1.
1904 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1904. January Mark Twain begins dictating his Autobiography, first issue of Süddeutsche Monatshefte, published in Munich by Paul Nikolaus Cossmann. January 17 – Anton Chekhovs last play, The Cherry Orchard, February 25 – J. M. Synges tragedy Riders to the Sea is first performed at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin, by the Irish National Theatre Society. April 24 – Lithuanian press ban in the Russian Empire lifted, may 10 – Following the death on 22 February of her father, Sir Leslie Stephen, Virginia Woolf suffers a mental breakdown. June 16 – The original Bloomsday, the day James Joyce first walks out with Nora Barnacle, to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend, june 28 – Anton Chekhov, dying of tuberculosis at Badenweiler, writes to his sister Masha, saying his health is improving. He dies just over two weeks later, september – Mark Twain purchases a home at 21 Fifth Avenue, New York City. November 1 George Bernard Shaws comedy about Ireland, John Bulls Other Island, opens at the Royal Court Theatre, London, Yeats rejects it for Dublins Abbey Theatre. The Stephen family have moved to a home at 46 Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London, here the Bloomsbury Group will form. December 24 – The Coliseum Theatre in London opens, december 27 The Irish National Theatre Society opens to the public in Dublin for the first time. The bill consists of three plays, On Bailes Strand and Cathleen Ní Houlihan by Yeats and Spreading the News by Lady Gregory. Alexander Bloks poetry cycle Stikhi o prekrasnoi Dame, written to his new wife, a seven-year-old Wasif Jawhariyyeh begins keeping his diaries, later acclaimed as masterpieces of modern Arabic and Jerusalemite literature. Herbert Beerbohm Tree establishes what will become the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, 1889–1903» Giovanni Pascoli – Primi poemetti and Primi conviviali A. C
2.
1906 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1906. February 8 – Writer Hilaire Belloc becomes a Liberal Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom, february 15 – J. M. Dent and Company commence publication in the United Kingdom of the Everymans Library series with Boswells Life of Johnson. March 13 – Romanian nationalist historian Nicolae Iorga instigates a boycott of the National Theater Bucharest over its staging of French-language plays, april 10–October 13 – Maxim Gorky visits the United States with his mistress, the actress Maria Andreyeva, to raise funds for the Bolsheviks. In the Adirondack Mountains he writes his novel of revolutionary conversion and struggle, the couple then retreat to Capri. April 18 – The 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroys the new building for Stanford University Library before it can be completed. Many of the leading poets and writers retreat to join the arts colony at Carmel-by-the-Sea. May–October – Jack Londons novel White Fang is serialized in the American magazine Outing, june – Virginia Stephen, the future Virginia Woolf, writes her first work of fiction, the short story which becomes known as Phyllis and Rosamond when first, posthumously, published. July 11 – Murder of Grace Brown in the Herkimer County, New York, pre-September – Last full-scale court performance of gambuh dance-drama in Bali. September 1 – Annie Carroll Moore begins work as Superintendent of the Department of Work with Children at the New York Public Library and it is first staged in Stockholm on December 13 at the Folkan. November 8 – Max Reinhardt inaugurates the Kammerspiele at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin with a production of Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen designed by Edvard Munch. December 24 – Reginald Fessenden transmits the first radio program, a reading, a violin solo. Livraria Lello & Irmão opens a new bookstore in Porto, the magazine Eesti Kirjandus is founded in the Governorate of Estonia as part of the Estonian national awakening
3.
1908 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1908. March – Ezra Pound leaves America for Europe, in April, he moves to Venice, where in July he self-publishes his first collection of poems, A Lume Spento. In August he settles in London, where he will remain until 1920, june 18 – Mark Twain purchases a house in Redding, Connecticut. Summer – The Marlowe Society stages a production at the New Theatre, Cambridge, July – Katherine Mansfield moves to London, she will never return to her native New Zealand. September 30 – Maurice Maeterlincks The Blue Bird is premièred at Konstantin Stanislavskys Moscow Art Theatre, october 3 – The Avenida Theatre opens on Buenos Aires Avenida de Mayo with a production of Lope de Vegas El castigo sin venganza directed by María Guerrero. December – Ford Madox Hueffer begins publication of the literary magazine The English Review in London, yeats, produces its first publication, Poetry and Ireland, essays by W. B. Ethiopian linguist Afevork Ghevre Jesuss ልብ ፡ ወለድ ፡ ታሪክ ።, malay tale Hikayat Hang Tuah is first published, edited by Sulaiman bin Muhammed Nur and William Shellabear. Romanian writer Urmuz is known to be working on his manuscript stories, K. M. Forster – A Room with a View John Fox, Jr. Madero – La sucesión presidencial en 1910 Friedrich Nietzsche – Ecce homo, Wie man wird, was man ist Alfred R. M
4.
1909 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1909. January – T. E. Hulmes poems Autumn and A City Sunset, january 15 – Opening night of Filippo Tommaso Marinettis drama La donna è mobile at the Teatro Alfieri, Turin. February 20 – Filippo Tommaso Marinettis Futurist Manifesto is first published, march 2 – Katherine Mansfield, at this time pregnant by another man, marries singing teacher George Bowden in London, leaving him the same evening to resume a lesbian relationship with Ida Baker. April The opening night of Filippo Tommaso Marinettis drama Le Roi bombance is heckled by the audience, the German periodical Die Tat is founded by Ernst Horneffer. April 24 – The Metropolitan Library in Beijing, predecessor of the National Library of China, is founded by the Qing government, september 6 – Israel Zangwills play The Melting Pot opens in New York City. September 23 – Gaston Lerouxs novel The Phantom of the Opera begins serialization in the Paris newspaper Le Gaulois. September 29 – Franz Kafkas short story The Aeroplanes at Brescia, based on an event, is published in the Prague newspaper Bohemia. November – E. M. Forsters science fiction short story The Machine Stops is published in The Oxford and Cambridge Review. G
5.
