1.
January 1912
–
The following events occurred in January 1912, The Republic of China was established as Dr. Sun Yat-Sen took the oath of office as the Provisional President at Nanjing. According to Homer Lea, an advisor to Sun and the only Westerner to witness the ceremony, a band played Behold, the Conquering Hero Comes and the hymn God Be with You till We Meet Again. Although Suns supporters controlled most of southern China, Yuan Shikai retained power in the north as the chief of the Emperors army in Beijing, pinellas County, Florida, came into existence after being divided from Hillsborough County. The city of Timmins, Ontario, was incorporated as a town located at the Porcupine Camp of a gold mining company. The Swiss Civil Code, adopted on December 10,1907, the code was the work of law professor Eugen Huber and the product of 15 years of refinement. As one commentator noted, there was nothing hurried in the preparation or adoption of this code, england beat France, 7-1, in international soccer at Tufnell Park. Born, Kim Philby, British intelligence officer who passed information to the Soviet Union until defecting in 1963, in Ambala. Philby was born three days after Klaus Fuchs, who had betrayed American atomic secrets to the Soviets, Born, Nikiforos Vrettakos, Greek poet, at Krokees Died, Francis T. The date chosen coincided with Shiite holiday of the 10th of Muharram, neurologist Ernst Trömner, introduced a test for what he called the Fingerbeugephänomen, though it is more commonl called Trömners reflex at a meeting of the Hamburg Medical Society. The reflex is tested by on a patients fingers for signs of a lesion of the cervical nerves, Captain Scott changed the plan, adding Bowers to the South Pole group, and sharing four persons resources with five people, a decision that would prove to be disastrous. Born, Armand Lohikoski, Finnish movie director, in the United States in Astoria, Oregon Died, Rear Admiral Robley Evans,65, on March 2,1984, the Moon would be furthest away during the century, at 252,731 miles. The closest approach in the 21st Century will be 221,535 miles, on November 14,2016, the Royal Charter of the Boy Scouts Association was granted by King George V, granting corporate status to the British organization that had been founded in 1908. On the same day, Dr. Sun met with womens suffragist Lin Zongsu, at a conference in Prague, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party broke away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. The Tong wars in New York Citys Chinatown resumed, one year, lung Yu, the Vice-President of the Hip Sing Tong, was killed in a shootout at a gambling hall on 21 Pell Street. New Mexico was admitted as the 47th state of the United States of America at 1,35 pm, New Mexico had been passed up for statehood on 15 other occasions since becoming a territory in 1850. McDonald was its first governor, and Albert B, catron were its first U. S. Senators. Born, Danny Thomas, American comedian, television actor, and founder of St. Morgan Shuster resigned as Treasurer-General of Persia, in return for his resignation, the Russians guaranteed safe passage through occupied territory for Shuster and his family. He left Tehran on January 11 by automobile, and departed the country on the Russian steamer Teheran on January 14, returning to the United States by way of Russia
2.
February 1912
–
The following events occurred in February 1912, After only four years of existence, the city of Strathcona, Alberta was incorporated into Edmonton, which had been incorporated in 1904. The merger had been approved by a 518–178 margin of Strathcona voters, General Manuel Bonilla, elected on November 3, was sworn in as President of Honduras. Died, Jimmy Doyle,30, American baseball player for the Chicago Cubs, the British submarine A-3, with 14 men aboard, sank off of the Isle of Wight after being rammed by the depot ship Hazard. Instead of making the planned brief remarks, La Follette made a long, rambling speech that criticized the newspaper reporters. La Follettes disastrous showing cleared the way for former President Theodore Roosevelt to get the nomination instead, the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association was organized as the first intercollegiate sports conference for African-American colleges. The original members were Hampton, Howard, Lincoln, Shaw, the French government decreed that the indigenes of Algeria, male residents of Arab descent, were to be drafted for three years service into the French Army. The move was opposed by French Algerians, who did not want the population to be trained to use weapons. King George V and Queen Mary arrived back in Britain at Spithead after an absence of almost three months, the royal family had departed on November 10 to travel to British India. U. S. President Taft ordered an increase of the number of American troops guarding the border with Mexico. An ice bridge over Niagara Falls broke and carried an Ohio teenager, the 1000 foot wide bridge had formed two weeks earlier from the piling up of ice fields from up river, and was 60 feet thick. This is the first time in the history of the Niagara that lives have been lost in this way, thornton Burgess published the first installment of his syndicated newspaper column Bedtime Stories, which ran six days a week. He wrote 15,000 of the columns, along with 100 books, the first Exhibition of Futurist Painting was held, opening in Paris. Initially, the colonists were able to resist a takeover by pledging to remain neutral, the city of Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania, was created, incorporated as a township. Born, Eva Braun, companion and wife of Adolf Hitler at the time of both their deaths in 1945, in Munich Died, James B, weaver,68, American third-party politician who was elected as U. S. Representative for Iowa as candidate for the Greenback Party, and received 21 electoral votes as candidate for the Populist Party in 1892, winning in Colorado, Idaho, Kansas. Died, Mataafa Iosefo, Paramount Chief of the Samoan people, following his death, the German colonial administrators abolished the position and replaced it with two advisors, Tanumafili I and Tamasese Meaole I. One day after announcing that federal appellate Judge William C, mahlon Pitney was selected by the President in place of Hook. Marines landed at Puerto Cortés in the Honduras, emmanouel Argyoropoulos became the first Greek pilot, taking a Nieuport airplane aloft at Athens
3.
March 1912
–
Emmeline Pankhurst was among 148 suffragettes who were arrested in London, after they began breaking windows in order to attract attention. At 6,00 in the evening, the women, marching in favor of their right to vote, brought out rocks they had been carrying, and attacked storefronts in Westminster. Attacks took place on streets such as the Strand, Haymarket, Piccadilly, Bond Street, Oxford Street and Regent Street. Mrs. Pankhurst was sentenced to two months in jail, along with Mabel Tuke and Christabel Marshall, as rioting broke out in response to the fall of the Manchu Dynasty in China, Beijing was placed under martial law. Foreign troops arrived the day to protect the citizens of their respective nations. U. S. President Taft issued a proclamation, warning American citizens to avoid visiting Mexico, and advising those who were living there to be prepared to leave. Died, Edward Blake,78, Canadian politician who led the Liberal Party from 1880 to 1887, but never served as Prime Minister Mexican General Pascual Orozco, who had helped Francisco I. Madero win the revolution of 1911 and become President of Mexico, Orozco and his followers, the Orozquistas, then assisted Victoriano Huerta in overthrowing Madero. Ground was broken for Ebbets Field by Charles Hercules Ebbets, who had sought to build a wholly owned stadium for his baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers. The city of Duncan, British Columbia, was incorporated.5 million dollars from Eastman Kodak founder George Eastman, King Vajiravudh of Siam ordered mass arrests of officers of the Siamese Army, who had been conspiring to overthrow his government. Most had been graduates of the 1909 class of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, italian forces became the first to use airships in war, as two dirigibles dropped bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet. Chinas Provisional National Assembly voted to accept the resignation of President Sun Yat-sen, nicaraguas President, Adolfo Díaz ordered the arrest of nearly one hundred newspaper editors and reporters, for implying the threat of harm to visiting U. S. Secretary of State Philander C. Knox, who was touring Central America, Died, Manuel Sánchez Mármol,72, Mexican novelist Died, General Julio Andrade, seven weeks after suppressing the Ecuadorian rebellion, was killed by his own troops. Upon his arrival, he brought the news that he and his party of five had become the first persons to reach the South Pole, planting the flag there on December 14. The U. S. Senate voted 76-3 to ratify the American arbitration treaties with the United Kingdom and France, with amendments that removed most controversies from being arbitrated. Bulgaria and Serbia signed a defense agreement, providing that if one nation was attacked by the Austro-Hungarian or Ottoman Empires. Károly Khuen-Héderváry, the Prime Minister of Hungary within Austro-Hungary, resigned along with his cabinet after a dispute with the Austrian government, standard Oil of Indiana increased its capital stock from one million to a record $30,000,000 following a vote by its shareholders. Germanys Reichstag approved a bill to make the Imperial German Navy the greatest in the world by 1920, One historian noted that the new law proved to be the death knell to any potential understanding between Britain and Germany
4.
