaugurated s the new President of Nicaragua The Evangeline Parish, Louisiana, was created, after being separated from the Parish of St. Landry. 2301, a medal for Mexican Border Service could be awarded for any U. S. soldier who served between January 1,1911, and April 5,1917, stamps were first issued for the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, now the nations of Kiribati and Tuvalu. The magazine Bartons Boys Life, which would later become Boys Life, Toccoa Falls College was created in Toccoa, Georgia, after being relocated from North Carolina, where it had been the Golden Valley Institute. Manuel Bonilla declared his intention to return to his former post as President of Honduras after he and his forces landed on that nations Atlantic coast, from the capital at Tegucigalpa, President Miguel R. Dávila cabled instructions to seek American aid in resisting the attack. In the Siege of Sidney Street,1,500 members of the Metropolitan Police, when the building caught fire, two of the men burned to death. Nearly 13 years after its destruction in Havana Harbor, the battleship USS Maine was dredged to remove the remains of the sailors on board. The United States Postal Savings System, with 48 branches, one for each of the 46 states plus the territories of Arizona and New Mexico, the truce would last for only one year, before the Hip Sing leader was murdered. Elkins,69, former U. S. Secretary of State, the organization now has 721 chapters and 150,000 members worldwide. White burley tobacco growers from Kentucky, Virginia and North Carolina met at Lexington, Kentucky, the town of Zillah, Washington, was incorporated. Born, Jean-Pierre Aumont, French actor U. S. President Taft refused to grant a pardon to H. S, harlan, a wealthy lumber and turpentine factory manager convicted of labor violations, and signaled that he would not keep white collar criminals from serving prison time. What is worse, it would give real ground for the contention so often heard that it is only the criminals who are really punished. Died, Sir John Aird,77, architect of the Aswan Dam George Walker, the worlds first downhill skiing race was held, taking place at Crans-Montana in the Alps of Switzerland. Lord Roberts of Kandahar, British war hero, sponsored the trophy, twenty competitors climbed to a hut at the Plaine Morte glacier and then made the 4,000 foot descent. Cecil Hopkinson of Britain was the first winner, monacos Prince Albert I promulgated that nations first constitution in response to protests against the absolute monarchy in the tiny European principality. The Australasian Antarctic Expedition, led by Douglas Mawson, commander of the Aurora, arrived at Cape Denison, unlike Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott, Mawson sought to explore the Antarctic continent closest to Australia. Selden an exclusive patent for the automobile, henry Ford, who had been sued for damages in the form of royalties owed to Seldens Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers had lost to Selden in September. Ford posted a $350,000 bond to fight the appeal, victorious, Ford was cleared to create the nations largest automobile company. The fastest recorded drop in meteorological history took place in Rapid City
4.
February 1911
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The following events occurred in February 1911, Thirty people were killed in an explosion at Communipaw, New Jersey. Employees of the Central Railroad of New Jersey had been unloading cases of black powder from the freighter Katherine W, the blast was felt 50 miles away, rocking office buildings and breaking windows in Manhattan, on the other side of the Hudson River. Eight officials of the railroad and the Du Pont Powder Company were indicted for the disaster, the Governor of the Isfahan province of Persia was shot. Mutemidi Khan and his nephew were murdered by a Russian national who had formerly been the chief of police in Isfahan, the British super-dreadnought, HMS Thunderer, was launched. Ziebach County, South Dakota, was established, word of Amundsens arrival was sent back to Britain and then reported worldwide. When informed that the Norwegian explorer was racing him to the pole, Scott is said to have replied angrily, By Jove and we might have taken Amundsen and sent him back to his ship. Captain Bellinger of the French Army set a new record for most persons to fly in an airplane, the Russian legation provided the men sanctuary, and refused to turn them over for prosecution by Persia. Died, General Piet Cronjé,74, leader of the Boer resistance against Britain Owen Kildare,46, the revolution in Haiti was suppressed after the leader, General Montreuil Guillaume, was captured by government troops and shot. General Millionard was executed two days later, a bolt of lightning struck the dome of the Missouri State Capitol building in Jefferson City, setting a fire that destroyed the entire structure. Born, Jussi Björling, Swedish operatic tenor, in Borlänge The explosion of the Pluto Powder Company in Winthrop, Michigan, killed 10 workers. Born, Ronald Reagan, 40th President of the United States, was born at 4,16 a. m. in Tampico, Illinois, to Nelle Reagan and he would pass away on June 10,2004. Beall, photographer for the Washington Daily News, who won a Pulitzer Prize for his image Faith and Confidence, in Washington, gill was put out of office by a recall election and replaced by George Dilling. It was the first city election in which women were allowed to participate, bonneville County, Idaho, was established from the eastern portion of Bingham County. Born, Cornelius L. Dávila and rebel leader General Manuel Bonilla agreed to an armistice that included free elections to be supervised by American observers, Bonilla would be elected President on October 29. Nasir al-Mulk assumed power as the new Regent for the 12-year-old Shah of Persia, born, Elizabeth Bishop, American poet laureate 1949-50, in Worcester, Massachusetts Died, Frederick Campbell, Earl Cawdor,64, former Lord of the British Admiralty. The U. S. House of Representatives approved the Crumpacker Bill, increasing the number of U. S. Representatives, beginning in 1913, from 391 to 435, the number that it has had ever since. No state lost representatives, but 25 of the 46 states gained seats based on the 1910 census, in later years, the number of 435 seats remained the same, but the distribution changed after each census. Voters in the Arizona Territory approved the proposed state Constitution by a margin of about 12,000 to 3,500
5.
March 1911
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The following events occurred in March 1911, U. S. Senator William Lorimer of Illinois was able to keep his seat after the vote to oust him failed, 40-46. Lorimers right to a seat in the U. S. Senate had been challenged by Senator Albert J. Beveridge, on grounds that the Illinois Legislature had been bribed to elect Lorimer. The resulting storm of outrage, a U. S. Senate historian would later write, combined with newly elected senators. Constitution to provide for Senators to be elected by popular vote, the U. S. House of Representatives unanimously approved the proposed Constitution of the State of New Mexico. Congress adjourned three days later without the bill being voted on by Senate, the Weeks Act was signed into law by U. S. President Taft, authorizing the federal government to acquire lands within the watersheds of navigable streams. Ernest Monis accepted the request of President Fallières to form a government as the new Prime Minister of France, josé Batlle y Ordóñez was elected President of Uruguay. Pend Oreille County, Washington, was established, manuel Enrique Araujo was inaugurated as President of El Salvador Alexander Scriabins symphonic work Prometheus, The Poem of Fire was first performed. The Ottawa Senators clinched the title of the National Hockey Association, forerunner of the NHL, with 3 games remaining, Ottawa was 11-2 and Montreal 8-6, Ottawa beat the Canadiens 4-3 and 5-0 on March 8 and 10 to finish with a 13-3-0 record. The first congressional appropriation was made for what would become the United States Air Force, with the first $25,000 the Corps purchased three Wright Company and two Curtiss Aeroplane Company aircraft. The U. S. Department of Justice filed antitrust proceedings against General Electric and 34 other companies to dissolve the Electrical Trust, the U. S. Army Dental Corps was created, with sixty dental surgeons in its employ. Adams County and Lewis County, Idaho were established on the same day, born, Jean Harlow, American actress, as Harlean Carpenter in Kansas City With two years left on his term, U. S. Senator J. W. Bailey of Texas resigned, sending a telegram to Governor Oscar Colquitt at 11,00 am. After the Texas State Senate voted 20-5 for a resolution asking Bailey to reconsider, although there was no legal precedent for a member of the Senate to quit and then return, Bailey served nearly the rest of his term, resigning in January 1913. Francisco Bertrand became the interim President of Honduras as part of an agreement to end the war there. Bertrand replaced Miguel R. Dávila until supervised elections could be held in October, the 50th anniversary of the March 5,1861 emancipation, by Tsar Alexander II, of 23,000,000 Russian serfs was celebrated nationwide. On the same day, a proposal by Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin to grant citizens of Poland limited right of government, was voted down by the State Council. A stampede in a theater at the Russian city of Bologoye killed 120 people
6.