1911 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1911. February–March – Antisemitic riots in Paris over the staging of Henri Bernsteins Après moi by the Comédie-Française, instigated by the far-right Action Française, in conjunction with the far-left Guerre Sociale. March – Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in Paris, announces planned Futurist conference, april – Hugo Gernsback begins to publish his pioneering science fiction novel Ralph 124C 41+ in his monthly magazine Modern Electrics in the United States. April 8 – English poet Lascelles Abercrombie and his move to live near Dymock in rural Gloucestershire. October 16 – New building for Mitchell Library opens in Glasgow, october 17 – Rudolf Wilhelm Friedrich Ditzen, the later novelist Hans Fallada, kills his best friend in a suicide pact staged as a duel. November The Kalem Company of New York agrees to pay the estate of author Lew Wallace $25,000 in legal settlement for having adapted Ben Hur from his novel without securing prior rights. Virginia Stephen begins to share a London house at 38 Brunswick Square with other members of the Bloomsbury Group, Leonard Woolf, Adrian Stephen, John Maynard Keynes, jaroslav Hašek begins publishing stories of The Good Soldier Švejk in the Prague newspaper Karikatura edited by the illustrator Josef Lada. Irish novelist George Moore publishes Ave, the first part of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, french publishing house Éditions Gallimard founded in Paris by Gaston Gallimard as Les Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue Française. Its first publication is Paul Claudels play LOtage, D. Beresford – The Hampdenshire Wonder Ambrose Bierce – The Devils Dictionary Algernon Blackwood – The Centaur J. E. Casely-Hayford – Ethiopia Unbound G. K. E. B. Du Bois – The Quest of the Silver Fleece Edna Ferber – Dawn OHara Ford Madox Ford – Ladies Whose Bright Eyes E. M. Forster – The Celestial Omnibus R. H. E. W
6.
1912 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1912. January 5 – Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craigs seminal symbolist Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet opens, conrad continues to work on finishing the book while the first chapters are appearing weekly in the Herald, completing it on March 26. March 3 – Frieda Weekley meets D. H. Lawrence in Nottingham, april 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic, The ocean liner RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg and sinks on her maiden voyage from the United Kingdom to the United States. American mystery writer Jacques Futrelle, English journalist and publisher William Thomas Stead, a copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in a jewelled binding by Sangorski & Sutcliffe is also lost. The event leads to a flood of poems, including Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain, may 6 – Lie Kim Hok dies of typhus in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, aged 58. Lauw Giok Lan completes his translations of Hugo Hartmanns Dolores, de Verkochte Vrouw as Prampoean jang Terdjoewal and of Geneviève de Vadans as De Juffrouw van Gezelschap. June – As I. G. Ofir, Romanian poet Benjamin Fondane has his debut in the magazine Floare Albastră. August 10 – Virginia Stephen marries Leonard Woolf at St. Pancras Town Hall in London and they honeymoon in Provence, Spain and Italy before returning to live in London. September 21 – Harley Granville-Barkers production of Shakespeares The Winters Tale opens at the Savoy Theatre, London, with simplified scenery, ensemble acting and it is replaced in November by his production of Twelfth Night. October Edgar Rice Burroughs character Tarzan first appears in Tarzan of the Apes in American pulp magazine The All-Story, sax Rohmers character Fu Manchu first appears in The Zayat Kiss in English pulp magazine Story-Teller, the first instalment of The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu. October 12 – Arthur Schnitzlers play La Ronde is first performed, in Budapest, october 25 – First issue of Simbolul, put out in Bucharest by Marcel Janco, Tristan Tzara, and Ion Vinea. – A Slap in the Face of Public Taste, the text of Russian Futurism, is published as both a manifesto and a poetry almanac. Edited and authored by David Burliuk, Viktor Khlebnikov, Aleksei Kruchenykh, attacks the tradition of Russian Symbolism, in particular works by Leonid Andreyev, Konstantin Balmont, Alexander Blok, and Ivan Bunin, but also ridicules independents such as Maxim Gorky. Texts of 13 Sanskrit dramas, perhaps from the first centuries BCE, publication of the Loeb Classical Library, parallel text editions of the classics, begins by London publisher Heinemann. Moruzi – Pribegi în țară răpită John Muir – The Yosemite P. D. F. L. R. – Sesto Pals, Romanian Israeli poet, priestleys An Inspector Calls are set in this year
7.
1914 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1914. January 18 – A party held in honour of English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt at his farm in West Sussex brings together W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. Flint and Frederic Manning, february–December – Publication of New Numbers, a quarterly collection of work by the Dymock poets in England edited by Lascelles Abercrombie. February 2 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man commences serialization in The Egoist, february 4 – A staging of George A. Birminghams comedy General John Regan at Westport Town Hall in Ireland provokes a riot. February 10 – Thomas Hardy marries his wife, childrens author Florence Dugdale, at St Andrews. March The Times Literary Supplement is published separately for the first time, the Little Review is founded by Margaret Caroline Anderson as part of Chicagos literary renaissance. March 4 – Irish-born novelist George Moore publishes Vale, the final of his 3-volume autobiographical Hail, june – James Joyces Dubliners, a collection of fifteen short stories depicting the Irish middle classes in and around Dublin during the early 20th century, is published in London. June 20 – First issue of the Vorticist literary magazine BLAST edited by Wyndham Lewis is published and it includes Ford Madox Hueffers The Saddest Story, a preliminary version of The Good Soldier. June 24 – Edward Thomas makes the English railway journey which inspires his poem Adlestrop en route to meet Robert Frost, july E. M. Forster completes his novel Maurice, with its theme of male homosexual love, it is not published until 1971. Heinrich Mann completes his novel Der Untertan, with its critique of German nationalism, August The literature of World War I makes its first appearance. John Masefield writes the poem August,1914, the last he will produce before the peace, stanley Unwin purchases a controlling interest in the London publisher George Allen. August 25 – The library of the Catholic University of Leuven is set on fire by German troops during the Rape of Belgium, September – J. R. R. Tolkien writes a poem about Eärendil, the first appearance of his mythopoeic Middle-earth legendarium. Eärendil will much later appear in the The Silmarillion, at this time Tolkien is an Oxford undergraduate staying at Phoenix Farm, Gedling near Nottingham. September 2 – Charles Masterman invites 25 eminent literary men to Wellington House in London to form a secret British War Propaganda Bureau, kipling soon afterwards writes the poem For all we have and are. Yeats, however, refuses to sign a letter of support for the War signed by most of the participants, September 9 – Hilaire Belloc is contracted to write regular articles on the War in the new British weekly Land and Water. September 21 – Laurence Binyons poem For the Fallen, containing his Ode of Remembrance, is published in The Times, T. S. Eliot meets fellow American poet Ezra Pound for the first time, in London. September 29 – Arthur Machens short story The Bowmen, origin of the legend of the Angels of Mons, is published in The Evening News, november 7 – The first issue of The New Republic magazine is published in the United States. November 16 – M. P. Shiel is convicted and imprisoned for indecently assaulting, december 31 – T. S. Oxford is very pretty, but I dont like to be dead
8.