April 1912
–
Amundsens party had reached the Pole on December 14. Scotts party had arrived on January 17 then died in March while on the way back, the largest province in British India, the Bengal Province, was broken up as the new province of Bihar and Orissa, now part of India, was separated from the region. The city of Branson, Missouri, which would become a major American tourist attraction, born, Donald Nyrop, American businessman best known for being President and CEO of Northwest Airlines from 1954–1976, in Cedar Creek, Nebraska The number of U. S. Senators increased from 92 to 96 with the swearing in of the legislators from Arizona, the RMS Titanic begins sea trials. One author would write that the first person to fly across the continental US was also the first to die as a result of a bird strike. Rodgers Wright Pusher airplane collided with a seagull, the engine failed, classes began at Aurora College in Aurora, Illinois, after the students and faculty of Mendota College relocated in mid-semester from Mendota, Illinois,50 miles to the west. Aycock,50, former Governor of North Carolina who advanced education, after more than 200 members of the Industrial Workers of the World had been put in the citys jail, the police chief in San Diego, California had the prisoners released into the hands of vigilantes. The mob escorted the Wobblies to the county line, beat them, an investigator sent by Governor Hiram Johnson described the citys police as so brutal that he thought he was sojourning in Russia. The First Symphony of Franco Alfano premiered, at the Casino Municipal at Sanremo, half of the 100 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and of the 20 seats in the Senate were subject to the voting. The approval of a minimum wage ended the three-week-old strike, which had halted not only the production of coal. In the Illinois primaries, former President Roosevelt beat incumbent President Taft, bostons Fenway Park opens with the Red Sox beating Harvard University in an exhibition game, 2-0. RMS Titanic, the largest ship ever constructed up to time, began its maiden voyage from Southampton, England at noon. On its exit, the ship caused the American liner New York to break free of its moorings and it arrived in Cherbourg, France that evening at 7,00 pm, took on more passengers, then departed two hours later. The French liner Niagara, sailing from Le Havre to New York, the ships bow plates were dented, the ship began to leak, and an S. O. S. was sent. The steamer Carmonia rushed to the rescue, but the crew of the Niagara was able to make repairs, abdul-Bahá, leader of the Bahai Faith, arrived in New York City to continue his journey to spread the new religion to the Western world. The spiritual leader had brought over by the steamer S. S. Cedric. Reportedly, American and Canadian Bahais had offered to pay extra for him to sail to New York on a faster ship. The religious leader would spend the rest of the year in the U. S. giving 200 speeches on The Oneness of Religion, and visiting 32 cities
5.
May 1912
–
Other games played on opening day were Richmond 2, Washington 0, Pittsburgh 11, Cleveland 7, and Chicago 5, Cincinnati 0. After teams dropped out, the season, which was set to run until September 21, congressman Oscar W. Underwood of Alabama won the Democratic primary in Georgia, defeating New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson. Born, Otto Kretschmer, the most successful U-Boat commander in World War II, in Heidau, kretschmers U-23 and U-99 sank 47 ships in the first 18 months of the war. Italian Army Captain Alberto Margenhi Marengoon made the first nighttime reconnaissance flight in history, the 59 unidentified bodies recovered from the Titanic, by the CS Mackay-Bennett, were buried at three cemeteries in Halifax. The seamen of the RMS Olympic were found guilty of mutiny, died, Nettie Stevens,50, American biologist and geneticist The first competitive events of the 1912 Summer Olympics took place in Stockholm, Sweden, with lawn tennis being played until May 12. Most of the competition took place between June 29 and July 22, with the ceremonies being held on July 6. Pravda, the newspaper of the Communist Party, and later the leading daily paper for the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991, published its first issue. Founded by Vladimir Lenin, and published daily in Saint Petersburg, pravda served as the leading newspaper for the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991. The first issue carried the date 22 April 1912, in that Russia was still using the Julian Calendar, the paper would later carry the slogan Newspaper founded 5 May 1912 by V. I. The first issue of Our Sunday Visitor, was introduced in Roman Catholic churches in the United States, the 35,000 copies of the first issue sold for one cent apiece. Born, Adolf Ottman, Anne-Marie Ottman, Emma Ottman and Elisabeth Ottman, all four were 79 years,316 days old when Adolf became the first to pass away on March 17,1992. The will of John Jacob Astor, who died in the Titanic disaster, was probated and his $150,000,000 estate was left to his 22-year-old son, Vincent Astor. The cable ship Minia brought 17 more bodies from the Titanic to Halifax, only one of the persons had drowned, and the others had died of the cold. S. Charles deForest Chandler, chief of the Aeronautical Division of the Signal Corps, was able to fire a 28-pound Lewis Gun to hit targets on the ground, while Lt. Thomas D. Born, Ma Sicong, Chinese composer and musician known as The King of Violinists in his native land, in 1967, he and his family escaped to Hong Kong during Chinas Cultural Revolution Pascual Orozco, who had helped in the revolution that made Francisco I. Madero the President of Mexico six months earlier, then led a revolution against Madero. Reports of the day described the oncoming clash as the greatest body of rebels, british Royal Navy Commander Charles R. Booth would die on August 20. Glenn L. Martin broke the record for a flight over water in an airplane, traveling 38 miles, from Newport Beach, California to Catalina Island
6.
June 1912
–
Gas stations had opened as early in 1905 in St. Louis, with gasoline dispensed by a hose from a tall tank. The Famous Players Film Company, which would merge in 1916 with the Lasky Feature Play Company to form Paramount Pictures, was founded by Adolph Zukor, French troops killed 600 Moroccan tribesmen who had marched on Fez to oppose the protectorate. Governor Lyautey ordered artillery to be used against the armed opposition. A premature detonation of dynamite killed 18 men who were working on construction of the Canadian Northern road, near Lake Opinicon, parmalee ignored requests to postpone his flight until heavy winds died down, and his plane dropped from a height of 400 feet. Peugeot then offered a competition on July 4 for any plane that could stay 10 centimeters off the ground for a distance of 100 meters, the Catholic Party also retained a majority in the Belgian Senate. The results led to protests nationwide, german warships, led by the battle cruiser SMS Moltke, were received at Hampton Roads, Virginia, by President Taft A fire in Istanbul destroyed 2,000 houses, four mosques and seven schools. Eight other states followed in 1913, with Utah being third, the Massachusetts law applied only to women and children, and penalties for its violation were light. Oregon, whose law passed second, would become the first state to have orders implementing a wage, Canada agreed to join in the celebration of 100 years of Anglo-American peace since the War of 1812 fought in Canada and in the United States. Born, Robert Jacobsen, Danish artist, in Copenhagen A group of 570 U. S, Marines landed in Cuba at Caimanera, the first sent to protect American citizens there. After rebel leader Evaristo Estenoz was killed on June 27, the Marines would withdraw on August 5, by the end of October, Tiszas powers would be extended to allow him to send a guard unit to use force against MPs as necessary. Died, George S. Nixon,52, U. S, senator for Nevada since 1905, from an infection following surgery for an abscess in his nose. The Mount Katmai volcano erupted in Alaska, dumping a foot of ashes at Kodiak and on other villages on Woody Island villages, the 200 inhabitants of villages on the mainland near Shelikof Strait were gone when the tug Redondas arrived. The villages of Kanatuk, Savinodsky, Douglas, Cold Bay, Kamgamute, the revenue cutter Manning rescued 500 survivors left homeless by the volcano. The explosion of Katmai was heard in Juneau,750 miles away, eruptions would last until July 8. The tanker SS Ottawa recovered the body of steward William Thomas Kerley, after identification, his body was buried at sea. Tisza had just rid the chamber of deputies and remarked. Kovacs shouted out, There is still a member of the Opposition in the House, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake shook Alaska at 9,26 pm, as eruptions of Mount Kitmai continued. Thirty soldiers and workmen were killed and 100 injured in an explosion of gunpowder at the Wöllersdorf ammunition factory in Austria-Hungary, died, Hubert Latham,29, French aviation pioneer, was fatally injured by a water buffalo while hunting in Africa
7.
July 1912
–
The French Chamber of Deputies voted 460-79 to approve the protectorate over Morocco. The first payroll deductions under the British unemployment insurance act were taken, the British Copyright Act 1911 went into effect. A new law went into effect in Egypt, making all ancient artifacts there property of the State, dealers were required to have a license, items could not be exported without a permit, and any evasion of the law would be punishable by confiscation of the items. Born, David R. P. Willard, when her airplane suddenly pitched forward, Quimby and Willard fell from an altitude of 1,000 feet, into five-foot deep waters in Dorchester Bay near Squantum, Massachusetts, where they had been participating in an airshow. Although the cause of the accident was never identified, one theory is that Willard, much heavier than Quimby, New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson received the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States, after 46 ballots had been taken at the party convention. On the 45th ballot, with 730 votes needed to win, Wilson had 633, former House Speaker Champ Clark had 306, Underwood then withdrew his candidacy, putting the nomination within reach, and Clark followed suit. The final result was 990 votes for Wilson,84 for Champ Clark, with the Republican Party split between the followers of President Taft and former President Roosevelt, the Democrats would win the U. S. Presidency for the first time since 1892, the airship Akron exploded in mid-air near Atlantic City, New Jersey, killing the five crewmembers on board. Patent No.1,049,667 would be granted on January 7,1913, sir Francis May, recently appointed as the British Governor of Hong Kong, escaped an assassination attempt. A Chinese resident fired a revolver, striking the chair in which May had been sitting, indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall received the Democratic Partys nomination for Vice-President at 1,56 in the morning, more than eight hours after Woodrow Wilson had won the presidential nomination. Sixteen miners were killed and six injured in an explosion at the Osterfeld colliery near Oberhausen in Germany, the Turkish Air Academy was founded as the Ottoman Empire began training its own pilots and flight officers. The International Olympic Committee voted to hold the 1916 Summer Olympics in Berlin, the Games of the Sixth Olympiad would be cancelled after the outbreak of World War One in 1914. Until 2007, the 48-stars had been the longest-lasting American flag in history, heavyweight boxing champion Jack Johnson successfully defended his title against white challenger Fireman Jim Flynn in East Las Vegas, New Mexico. The bout was scheduled to go for as many as 45 rounds but was stopped by New Mexico state police, lightweight boxing champ Ad Wolgast fought challenger Mexican Joe Rivers in Los Angeles. In the third round, the fighters knocked each other out with simultaneous blows, referee Jack Welch lifted the arm of the prone Wolgast and declared him the winner and still champion. French cyclist Gabriel Poulain won a contest for human powered flight by remaining at least 10 centimeters off of the ground for 3.6 meters, most of the victims were women and children, who were returning home after a day at the Wilpen Fair Grounds. The first International Radiotelegraph Convention was signed in London and it would be replaced in 1927 by the Radiotelegraph General Convention. The 1912 Summer Olympics were formally opened at the stadium in Stockholm by declaration of King Gustaf V of Sweden
8.