April 1911
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The proposals came too late, and Díazs 25 consecutive years in office ended the following month. Tsinghua University was opened in Beijing, with an enrollment of 468 students, the 325 enrolled in the middle division were taught by 20 Chinese professors, while 143 students in the advanced division were instructed by Americans. United Mine Workers of America President Thomas Lewis was defeated in his bid for re-election by John P. White. Born, Charles Coles, American tap dancer and actor, in Philadelphia The United Kingdom census was taken, schedules with multiple questions were distributed to each household, and collected by enumerators the following day. The final count, released on June 16, was 45,216,665, one out of every seven employed persons was a domestic servant. The first Australian National Census was taken, with information to be filled out on a Householders Card, the final count showed 4,455,005 people. British evangelist John Henry Jowett, celebrated at the time as the greatest preacher in the English-speaking world, the first performance was given of the Fourth Symphony of Jean Sibelius. Draft registration became mandatory for all boys aged 14 to 20 in New Zealand, reportedly, two white streetcar conductors had been beaten up after insisting that the soldiers move to the colored section of the cars. The order was reversed two days later after complaints came from the mayors of cities where the troops were to be moved, including Brownsville, Laredo and Del Rio. As the 62nd United States Congress opened with a Democratic majority in the House, Champ Clark was elected as the new Speaker of the House, in a vote along party lines, Clark received 217 Democrat votes while James Mann received 131 Republican votes. New members took office, including Victor L. Berger, the first Socialist Party of America member to serve in Congress. The Emperors greetings to U. S. President Taft were cabled by the ambassador, died, John S. Trower,61, reputed to have been the wealthiest negro in the United States at the time of his death. Trower was born a slave in Virginia, grew up in Germantown, Pennsylvania, the procession lasted for three hours and was watched by 400,000 spectators. By a vote of 198-135, the U. S. House of Representatives changed its rules to remove much of the power that the Speaker of the House had formerly wielded. Never again would the Speaker have the right to assign members to committees or to select the chairmen. For the first time, the State Council of Imperial Russia approved a resolution criticizing the Tsarist government. The vote was 98-52 in favor of the measure, which rebuked Prime Minister Stolypins proposal for self-government for Poland, mayor of Baltimore Mahool signed into law an ordinance prohibiting African-Americans from moving into, or establishing businesses, in white neighborhoods. Under tight security, a federal jury convicted Gianni Alongi of employing the U. S. mail to send death threats to Garmila Marsala
7.
May 1911
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The following events occurred in May 1911, The United States Supreme Court ruled that the federal government, rather than the individual states, had the right to set apart lands for public use. The ruling, in Light v. United States initially applied to forest preserves, the German Antarctic Expedition, organized by Wilhelm Filchner, departed from Bremerhaven on the ship Deutschland. Sailing into the Weddell Sea and getting trapped by the ice there for eight months, sir George Kemps suffrage bill passed its second reading, 255-88. Born, Andor Lilienthal, Hungarian and Soviet chess Grandmaster, in Moscow The first International Hygiene Exhibition opened in Dresden, the Colorado Senate adjourned after seven ballots with no replacement for the late Senator Charles J. Hughes, Jr. who had died on January 11. Senator for more than two years, until Charles S. Thomas took office on January 20,1913. Maderos rebel armies ceased, declaring that he would step down when, according to the dictates of my conscience, the Chinese Grand Council was abolished, replaced by ten member constitutional cabinet, with Yikuang, Prince Qing becoming the first Premier in Chinas history. The House of Lords approved Lord Lansdownes proposal for reconstitution of the House of Lords on its first reading, germany issued a warning to France that an attempted occupation of the Moroccan city of Fes would be considered a violation of a treaty between the two nations. A fire broke out at the Empire Palace Theatre in Edinburgh, Scotland, during a performance of the variety and magic show of Sigmund Neuberger, who billed himself as The Great Lafayette. The audience of 1,500 was evacuated, without panic, in four minutes, zworykin would build upon Rosings discoveries in the development of television. Johann Orth, formerly known as Archduke John Salvator of Austria, was declared legally dead 20 years after he had disappeared. The body of Elsie Paroubek, the subject of an exhaustive three-state manhunt by Chicago police over the four weeks since her disappearance in April, was found in a Lockport, Illinois drainage canal. At 2,30 pm, General Juan Navarro surrendered the city of Ciudad Juarez to the forces of Pascual Orozco and Pancho Villa. The fall of Juarez was the first loss of territory to the rebels, Madero proclaimed himself President the next day. Born, Bel Kaufman, German-born American author, in Berlin Alexander D. Goode, Senator Jacob H. Gallinger of New Hampshire failed to win majority support. The deadlock was broken by an agreement to rotate the position among five different U. S, senators until the 62nd U. S. Congress session ended in 1913. Shuster was forced to leave eight months later after the Russian Empire sent troops to prevent him from seizing the assets of the royal family. Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. Maderos brother Emilio Madero, after a three-day defense, government troops departed and twelve hours of rioting began. Among the victims was Dr. J. W. Lim, a wealthy Chinese-Mexican banker, henry Lewis Stimson was confirmed by the U. S. Senate as the new U. S. Secretary of War, four days after the resignation of Jacob M. Dickinson
8.
June 1911
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The following events occurred in June 1911, The Senate voted 48–20 to reopen the investigation of U. S. Senator William Lorimer of Illinois, after voting against his expulsion on March 1, chiang Kai-shek first reached national prominence when he delivered a stirring public lecture advocating a socialist government for China, which he would eventually govern. The city of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, was incorporated, madero departed from El Paso, Texas on a Southern Pacific train at 1,30 am to make his journey back to Mexico City, to meet with interim President de la Barra. He stopped first at Spofford Junction, Texas, where he crossed the border to board another train on June 2. Born, Hsiao Hung, Chinese female novelist, in Hulan, Heilongjiang province Died, Axel Olof Freudenthal,74, Swedish philologist and politician Jose Domingo Brindis,59, black violinist. L. Frank Baum filed for bankruptcy in U. S. District Court in Los Angeles after having incurred $12,600 in debts and he died in 1919 and never saw any more royalties from The Wizard of Oz, whose publishing rights remained with a trustee until 1932. Jumping from a 50 foot high ladder into a 6-foot tank of water, Der-Pault had miscalculated the distance, born, Billy Fiske, American athlete who won gold medals in bobsledding in 1928 and 1932, in Brooklyn Died, Colonel T. M. Locke,87, who had led the secession of Texas in 1861 Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire began his journey to Rumeli, tazzia, the Moorish pretender to the throne of Morocco, was defeated at Alcazarquivir. Spanish troops landed at Larache two days later, a volcano in the Mexican state of Colima had its most violent eruption since 1869, which preceded a deadly earthquake in the region by 24 hours. Died, Edward Harrigan,65, American comedian An earthquake in Mexico killed more than 1,200 people, in Zapotlán,500 people were killed. The first shock was felt at 4,36 am and lasted for more than a minute, madero made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on the same day. The troops would be disarmed as soon as they crossed into Arizona, frans Schollaert, the Prime Minister of Belgium, resigned after the defeat of his proposed education bill. The American battleship fleet arrived at Kronstadt in Russia, at Rouen, France, the 1000th anniversary of the arrival of the Normans was observed. The Kensington Runestone, purporting to be a record of the arrival of Norsemen in Minnesota in 1362, was loaned for the celebration by the Minnesota Historical Society, for the first time, the U. S. Senate approved an amendment to the U. S. Constitution to have its members elected directly by the people, rather than by state legislatures, the 64-24 approval of the proposed 17th Amendment, which changed the requirement of Article I, Section 3, was on an altered version of what had passed the House of Representatives. It took the U. S. House eleven months to approve the altered version, chamizal dispute, The International Boundary Commission, consisting of representatives from the U. S. The Commission ruled that 437 of the acres should be returned to Mexico, the U. S. refused to abide by the ruling. At the time, the state legislatures elected their representatives in the Senate, an amendment to the House bill, providing for federal supervision of Senate elections, was tied 44-44, and Vice-President Sherman broke the tie in favor of the Senate bill
9.