1916 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1916. January – The Journal of Negro History is founded by Carter G. Woodson, march 1 – Transfer of the National Library of Wales at Aberystwyth into its purpose-built premises is completed. March 22 – Marriage of J. R. R. Tolkien and Edith Bratt at St. Mary Immaculate Roman Catholic Church, Warwick and they will serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Beren and Lúthien. Tolkien leaves for military service in France at the beginning of June, april–June – Katherine Mansfield and John Middleton Murry live as neighbours to D. H. and Frieda Lawrence at Higher Tregerthen, near Zennor in Cornwall. Of the seven leaders of the Rising, Thomas MacDonagh, Patrick Pearse and Joseph Plunkett are all poets and James Connolly a balladeer, the event is the theme of W. B. Yeats poem Easter,1916, first published this September, may 16 – Natsume Sōsekis novel Light and Darkness begins serialization in the Tokyo and Osaka editions of the newspaper Asahi Shimbun but will remain unfinished at the authors death on December 9. Future Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan, wounded in Septembers Battle of Flers–Courcelette and sheltering in a slit trench, yeats makes his fifth and final proposal of marriage to the newly widowed Maud Gonne in France. Summer – In the United States 15-year-old Margaret Mitchell writes the manuscript of a novella called Lost Laysen in two notebooks and she will later give the manuscript to a boyfriend and the book remains lost until rediscovered in the mid-1990s and published in 1996. Meanwhile, Mitchell will go on to write Gone with the Wind, September – Joseph Conrads novella The Shadow Line commences serialization in both The English Review and the Metropolitan Magazine. October 19 – New building for the German National Library opens in Leipzig, December 29 – James Joyces semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is first published complete in book form in New York. July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, partial inspiration for Peter Benchleys novel Jaws, November – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novel November 1916 is set in the lead-up to the Russian Revolution
9.
1917 in literature
–
This article presents lists of literary events and publications in 1917. January Francis Picabia produces the first issue of the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona, J. R. R. February 4/5 – English writer Hugh Kingsmill is taken prisoner while fighting in France. February 16 – The publishing house of Boni & Liveright is established in New York City by Horace Liveright with Albert Boni, and establishes the Modern Library imprint. April – Leonard and Virginia Woolf take delivery of the printing press they require in order to establish the Hogarth Press at their home. Their first publication is Two Stories, june 4 – The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded, Laura E. Richards, Maude H. Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New York World. June 18 – Luigi Pirandellos drama Right You Are is premièred in Milan, summer – The Siuru expressionistic and neo-romantic literary movement in Estonia is formed by a group of young poets and writers. October 20 – 51-year-old poet W. B, yeats marries 25-year-old Georgie Hyde-Lees at Harrow Road register office in London a couple of months after having had a proposal of marriage to his ex-mistresss daughter, Iseult Gonne, rejected. December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams Why Marry, the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre. The colonial government of the Dutch East Indies establishes the Kantoor voor de Volklectuur, the Marc Chagall illustrated version of The Magician by I. L. Peretz is published in Vilnius. This is the background to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyns novels in The Red Wheel sequence March 1917, august 18 – First meeting between Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon, the basis of Stephen MacDonalds drama Not About Heroes and Pat Barkers novel Regeneration
10.
1918 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1918. January 1 – Popular British novelist and wartime propagandist Hall Caine is made a KBE, january 2 – Popular British novelist Marie Corelli is convicted under wartime legislation for hoarding food. January 23 – Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London, wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, whose first nationally published poem appears 3 days later and who will be killed by the end of the year. March The Telemachus episode of James Joyces Ulysses is published in the American journal The Little Review, English novelist Alec Waugh is made a prisoner of war, he will be incarcerated in Mainz Citadel with monologuist J. Milton Hayes and Hugh Kingsmill. English writer May Sinclair first uses the term Stream of consciousness to describe a narrative mode, may 3 – Katherine Mansfield marries her long-time partner John Middleton Murry at Kensington register office in London. June – English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector, august 17 – Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon later describes as the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together. October 3 – Siegfried Sassoon visits his mentor Robbie Ross for the last time, Sassoon later writes that Ross, in saying goodbye, gave him a presentiment of final farewell. November 4 – Wilfred Owen is killed in action, aged 25, news of his death reaches his parents in Shrewsbury a week later on Armistice Day. He is awarded a posthumous Military Cross a year later, december 28 – Emperor Khải Định of Vietnam declares the traditional Chữ nôm script for writing the Vietnamese language to be abolished in favour of the Latin script Vietnamese alphabet. Winter – Parisian farceur Georges Feydeau contracts tertiary syphilis, the 2nd annual Pulitzer Prizes are awarded in the United States, including the first award for a novel
11.
1920 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1920. Reviewers hail the play and ONeill becomes famous, february 27 – Inaugural meeting of the Bloomsbury Groups Memoir Club arranged by Mary MacCarthy in London. March 26 – This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald is published and it is a sensation, immediately establishing Fitzgerald as a writer and celebrity, the initial print run of 3,000 copies sells out in 3 days. Though the books reputation will dim in later years, Dorothy Parker will recall that it was regarded as a work when it first appeared. April Hart Crane publishes his poem My Grandmothers Love Letters in The Dial, april 3 – F. Scott Fitzgerald marries Zelda Sayre in the rectory of St. Patricks Cathedral. K. November 1 – Eugene ONeills play, The Emperor Jones, is staged at the Playwrights Theater in New York City with Charles Sidney Gilpin in the title role. November 9 – D. H. Lawrences novel Women in Love is first published, december 23 – Arthur Schnitzlers play Reigen first receives an authorized performance, in Berlin, receiving strong criticism on moral and antisemitic grounds. Publication in Prague of Karel Čapeks drama R. U. R, Rossums Universal Robots, publication in Paris of the first volume of the Collection Budé, providing editions of Classical texts with parallel French translation, Platos Hippias Minor. Van Wyck Brooks publishes The Ordeal of Mark Twain, arguing that Twains genius was perverted by the conditions and this is the beginning of the reassessment of Mark Twain, who until this point had been regarded primarily as a humorous entertainer. The 1920s will force a reconsideration of many 19th-century writers, most importantly Herman Melville, goodyear – Forge of Foxenby Hugh Lofting – The Story of Doctor Dolittle Olive Beaupré Miller – In the Nursery S. Ansky – The Dybbuk Karel Čapek – R. U. R
12.