August 1912
–
The Yuaikai, later called the Nihon Rōdō Sodomei or Japan Federation of Labor, was founded by Bunji Suzuki. At its peak, it would have 100,000 workers in its ranks, a train accident at Rio de Janeiro killed 10 and injured 50. Roosevelt emphasized that from Northern states, there would be a number of delegates, more, in fact. Eleven people were killed when a bomb went off in the town square, the U. S. Senate voted 51-4 to extend the Monroe Doctrine to protect the Americas from foreign corporations. Tibetans were routed by Chinese soldiers at Lhasa, the gunboat USS Tacoma was ordered to proceed from Guantanamo to Bluefields, Nicaragua. An attack by soldiers of Montenegro, against a Turkish border post, marines and Navy men arrived on the USS Annapolis landed at Corinto in Nicaragua to protect American interests, while the USS Tacoma arrived at Bluefields on Tuesday. The forces assisted in the defeat, on September 24, of the forces led by General Luis Mena. Turkeys Senate voted to give the power to dissolve parliament. Turkeys Parliament was dissolved after a vote of no confidence, Theodore Roosevelt announced his 1912 platform at the Chicago convention of the Progressive Party. U. S. President Taft asked Congress to fix tolls for the Panama Canal. Physicist Victor Hess of the Vienna Institute for Radium Research, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on his seventh flight, he lifted off with a pilot and a meteorologist from Aussig. Hess called the rays Höhenstrahlung, radiation from above, the Progressive Party nominated Theodore Roosevelt as its candidate for President of the United States and California Governor Hiram Johnson for vice-president. Woodrow Wilson accepted the Democratic nomination for president, which had offered the previous month at the convention in Baltimore. The New Jersey Governor spoke at his home in Sea Girt, New Jersey, before a group of other Democrats who were governors. New technology was used to capture the moment on phonographic records and films, so that American voters could see, friederich Krupp AG, the Krupp family armaments company, celebrated its centennial with the Kaiser giving the address. Accompanying the Kaiser to the ceremony at Essen were the Chancellor and many of his cabinet, the Pope issued an encyclical about abuse of the indigenous tribes in the Putumayo region of Peru. Died, Cincinnatus Leconte, President of Haiti, was killed in an explosion at the presidential palace in Port-au-Prince. The President shared his residence with an arsenal of gunpowder in the basement, the legislature named General Tancrède Auguste as the new President that afternoon
9.
September 1912
–
A road across the United States. Lets build it before were too old to enjoy it, the auto trail, which paved roads to connect existing highways, would run from New York City to San Francisco, and would be completed in 1925. In Morocco, French troops put down a native uprising, U. S. President Taft signed an Executive Order establishing the first Naval Petroleum Reserve to be used for the U. S. Navy in the event of war. NPR-1 was located at an oil field in Kern County. Woodrow Wilson opened his campaign with a Labor Day address in Buffalo. 16, composed in 1909 and entitled Five Orchestral Pieces, was given its first public performance, sir Henry Wood conducted the premiere at the Queens Hall in London. Sheik Shawish was arrested in Cairo on charges of conspiracy against Lord Kitchener, nobody won a majority in the election for Governor of Vermont, and the matter was sent to the State Legislature to decide on October 2. The Albanian Revolt of 1912 ended, as the Ottoman Empire agreed to the demands of Albanian rebels in its Montenegro province, fourteen people were killed in a coal mine explosion at the Clarence Coal Company at Pas de Calais, France. In London,22 were injured in a collision on the Piccadilly line. Fifteen Christians were massacred by the Turks at Heimeli, near Scutari, then halted his speech with the words, Comrades, I am too weak to go on. He sat back down and collapsed, dying moments later, the uprising of Moroccan pretender Ahmed al-Hiba was ended in a battle at Sidi Bou Othmane, as his force of 10,000 troops was decimated by 5,000 French troops led by Colonel Charles Mangin. Within two hours,2,000 of al-Hibas troops were dead and thousands wounded, French losses were four dead and 23 wounded. Wood was on a streak of 13 consecutive games, while Johnson had set a record of 16 straight wins the previous month. In a pitchers duel, the two each threw five innings, until Johnson allowed a run to score in the sixth, the margin for a 1–0 victory for Wood. Wood would go on to win two games to tie, but not break, Johnsons record. Roland Garros of France broke the record for altitude in an airplane, reaching 16,405 feet at Houlgate, the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad was completed, under the direction of American businessman Percival Farquhar, after five years with the driving of a golden spike to link the track. Playing at the Chicago Golf Club in Wheaton, Illinois, Jerome Travers won the United States golf championship for the third time. Themistoklis Sofoulis, exiled leader of the Greek people on the island of Samos, landed with a force of Greek volunteers, at the Christ Episcopal Church in Harvard, Illinois, Miss Dorothy Gardner was married to Mr. Leslie King
10.
October 1912
–
The following events occurred in October 1912, Turkey and Greece both mobilized their armies in preparation of war. The capital of British India was formally moved to Delhi from Calcutta, born, Kathleen Ollerenshaw, British mathematician, in Withington Bulgarian troops seized control of Turkish blockhouses at Djuma-i-Bala district. Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria, delivered an ultimatum to Ottoman Empire over Macedonia, from the Manger to the Cross, the silent film about Jesus Christ, by Sidney Olcott, premiered in London, followed on October 10 by its New York release. And was the first to be filmed on location in the Holy Land, General Smedley Butler and Colonel Joseph H. The rebels refused to capitulate, and American shelling began minutes later, Turkish frontier guards attacked troops of Montenegro at Berane. The longest drought in U. S. history began in Bagdad, California, for the next 767 days, more than two years, no rain fell on the town in the Mojave Desert. Crowds in Constantinople demonstrated in favor of Turkey going to war with Bulgaria, off the coast of Dover, the collision of the submarine B2 with the Hamburg-American liner Amerika killed 15 sailors. Only one man, Lt. Richard I, pulleyne, survived, swimming upward after the sub broke in two. Marines attacked Nicaraguas rebels before dawn, advanced uphill and captured the fortress on El Coyotepe despite being fired on by the remaining rebels, four Americans and 27 rebels were killed, and another 14 U. S. infantrymen wounded. The first University of Calgary began classes, with a faculty of three professors. The Alberta provincial legislature would not give the University power to confer degrees, and the University of Alberta did not welcome the competition, French Prime Minister Poincaré addressed the British Foreign Office regarding averting war in the Balkans, with the assistance of Austria-Hungary and Russia. Parliaments of Bulgaria and Serbia met in session to discuss going to war. Jack Zelig, a witness for the prosecution in the trial of NYPD Lt. Becker was shot and killed in New York while preparing to board a trolley, two days before trial was to start. Carl Stearns Clancy,22, began his quest to become the first person to take a motorcycle around the world and he would complete the job on August 27,1913, after 18,000 miles. In 1913, the team would have a new manager, mostly new players, born, Karl Hass, German war criminal, in Kiel, and Kristina Söderbaum, Swiss-born German film actress, in Stockholm U. S. troops captured the Nicaraguan city of León. Romania assured Bulgaria of its neutrality, game 2 of the World Series ended with no winner, with the teams tied 6-6 after 11 innings before darkness forced an early end, meaning that the second game would have to be replayed. The Red Sox had won the first game, 4-3, rice Institute was dedicated at Houston. The Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne and the future King Edward VIII, italy and Turkey broke off peace negotiations as Montenegro took Ottoman territory near Skiptchanik
11.