July 1911
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The German infringement on French territory threatened to start a new European war. Compulsory military service was inaugurated in Australia, eduard Sachau, linguist and archaeologist, completed his transcription and translation of ancient Aramaic papyri. Russias Jewish Literary Society was ordered closed by Tsarist authorities in the city of Saint Petersburg. The strip ran until Herrimans death in 1944, the United States completed its break of diplomatic relations with Colombia, closing the consulate general there. The Interstate Commerce Commission ordered an investigation of all train companies in the United States. Claims totaling $250,000 were filed against Mexico for the deaths, Agadir Crisis, Two days after it was dispatched to French Morocco by Germany, the gunboat SMS Panther anchored off of the coast of Agadir. The United States Senate voted 55-28 in favor of a holding that the election of Senator William Lorimer of Illinois had been invalid. Turk Yurdu Cemiyet, the Association of the Turkish Homeland, was founded by Turkish supremacist Yusuf Akçura, Mehmed Emin and Ahmen Agaoglu. Although the two were dark-skinned and had played for a Negro team, they avoided the ban against African-American players by producing proof that they were of Castilian rather than Negro heritage. The hottest day of the 1911 United States heat wave set records that stood a century later, in Vermont and New Hampshire, as well as 104° in Boston, in Chicago,64 died in one day, and 51 the day before. The record-breaking heat wave in North America ended after five days of high temperatures. In the first five days of July, more than 500 deaths were attributed to the heat, turkey began military preparations to suppress a revolt in Montenegro. For the next 10 years, Hollerith retained control of design changes in the CTR tabulating machines, publisher Charles Curtis debuted a new version of the farmers magazine Country Gentleman, whose circulation had declined to only 2,000 paying subscribers at the time of acquisition. Within 30 years, he had increased the number of subscribers to 2,000,000, the magazine was discontinued in 1955 after being sold to the Farm Journal The arbitration treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom was signed. In first six years, the population increased by 30 percent. King George V and Queen Mary arrived in Dublin for a visit as sovereigns of Ireland, born, Gian-Carlo Menotti, Italian-born American composer, in Cadegliano-Viconago Died, Edward Dicey,79, English journalist and novelist, and Alexander C. Congressman who represented Kansas for only four months before his death, the city of Burbank, California, with 500 residents, was incorporated. One century later, its population was over 100,000, the same day, other members of Congress followed suit
10.
August 1911
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The following events occurred in August 1911, Harriet Quimby became the first American woman to receive an airplane pilots license, and only the second in the world. She was one of only 37 certified pilots in the world at that time, Died, Edwin Austin Abbey,59, American painter and designer President François C. Antoine Simon of Haiti fled from his palace at Port-au-Prince as rebels approached, the next day, he and 43 relatives and associates departed on the Dutch steamer Prinz Nederlanden bound for Jamaica. Born, Ann Dvorak, American film actress, as Annabelle McKim in New York City, at 3,10 pm, British Ambassador James Bryce and U. S. Secretary of State Philander Knox signed the first pact. French Ambassador Jean Jules Jusserand and Knox signed the second treaty, Taft refused to renegotiate the terms with the other nations. Allvar Gullstrand first demonstrated the slit lamp and his inventions introduction has been described as an occasion of tremendous significance to ophthalmology. Born, Manuel Esperon, Mexican composer and songwriter, in Mexico City Died, Edward Murphy, after arriving the night before on the Lusitania at 11,40 pm, he transferred to two smaller boats and stayed at the Hotel Knickerbocker. Meeting Mayor William J. Gaynor later in the day, he departed on a train for Washington DC that afternoon, Colombian and Peruvian troops fought a battle in Caquetá Department, with the Colombian forces being defeated and reportedly sustaining great losses. The sinking of a passenger boat on the Nile River killed 100 people. Most of the victims were on their way to a festival in Desouk, leconte was formally elected on August 14. H. Asquith failed to pass in the House of Commons, a similar measure in the House of Lords had passed 282-68. The first American newsreel, Pathés Weekly, was shown in North American cinemas, promotional material described it as issued every Tuesday, made up of short scenes of great international events of universal interest from all over the world. The United States Senate approved statehood for Arizona and New Mexico, earlier a proposed amendment by Senator Nelson of Minnesota, proposing to condition Arizona statehood on removing judicial recall from its constitution, failed 26-43. Died, William P. Frye,79, U. S, representative from Maine 1971-1881, and U. S. Senator for five terms, 1881–1911, President pro tempore of the U. S, there were only 15 survivors from the Emir. The Silverton had been on its way from Newport to Taranto, the Australian ship Fifeshire wrecked at Cape Guardafui in the Gulf of Aden, killing 25 people. A record for the hottest day in the history of the United Kingdom was set when a temperature of 36.7 °C was measured at Raunds, Northamptonshire, the record was broken on August 3,1990 and again on August 10,2003. Gordon,75, Commander of the United Confederate Veterans, and, more than 300 eligible peers declined to participate
11.
September 1911
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The following events occurred in September 1911, Emilio Estrada was inaugurated as the 23rd President of Ecuador. He would die less than four months into his term, Died, Bradford Lee Gilbert,58, architect who designed the 13-story tall Tower Building, New Yorks first skyscraper. The Russian icebreaker ships Taymyr and Vaygach landed at Wrangel Island as part of the coast of Antarctica, joão Pinheiro Chagas became the new Prime Minister of Portugal. A statue of Baron von Steuben, Prussian leader during the American Revolutionary War, was presented by U. S, congressman Richard Bartholdt from the United States to Germany, and was unveiled at Potsdam by Kaiser Wilhelm II. Speakers from the Social Democrats, included August Bebel and Karl Liebknecht, the original bout had taken 2 hours. In the rematch, Gotch kept his title, defeating Hackenschmidt in 30 minutes, harriet Quimby won her first air race, receiving $1,500 at the Richmond County Fair on New Yorks Staten Island. Delray Beach, Florida, population 250, became a city after its charter was approved by the 56 voters participating, a century later, the city population had grown to 65,000. Frances most powerful naval fleet ever, with 50 warships, was reviewed by President Armand Fallières at Toulon, théophile Delcassé, the French Minister of the Navy, declared in a speech that Their powder magazines are full, and all of them could be mobilized immediately. Roland G. Garros broke the record, flying to 4,250 meters at Parame. Reports of the flood that would drown 200,000 people were relayed to the world by Western missionaries, the American Mission at Wuhu initially reported that 100,000 people had drowned in the Ngan-hwei and that 95% of crops along the banks had been destroyed. Follow-up reports were that the destruction extended from I-Chang in the Hu-peh province, estimates of the number of people who died have been as high as 200,000 who drowned and another 100,000 who starved or were murdered during the subsequent famine. The day after France showed off its 50 warships, Kaiser Wilhelm II reviewed a fleet of 99 warships of the German Navy at Kiel. At the Battle of Imamzadeh Jafar, Persian troops successfully routed rebels seeking to restore the deposed Shah, Mohammed Ali Mirza, to the throne. The outcome was reported later to have been as a result of superior weapons, rebel leader Arshad ed Dowleh was captured, and executed the next day. Seized with him was an amount of gold used by the ex-Shah. The first adult literacy program in the United States, when Cora Wilson Stewart, the night classes at the countys 50 schools would take place as long as the Moon was bright enough for students to safely travel. She had expected that 150 adults might want to learn to read, instead,1,200 men and women signed up. Thomas W. Burgess became only the person to swim across the English Channel
12.
October 1911
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The following events occurred in October 1911, In the first elections in Mexico since the 1910 revolution, Francisco I. Madero was elected President by a landslide, madero won 95% of the vote, though Francisco Gomez and Emilio Vasquez Gomez also on the ballot, and there was a close race for the Vice-President. Maderos running mate, José Pino Suárez and interim President Francisco León de la Barra were among five vice-presidential candidates, the vote was described as the freest election in Mexican history up to that time. Madero would take office on November 6, all 20 members of the crew of the steamer Hatfield were drowned after the ship collided with another boat, the Glasgow, and sank in the North Sea. The Hatfield had been responding to a call for assistance from the Glasgow, dixon was a guest at the Inter-State Fair in Spokane, Washington, and crashed in a downdraft. Italo-Turkish War, After giving residents of Tripoli three days notice to evacuate, Italy began a blockade of the Libyan city and heavy bombardment. At 2,00 pm, with the Turkish commander still refusing to surrender, the first railway from Canton was put into service. Died, Dr. Joseph Bell,74, Scottish surgeon who was Arthur Conan Doyles inspiration for Sherlock Holmes, at a session of the Reichsrat in Vienna, two anarchists attempted to assassinate the Austrian Minister of Justice, Viktor von Hochenburger. After bringing a gun into the gallery, Nikolaus Njegus fired four shots at the ministerial benches without injuring anyone. After holding his last cabinet meeting, Sir Wilfrid Laurier formally resigned as Canadian Prime Minister, in favor of Robert L. Borden, mcCurdy would achieve fame 65 years later. In December 1976, a TV crew discovered that a dummy on display in an amusement park in Long Beach, mcCurdy would finally receive a burial in Guthrie, Oklahoma, in 1977. Rear Admiral Borea dOlmo of the Italian Navy was appointed as the Governor of Tripoli, born, Jo Jones, American jazz drummer, in Chicago Died, John Hughlings Jackson,76, pioneering British neurologist Spanish troops defeated hostile tribesmen in Morocco but sustained heavy losses. The Moors killed 36 Spaniards and wounded another 109 in a battle at the Kert River, after seizing Tripoli from the Ottoman Empire, the Italian occupational government declared that slavery there was outlawed. Reportedly, Tripoli was the only remaining port on the coast of Africa where slavery still prevailed, the Treaty of Daan was signed between representatives of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the Imam of Yemen, expanding autonomy in that Ottoman province. His name remains famous for Jack Daniels whiskey, produced in his hometown of Lynchburg, Wuchang Uprising, A group of Chinese revolutionaries in the city of Wuchang were working in their hideout, loading rifle shells, when one of them let a cigarette ash fall into gunpowder. The resulting explosion brought an investigation by the police, who discovered lists of the groups members, faced with certain arrest and probable execution, the rebels began the insurrection ahead of schedule. Robert L. Borden was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Canada, along with the rest of his cabinet, voters in California approved initiatives, referenda and recall by overwhelming majorities, and womens suffrage by a slight majority. Sergeant Hsing Ping-kun, though not on the list, was confronted by officers and fired the first shots, persuading his men to mutiny, General Li Yuanhong then took charge of the brigade
13.