1922 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1922. Hence books published in 1922 or earlier entered the domain in the U. S. in 1998. The U. K. customs will also seize copies entering the country, T. S. Eliot founds The Criterion magazine containing the first publication of his poem The Waste Land. This is first published complete in book form by Boni & Liveright in New York in December, jacobs Room by Virginia Woolf is published by the Hogarth Press of Richmond upon Thames with jacket design by the authors sister Vanessa Bell. Also this summer Virginia writes the short story Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street, january – Ryūnosuke Akutagawas modernist short story In a Grove is published in the Japanese magazine Shinchō. January 24 – Façade – An Entertainment, poems by Edith Sitwell recited over an instrumental accompaniment by William Walton, first performed, january 27 – Franz Kafka begins intensive work on his novel The Castle at the mountain resort of Spindlermühle, ceasing around early September in mid-sentence. March – F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Beautiful and Damned is published in form by Charles Scribners Sons in New York. – The Czech playwrights Karel and Josef Čapeks play Pictures from the Insects Life is first performed at the National Theatre Brno and it is also first performed in English translation, in the United States, this year. April – Marcel Prousts Sodome et Gomorrhe II is published in Paris, may 27 – F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is published in The Smart Set magazine. June F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story The Diamond as Big as the Ritz is published in Colliers magazine, over a single night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the long poem New Hampshire and at sunrise writes Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Summer – F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby is set on Long Island at this time, partly inspired by Scott, September 14 – Sinclair Lewiss satirical novel on American life, Babbitt, is published by Harcourt, Brace & Company. His poem Bidrohi is first collected this year in his first anthology, F. Scott Fitzgeralds short story collection Tales of the Jazz Age is published by Charles Scribners Sons in New York. September 29 – Drums in the Night becomes the first play by Bertolt Brecht to be staged, December – A valise containing all Ernest Hemingways manuscripts from the past years writing is stolen at Paris-Gare de Lyon. Yeats becomes a member of the Seanad Éireann in the Irish Free State. December 10 – The National Library of Albania is inaugurated in Tirana, génica Athanasiou plays the title rôle with Charles Dullin as Créon and Antonin Artaud as Tiresias. There are some protests by Dadaists, the first Newbery Medal for authors of distinguished books for children is awarded by the American Library Association to Hendrik Willem van Loon for The Story of Mankind
13.
1913 in poetry
–
— Joyce Kilmer, Trees, first published this year Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. — Gertrude Stein, from Sacred Emily, written this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the poetry or literature. January 8 – Harold Monro founds the Poetry Bookshop in London, American poets Robert Frost and Ezra Pound will eventually meet there. Yeats poem September 1913 is published in The Irish Times during the Dublin Lock-out, Ezra Pound travels to London to meet W. B. The March 1913 issue of the magazine also contained Pounds A Few Donts by an Imagiste and this publication history means that this London-based movement has its first readership in the United States. The New Freewoman, a magazine, begins publication in June. Dora Marsden owns it, Rebecca West edits it at first, then Ezra Pound takes over as editor, it succeeds The Freewoman, founding of The Glebe a literary magazine edited by Alfred Kreymborg and Man Ray, it will cease publication in 1914 after 10 issues. Writing mostly after 1910, the group reinvigorates Spanish letters, revives literary myths, in politics, members of the movement often justify radicalism and rebellion. Wallace Stevens and his wife, Elsie, rent a New York City apartment from sculptor Adolph Weinman, november 14 – Rabindranath Tagore is awarded the Nobel prize in literature. December 15 – Ezra Pound writes to James Joyce requesting some of his recent poems for The Egoist, norbert von Hellingrath begins publishing Friedrich Hölderlins complete works, restoring his work to literary prominence. C. S. A. Indian, Malayalam-language James Boughton, American poet Flexmore Hudson, Australian V. R
14.
1914 in poetry
–
They went with songs to the battle, they were young. Straight of limb, true of eyes, steady and aglow and they were staunch to the end against odds uncounted, They fell with their faces to the foe. They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old, Age shall not weary them, at the going down of the sun and in the morning, We will remember them. — The Ode of Remembrance, an ode taken from Laurence Binyons For the Fallen, nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Thomas Sturge Moore, Victor Plarr, Richard Aldington, F. S. John Masefield writes the poem August,1914, September – J. R. R. Tolkien writes a poem about Eärendil, the first appearance of his mythopoeic Middle-earth legendarium. At this time Tolkien is an Oxford undergraduate staying at Phoenix Farm, September 22 – T. S. MacKenzie, In that New World Which is the Old Laura E. According to the literary critic Harold Bloom, no Western writer since Sophocles has had such a flowering of artistic genius. Christopher Brennan, Poems,1913, Australia Prafulla Ranjan Das, The Mother, one person would recite a line of poetry and the next person would try to recite the next, until the entire book was recited
15.
1915 in poetry
–
In Flanders fields the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row, That mark our place, and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below. Short days agoWe lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved, and were loved, and now we lieIn Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe, To you from failing hands we throwThe torch, be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who dieWe shall not sleep, nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. April 6 – Publication in London of the American Ezra Pounds poetry collection Cathay, for the most part of the Chinese of Rihaku, from the notes of the late Ernest Fenollosa, and the decipherings of the Professors Mori and Ariga, by Elkin Mathews. April 24 – Deportation of Armenian notables from Istanbul begins, among deported poets killed as part of the Armenian Genocide are Ardashes Harutiunian, Jacques Sayabalian, Ruben Sevak and Siamanto. May – Publication of the first modern book illustrated with wood engravings, july – Others, A Magazine of the New Verse is founded by Alfred Kreymborg, it will run until 1917, publishing poetry, other writing and visual art. August–December – Ezra Pound is completing the first sections of his poem The Cantos. See also Deaths in World War I in the Deaths section, below May 13 – While Julian Grenfell stands talking with other officers, a shell lands a few yards away and he is taken to a hospital in Boulogne, where he dies 13 days later. His poem Into Battle is published in The Times the day after his death and his younger brother Gerald William Grenfell is killed in action 2 months later September 11 – Publication of Lucy Whitmells poem Christ in Flanders in The Spectator. Elliott, ed. Lest We Forget, A War Anthology Poems of Today Ezra Pound, ed. D
16.