November 1912
–
The following events occurred in November 1912, General Mario García Menocal, running for Cubas Conservative Party, was elected President of Cuba, defeating Vice-President Alfredo Zayas. Pope Pius X sent a letter to Portuguese Clergy condemning Portugals Law of Separation of the State, a federal grand jury in Omaha, Nebraska, indicted five railroads for illegal rebate policies in violation of the Elkins Act. Born, Gunther Plaut German-Canadian rabbi and author First Balkan War, ex-sultan Abdul Hamid II was taken to Constantinople from Salonika. British Navy battleships and destroyers were ordered to Turkish waters, adolfo Diaz, who had been named President of Nicaragua by the National Assembly in October 1911, was elected by popular vote, without opposition. Three days before the election, candidate Woodrow Wilson sustained a head injury when his limousine struck a hole in the street. Ottoman Army troops rallied at Çerkezköy, an Explosion on the battleship USS Vermont near Norfolk, Virginia kills 2 men and seriously injures 4 men. At Urga, the Russian Empire concluded a treaty with Mongolia, with the Russian Minister to China, Ivan Korostovets negotiated a pact with Mongolias Foreign Minister, Mijiddorjin Khanddorj. The Turkish government appealed to the Great Powers to intervene in the Balkan War, the Greek Army captures Yenidje and also captured 18 guns. French Astronomer Alphonse Borrelly discovered a new comet while observing at Marseilles, the keel was laid for United States Battleship Nevada at Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts. Arizona, Kansas, Michigan and Oregon became the latest states to approve womens suffrage in state and local elections, wheeler County, Georgia was created from the western section of Montgomery County by approval of voters for an amendment to the state constitution. On November 14, the town of Alamo would become the county seat, Turkish Grand Vizier Kiamil Pasha summoned the Council of Ministers and Generals for a meeting at Istanbul to decide whether to continue the war with the Balkan League or seek peace. The Council elected to continue the war, johnson would be convicted six months later, and flee to France, he would eventually serve a one-year sentence in 1920 at the federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas. The largest French battleship, France, was launched from the shipyard at St. Nazaire, although Salonika was prepared for an attack from the sea, it had no fortification to defend against an assault from the surrounding land. Future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, playing for Army, tackled Thorpe, later in the game, Eisenhower injured his right knee while attempting to bring down Thorpe again. Chile and Peru resumed diplomatic relations, severed in 1910, canalejas was stopped in front of a bookstore when Pardiñas fired three shots at close range from a Browning pistol. Terra Nova Expedition, The fate of Captain Robert Falcon Scott, the news would not reach the rest of the world until February 11. Two American cruisers, the Montana and the Tennessee, were sent to the Mediterranean to protect American citizens during the Balkan War, the first news story about the Piltdown Man was published. The Manchester Guardian reported the discovery by Charles Dawson of the earliest known ancestor of man under the headline, a Skull Millions of Years Old- One of the Most Important of Our Time
12.
December 1912
–
To that point, Gandhi had been a lawyer in Pretoria during his adult life, and had worn traditional Western clothing. Hiram Bingham completed his first Peruvian expedition, during which he had discovered the Inca ruins at Machu Picchu, pianist Mike Bernard made the first recording of a ragtime song, with Everybody Two Step for Columbia Records. General Uehara Yūsaku resigned as Japans Minister of War after the rest of the refused to agree to increasing the army by an additional two divisions. Uyeheras departure preceded the resignation of the entire ministry, at Çatalca, Turkey signed an armistice with Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, but Greece did not participate. The ceasefire took effect at 7,00 pm local time, part of the ceasefire was to hold a peace conference in London, but the discussions failed and hostilities would resume on February 3,1913. The impeachment trial of U. S. District Judge Robert Wodrow Archbald began in the U. S. Senate, fifteen people were killed in a train wreck near Dresden, Ohio. Died, Alice Bunker Stockham, M. D.79, obstetrician, gynecologist, the Marquis Saionji Kinmochi resigned as Prime Minister of Japan, and the other cabinet followed suit, after the ministers were unable to find a replacement for War Minister Uyehera. Italys Chamber of Deputies approved the treaty with Turkey, 335-24. African-American boxer Jack Johnson shocked much of America by marrying outside his race to white American Lucille Cameron, the two would divorce in 1924. The Triple Alliance agreement was renewed in Vienna between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, persian religious leader Abdul-Bahá completed the trip to the United States and Canada that had started with his arrival in New York City on April 11. Having introduced the Bahai faith to North America, he departed from New York on the steamer Celtic, the U. S. Department of Justice dropped further antitrust proceedings against the American Sugar Refining Company. Born, Kate Simon, Polish-American author and travel writer, as Kaila Grobsmith in Warsaw Died, J. Scott Mason, Governor of North Borneo, in excavations at Tell al-Amarna in Egypt, the Nefertiti Bust was unearthed, intact, after a burial of 32 centuries. Count Terauchi Masatake, the Governor General of Korea, was asked by the Emperor to form a new government as Prime Minister of Japan, vladimir, the Metropolitan of Moscow, was appointed President of the Russian Orthodox Synod and Metropolitan of St. Petersburg as well. German-born American banker Paul Warburg presented the blueprint, for what would become the Federal Reserve System, for presentation to Congress, hassan Riaz Pasha, the Turkish Governor of Scutari, refused to accept his nations armistice and continued fighting the First Balkan War. Turkish cavalry and artillery withdrew from Tripoli, which had ceded to Italy. Lt. Commander Paparrigopoulos ordered the firing of the missile from a distance of 500 meters. General Moritz von Auffenberg resigned as the War Minister of Austria, Prince Louis of Battenberg, who would later anglicize his name to Louis Mountbatten, was appointed as the new British First Sea Lord. The Austro-Hungarian Empire issued a mobilization to all of its military men
13.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
14.
19th century
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The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
15.
20th century
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The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
16.
21st century
–
The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world. The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present, millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the rise of life sciences, making mankinds long-held dreams, such as curing cancer. By the 2010s, gene therapy, first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996, showed promise but remains an experimental, by 2013, about 80% of the worlds population used mobile phones. An estimated 33% owned personal computers in 2010, and 46% used the Internet by 2016, the International Energy Agency estimates that 83% of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88% by 2030. The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and it had reached 7.3 billion in 2015, and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050. There is a debate among experts and the public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. A less common variation would have been twenty nought-five, the Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as the twenty-ten Olympics. The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020, kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular, it would influence the pronunciation of that year. See the timeline of the 21st century, genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka. Also controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims, 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country, on December 17,2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, in addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, Severe human rights violations continue to be reported
17.
1890s
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The phrase, The Gay Nineties, was not coined until the 1920s. This decade was also part of the Gilded Age, a phrase coined by Mark Twain, alluding to the seemingly profitable era that was riddled with crime and poverty. In the United States, the 1890s were marked by an economic depression sparked by the Panic of 1893. As of January 23,2017, there is only 1 verified living person who was born in the 1890s. On December 29,1890,365 troops of the US 7th Cavalry, supported by four Hotchkiss guns, surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou and Hunkpapa Sioux near Wounded Knee Creek, the Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. One day earlier, the Sioux had been cornered and agreed to themselves in at the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota. They were the very last of the Sioux to do. the process of disarming the Sioux, the 7th Cavalry quickly suppressed the Sioux fire, and the surviving Sioux fled, but US cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, about 146 men, women, twenty-five troopers also died, some believed to have been the victims of friendly fire as the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions. Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, with a number later dying from hypothermia. The incident is noteworthy as the engagement in history in which the most Medals of Honor have been awarded in the military history of the United States. This was the last tribe to be invaded which broke the backbone of the American Indian Wars,1891, Chilean Civil War fought from January to September. José Manuel Balmaceda, President of Chile, and the Chilean Army loyal to him face Jorge Montts Junta, the latter was formed by an alliance between the National Congress of Chile and the Chilean Navy. 1891, Tobacco Protest in Qajar dynasty Persia, on March 20,1890, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Shah of Iran granted a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for fifty years. In exchange, Talbot paid the shah an annual sum of £15,000 in addition to a quarter of the profits after the payment of all expenses. Now they were forced to seek permits from the Tobacco Régie as well as required to inform the concessionaires of the amount of tobacco produced, during the spring of 1891 mass protests against the Régie began to emerge in major Iranian cities. Initially it was the bazaaris who led the opposition under the conviction that it was their income, the reference to the Hidden Imam, a critical person in Shia Islam, meant that Shirazi was using the strongest possible language to oppose the Régie. Initially there was skepticism over the legitimacy of the fatwa, however Shirazi would later confirm the declaration,1892, The Johnson County War in Wyoming. Actually this range war took place in April 1892 in Johnson County, Natrona County, the combatants were the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers Association
18.