November 1911
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Nobody was injured in these first bombings. Robert Falcon Scott and his party of 12 departed Cape Evans, roald Amundsen of Norway had begun his trek to the Pole on October 19 and was already at the Ross Ice Shelf at 81° south. This mobilization has demonstrated the preparedness of the American Navy for any emergency, on the same day, most of the U. S. Navys Pacific Ocean fleet sailed past Los Angeles, with 22 ships and 2 submarines, led by the USS Oregon. Pope Pius X issued the papal bull Divino afflatu, requiring that the new breviary be used in all Roman Catholic churches no later than October 23,1917. The group massacred 1,000 Manchu civilians, including their own commander and the Governor, his family, the occasion was marred by the death of Seaman Gustav Frey, who fell overboard and drowned. Durant, to manufacture of an inexpensive automobile that had been designed by race car driver Louis Chevrolet. The Chevrolet would prove so successful that Durant would be able to acquire sufficient GM stock to control of that company. Shanghai was taken over by rebels, led by Chen Qimei, Prince Chun, the regent for his young son, the Emperor of China, issued an edict accepting the National Assemblys 19 basic points for a new Constitution. The reform, which would have permitted the Emperor to remain on the throne in a monarchy in a parliamentary government. Born, Vladimir Ussachevsky, Russian-American composer of electronic music Died, Norman J. Colman,84, Germany withdrew all claims to North Africa, with Morocco being partitioned between France and Spain. In return, France ceded to Germany 107,270 mi² of the French Congo, as part of Kamerun, and Germany ceded 6,450 mi² of German Kamerun to France as part of Chad. The territorial changes would last only seven years, and after Germanys defeat in World War One, German Kamerun would become French Cameroun and, decades later, the independent nation of Cameroon. Piloted by Melvin Vaniman, the dirigible balloon Akron, was tested at Atlantic City in its first flight, but lost altitude and came down nine miles north at Grassy Bay. Rodgers arrived in Pasadena, California, landing his airplane, the Vin Fiz Flyer at 4,04 pm, a crowd of 20,000 greeted him, with a large group breaking through police guards to mob him. Reportedly, hundreds threw hats and caps into the air, and he had started in New York City on September 17 and flown 3,220 miles, making 69 stops. Giovanni Giolitti, the Prime Minister of Italy, announced the royal decree annexing the Ottoman Empire provinces of Tripoli, the decree would be confirmed by the Parliament on February 25,1912. The first straight pool tournament, using the rules for 14.1 continuous pocket billiards, was held, the game, adapted from the 1888 game of continuous pool on the suggestion of champion Jerome Keogh, scored points by the cumulative number of balls sunk. Madero was sworn into office as President of Mexico and he left many of the officers of the defeated federales in command, and his attempts at reform would lead to more rebellion
14.
December 1911
–
The following events occurred in December 1911, At Urga, a new Mongolian Empire was declared independent from the Chinese Empire. Chinese officials of the Qing dynasty were expelled from what had been Outer Mongolia, unlike other provinces of China that would become part of the Republic of China, Mongolia remained a separate nation. Los Angeles Times bombing, James B. McNamara and John J. James was sentenced to life imprisonment, the first International Opium Conference opened at the Hague. George V, who was not only the King of the United Kingdom, eladio Victoria was elected as President of the Dominican Republic. Maurice Prevost and a passenger reached an altitude of 9,800 feet over Courcy, France, the General Plan for the Organization of the Provisional Government was promulgated by Chinas Republican revolutionaries, proposing an American-style presidential system. On March 11,1912, the Provisional Constitution would change to a cabinet headed by a Prime Minister. The Turkish Army retaliated by attacking Bulgarian nationalists whom they blamed for the bombing, wounding 171, an antitrust suit was brought against the National Cash Register company, alleging conspiracy to restrain trade. Voters in Los Angeles rejected the prospect of electing a Socialist government, mayor George Alexander, whose re-election had been uncertain, defeated Job Harriman by a more than 2-1 margin, and voters rejected the entire slate of city councilmen and Board of Education members. The Aerial Experiment Association, headed by aviator Glenn Curtiss, was awarded U. S, patent No.1,011,106 for the aileron after being successful in litigation against the Wright Brothers. The town of Blackdom, New Mexico, a community located in Chaves County, was incorporated. The town was abandoned in the 1920s, Joseph Stalin was sent into exile for the third and last time, being sent to Vologda for a five-year stretch. Born, Władysław Szpilman, Polish Jewish composer and pianist who avoided capture during the Holocaust and his story was dramatized in the film The Pianist, and Carlos Marighella, Brazilian guerilla leader, in Salvador Prince Chun, the regent for the Emperor of China, resigned from office. He was succeeded by Prince Shi-Hsu, former National Assembly president, Western Union introduced discount rates for its trans-Atlantic cable service between New York and London. More than 150 construction workers were killed in the collapse of a bridge over Russias Volga River at Kazan, pressured by a buildup of ice, the supports for the structure gave way without warning, throwing the men into the icy waters. New Zealand general election,1911, The New Zealand Liberal Party, headed by Prime Minister Joseph Ward, lost its majority of 50 of the 80 seats in Parliament, falling to 33. The Reform Party won 37, and, after the Liberals were unable to maintain a government, the mandatory requirement for Chinese men to wear their hair in a queue was abolished by Imperial edict, and provisions were announced for implementing the Western calendar. The San Francisco Symphony, conducted by Henry Kimball Hadley, held its first concert, Shortly after their shift had started, an explosion occurred at 7,30 am, entombing all but five survivors. The Persians initially ignored the demand, bringing the Devil to the silver screen for the first time, the Italian made film was a success
15.
2nd millennium
–
The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
16.
19th century
–
The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
17.
20th century
–
The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
18.
21st century
–
The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world. The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present, millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the rise of life sciences, making mankinds long-held dreams, such as curing cancer. By the 2010s, gene therapy, first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996, showed promise but remains an experimental, by 2013, about 80% of the worlds population used mobile phones. An estimated 33% owned personal computers in 2010, and 46% used the Internet by 2016, the International Energy Agency estimates that 83% of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88% by 2030. The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and it had reached 7.3 billion in 2015, and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050. There is a debate among experts and the public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. A less common variation would have been twenty nought-five, the Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as the twenty-ten Olympics. The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020, kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular, it would influence the pronunciation of that year. See the timeline of the 21st century, genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka. Also controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims, 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country, on December 17,2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, in addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, Severe human rights violations continue to be reported
19.