1913 in art
–
January 19 – Lovis Corinths retrospective opens at the Munich Secession galleries. This year the New Munich Secession splits from the Munich Secession, end of January – Franz Marcs Collection II opens at the Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser in Munich. This is followed at the gallery in February by the first major retrospective of Picassos work, february–March – English painter Olive Hockin is implicated in suffragette attacks. February 17 – The Armory Show opens in New York City and it displays works of artists who are to become some of the most influential painters of the early 20th century. March 10 – French sculptor Camille Claudel is committed by her family to a hospital where she will remain until her death in 1943. May – The Paul Émile Chabas painting September Morn provokes a charge of indency when displayed in the window of a Chicago art gallery, may 27 – Die Brücke dissolved. The audience includes Gabriele DAnnunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler, august–September – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner spends the summer painting on the island of Fehmarn, returning to Berlin he begins his series of street scenes from around the Potsdamer Platz. Autumn – The Neue Galerie in Berlin reopens with displays of the work of Picasso, October – August Macke paints at Hilterfingen. October 18 – Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, designed by Bruno Schmitz incorporating sculptures by Christian Behrens, December 12 – Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa, stolen from the Louvre in 1911, is located in Florence when Vincenzo Peruggia attempts to sell it. It is returned to Paris on December 30, generación del 13 established in Chile. The London Group is formed by merger of the Camden Town Group, target, the first exhibition of Rayonism. Maurice Utrillo has his first solo exhibition, at the Galerie Blot in Paris, omega Workshops established in London by Roger Fry and other members of the Bloomsbury Group to produce artist-designed furniture and textiles. Wyndham Lewis and others secede in October, first observation of a chimpanzee drawing. Guillaume Apollinaires The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations is published in Paris
17.
1913 in architecture
–
The year 1913 in architecture involved some significant events. February 1 – Grand Central Terminal, rebuilt, re-opens in New York City, april 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City, United States, designed by Cass Gilbert, the tallest building in the world at this date. July 20 – New Town Hall, designed by Hermann Eggert and Gustav Halmhuber, may 31 – Carol I Mosque in Constanța, Romania, designed by George Constantinescu, is inaugurated. October 18 – Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Sinaia railway station in Sinaia, Romania. City Federal Building in Birmingham, Alabama, the tallest building in Alabama until 1969, Alberta Legislature Building in Edmonton, Alberta completed. Union Buildings, Pretoria, Union of South Africa, by Herbert Baker, church of the Holy Spirit, Vienna, by Jože Plečnik, completed. Kelling Hall, Norfolk, England, designed by Edward Maufe, scheu House and Horner House, Vienna, both designed by Adolf Loos, completed. Interiors of Café Capua, Herrenmodesalon Kniže and Bridge-Club-Wien, Vienna, all designed by Adolf Loos, bridge of Sighs, Hertford College, Oxford, England, by Thomas G. Jackson, built. Halenbrücke concrete open-spandrel arch bridge over Aare between Bern and Kirchlindach in Switzerland, Adolf Loos Ornament and Crime is first published. Royal Gold Medal – Reginald Blomfield, Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Roger Séassal. May 20 – H. T. Post, American architect
18.
1913 in music
–
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1913. March 9 – The second performance of Francesco Balilla Pratellas Musica Futurista in Rome becomes the first of several pieces this year of music with an unruly audience response. April 1 – Manuel de Fallas opera La vida breve is given its world première in Nice, the audience includes Gabriele DAnnunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler and Maurice Ravel. Police are called during the interval, september 5 – Sergei Prokofievs performance of the first version of his Piano Concerto No.2 at Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, is met with hisses and catcalls. September 10 – Jean Sibeliuss tone poem Luonnotar is premiered at the Three Choirs Festival in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté, october – Edison Diamond Disc Record introduced. The term Jazz first appears in print, louis Armstrong begins playing the cornet, in the band of the New Orleans Home for Colored Waifs. Lili Boulanger becomes the first woman to win the Musical Composition section of the Prix de Rome, the Aeolian Company introduces the Duo-Art piano technology. Edward Bairstow becomes organist of York Minster. Abie Sings An Irish Song, words & music by Irving Berlin All Aboard For Dixieland, words Jack Yellen, music George L. Cobb And Then, w. Alfred Bryan, m. Herman Paley The Angelus, w. Robert B. Victor Herbert Cross The Great Divide w. Sam M. Lewis m. George W. Meyer The Curse Of An Aching Heart w. Henry Fink m, Al Piantadosi Daddy, Come Home w. m. Irving Berlin Danny Boy w. Frederick Weatherly m. trad Dont Blame It All On Broadway w. Joe Young & Harry Williams m, bert Grant Down In Chattanooga w. m. Irving Berlin El Cóndor Pasa by Daniel Alomía Robles Fat Lil Feller Wid His Mammys Eyes w. m. Sheridan Gordon & F. L. Stanton Fifteen Cents by Chris Smith Gasoline w. J, will Callahan, m. Paul Pratt Goodbye Boys w. Andrew B. Sterling & William Jerome m. Harry Von Tilzer Happy Little Country Girl w. m. Irving Berlin Hed Have to Get Under — Get Out and Get Under w. Grant Clark & Edgar Leslie m. Maurice Abrahams Hello, introduced by Elizabeth Brice in the revue Ziegfeld Follies of 1913 Hungarian Rag m. Julius Lenzberg I Can Live Without You w. Gene Buck m. Dave Stamper I Miss You Most Of All w. m. Joseph McCarthy Sr. & James V. Monaco If I Had My Way w. Lou Klein m. James Kendis Ill Change The Shadows To Sunshine w. George Graff Jr m. Ernest R. Ball Ill Get You w. Gus Edwards Im On My Way To Mandalay w. Al Bryan m, fred Fisher The Incandescent Rag m. George Botsford The International Rag w. m. Irving Berlin Isle DAmour w. Earl Carroll m, leo Edwards Its Nice To Get Up In The Morning w. m
19.