1900s (decade)
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The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an example, they are nineteen-oh-six, nineteen-six, which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. In American English, nineteen-oh-six is the most common, nineteen-six is less common, nineteen-ought-six is recognized, the strength of the comedic effect diminished during the aughts of the next century, as the public grew used to questioning how to refer to an ohs or aughts decade. Russo-Japanese War establishes the Empire of Japan as a world power, battle of Riyadh was a minor battle of the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Battle of Dilam was a battle of the Unification War between Rashidi and Saudi rebels. First Saudi–Rashidi War was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh versus the Emirate of Hail, demand for Home Rule for Ireland Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. January 1,1901, British colonies in Australia federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia May 20,1902 — Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 7,1905 — The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence. October 5,1908 — Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, April 19,1902 — A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000. May 8,1902 — In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre, April 7,1906 — Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. September 18,1906 — A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong, January 14,1907 — An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. December 28,1908 — An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, April 26,1900 — The Great Lumber Fire of Ottawa–Hull kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, may 3,1901 — The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL, USA. July 10,1902 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 10,1903 — Paris Métro train fire. December 30,1903 — A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, February 7,1904 — The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, USA destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. June 15,1904 — A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021, june 28,1904 — The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. January 22,1906 — The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, the 1900s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts, July 29,1900 — King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci
19.
1910s
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The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11,1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919. However, each of these states had large German and Hungarian minorities, the decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos and this atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16,1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. Wadai War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan Wars – two wars took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Saudi-Ottoman War Latvian War of Independence - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. The Russian Revolution is the term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917. April 13,1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent, xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of Chinas ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for a revolution at 6 p. m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz six months later, the Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic, federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain, fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, easter Rising against the British in Ireland, eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires
20.
1920s
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The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1920, and ended on December 31,1929. French speakers refer to the period as the Années folles, emphasizing the social, artistic. The economic prosperity experienced by many countries during the 1920s was similar in nature to that experienced in the 1950s and 1990s, each period of prosperity was the result of a paradigm shift in global affairs. These shifts in the 1920s, 1950s, and 1990s, occurred in part as the result of the conclusion of World War I and Spanish flu, World War II, the 1920s saw foreign oil companies begin operations throughout South America. Venezuela became the second largest oil producing nation. In some countries the 1920s saw the rise of political movements. Communism spread as a consequence of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks’ victory in the Russian Civil War, fear of the spread of Communism led to the emergence of far right political movements and fascism in Europe. The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America, the Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, “Normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave, the women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes, large baseball stadiums were built in major U. S. cities, in addition to palatial cinemas. Most independent countries passed womens suffrage after 1918, especially as a reward for support of the war effort and endurance of its deaths. Egypt officially becomes an independent country through the Declaration of 1922, though it remains under the military. Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933, organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit. The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration, the major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth. The Lost Generation, was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. A peak in the early 1920s in the membership of the Ku Klux Klan of four to five million members, followed by a rapid decline down to an estimated 30,000 members by 1930. The Scopes Trial, which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War
21.
1930s
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The 1930s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1930, and ended on December 31,1939. In response, authoritarian regimes emerged in countries in Europe and South America. The 1930s also saw a proliferation of new technologies, especially in the fields of aviation, radio. Colombia–Peru War – fought between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru, Chaco War – the war was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over the disputed territory of Gran Chaco resulting in an overall Paraguayan victory in 1935. An agreement dividing the territory was made in 1938, officially ending outstanding differences, saudi–Yemeni War – was a war between Saudi Arabia and Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. Second Sino-Japanese War – fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, the Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It also made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War, World War II breaks out on September 1,1939 Chinese Civil War - The ruling Kuomintang and the rebel Communist Party of China fight a civil war for control of China. The Communists consolidated territory in the early 1930s and proclaimed a short-lived Chinese Soviet Republic that collapsed upon Kuomintang attacks, the Kuomintang and Communists attempted to put away their differences after 1937 to fight the Japanese occupation of China, but intermittent clashes continued through the remainder of the 1930s. Spanish Civil War – Germany and Italy back anti-communist Falange forces of Francisco Franco, the Soviet Union and international communist parties back the left-wing republican faction in the war. The war ends in April 1939 with Francos nationalist forces defeating the republican forces, Franco becomes Head of State of Spain, President of Government and de facto dictator. The Republic gives way to the Spanish State, an authoritarian dictatorship, Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations, but hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics to show his new reich to the world as well as the supposed superior athleticism of his Aryan troops/athletes. Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, attempts the appeasement of Hitler in hope of avoiding war by allowing the dictator to annex the Sudetenland, later signing the Munich Agreement and promising constituents Peace for our time. He was ousted in favor of Winston Churchill in May 1940, some 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. Kristallnacht also served as the pretext for the confiscation of firearms from German Jews. Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas, Germany demands the annexation of the Federal State of Austria and of other German-speaking territories in Europe. Between 1935 and 1936, Germany recovers the Saar and remilitarizes the Rhineland, Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. Germany annexes Austria in the event known as the Anschluss, the annexation of the Sudetenland followed negotiations which resulted in the Munich Agreement of 1938. The Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 succeeds in turning the Kingdom of Albania into an Italian protectorate, the vacant Albanian throne was claimed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
22.
1909
–
As of the start of 1909, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 5 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama, january 16 – Ernest Shackletons expedition claims to have found the magnetic South Pole. January 24 – The White Star Liner RMS Republic sinks the day after a collision with SS Florida, in the first recorded use of the CQD emergency radio signal for a large passenger vessel, one person, a male passenger, is lost on the Republic. January 28 – The last United States troops leave Cuba after being there since the Spanish–American War of 1898, february 5 – Leo Baekeland announces the creation of bakelite hard thermosetting plastic. March 4 – William Howard Taft is sworn in as President of the United States, march 10 – The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 is signed in Bangkok. March 18 – Einar Dessau uses a radio transmitter, becoming the first radio broadcaster. March 21 – The remains of the Báb are placed in the Baháí Shrine of the Báb on Mount Carmel in Haifa, march 31 – Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia and Herzegovina. April 4 – The association football team Sport Club Internacional is founded in Porto Alegre, april 6 – Robert Peary, Matthew Henson, and four Inuit explorers, Ootah, Ooqueah, Seegloo, and Egigingwah, come within a few miles of the North Pole. April 11 – The city of Tel Aviv is founded by the Jewish community on the outskirts of Jaffa, april 13 – Ottoman countercoup begins in the Ottoman Empire. April 14 – Adana massacre, Ottoman Turks kill 15, 000–30,000 Armenian Christians in the Adana Vilayet, april 18 – Joan of Arc is beatified in Rome. April 19 – The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, modern-day BP, is incorporated, april 27 – Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown and succeeded by his brother, Mehmed V. He is sent to the Ottoman port city of Thessaloniki the next day, may 13–30 – First Giro dItalia bicycle race, starting and finishing in Milan, Luigi Ganna is the winner. June 2 – French forces capture Abéché, capital of the Wadai Empire in central Africa, june 15 – Representatives from England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lords Cricket Ground and form the Imperial Cricket Conference. July 16 – A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar and he proceeds to leave Persia for Imperial Russia, reportedly seeking the assistance of Nicholas II of Russia in regaining the throne. July 25 – Louis Blériot is the first man to fly across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft, july 25–August 2 – Tragic Week, The city of Barcelona experiences a workers uprising. August 2 – The United States Army Signal Corp Division purchases the worlds first military airplane, august 8 – Max Heindel formally founds the Rosicrucian Fellowship in Seattle, United States. August 12 – Indianapolis Motor Speedway opens in the United States, september 4 – Japan and China sign the Jiandao/Gando Treaty, which gives Japan a way to receive railroad concessions in Manchuria. October 8 – An earthquake in the Zagreb area leads Andrija Mohorovičić to identify the Mohorovičić discontinuity, october 12 - The association football team Coritiba is founded in Curitiba, Brazil
23.
1910
–
As of the start of 1910, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 10–January 20 – The first aviation meeting to be held in the United States, february 8 – William D. Boyce founds the Boy Scouts of America. February 10 – Old Trafford opens to the public, february 20 – Boutros Ghali, the first native-born prime minister of Egypt, is assassinated. March – An uprising against Ottoman rule breaks out in Albania, march 8 – In France Raymonde de Laroche is awarded pilots license #36 by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, becoming the first woman authorized to fly an airplane. March 10 – Slavery in China, which has existed since the Shang dynasty, is now made illegal, march 18 – The first filmed version of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein comes out. Considered to be the first horror movie, it stars actor Charles Ogle as the monster, march 27 – A fire during a barn-dance in Ököritófülpös, Hungary kills 312. April 20 – Comet Halley is visible from Earth and its next visit was in 1986. May 6 – George V becomes King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland upon the death of his father, may 12 – Second NAACP meeting is held in New York, New York. May 18 – The Earth passes through the tail of Halleys Comet, may 31 – The Union of South Africa is created. June 6 – The Holland Dakota Landbouw Compagnie is established,6 June 1910, page 7, Middelburgsche Courant, Krantenbank, Zeeland June 15 – The British Ship Terra Nova leaves London on its way toward an Antarctic expedition. June 22 – The DELAG Zeppelin dirigible, Deutschland, makes the first commercial flight from Friedrichshafen to Düsseldorf in Germany. July 4 – African-American boxer Jack Johnson defeats white American boxer James J. Jeffries in a boxing match. July 22 – A wireless telegraph sent from the SS Montrose results in the identification, arrest, July 24 – Ottoman forces capture the city of Shkodër to put down the Albanian Revolt of 1910. August – Pan-American Union August 14 – A fire at the Brussels International 1910 destroys exhibitions of Britain, August 22 – The Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty is signed. It becomes null and void in 1965, August 28 – Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom under Nicholas I. August 29 – Emperor Sunjong of Korea abdicates and the monarchy is abolished. September 1 – The Vatican introduces a compulsory oath against modernism, september 1 – In Brazil, Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, the first Fifa World Club Championship, is founded. October – First publication of infrared photographs, by Professor Robert Williams Wood in the Royal Photographic Societys journal, October 5 –5 October 1910 revolution in Portugal leading to the flight of King Manuel II of Portugal to England and proclamation of the First Portuguese Republic
24.