1890s
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The phrase, The Gay Nineties, was not coined until the 1920s. This decade was also part of the Gilded Age, a phrase coined by Mark Twain, alluding to the seemingly profitable era that was riddled with crime and poverty. In the United States, the 1890s were marked by an economic depression sparked by the Panic of 1893. As of January 23,2017, there is only 1 verified living person who was born in the 1890s. On December 29,1890,365 troops of the US 7th Cavalry, supported by four Hotchkiss guns, surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou and Hunkpapa Sioux near Wounded Knee Creek, the Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. One day earlier, the Sioux had been cornered and agreed to themselves in at the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota. They were the very last of the Sioux to do. the process of disarming the Sioux, the 7th Cavalry quickly suppressed the Sioux fire, and the surviving Sioux fled, but US cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, about 146 men, women, twenty-five troopers also died, some believed to have been the victims of friendly fire as the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions. Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, with a number later dying from hypothermia. The incident is noteworthy as the engagement in history in which the most Medals of Honor have been awarded in the military history of the United States. This was the last tribe to be invaded which broke the backbone of the American Indian Wars,1891, Chilean Civil War fought from January to September. José Manuel Balmaceda, President of Chile, and the Chilean Army loyal to him face Jorge Montts Junta, the latter was formed by an alliance between the National Congress of Chile and the Chilean Navy. 1891, Tobacco Protest in Qajar dynasty Persia, on March 20,1890, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Shah of Iran granted a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for fifty years. In exchange, Talbot paid the shah an annual sum of £15,000 in addition to a quarter of the profits after the payment of all expenses. Now they were forced to seek permits from the Tobacco Régie as well as required to inform the concessionaires of the amount of tobacco produced, during the spring of 1891 mass protests against the Régie began to emerge in major Iranian cities. Initially it was the bazaaris who led the opposition under the conviction that it was their income, the reference to the Hidden Imam, a critical person in Shia Islam, meant that Shirazi was using the strongest possible language to oppose the Régie. Initially there was skepticism over the legitimacy of the fatwa, however Shirazi would later confirm the declaration,1892, The Johnson County War in Wyoming. Actually this range war took place in April 1892 in Johnson County, Natrona County, the combatants were the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers Association
20.
1900s (decade)
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The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an example, they are nineteen-oh-six, nineteen-six, which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. In American English, nineteen-oh-six is the most common, nineteen-six is less common, nineteen-ought-six is recognized, the strength of the comedic effect diminished during the aughts of the next century, as the public grew used to questioning how to refer to an ohs or aughts decade. Russo-Japanese War establishes the Empire of Japan as a world power, battle of Riyadh was a minor battle of the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Battle of Dilam was a battle of the Unification War between Rashidi and Saudi rebels. First Saudi–Rashidi War was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh versus the Emirate of Hail, demand for Home Rule for Ireland Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. January 1,1901, British colonies in Australia federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia May 20,1902 — Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 7,1905 — The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence. October 5,1908 — Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, April 19,1902 — A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000. May 8,1902 — In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre, April 7,1906 — Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. September 18,1906 — A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong, January 14,1907 — An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. December 28,1908 — An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, April 26,1900 — The Great Lumber Fire of Ottawa–Hull kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, may 3,1901 — The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL, USA. July 10,1902 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 10,1903 — Paris Métro train fire. December 30,1903 — A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, February 7,1904 — The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, USA destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. June 15,1904 — A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021, june 28,1904 — The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. January 22,1906 — The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, the 1900s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts, July 29,1900 — King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci
21.
1910s
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The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11,1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919. However, each of these states had large German and Hungarian minorities, the decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos and this atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16,1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. Wadai War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan Wars – two wars took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Saudi-Ottoman War Latvian War of Independence - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. The Russian Revolution is the term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917. April 13,1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent, xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of Chinas ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for a revolution at 6 p. m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz six months later, the Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic, federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain, fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, easter Rising against the British in Ireland, eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires
22.
1920s
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The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1920, and ended on December 31,1929. French speakers refer to the period as the Années folles, emphasizing the social, artistic. The economic prosperity experienced by many countries during the 1920s was similar in nature to that experienced in the 1950s and 1990s, each period of prosperity was the result of a paradigm shift in global affairs. These shifts in the 1920s, 1950s, and 1990s, occurred in part as the result of the conclusion of World War I and Spanish flu, World War II, the 1920s saw foreign oil companies begin operations throughout South America. Venezuela became the second largest oil producing nation. In some countries the 1920s saw the rise of political movements. Communism spread as a consequence of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks’ victory in the Russian Civil War, fear of the spread of Communism led to the emergence of far right political movements and fascism in Europe. The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America, the Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, “Normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave, the women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes, large baseball stadiums were built in major U. S. cities, in addition to palatial cinemas. Most independent countries passed womens suffrage after 1918, especially as a reward for support of the war effort and endurance of its deaths. Egypt officially becomes an independent country through the Declaration of 1922, though it remains under the military. Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933, organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit. The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration, the major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth. The Lost Generation, was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. A peak in the early 1920s in the membership of the Ku Klux Klan of four to five million members, followed by a rapid decline down to an estimated 30,000 members by 1930. The Scopes Trial, which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War
23.
1930s
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The 1930s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1930, and ended on December 31,1939. In response, authoritarian regimes emerged in countries in Europe and South America. The 1930s also saw a proliferation of new technologies, especially in the fields of aviation, radio. Colombia–Peru War – fought between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru, Chaco War – the war was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over the disputed territory of Gran Chaco resulting in an overall Paraguayan victory in 1935. An agreement dividing the territory was made in 1938, officially ending outstanding differences, saudi–Yemeni War – was a war between Saudi Arabia and Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. Second Sino-Japanese War – fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, the Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It also made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War, World War II breaks out on September 1,1939 Chinese Civil War - The ruling Kuomintang and the rebel Communist Party of China fight a civil war for control of China. The Communists consolidated territory in the early 1930s and proclaimed a short-lived Chinese Soviet Republic that collapsed upon Kuomintang attacks, the Kuomintang and Communists attempted to put away their differences after 1937 to fight the Japanese occupation of China, but intermittent clashes continued through the remainder of the 1930s. Spanish Civil War – Germany and Italy back anti-communist Falange forces of Francisco Franco, the Soviet Union and international communist parties back the left-wing republican faction in the war. The war ends in April 1939 with Francos nationalist forces defeating the republican forces, Franco becomes Head of State of Spain, President of Government and de facto dictator. The Republic gives way to the Spanish State, an authoritarian dictatorship, Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations, but hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics to show his new reich to the world as well as the supposed superior athleticism of his Aryan troops/athletes. Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, attempts the appeasement of Hitler in hope of avoiding war by allowing the dictator to annex the Sudetenland, later signing the Munich Agreement and promising constituents Peace for our time. He was ousted in favor of Winston Churchill in May 1940, some 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. Kristallnacht also served as the pretext for the confiscation of firearms from German Jews. Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas, Germany demands the annexation of the Federal State of Austria and of other German-speaking territories in Europe. Between 1935 and 1936, Germany recovers the Saar and remilitarizes the Rhineland, Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. Germany annexes Austria in the event known as the Anschluss, the annexation of the Sudetenland followed negotiations which resulted in the Munich Agreement of 1938. The Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 succeeds in turning the Kingdom of Albania into an Italian protectorate, the vacant Albanian throne was claimed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
24.
1908
–
As of the start of 1908, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. According to NASA reports,1908 was the coldest recorded year since 1880, january 1 – Nimrod Expedition, Ernest Shackleton sets sail from New Zealand on the Nimrod for Antarctica. January 12 – A long-distance radio message is sent from the Eiffel Tower for the first time, january 13 – A fire at the Rhoads Opera House in Boyertown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. kills 170. January 24 – Start of publication of Robert Baden-Powells Scouting for Boys in London, the book will over time sell over 100 million copies and effectively begin the worldwide Boy Scout movement. February 1 – Lisbon Regicide, King Carlos I of Portugal, february 3 – Panathinaikos, as well known for professional multi-sports club of Greece, founded in Athens. February 12 – The first around-the-world car race, the 1908 New York to Paris Race, february 18 – Japanese emigration to the United States is forbidden under terms of the Gentlemens Agreement of 1907. March – The Childrens Encyclopædia begins publication in London, march 4 The Pretoria branch of the Transvaal University College, precursor to the University of Pretoria, is established. The Collinwood school fire, near Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A. kills 174, march 9 – Inter Milan, a well-known football club in Italy, founded. March 21 – French aviator Léon Delagrange pilots the first passenger flight with Henri Farman on board, march 27 – The first Scout troop outside the U. K. is formed in Gibraltar. April 20 – Sunshine rail disaster, A rear-end collision of two trains in Melbourne, Australia, kills 44 people and injures more than 400, april 21 – Frederick Cook claims to have reached the North Pole on this date. May 26–October – Franco-British Exhibition held in London, may 26 – At Masjed Soleyman in southwest Persia, the first major commercial oil discovery in the Middle East is made. The rights to the resource are quickly acquired by the United Kingdom, july 6 – Robert Peary sets sail for the North Pole. July 11–12 – The steamship Amalthea, housing 80 British strikebreakers in Malmö harbour, july 13–25 –1908 Summer Olympics held in London. The Winter Olympics are held here on 19–31 October, july 23 – Young Turk Revolution, The Committee of Union and Progress issues a formal ultimatum to Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the constitution of 1876 within the Ottoman Empire. It is restored the following day, july 27-28 – The 1908 Hong Kong typhoon sinks the passenger steamer Ying King, losing 421 lives. August 8 – Wilbur Wright flies in France for the first time demonstrating true controlled powered flight in Europe, august 8 – The Hoover Company of Canton, Ohio, acquires manufacturing rights to the upright portable vacuum cleaner just invented by James M. Spangler. August 17 – Émile Cohl makes the first fully animated film, august 24 – After an intense power struggle, Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco is deposed, and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Hafid. September 17 – At Fort Myer, Virginia, U. S. A, thomas Selfridge becomes the first person to die in an airplane crash
25.