Russian Futurism
–
Russian Futurism was a movement of Russian poets and artists who adopted the principles of Filippo Marinettis Futurist Manifesto. Russian Futurism may be said to have born in December 1912. Other members included artists Mikhail Larionov, Natalia Goncharova, Kazimir Malevich, although Hylaea is generally considered to be the most influential group of Russian Futurism, other groups were formed in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov, and Odessa. Like their Italian counterparts, the Russian Futurists were fascinated with the dynamism, speed and they purposely sought to arouse controversy and to gain publicity by repudiating the static art of the past. The likes of Pushkin and Dostoevsky, according to them, should be heaved overboard from the steamship of modernity, in contrast to Marinettis circle, Russian Futurism was primarily a literary rather than a plastic philosophy. Although many poets dabbled with painting, their interests were primarily literary, the poets and painters collaborated on such innovative productions as the Futurist opera Victory Over the Sun, with music by Mikhail Matyushin, texts by Kruchenykh and sets contributed by Malevich. Members of Hylaea elaborated the doctrine of Cubo-Futurism and assumed the name of budetlyane and they found significance in the shape of letters, in the arrangement of text around the page, in the details of typography. They considered that there is no difference between words and material things, hence the poet should arrange words in his poems like the artist arranges colors. Grammar, syntax, and logic were often discarded, many neologisms and profane words were introduced, khlebnikov, in particular, developed an incoherent and anarchic blend of words stripped of their meaning and used for their sound alone, known as zaum. With all this emphasis on experimentation, some Futurists were not indifferent to politics. In particular, Mayakovskys poems, with their lyrical sensibility, appealed to a range of readers. He vehemently opposed the meaningless slaughter of World War I and hailed the Russian Revolution as the end of that mode of life which he. War correspondent Arthur Ransome and five other foreigners were taken to see two of the Bolshevik propaganda trains in 1919 by their organiser, Burov. Its pictures are ‘art for arts sake’, and can not have more than astonish, and perhaps terrify, the peasants. The Red Cossack is quite different, as Burov put it with deep satisfaction, At first we were in the artists’ hands, and now the artists are in our hands. Initially the Department of Proletarian Culture had delivered Burov bound hand and foot to a number of Futurists, after the Bolsheviks gained power, Mayakovskys group—patronized by Anatoly Lunacharsky, Bolshevik Commissar for Education—aspired to dominate Soviet culture. Their influence was paramount during the first years after the revolution, by the time OBERIU attempted to revive some of the Futurist tenets during the late 1920s, the Futurist movement in Russia had already ended. The most militant Futurist poets either died or preferred to adjust their very individual style to more conventional requirements, Cubo-Futurism Russian avant-garde Ego-Futurism Russian cosmism Universal Flowering References Sources Markov, Vladimir Russian Futurism
20.
Nikolay Gumilyov
–
Nikolay Stepanovich Gumilyov was an influential Russian poet, literary critic, traveler, and military officer. He was the cofounder of the Acmeist movement, Nikolay Gumilev was arrested and executed by the Cheka, the secret Soviet police force in 1921. Nikolay was born in the town of Kronstadt on Kotlin Island, into the family of Stepan Yakovlevich Gumilyov, a naval physician and his childhood nickname was Montigomo, the Hawks Claw. He studied at the gymnasium of Tsarskoe Selo, where the Symbolist poet Innokenty Annensky was his teacher, later, Gumilyov admitted that it was Annenskys influence that turned his mind to writing poetry. His first publication were verses I ran from cities into the forest on September 8,1902, in 1905 he published his first book of lyrics entitled The Way of Conquistadors. It comprised poems on most exotic subjects imaginable, from Lake Chad giraffes to Caracallas crocodiles, although Gumilyov was proud of the book, most critics found his technique sloppy, later he would refer to that collection as apprentices work. From 1907 and on, Nikolai Gumilyov traveled extensively in Europe, notably in Italy, in 1908 his new collection Romantic Flowers appeared. While in Paris, he published the literary magazine Sirius, on returning to Russia, he edited and contributed to the artistic periodical Apollon. At that period, he fell in love with a non-existent woman Cherubina de Gabriak, Gumilev married Anna Akhmatova in April 25,1910. He dedicated some of his poems to her, on September 18,1912, their child Lev was born. He would eventually become an influential and controversial historian, like Flaubert and Rimbaud before him, but inspired by exploits of Alexander Bulatovich and Nikolay Leontiev, Gumilyov was fascinated with Africa and travelled there almost each year. He explored, helping development of Ethiopia, sometime hunted lions and his wife Akhmatova accompanied him to Ivanovs parties as well. They advocated a view that poetry needs craftsmanship just like architecture needs it, writing a good poem they compared to building a cathedral. To illustrate their ideals, Gumilev published two collections, The Pearls in 1910 and the Alien Sky in 1912 and it was Osip Mandelstam, however, who produced the movements most distinctive and durable monument, the collection of poems entitled Stone. According to the principles of acmeism, every person, irrespective of his talent, may learn to produce high-quality poems if only he follows the guilds masters, i. e. Gumilyov and Gorodetsky. Their own model was Théophile Gautier, and they borrowed much of their basic tenets from the French Parnasse, such a program, combined with colourful and exotic subject matter of Gumilevs poems, attracted to the Guild a large number of adolescents. Several major poets, notably Georgy Ivanov and Vladimir Nabokov, passed the school of Gumilev, when World War I started, Gumilyov hastened to Russia and enthusiastically joined a corps of elite cavalry. He fought in battles in East Prussia and Macedonia, for his bravery he was invested with two St. George crosses
21.
Sergey Gorodetsky
–
Sergey Mitrofanovich Gorodetsky was a Russian poet, one of the founders of Guild of Poets. He was born in Saint Petersburg, and died in Obninsk, Gorodetsky entered the literary scene as a Symbolist, developing friendships with Blok, Ivanov, and Briusov. Following his brief stint with Symbolists, Gorodetsky began to associate with younger poets, forming the Acmeist group with Gumilev, Akhmatova, subsequently, abandoning yet another group, he welcomed the Bolshevik revolution as a Soviet poet. English translations of 2 poems by Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky,1921 English translations of 2 short poems
22.