1911
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As of the start of 1911, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. A highlight was the race for the South Pole, through mid-January – First Industrial Airplane Show held in conjunction with the U. S. International Auto Show at Manhattan’s Grand Central Palace in New York. Charles W. Chappelle, a member of the U. S. Aeronautical Reserve, is the only African-American to invent, january 31911 Kebin earthquake, An earthquake of 7.7 moment magnitude strikes near Almaty in Russian Turkestan, killing 450 or more people. Siege of Sidney Street, Two Latvian anarchists die after a siege against a combined police. Home Secretary, Winston Churchill arrived to oversee events, january 5 – Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity is founded at Indiana University Bloomington. January 18 – Eugene B. Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco harbor, january 26 – The United States and Canada announce the successful negotiation of their first reciprocal trade agreement. January 30 – The Cypriot football club Anorthosis Famagusta FC was created, february 5 The Missouri State Capitol building in Jefferson City, Missouri is entirely destroyed by fire after a bolt of lightning strikes the dome. The revolution in Haiti is suppressed after the leader, General Montreuil Guillaume, is captured by government troops, General Millionard is executed two days later. February 11 – The Lincoln Memorial Commission is established to find a site for the proposed Lincoln Memorial. February 13 – HNK Hajduk Split, a Croatian football club is founded, february 17 – The first quasi-official airmail flight occurs when Fred Wiseman carries three letters between Petaluma and Santa Rosa, California. February 18 – The first official air mail flight, second overall, takes place from Allahabad, India to Naini, India, march 8 – International Womens Day is celebrated for the first time in history. March 25 – The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City kills 146, march 29 – The United States Army adopts a new service pistol, the M1911 designed by John Browning. It remains the US service pistol for 74 years, April 3 – Jean Sibelius conducts the première of his Symphony No.4 in Helsinki April 8 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity. He presents his findings on April 28, April 13 – Mexican Revolution, Rebels take Agua Prieta on the Sonora–Arizona border, government troops take the town back April 17 when the rebel leader Red López is drunk. April 18 – SS Lusitania, a 5, 557-ton Portuguese passenger liner en route from Mozambique to Lisbon, strikes Bellows Rock just off Cape Point, April 19 – Mexican Revolution, Francisco I. Maderos troops besiege Ciudad Juárez but General Juan J. Navarro refuses his surrender demand, April 22 – A passenger train from Port Alfred to Grahamstown in South Africa derails on the Blaauwkrantz Bridge and plunges into the ravine 200 feet below, killing 31 and seriously injuring 23. April 26 – HŠK Građanski Zagreb, a Croatian Association football club, is founded in Zagreb, April 27 – Huanghuagang Uprising takes place in China. This is an insurrection where rebels take five villages in an attempt to create a base to fight Imperial rule
25.
1913
–
As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify, January 12 – Bolshevik activist Josef Dzhugashvili first publishes an article under the pseudonym Stalin which he adopts hereafter. At this time he, Adolf Hitler and Josip Broz Tito are simultaneously resident in Vienna, January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland. January 23 – General election in Tasmania, January 23 – In the 1913 Ottoman coup détat, Ismail Enver comes to power. January 30 – The British House of Lords rejects an Irish Home Rule Bill February 1 – New York Citys Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the worlds largest railroad station. February 3 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose, February 9 – Mexican Revolution, Beginning of La Decena Trágica, the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China, February 18 – Mexican Revolution, President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign, pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office February 22 – Mexican Revolution, Assassination of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez, February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia. March The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve Chinas parliament and rules as a dictator. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara with 200 on board, march 3 – The Woman suffrage parade of 1913 takes place in Washington, D. C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback. March 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in as President of the United States, the U. S. Department of Commerce and U. S. Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and U. S. Coast, march 4–6 – First Balkan War, Battle of Bizani, Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani from the Ottoman Empire. March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, march 12 – Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra. March 13 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his exile in the United States. March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy is founded in Uruguay, the Uruguayan Air Force would grow from this foundation. March 18 – George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne and he is succeeded by his son Constantine. March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party, is wounded in an assassination attempt, march 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin an attempt to revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina
26.
1914
–
As of the start of 1914, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between St. Abram C, pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger and over 3,000 people witness the first departure. January 5 – Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and a wage of $5. January 8 – A railway strike is declared in the Transvaal, January 9 – The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity is founded by African American students at Howard University in Washington, D. C. January 11 – The Sakurajima volcano in Japan begins to erupt, the lava flows cause the island which it forms to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula. February 2 – Charlie Chaplin makes his film début in the comedy short Making a Living, february 7 – Release of Charlie Chaplins second film, the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice, in which his character of The Tramp is introduced to audiences. February 8 – The Luxembourg national football team has its first victory, beating France 5–4 in a match, for the first. February 10 – Release of the film Hearts Adrift, the name of Mary Pickford, february 12 – In Washington, D. C. the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. February 13 – Copyright, In New York City the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members, february 17 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by the public official Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld, february 26 – The ocean liner that will become HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast. February 28 – Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus proclaimed by ethnic Greeks in Northern Epirus, march 1 – The Republic of China joins the Universal Postal Union. March 6 – Founding of FK Vojvodina football club in Novi Sad, march 7 – Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania to begin his reign. March 8 – First transfer of aircraft to Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base, march 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Velázquez painting Rokeby Venus in Londons National Gallery with a meat chopper. March 17 – Green beer is invented by Dr. Thomas H. Curtin and displayed at the Schnorrer Club of Morrisania in the Bronx, march 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants. March 29 – Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive in Easter Island to make the first true study of it, april 4–September 27 – Komagata Maru incident, Voyage of the Komagata Maru from India to Canada. Due to Canadian regulations designed to exclude Asian immigrants the boat is not allowed to dock in Vancouver and is forced to return to Calcutta with all its passengers, april 9 – Tampico Affair, involving United States Navy sailors in Mexico. April 11 Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band, alpha Rho Chi, a professional architecture fraternity, is founded in the Hotel Sherman in Chicago. April 14–18 – First International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco,24 countries are represented including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas, the Dean of the Paris Law School is president
27.
1915
–
As of the start of 1915, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, the events of World War I have the WWI prefix, january 1 WWI, The Royal Navy battleship HMS Formidable is sunk off Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, by an Imperial German Navy U-boat with the loss of 547 crew. The Battle of Broken Hill, an ambush near Broken Hill, New South Wales. Harry Houdini performs a straitjacket escape performance, january 5 – Joseph E. Carberry sets an altitude record of 11,690 feet, carrying Capt. Benjamin Delahauf Foulois as a passenger in a fixed-wing aircraft. January 12 The United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote, a Fool There Was premières in the United States starring Theda Bara as a femme fatale, she quickly becomes one of early cinemas most sensational stars. January 13 – The 6.7 Mw Avezzano earthquake shakes the Province of LAquila in Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI, various agencies estimate the number of people killed to be 29, 978–32,610. January 18 – Twenty-One Demands from Japan to China are made, january 19 Georges Claude patents the neon discharge tube for use in advertising. WWI, German Zeppelins bomb the towns of Great Yarmouth and Kings Lynn in England for the first time. January 21 – Kiwanis is founded in Detroit, as The Supreme Lodge Benevolent Order Brothers, january 24 – WW I, Battle of Dogger Bank, British Grand Fleet defeats the German High Seas Fleet, sinking the armoured cruiser SMS Blücher. Emory College is rechartered as Emory University, and plans to move its campus from Oxford. January 26 – The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the United States Congress, january 26 – WWI, Ottoman Army begins the Raid on the Suez Canal. January 27 – WWI, Military casualties begin arriving at the Hôpital Temporaire dArc-en-Barrois, january 28 – An act of the United States Congress designates the United States Coast Guard, began in 1790, as a military branch. February – While working as a cook at New Yorks Sloane Hospital for Women under a name, Typhoid Mary infects 25 people. February 4 – The Maritz Rebellion of disaffected Boere against the government of the Union of South Africa ends with the surrender of remaining rebels, february 8 – The controversial film, The Birth of a Nation, directed by D. W. Griffith, premieres in Los Angeles. It will be the film for around 25 years. February 18 – WWI, Germany regards waters around the British Isles to be a war zone from this date, february 20 – In San Francisco the Panama–Pacific International Exposition is opened. March – The 1915 Palestine locust infestation breaks out in Palestine, March 3 – The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor of NASA, is founded in the United States. March 11 – WWI, British armed merchantman HMS Bayano is sunk in the North Channel off the coast of Scotland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-27
28.