1909
–
As of the start of 1909, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 5 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama, january 16 – Ernest Shackletons expedition claims to have found the magnetic South Pole. January 24 – The White Star Liner RMS Republic sinks the day after a collision with SS Florida, in the first recorded use of the CQD emergency radio signal for a large passenger vessel, one person, a male passenger, is lost on the Republic. January 28 – The last United States troops leave Cuba after being there since the Spanish–American War of 1898, february 5 – Leo Baekeland announces the creation of bakelite hard thermosetting plastic. March 4 – William Howard Taft is sworn in as President of the United States, march 10 – The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 is signed in Bangkok. March 18 – Einar Dessau uses a radio transmitter, becoming the first radio broadcaster. March 21 – The remains of the Báb are placed in the Baháí Shrine of the Báb on Mount Carmel in Haifa, march 31 – Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia and Herzegovina. April 4 – The association football team Sport Club Internacional is founded in Porto Alegre, april 6 – Robert Peary, Matthew Henson, and four Inuit explorers, Ootah, Ooqueah, Seegloo, and Egigingwah, come within a few miles of the North Pole. April 11 – The city of Tel Aviv is founded by the Jewish community on the outskirts of Jaffa, april 13 – Ottoman countercoup begins in the Ottoman Empire. April 14 – Adana massacre, Ottoman Turks kill 15, 000–30,000 Armenian Christians in the Adana Vilayet, april 18 – Joan of Arc is beatified in Rome. April 19 – The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, modern-day BP, is incorporated, april 27 – Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown and succeeded by his brother, Mehmed V. He is sent to the Ottoman port city of Thessaloniki the next day, may 13–30 – First Giro dItalia bicycle race, starting and finishing in Milan, Luigi Ganna is the winner. June 2 – French forces capture Abéché, capital of the Wadai Empire in central Africa, june 15 – Representatives from England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lords Cricket Ground and form the Imperial Cricket Conference. July 16 – A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar and he proceeds to leave Persia for Imperial Russia, reportedly seeking the assistance of Nicholas II of Russia in regaining the throne. July 25 – Louis Blériot is the first man to fly across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft, july 25–August 2 – Tragic Week, The city of Barcelona experiences a workers uprising. August 2 – The United States Army Signal Corp Division purchases the worlds first military airplane, august 8 – Max Heindel formally founds the Rosicrucian Fellowship in Seattle, United States. August 12 – Indianapolis Motor Speedway opens in the United States, september 4 – Japan and China sign the Jiandao/Gando Treaty, which gives Japan a way to receive railroad concessions in Manchuria. October 8 – An earthquake in the Zagreb area leads Andrija Mohorovičić to identify the Mohorovičić discontinuity, october 12 - The association football team Coritiba is founded in Curitiba, Brazil
26.
1910
–
As of the start of 1910, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 10–January 20 – The first aviation meeting to be held in the United States, february 8 – William D. Boyce founds the Boy Scouts of America. February 10 – Old Trafford opens to the public, february 20 – Boutros Ghali, the first native-born prime minister of Egypt, is assassinated. March – An uprising against Ottoman rule breaks out in Albania, march 8 – In France Raymonde de Laroche is awarded pilots license #36 by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, becoming the first woman authorized to fly an airplane. March 10 – Slavery in China, which has existed since the Shang dynasty, is now made illegal, march 18 – The first filmed version of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein comes out. Considered to be the first horror movie, it stars actor Charles Ogle as the monster, march 27 – A fire during a barn-dance in Ököritófülpös, Hungary kills 312. April 20 – Comet Halley is visible from Earth and its next visit was in 1986. May 6 – George V becomes King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland upon the death of his father, may 12 – Second NAACP meeting is held in New York, New York. May 18 – The Earth passes through the tail of Halleys Comet, may 31 – The Union of South Africa is created. June 6 – The Holland Dakota Landbouw Compagnie is established,6 June 1910, page 7, Middelburgsche Courant, Krantenbank, Zeeland June 15 – The British Ship Terra Nova leaves London on its way toward an Antarctic expedition. June 22 – The DELAG Zeppelin dirigible, Deutschland, makes the first commercial flight from Friedrichshafen to Düsseldorf in Germany. July 4 – African-American boxer Jack Johnson defeats white American boxer James J. Jeffries in a boxing match. July 22 – A wireless telegraph sent from the SS Montrose results in the identification, arrest, July 24 – Ottoman forces capture the city of Shkodër to put down the Albanian Revolt of 1910. August – Pan-American Union August 14 – A fire at the Brussels International 1910 destroys exhibitions of Britain, August 22 – The Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty is signed. It becomes null and void in 1965, August 28 – Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom under Nicholas I. August 29 – Emperor Sunjong of Korea abdicates and the monarchy is abolished. September 1 – The Vatican introduces a compulsory oath against modernism, september 1 – In Brazil, Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, the first Fifa World Club Championship, is founded. October – First publication of infrared photographs, by Professor Robert Williams Wood in the Royal Photographic Societys journal, October 5 –5 October 1910 revolution in Portugal leading to the flight of King Manuel II of Portugal to England and proclamation of the First Portuguese Republic
27.
1912
–
As of the start of 1912, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The Republic of China is proclaimed, January 4 – The Scout Association is incorporated throughout the British Commonwealth by Royal Charter. January 5 – Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, January 6 – New Mexico becomes the 47th state of the United States. January 6 – German geophysicist Alfred Wegener first presents his theory of continental drift, January 14 – Raymond Poincaré forms a coalition government in France, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on 21 January. January 17 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four become the second group to reach the South Pole. January 18 – Prague Party Conference, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party break away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. January 22 – The Overseas Railroad opens and the first train arrives in Key West, Florida at 10,43 AM, with Henry M. Flagler, January 23 – The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague. February 12 – The Manchu Qing dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of Emperor Puyi in favour of the Republic of China. February 14 – Arizona becomes the 48th U. S. state, february 29 – Serbia and Bulgaria secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defense of the other during war. March 1 – Albert Berry is reported to have made the first parachute jump from a flying airplane. March 6 – Italian forces became the first to use airships in war, march 7 – Roald Amundsen in Hobart, Tasmania, announces his success in reaching the South Pole the previous December. March 12 – The Girl Scouts is founded by Juliette Gordon Low in Savannah, march 16 – Lawrence Oates, dying member of Scotts South Pole expedition, leaves the tent saying, I am just going outside and may be some time. March 22 – State of Bihar is formed out of the ertswhile State of Bengal in British India, march 27 – Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry trees to be planted in Washington, D. C. to symbolize the friendship between the two countries. March 29 – The remaining members of Robert Falcon Scotts South Pole expedition die, march 30 – The French Third Republic establishes the French protectorate in Morocco. April 10 – White Star liner RMS Titanic departs from Southampton with 2225 passengers, april 11 – RMS Titanic makes her last call, at Queenstown in Ireland. April 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg in the northern Atlantic Ocean, the wreck will not be discovered until 1985. April 16 – Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly across the English Channel, april 17 –500 striking gold miners in Siberia are killed or wounded by troops in the Lena massacre. April 18 – Cunard Line vessel RMS Carpathia arrives in New York with the 708 RMS Titanic survivors, april 20 – Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, opens
28.
1913
–
As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify, January 12 – Bolshevik activist Josef Dzhugashvili first publishes an article under the pseudonym Stalin which he adopts hereafter. At this time he, Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in Vienna, January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania, January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup détat, Ismail Enver comes to power. January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill February 1 – New York Citys Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds largest railroad station. February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose, February 9 – Mexican Revolution, Beginning of La Decena Trágica, the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China, February 18 – Mexican Revolution, President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign, pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office February 22 – Mexican Revolution, Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez, February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia. March The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve Chinas parliament and rules as a dictator. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board, march 3 – The Woman suffrage parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D. C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback. March 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as President of the United States, the U. S. Department of Commerce and U. S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and U. S. Coast, march 4–6 – First Balkan War, Battle of Bizani, Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani from the Ottoman Empire. March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, march 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra. March 13 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his exile in the United States. March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy is founded in Uruguay, the Uruguayan Air Force would grow from this foundation. March 18 – George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne and he is succeeded by his son Constantine. March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party, is wounded in an assassination attempt, march 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina
29.