Anna Akhmatova
–
Anna Andreyevna Gorenko, better known by the pen name Anna Akhmatova, was a Russian modernist poet, one of the most acclaimed writers in the Russian canon. Akhmatovas work ranges from short lyric poems to intricately structured cycles, such as Requiem and her style, characterised by its economy and emotional restraint, was strikingly original and distinctive to her contemporaries. The strong and clear leading female voice struck a new chord in Russian poetry and her writing can be said to fall into two periods – the early work and her later work, divided by a decade of reduced literary output. Her work was condemned and censored by Stalinist authorities and she is notable for choosing not to emigrate and her perennial themes include meditations on time and memory, and the difficulties of living and writing in the shadow of Stalinism. Primary sources of information about Akhmatovas life are scant, as war, revolution. For long periods she was in official disfavour and many of those who were close to her died in the aftermath of the revolution. Akhmatovas first husband, Nikolay Gumilyov was executed by the Soviet secret police, and her son Lev Gumilyov and her common-law husband Nikolay Punin spent many years in the Gulag, Akhmatova was born at Bolshoy Fontan, near the Black Sea port of Odessa. Her father, Andrey Antonovich Gorenko, an engineer, and her mother. She wrote, No one in my large family wrote poetry, but the first Russian woman poet, Anna Bunina, was the aunt of my grandfather Erasm Ivanovich Stogov. The Stogovs were modest landowners in the Mozhaisk region of the Moscow Province and they were moved here after the insurrection during the time of Posadnitsa Marfa. In Novgorod they had been a wealthier and more distinguished family, Khan Akhmat, my ancestor, was killed one night in his tent by a Russian killer-for-hire. Karamzin tells us that this marked the end of the Mongol yoke on Russia and it was well known that this Akhmat was a descendant of Genghiz Khan. In the eighteenth century, one of the Akhmatov Princesses – Praskovia Yegorovna – married the rich, yegor Motovilov was my great-grandfather, his daughter, Anna Yegorovna, was my grandmother. She died when my mother was nine years old, and I was named in her honour, several diamond rings and one emerald were made from her brooch. Though my fingers are thin, still her thimble didnt fit me and her family moved north to Tsarskoye Selo, near St. Petersburg when she was eleven months old. The family lived in a house on the corner of Shirokaya Street and Bezymyanny Lane and she studied at the Mariinskaya High School, moving to Kiev and finished her schooling there, after her parents separated in 1905. She went on to law at Kiev University, leaving a year later to study literature in St Petersburg. Her sister Inna also wrote poetry though she did not pursue the practice, Akhmatovas father did not want to see any verses printed under his respectable name, so she chose to adopt her grandmothers distinctly Tatar surname Akhmatova as a pen name
23.
Vladimir Narbut
–
Vladimir Ivanovich Narbut - Russian poet of Ukrainian descent, and member of the Acmeist group, brother of Ukrainian artist and graphic designer Georgy Narbut. Vladimir Ivanovich Narbut was born on his familys estate at Narbutovka, in 1906, Narbut and his brother Georgii moved to Saint Petersburg where Vladimir studied mathematics and Oriental languages. Narbuts poems first appeared in print in 1908 and two later he published his debut collection of verse Stikhi. To avoid the scandal and a court trial, Narbut spent the next five months on an ethnographic expedition to Ethiopia and Somalia. He returned to Russia after the amnesty declared on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty in March 1913, on his return Narbut became the publisher and editor of the magazine Novy Zhurnal Dlya Vsekh until he had to give it up for financial reasons. After the February Revolution broke out in 1917, Narbut joined the Bolsheviks, one night early in 1918, armed men broke into the Narbut family home and killed his brother Sergei. Narbut himself was wounded and had to have his hand amputated. During the Russian Civil War, Narbut published literary magazines in Voronezh and he was arrested by the White Guards in Rostov-on-Don and imprisoned until being released by the Red Army. In the 1920s, he edited the magazines Lava and Oblava in Odessa and issued further collections of his own verse, including Aleksandra Pavlovna, in 1928 he was accused of not telling the truth about his imprisonment by the Whites and was expelled from the Communist Party. He sentenced to five years in the Gulag and he was incarcerated in prison camps near Vladivostok and Magadan, and the circumstances of his death and its date are uncertain, the registered date of 1944 in all likelihood invented. He was either shot in 1938 or was drowned with a group of prisoners in sealed barge in the Arctic Ocean. A translation of Narbuts poem Portrait appears in the anthology Modern Russian Poetry, ed. Vladimir Markov, brief biography of Narbut in Russian http, //www. akhmatova. org/articles/besprozvanny. htm#8 Two poems in English translation, Seance and part 1 of Seventeenth in the New England Review
24.
Osip Mandelstam
–
Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam was a Russian poet and essayist who lived in Russia during and after its revolution and the rise of the Soviet Union. He was the husband of Nadezhda Mandelstam and one of the foremost members of the Acmeist school of poets and he was arrested by Joseph Stalins government during the repression of the 1930s and sent into internal exile with his wife Nadezhda. Given a reprieve of sorts, they moved to Voronezh in southwestern Russia, in 1938 Mandelstam was arrested again and sentenced to a camp in Siberia. He died that year at a transit camp, Mandelstam was born in Warsaw to a wealthy Polish Jewish family. His father, a merchant by trade, was able to receive a dispensation freeing the family from the pale of settlement and, soon after Osips birth. In 1900, Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishevsky School, the writer Vladimir Nabokov and other significant figures of Russian and Soviet culture have been among its alumni. His first poems were printed in 1907 in the schools almanac, in April 1908, Mandelstam decided to enter the Sorbonne in Paris to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the University of Heidelberg in Germany. In 1911, he decided to continue his education at the University of Saint Petersburg and he converted to Methodism and entered the university the same year. He did not complete a formal degree, Mandelstams poetry, acutely populist in spirit after the first Russian revolution in 1905, became closely associated with symbolist imagery. In 1911, he and several other young Russian poets formed the Poets Guild, under the leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov. The nucleus of this became known as Acmeists. Mandelstam wrote the manifesto for the new movement, The Morning Of Acmeism, in 1913 he published his first collection of poems, The Stone, it was reissued in 1916 under the same title, but with additional poems included. The Stalin epigram, also known as The Kremlin Highlander is a poem by Osip Mandelstam. The poem describes the climate of fear in the Soviet Union, Mandelstam read the poem only to a few friends, including Boris Pasternak and Anna Akhmatova. The poem played a role in his own arrest and the arrests of Akhmatovas son and husband, Lev Gumilev, the Kremlin Caucasian in line 4 refers to Stalins Caucasus Mountains origin. The phrase Ossetian torso in the line refers to the ethnicity of Stalin. Mandelstam was said to have had an affair with the poet Anna Akhmatova and she insisted throughout her life that their relationship had always been a very deep friendship, rather than a sexual affair. In the 1910s, he was in love, secretly and unrequitedly, with a Georgian princess and St. Petersburg socialite Salomea Andronikova, in 1922, Mandelstam married Nadezhda Khazina in Kiev, Ukraine, where she lived with her family
25.