1912 in architecture
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The year 1912 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Clough Williams-Ellis receives his first major commission, for the remodelling of Llangoed Hall in Wales. April 19 - Bridges in Constantine, Algeria, Sidi MCid Bridge, Sidi Rached Bridge, designed by Paul Séjourné. April 25 - Rebuilt St Marks Campanile in Venice inaugurated, may - Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts opens in Moscow, Russia. St. James Theatre, Wellington, New Zealand, designed by Henry Eli White, mysore Palace, India, designed by Henry Irwin. El Centro Español de Tampa, Florida, USA, mawsons Huts, Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, Australian Antarctic Territory Šalouns Villa in Prague, designed by and for sculptor Ladislav Šaloun. Sons of Norway Hall, Petersburg, Alaska, USA, glamorgan County Hall, Cardiff, Wales, designed by Vincent Harris and T. A. Moodie. Royal Gold Medal - Basil Champneys, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Jacques Debat-Ponsan
29.
1912 in art
–
January 5 – Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet, designed by Edward Gordon Craig, opens. December 24 – William Zorach marries Marguerite Thompson, in Paris, Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger publish the first major treatise on Cubism, Du Cubisme, followed by André Salmons La jeune peinture française including Histoire anecdotique du cubisme. Ludwig Meidner begins producing his Apocalyptic Landscapes, march – Exhibition of Italian Futurism transfers from Paris to the Sackville Gallery in London, organised by Robert René Meyer-Sée. Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition organized by Roger Fry in London, René Lalique and Maurice Marinot independently stage the first exhibitions of their glasswares. Fernand Léger Grade Crossing La Fumée Woman in Blue Wyndham Lewis – Smiling Woman Ascending a Stair J. B, george With Riding Crop Pablo Picasso Still Life with Chair Caning Violon et raisins Violon, verre, pipe et encrier Charles A
30.
1912 in aviation
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This is a list of aviation-related events from 1912, First successful all-metal aircraft flies, the Tubavion monoplane built by Ponche and Maurice Primard in France. The French Navy officially establishes an air arm, the Service Aéronautique, the first Bulgarian Air Force is formed, using Blériot, Albatros, Farman, Nieuport, Voisin, Somer, Skiorski, and Bristol aircraft to fight in the First Balkan War. Captain Alessandro Guidoni of Italy experiments with the air-launching of torpedoes by dropping weights from a Farman biplane. 10 January Lieutenant Commander Charles Samson flies Short Improved S.27 No.38 from a platform constructed over the deck of battleship HMS Africa moored in the River Medway and it is the United Kingdoms first takeoff by an airplane from a ship. An aircraft drops propaganda leaflets for the first time, when Italian Army Captain Carlo Piazza drops leaflets over Ottoman Army positions in Libya from an airplane during the Italo-Turkish War, glenn Curtiss pilots the first flight of a flying boat, at Hammondsport, New York. Anthony Fokker establishes Fokker Aeroplanbau in Germany, predecessor to Fokker Aircraft Company,4 February – In Paris, Austrian-born French inventor Franz Reichelt, the Flying Tailor, dies in a jump from the Eiffel Tower in an attempt to demonstrate his parachute-suit, a wearable parachute. The jump is captured on film,5 February – The British Arbitration League, a peace society, issues an appeal against air warfare. Among those signing it are the British phyician and author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the British novelist and poet Thomas Hardy, and the American painter John Singer Sargent. After a false start from San Francisco, California, on 11 September 1911, he had begun his journey from Los Angeles, California and he had made 65 forced landings during his journey. 22 February – Jules Védrines becomes the first pilot to exceed 100 miles per hour and he makes his flight in a Deperdussin monoplane near Pau, France, flying a distance of 200 km in 1 h 15 min 20. March – The conversion of the ex-torpedo boat tender Foudre into the French Navys first ship capable of carrying and handling airplanes is completed, in her new role, Foudre is the first ship with an airplane hangar. She also is the first warship to be altered for service as an aviation ship. 2 April – Eleanor Trehawke Davies becomes the first woman to cross the English Channel in an airplane, flying as the passenger of Gustav Hamel. 3 April – Flying a Wright Model B on a flight at Long Beach, California, Calbraith Perry Rodgers collides with a seagull. The plane crashes into the Pacific Ocean, killing Rodgers, who becomes the first fatality in history as the result of a bird strike. 16 April – American aviator Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly the English Channel, making the crossing from Dover, England and he concluders that the source of ionization is not the sun, but rather something farther out in space. His flight marks the discovery of what American physicist Robert Millikan in 1925 will name cosmic rays,19 April – An Italian blimp takes the first known motion pictures of enemy positions, filming Ottoman Army positions in Libya during the Italo-Turkish War. 22 April – Englishman Denys Corbett Wilson completes the first completely successful aeroplane crossing of the Irish Sea, may – A recommendation is made that the French Navy investigate the design and procurement of an aircraft carrier with a flight deck
31.
1912 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1912. January 5 – Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craigs seminal symbolist Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, conrad continues to work on finishing the book while the first chapters are appearing weekly in the Herald, completing it on March 26. March 3 – Frieda Weekley meets D. H. Lawrence in Nottingham, april 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, The ocean liner RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States. American mystery writer Jacques Futrelle, English journalist and publisher William Thomas Stead, a copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in a jewelled binding by Sangorski & Sutcliffe is also lost. The event leads to a flood of poems, including Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain, may 6 – Lie Kim Hok dies of typhus in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, aged 58. Lauw Giok Lan completes his translations of Hugo Hartmanns Dolores, de Verkochte Vrouw as Prampoean jang Terdjoewal and of Geneviève de Vadans as De Juffrouw van Gezelschap. June – As I. G. Ofir, Romanian poet Benjamin Fondane has his debut in the magazine Floare Albastră. August 10 – Virginia Stephen marries Leonard Woolf at St. Pancras Town Hall in London and they honeymoon in Provence, Spain and Italy before returning to live in London. September 21 – Harley Granville-Barkers production of Shakespeares The Winters Tale opens at the Savoy Theatre, London, with simplified scenery, ensemble acting and it is replaced in November by his production of Twelfth Night. October Edgar Rice Burroughs character Tarzan first appears in Tarzan of the Apes in American pulp magazine The All-Story, sax Rohmers character Fu Manchu first appears in The Zayat Kiss in English pulp magazine Story-Teller, the first instalment of The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu. October 12 – Arthur Schnitzlers play La Ronde is first performed, in Budapest, october 25 – First issue of Simbolul, put out in Bucharest by Marcel Janco, Tristan Tzara, and Ion Vinea. – A Slap in the Face of Public Taste, the text of Russian Futurism, is published as both a manifesto and a poetry almanac. Edited and authored by David Burliuk, Viktor Khlebnikov, Aleksei Kruchenykh, attacks the tradition of Russian Symbolism, in particular works by Leonid Andreyev, Konstantin Balmont, Alexander Blok, and Ivan Bunin, but also ridicules independents such as Maxim Gorky. Texts of 13 Sanskrit dramas, perhaps from the first centuries BCE, publication of the Loeb Classical Library, parallel text editions of the classics, begins by London publisher Heinemann. Moruzi – Pribegi în țară răpită John Muir – The Yosemite P. D. F. L. R. – Sesto Pals, Romanian Israeli poet, priestleys An Inspector Calls are set in this year
32.