1914
–
As of the start of 1914, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between St. Abram C, pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger and over 3,000 people witness the first departure. January 5 – Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and a wage of $5. January 8 – A railway strike is declared in the Transvaal, January 9 – The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity is founded by African American students at Howard University in Washington, D. C. January 11 – The Sakurajima volcano in Japan begins to erupt, the lava flows cause the island which it forms to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula. February 2 – Charlie Chaplin makes his film début in the comedy short Making a Living, february 7 – Release of Charlie Chaplins second film, the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice, in which his character of The Tramp is introduced to audiences. February 8 – The Luxembourg national football team has its first victory, beating France 5–4 in a match, for the first. February 10 – Release of the film Hearts Adrift, the name of Mary Pickford, february 12 – In Washington, D. C. the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. February 13 – Copyright, In New York City the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members, february 17 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by the public official Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld, february 26 – The ocean liner that will become HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast. February 28 – Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus proclaimed by ethnic Greeks in Northern Epirus, march 1 – The Republic of China joins the Universal Postal Union. March 6 – Founding of FK Vojvodina football club in Novi Sad, march 7 – Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania to begin his reign. March 8 – First transfer of aircraft to Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base, march 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Velázquez painting Rokeby Venus in Londons National Gallery with a meat chopper. March 17 – Green beer is invented by Dr. Thomas H. Curtin and displayed at the Schnorrer Club of Morrisania in the Bronx, march 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants. March 29 – Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive in Easter Island to make the first true study of it, april 4–September 27 – Komagata Maru incident, Voyage of the Komagata Maru from India to Canada. Due to Canadian regulations designed to exclude Asian immigrants the boat is not allowed to dock in Vancouver and is forced to return to Calcutta with all its passengers, april 9 – Tampico Affair, involving United States Navy sailors in Mexico. April 11 Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band, alpha Rho Chi, a professional architecture fraternity, is founded in the Hotel Sherman in Chicago. April 14–18 – First International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco,24 countries are represented including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas, the Dean of the Paris Law School is president
30.
1911 in architecture
–
The year 1911 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. March 25 - The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire shows up the need for improved safety standards in New York City buildings. April 4 - Foundation stone of Castle Drogo, a house in Devon, England designed by Edwin Lutyens, laid. May 23 - The competition to design Canberra, Australias new capital, is won by American architect Walter Burley Griffin, in the same year, Griffin marries fellow architect Marion Lucy Mahony. May 23 - New York Public Library Main Branch, designed by Carrère, september 12 - Theatro Municipal, designed by Ramos de Azevedo. September - Altare della Patria in Rome, designed by Giuseppe Sacconi in 1884 inaugurated, fagus Factory at Alfeld an der Leine, designed by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer. Frank Lloyd Wright builds his Taliesin house and studio in Spring Green, horwood House in Buckinghamshire, England, designed by Detmar Blow, is completed. King Edward Building for the General Post Office in the City of London, designed by Henry Tanner, eagle Insurance Building, Manchester, England, designed by Charles Heathcote. New City Hall, designed by Osvald Polívka, monroe Street Bridge in Spokane, Washington. AIA Gold Medal - George Browne Post, royal Gold Medal - Wilhelm Dorpfeld. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, René Mirland
31.
1911 in art
–
February 2 – First issue of Franz Pfemferts Die Aktion. June 10 – Rembrandt House Museum opened in Amsterdam, poet and art critic Guillaume Apollinaire and his friend Pablo Picasso are questioned over the theft. Creation of Der Blaue Reiter Group, creation of the Camden Town Group. Wassily Kandinsky publishes Über das Geistige in der Kunst, Insbesondere in der Malerei, rayonism developed in Russia by Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova. English wood engraver Gwen Darwin marries French painter Jacques Raverat, the term Cubism is first used in English. May 11 – A Futurist exhibition in Milan is the first of efforts by the group to make its theories concrete, one-man show by Eugeniusz Żak at Galerie Druet. Lydia Field Emmet – Olivia Albert Gleizes Portrait de Jacques Nayral La Chasse Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon J. W. February 10 – Mallica Reynolds, Jamaican painter, sculptor, march 4 – Ilona Harima, Finnish painter. March 17 – David Park, American painter, march 23 – Roger Hilton, English painter. May 14 – Carl Abrahams, Jamaican painter, may 25 – Will Barnet, American painter, printmaker. July 15 – Juliet Pannett, English portrait artist, august 10 – Bruce Ariss, American artist. September 2 – Romare Bearden, American painter, printmaker, october 9 – Joe Rosenthal, American Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer. November 11 – Roberto Matta, Chilean painter, november 25 – Roelof Frankot, Dutch painter. December 25 – Louise Bourgeois, French-born painter and sculptor
32.
1911 in aviation
–
This is a list of aviation-related events from 1911, The French Navy selects the torpedo boat tender Foudre for conversion into Frances first ship capable of carrying and handling airplanes. She will become the first warship to be altered for use as an aviation ship. The Austro-Hungarian Navy establishes a naval air station at Pola. Imperial Japanese Navy officers arrive in France and the United States for flight instruction and to study the production and they will return to Japan in 1912 as Japans first naval aviators. Imperial Japanese Navy Lieutenant Tetsukichi Isobe privately builds a seaplane out of bamboo and he pilots it for 60 meters, reaching an altitude of 3 meters, before the seaplane overturns. Although lacking any official association with the navy, it is the first flight in Japan by a member of the Imperial Japanese Navy. The British Army renames the observation balloon elements of the Royal Engineers, The Balloon Section becomes the Air Battalion,18 January – Eugene Ely lands on a platform constructed over the deck of the armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania anchored in San Francisco Bay. This is the first time an aircraft lands on a ship,26 January – Glenn H. Curtiss flies the first successful seaplane. The armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania conducts the United States Navys only experiment with a man-lifting kite,5 February – The first undisputed aeroplane flight in New Zealand is made by Vivian Walsh at Auckland in a Howard Wright biplane named Manurewa. 17 February – At San Diego, California, Glenn Curtiss flies a seaplane out to the U. S. Navy armored cruiser Pennsylvania in the harbor. Pennsylvania hoists the seaplane aboard, then returns it to the water and it is the first demonstration that a ship can handle a seaplane. 18 February – The first airmail is carried by an aeroplane, Henri Pequet carries mail across the Jumna River, from Allahabad to Naini Junction, India. The Spanish Air Force is created as the Aeronáutica militar Española,23 March – Louis Breguet carries 11 passengers a distance of 5 km.1 April – The first flying unit of the British military, the Air Battalion Royal Engineers, is formed. 11 April – Imperial Japanese Army officer Yoshitoshi Tokugawa makes the first flight from Japans first permanent airfield at Tokorozawa,12 April – Pierre Prier makes the first non-stop flight from London to Paris in 3 hours and 56 minutes. 8 May – The U. S. Naval Aviation Service created and the U. S. Navys first airplane, a Curtiss Model D, is ordered. 21 May – The French Minister of War, Henri Maurice Berteaux, also during the race Eugene Gilbert encounters a large eagle over the Pyrenees, in one of the first bird strikes to an aircraft, on the way to Madrid. 31 May – Andre Beaumont beats Roland Garros in the Paris to Rome air race,18 June – The 1911 Circuit of Europe air race begins. At a speed of 80 km/hr, the concludes by flying over the river down the length of the Niagara Gorge,4 July – The first ever airborne commercial cargo is flown by Horatio Barber in his Valkyrie B tail-first monoplane
33.
1911 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1911. February–March – Antisemitic riots in Paris over the staging of Henri Bernsteins Après moi by the Comédie-Française, instigated by the far-right Action Française, in conjunction with the far-left Guerre Sociale. March – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in Paris, announces planned Futurist conference, april – Hugo Gernsback begins to publish his pioneering science fiction novel Ralph 124C 41+ in his monthly magazine Modern Electrics in the United States. April 8 – English poet Lascelles Abercrombie and his move to live near Dymock in rural Gloucestershire. October 16 – New building for Mitchell Library opens in Glasgow, october 17 – Rudolf Wilhelm Friedrich Ditzen, the later novelist Hans Fallada, kills his best friend in a suicide pact staged as a duel. November The Kalem Company of New York agrees to pay the estate of author Lew Wallace $25,000 in legal settlement for having adapted Ben Hur from his novel without securing prior rights. Virginia Stephen begins to share a London house at 38 Brunswick Square with other members of the Bloomsbury Group, Leonard Woolf, Adrian Stephen, John Maynard Keynes, jaroslav Hašek begins publishing stories of The Good Soldier Švejk in the Prague newspaper Karikatura edited by the illustrator Josef Lada. Irish novelist George Moore publishes Ave, the first part of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, french publishing house Éditions Gallimard founded in Paris by Gaston Gallimard as Les Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue Française. Its first publication is Paul Claudels play LOtage, D. Beresford – The Hampdenshire Wonder Ambrose Bierce – The Devils Dictionary Algernon Blackwood – The Centaur J. E. Casely-Hayford – Ethiopia Unbound G. K. E. B. Du Bois – The Quest of the Silver Fleece Edna Ferber – Dawn OHara Ford Madox Ford – Ladies Whose Bright Eyes E. M. Forster – The Celestial Omnibus R. H. E. W
34.
1911 in music
–
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1911. January 26 - Première of the opera Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss, in Dresden, the librettist is Hugo von Hofmannsthal, april 8 - Gustav Mahler embarks from New York to France, he enters a clinic in Paris, where he dies just over a month later. May 19 - Maurice Ravels opera, Lheure espagnole, is premiered at the Opéra-Comique, may 24 - Edward Elgar conducts the premiere of his Symphony No.2 in London. June 15 - Igor Stravinskys ballet Petrushka is premiered in Paris, june 29 - Bernard Herrmann born in New York. July - Frank Bridge completes his orchestral suite The Sea, while staying at Eastbourne, november 20 - Gustav Mahlers Das Lied von der Erde is premièred in Munich, after the composers death, with his friend and former assistant Bruno Walter conducting at the request of Alma Mahler. Date unknown Aino Ackté and other prominent opera singers found the Domestic Opera in Finland, elsässisches Fahnenlied is adopted as the anthem of the Republic of Alsace-Lorraine. 16-year-old Carl Orff publishes his first compositions, the Society of Women Musicians is co-founded by Marion Scott and others. Gustav Holst wrote the Second Suite in F for concert band, after That I Want A Little More w. Alfred Bryan m. Fred Fisher After The Honeymoon w. m, Irving Berlin Alexanders Ragtime Band w. m. Irving Berlin All Alone w. William Dillon m. Harry Von Tilzer Any Old Iron w. m, Charles Collins & Terry Sheppard Archibald, Certainly Not w. m. Alfred Glover & John St John Baby Rose by Louis Weslyn Billy w. Joe Goodwin m. James Kendis & Herman Paley Bring Back My Lovin Man w. m, Irving Berlin Cant You Take It Back And Change It For A Boy. w. m. Thurland Chattaway Core ngrato w. Riccardo Cordiferro, m, salvatore Cardillo Dalys Reel m. Joseph M. Daly Down Home Rag m. Wilbur Sweatman Down The Field w. Caleb OConnor m. Stanleigh P. Friedman El Choclo w. Francice Luban m, angel G. Villoldo Everybodys Doing it Now w. m. Irving Berlin The Fire Bird m, katie Moss The Gaby Glide w. Harry Pilcer m. Louis Hirsch Hello. Gus Edwards The Little Grey Home In The West w. D. Eardley-Wilmot m, hermann Löhr Love Is Mine w. Edward Teschemacher m. Clarence G. Gartner Make Me Love You Like I Never Loved Before w. Alfred Bryan m. Fred Fisher Mary OHoolihan Berlin Moonlight Bay w. Edward Madden m, percy Wenrich Movin Man Dont Take My Baby Grand w. Bert Kalmar m. Ted Snyder My Beautiful Lady w. C. M. S. McLellan m. Ivan Caryll My Hula Hula Love w. Edward Madden m, percy Wenrich My Rosary Of Dreams w. m. E. F. Dusenberg & C. M. Denison Naughty, Naughty, Naughty w. Harry Williams m, egbert Van Alstyne The Oceana Roll w. Roger Lewis m
35.
1911 in rail transport
–
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1911. January 22 – The Southern Railway introduces the Carolina Special between Cincinnati, Ohio and Charleston, South Carolina, january 23 – The Pontypridd railway accident in South Wales kills 11 people. April 22 – A passenger train from Port Alfred to Grahamstown in South Africa derails on the Blaauwkrantz Bridge and plunges into the ravine 200 feet below, killing 31 and seriously injuring 23. May 1 – Chūō Main Line, Nagoya to Shiojiri route officially completed, as same time, may 12 – Electric trains begin work between London Victoria station and Crystal Palace. May 28 – The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and they are the first all-steel trains to operate in the Pacific Northwest. June 30 - First Great Western Railway 4300 Class 2-6-0 locomotive is turned out of its Swindon Works, the class, designed by George Jackson Churchward, will comprise 342 members and see overseas service during World War I. July 10 – Six construction workers die in an accident while working on the Western Maryland Railways Salisbury Viaduct, July 11 – The Tinnos Line in Norway takes electric traction into use. July 14 – The Santa Maria Valley Railroad is incorporated in Los Angeles, september 26 – Construction of the Usambara Railway in German East Africa reaches Moshi at Mount Kilimanjaro. September – First Great Central Railway Class 8K 2-8-0 freight locomotive,966, is turned out of its Gorton locomotive works, England. The class, designed by John G. Robinson, will exceed 650 in total, october 1 Hudson and Manhattan Railroad trains make their first station stops at the Pennsylvania Railroads Manhattan Transfer station in New York City. Nigel Gresley becomes Locomotive Engineer, Great Northern Railway, meitetsu Seto Line, Owari Seto to Horikawa of Nagoya route officially regular operation service to start in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, it streach operation service to Sakaemachi on 1978. October 4 – Regular operations over the entire Usambara Railway between Tanga and Moshi in German East Africa begins, october 5 – Kowloon Canton Railway opens throughout. November 20 – Western Maryland Railway breaks ground for the station in Meyersdale, november 30 – The Rjukan Line in Norway takes electric traction into use. December 12 – Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway inaugurates its first extra-fare named passenger train, december 24 – The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad opens the Lackawanna Cut-Off, a 28-mile low-grade line from Lake Hopatcong to the Delaware River. Built primarily to transport coal from Pennsylvania to New York. Trains on this line routinely approach speeds of 100 miles an hour and it remains in service until 1979, being subsequently owned by the State of New Jersey. The Paulinskill Viaduct on the route is the worlds largest reinforced concrete structure when completed in 1910 under the supervision of Lincoln Bush, december 29 – Sudan Government Railways open to El Obeid. December – The Eritrean Railway opens throughout from Massawa to Asmara, chesapeake and Ohio Railway introduces the first 4-8-2 steam locomotives in the United States onto its Mountain section
36.
1911 in sports
–
1911 in sports describes the years events in world sport. Leger Stakes – Prince Palatine Australia Melbourne Cup – The Parisian Canada Queens Plate – St and his tally is second in Stanley Cup history to Frank McGees 14-goal total on 16 January 1905. Events March — Winnipeg Victorias wins the Allan Cup 13 November — NHA founding team Renfrew Creamery Kings drops out of the league, two franchises are sold to Toronto interests who intend to start in the 1911–12 season, but Torontos new Arena Gardens is not ready for play. A bidding war for players ensues with numerous NHA players leaving to play in the PCHA, Monte Carlo Rally 21 January — inaugural Monte Carlo Rally is organised by Albert I, Prince of Monaco and is won by Henri Rougier driving a Turcat-Mery. Vanderbilt Cup 27 November — 7th running of the Vanderbilt Cup at Savannah, Georgia over 468.93 km is won by Ralph Mulford driving a Lozier 6 in 3,56,00. American Grand Prize 30 November — 3rd running of the American Grand Prize takes place at Savannah, Georgia over 660.48 km and is won by David Bruce-Brown driving a FIAT S74 in 5,31,29.13
37.
1911 in France
–
Events from the year 1911 in France. 1 July - Agadir Crisis, sparked by deployment of German gunboat to the Moroccan port of Agadir,25 September - French battleship Liberté explodes at anchor in Toulon. 21 December - First robbery of the Bonnot gang,22 August - Theft of Mona Lisa discovered in Louvre. 7 September - Poet Guillaume Apollinaire is arrested and jailed on suspicion of stealing the Mona Lisa from the Louvre,2 July - The ninth Tour de France begins. 30 July - Tour de France ends, won by Gustave Garrigou
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