1912 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1912. February 28 – In a concert in Copenhagen, Carl Nielsen conducts the premiere of his Symphony No.3, march – Hart A. Wand publishes Dallas Blues, a jazz standard and an early published blues song. June 26 – Gustav Mahlers Symphony No.9 is premiered in Vienna by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Bruno Walter, handy publishes The Memphis Blues, one of the first blues songs to become a hit. October 16 – Arnold Schoenbergs Pierrot Lunaire debuts at the Berlin Choralion-Saal, aino Ackté founds an opera festival in Savonlinna, after a period of dormancy, the Savonlinna Opera Festival will become one of the most important cultural events in Finland. The Birmingham Triennial Music Festival is held for the last time, William Henry Bell becomes director of the South African College of Music in Cape Town. After All That Ive Been To You w. Jack Drislane m. Chris Smith Alexanders Ragtime Band w. m, Irving Berlin, E. Ray Goetz, A. Baldwin Sloane All Night Long w. m. Shelton Brooks And The Green Grass Grew All Around w. William Jerome m. Harry Von Tilzer At The Devils Ball w. m, Irving Berlin Baby Seals Blues m. Artie Matthews Bagdad w. Anne Caldwell m, victor Herbert Be My Little Baby Bumble Bee w. Stanley Murphy m. Henry I. W. Elmer Bowman m. Chris Smith Beckys Got A Job In A Musical Show w. m, Irving Berlin Come Back To Me, My Melody Irving Berlin, Ted Snyder Come Back To Playland With Me w. m. Irving Berlin Down In Dear Old New Orleans w. Joe Young m. Conrad & Whidden Dreams Of Long Ago w. Earl Carroll m, enrico Caruso The Elevator Man Going Up, Going Up, Going Up, Going Up. w. m. Irving Berlin Everybody Loves A Chicken w. m, bobby Jones Everybody Two-Step w. Earl C. Jones m. Wallie Herzer Florida Rag V. Lowry The Funny Little Melody w. m, Irving Berlin Giannina Mia w. Otto Harbach m. Rudolf Friml Goodnight, Nurse w. Thomas J. Gray m. W. Raymond Walker He Played It On His Fid, Fid, Fiddle-dee-dee w. m. E. Ray Goetz & Irving Berlin Hitchy-Koo w. L. Wolfe Gilbert m. Lewis F. Muir & Maurice Abrahams Im Afraid, Pretty Maid, Im Afraid w. m. Irving Berlin Im The Lonesomest Gal In Town w. Lew Brown m. Albert Von Tilzer In My Harem w. m, Irving Berlin In the Garden w. m. C. Austin Miles Its A Long Way To Tipperary w. m, Jack Judge & Harry H. Williams Keep Away From The Fellow Who Owns An Automobile w. m. Irving Berlin Kentucky Sue by Lew Brown The Land Of Golden Dreams w. C. M. Denison m. E. F. Dusenberry Last Night Was The End Of The World w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer The Last Shot Got Him w. m, Leo Silesu Love Is Like A Firefly w. Otto Harbach m
33.
1912 in rail transport
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This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1912. January 1 – The classification and renumbering of all the stock of the three constituent railways tahat formed South African Railways in 1910 is implemented. January 3 – Canadian Pacific Railway leases the Dominion Atlantic Railway in Nova Scotia, january 22 – Florida East Coast Railway opens the Key West Extension in Florida. February 7 – Official opening ceremonies are held for the Usambara Railway in German East Africa, february 11 – Togura Station, in Chikuma, Nagano, Japan, opens. February 27 – Pacific Great Eastern Railway is incorporated to build a line from Vancouver north to a connection with the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway at Prince George, june 2 – Chicago, Lake Shore and South Bend Railroad begins one-car passenger service directly to the Chicago Loop. August 1 – Jungfraubahn mountain rack railway in Switzerland completed by inauguration of the subterranean Jungfraujoch railway station, september 17 – The Ditton Junction rail crash near Widnes in England kills 15. November – The Royal Bavarian State Railways begins the process of standardising the Railway electrification system in German-speaking countries at 15 kV AC,16.6 Hz, november 24 – The Pennsylvania Railroad’s premier Chicago to New York train is christened the Broad Way Limited. First FD Class 0-10-0 steam locomotive introduced in Russia and this will become the worlds largest class with around 14,000 built. The unit has direct mechanical transmission with a weight of 95 tonnes, power of 883 kW, Berne gauge European standard loading gauge agreed at an international railway conference held and consequent convention signed in Berne, Switzerland. Portland Company completes the last freight car commercially manufactured for Maine narrow gauge railroads, oliver Bury steps down from the General Manager position at the Great Northern Railway in England. March 14 – W. Graham Claytor, Jr. president of Amtrak 1982-1993, june 16 – Eli H. Janney, inventor of the knuckle coupler. July 29 – William D. Washburn, first president of Soo Line Railroad 1883-1889, biographies of chairmen, managers & other senior officers. Significant dates in Canadian railway history, white, John H. Jr. Americas most noteworthy railroaders
34.
1912 in sports
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1912 in sports describes the years events in world sport. College championship College football national championship – Harvard Crimson Brazil Santos FC, russia 19 January — formation of the All-Russian Football Union which is now the Russian Football Union, from 1935 to 1992 it is subsumed by the Football Federation of USSR.6 at Stockholm. Mens 1500 metres The first world record in the 1500 metres for men is recognised by the IAAF after Abel Kiviat runs a time of 3,55.8 at Cambridge, AFL Premiership Essendon wins the 16th VFL Premiership, Essendon 5.17 d South Melbourne 4. Minutes later, the Detroit Tigers open the remodelled Navin Park with a 6–5 11-inning win over Cleveland Indians before 24,384. Winnipeg Maroons win the Northern League championship Events 22 February — Johnny Kilbane wins the World Featherweight Championship when he defeats Abe Attell over 20 rounds at Vernon, Attell has held the title since 1903, Kilbane will hold it until 1923. 28 November — Ad Wolgast loses his World Lightweight Championship to Willie Ritchie following a 16th round foul at Colma, Ritchie holds the title until 1914. Quebec then defeats Moncton in a Cup challenge.76 km, the winner is Georges Boillot of France driving a Peugeot L76 in 13,58,02.6. The race is retrospectively referred to as the XII Grand Prix de l´ACF, Indianapolis 50030 May — 2nd running of the Indianapolis 500 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is won by Joe Dawson and Don Herr driving a National car. Monte Carlo Rally 2nd running is won by Jules Beutler driving a Berliet and this is the last running of the rally until its revival in 1924. Vanderbilt Cup 2 October — 8th running of the Vanderbilt Cup at the new Wauwatosa automobile course near Milwaukee is won by Ralph DePalma driving a Mercedes. American Grand Prize 5 October — 4th running of the American Grand Prize takes place at Wauwatosa, david Bruce-Brown, the defending champion, is killed during practice for the event
35.
1912 in Canada
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Events from the year 1912 in Canada. X. Gosselin then George P. MacKenzie Commissioner of Northwest Territories – Frederick D, August 14 - Saskatchewan general election,1912, Walter Scotts Liberals win a third consecutive majority August 17 - Circular No.17 bans the teaching of the French language in Ontario schools. September 2 - The first Calgary Stampede is held ca, december - The first session of the Saskatchewan Older Boys Parliament is held. This was a precursor to the current Canadian youth parliament movement, the Amherst automobile company opens, and closes, in Calgary
36.
1912 in China
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Events in the year 1912 in China. Sun Yat-sen elected First Provisional President of the ROC by delegates from independent provinces, august 25 – The Kuomintang, the Chinese nationalist party, is founded. Last emperor of China Puyi forced to abdicate, February 2 - Zhu Shenghao, Chinese translator February 14 - Nie Er, Chinese musician July 26 - Qigong, Chinese calligrapher, artist, painter, connoisseur and sinologist October 27 - C. C. Li, Chinese-American geneticist November 14 - Tung-Yen Lin, Chinese structural engineer April 21 - Yung Wing, the first Chinese overseas student
37.
1912 in France
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Events from the year 1912 in France. 13 January - Raymond Poincaré forms a government, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on 21 January. 30 March - Treaty of Fez, Sultan Abdelhafid gives up the sovereignty of Morocco,10 April - RMS Titanic embarks passengers from tenders at Cherbourg for the only time. Marcel Duchamp paints Nude Descending a Staircase, No.2,26 June -1912 French Grand Prix, won by Georges Boillot driving a Peugeot. 30 June–28 July - 10th Tour de France, won by Odiel Defraye
38.
1912 in India
–
Events in the year 1912 in India. One of its principal conclusions recognized the need for good Christian literature in India, to decide this question the Conference established a committee which by 1914 proposed three series of books aimed at embracing Christian principles. On December 29,1912 India obtained its first Anglican bishop, vedanayakam Samuel Azariah, the son of an Indian clergyman, educated at Madras Christian College, was consecrated as the First Indian Anglican bishop in St. Pauls Cathedral, Calcutta. There were present 11 British Anglican bishops, and the Governor of Bengal, in ten days Azariah took office in the newly created diocese of Dornakal. In 1912 the construction of New Delhi was started and it was decided in 1911 when George V visited India during his travels to the British Empire colonies. The British Viceroy made Sir Edwin Lutyens responsible for the plan of Delhi. But the construction began only after World War I. Currently New Delhi is considered to be the glory of the British Raj. In 1912 India introduced registration of motor vehicles, muslim Indian doctors and nurses were sent to join the Red Crescent organization established in 1912 to provide medical aid for Turkish troops in the Balkan war of 1912. Bihar and Orissa provinces were carved out as a province from the British Raj. In March, Lala Har Dayal wrote an article for Modern Review entitled Marx, A Modern Rishi, swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai wrote the biography of Karl Marx in Malayalam, which was the first Marx biography in any Indian language. 27 February - Lawrence Durrell, novelist, poet, dramatist,3 July - Hans Raj Khanna, Supreme Court Judge. 15 September - Russi Karanjia, journalist and editor,25 October - Madurai Mani Iyer, Carnatic music singer. Abdul Hafeez or Hafeez Hoshiarpuri, Urdu poet born in Hoshiarpur, Hafeez Jaunpuri, real name is Haafiz Muhammed Ali, poet, born in 1865 in Jaunpur. Rev. Thomas Walker, Indian chief spokesperson of Keswick Convention, theodore L. Pennell, a medical missionary in India, born in 1867
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