German National Library
–
The German National Library is the central archival library and national bibliographic centre for the Federal Republic of Germany. The German National Library maintains co-operative external relations on a national and international level, for example, it is the leading partner in developing and maintaining bibliographic rules and standards in Germany and plays a significant role in the development of international library standards. The cooperation with publishers is regulated by law since 1935 for the Deutsche Bücherei Leipzig, duties are shared between the facilities in Leipzig and Frankfurt am Main, with each center focusing its work in specific specialty areas. A third facility has been the Deutsches Musikarchiv Berlin, which deals with all music-related archiving, since 2010 the Deutsches Musikarchiv is also located in Leipzig as an integral part of the facility there. During the German revolutions of 1848 various booksellers and publishers offered their works to the Frankfurt Parliament for a parliamentary library, the library, led by Johann Heinrich Plath, was termed the Reichsbibliothek. After the failure of the revolution the library was abandoned and the stock of books already in existence was stored at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg. In 1912, the town of Leipzig, seat of the annual Leipzig Book Fair, the Kingdom of Saxony, starting January 1,1913, all publications in German were systematically collected. In the same year, Dr. Gustav Wahl was elected as the first director, the Federal state representatives of the book trade in the American zone agreed to the proposal. The city of Frankfurt agreed to support the planned archive library with personnel, the US military government gave its approval. The Library began its work in the room of the former Rothschild library. As a result, there were two libraries in Germany, which assumed the duties and function of a library for the later GDR. Two national bibliographic catalogues almost identical in content were published annually, with the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990, the Deutsche Bücherei Leipzig and the Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main were merged into a new institution, The German Library. The Law regarding the German National Library came into force on 29 June 2006, the expansion of the collection brief to include online publications set the course for collecting, cataloguing and storing such publications as part of Germanys cultural heritage. The Librarys highest management body, the Administrative Council, was expanded to include two MPs from the Bundestag, the law also changed the name of the library and its buildings in Leipzig, Frankfurt am Main and Berlin to Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. In July 2000, the DMA also assumed the role as repository for GEMA, Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte, since then, music publishers only have to submit copies to DMA, which covers both national archiving and copyright registration. The 210,000 works of printed music previously held by GEMA were transferred to DMA, additionally included in the project were 30 German-language emigrant publications German-language exile journals 1933–1945, consisting of around 100,000 pages. These collections were put online in 2004 and were some of the most frequently visited sites of the German National Library, in June 2012 the German National Library discontinued access to both collections on its website for legal reasons. The digitised versions are then available for use in the reading rooms of the German National Library in Leipzig and Frankfurt am Main only
26.
Leipzig
–
Leipzig is the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. With a population of 570,087 inhabitants it is Germanys tenth most populous city, Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres southwest of Berlin at the confluence of the White Elster, Pleisse, and Parthe rivers at the southern end of the North German Plain. Leipzig has been a city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire. The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, Leipzig was once one of the major European centers of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing. Leipzig became an urban center within the German Democratic Republic after the Second World War. Leipzig later played a significant role in instigating the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, through events which took place in, Leipzig today is an economic center and the most livable city in Germany, according to the GfK marketing research institution. Since the opening of the Leipzig City Tunnel in 2013, Leipzig forms the centerpiece of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland public transit system, Leipzig is currently listed as Gamma World City and Germanys Boomtown. Outside of Leipzig the Neuseenland district forms a lake area of approximately 300 square kilometres. Leipzig is derived from the Slavic word Lipsk, which means settlement where the linden trees stand, an older spelling of the name in English is Leipsic. The Latin name Lipsia was also used, the name is cognate with Lipetsk in Russia and Liepāja in Latvia. In 1937 the Nazi government officially renamed the city Reichsmessestadt Leipzig, the common usage of this nickname for Leipzig up until the present is reflected, for example, in the name of a popular blog for local arts and culture, Heldenstadt. de. Leipzig was first documented in 1015 in the chronicles of Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg as urbs Libzi and endowed with city, Leipzig Trade Fair, started in the Middle Ages, became an event of international importance and is the oldest remaining trade fair in the world. During the Thirty Years War, two battles took place in Breitenfeld, about 8 kilometres outside Leipzig city walls, the first Battle of Breitenfeld took place in 1631 and the second in 1642. Both battles resulted in victories for the Swedish-led side, on 24 December 1701, an oil-fueled street lighting system was introduced. The city employed light guards who had to follow a schedule to ensure the punctual lighting of the 700 lanterns. The Leipzig region was the arena of the 1813 Battle of Leipzig between Napoleonic France and a coalition of Prussia, Russia, Austria and Sweden. It was the largest battle in Europe prior to the First World War, in 1913 the Monument to the Battle of the Nations celebrating the centenary of this event was completed. The railway station has two entrance halls, the eastern one for the Royal Saxon State Railways and the western one for the Prussian state railways
27.
Harold Monro
–
Harold Edward Monro was an English poet born in Brussels and proprietor of the Poetry Bookshop in London, which helped many poets bring their work before the public. Monros father was born at Marylebone and died aged 41 when Monro was only nine years old and this loss may have influenced his character as a poet. The Monro family was established in Bloomsbury. His paternal grandfather, Dr. Henry Munro FRCP MD, was a surgeon, born at Gower St, Bloomsbury, Monro was educated at Radley College and at Caius College, Cambridge. His first collection of poetry was published in 1906 and he also edited a poetry magazine, The Poetry Review, which became influential. Several poets, including, lodged in the rooms above the shop, Monro and the Poetry Bookshop were also involved with Edward Marsh in publishing the Georgian Poetry series. These poems were inspired by Monro’s fears for his friend, Basil Watt, whom he dearly loved, Monro’s moving elegy for Watt, Lament in 1915, is a monologue in unornamented, modern language. After the war, Monro wrote his somewhat trenchant overview Some Contemporary Poets and he also founded The Chapbook, which was not commercially viable, but contained some of his best work as a poet. His intention was to find middle ground between modernism and the more traditional work exemplified by the Georgians. In this Monro took a view of the sphere of poetry, devoting whole numbers to childrens rhymes. The young Monro was raised together with his sister Mary by their widowed mother, monros stepbrother Lancelot Daniel Edward Gooch, a midshipman on H. M. S. Implacable, died a fortnight after his 18th birthday in Greece, on 2 December 1903 in Ireland, Monro married Dorothy Elizabeth Browne. Their son Nigel Monro was born there in 1904 but the marriage was not to last and in 1908 and his son followed Monro family medical tradition and practised as a surgeon. Monro instead persuaded her that by working in the Poetry Bookshop, alida’s brother Louis Klemantaski, a promising young poet and musical editor died at the Somme in 1916. It is said that Alida had a influence on the development of Monro’s own poetry than any other. In his later years, Monro reflected on whether the Poetry Bookshop had fulfilled its purpose and whether it should be closed, but he was too deeply attached to it. According to the English literary historian Dominic Hibberd, By now Monro was a man, appalled at the state of Europe. He had used up most of his money in subsidizing the shop and he was remembered as being liberal-minded and without literary prejudices
28.
Gaston Leroux
–
Gaston Louis Alfred Leroux was a French journalist and author of detective fiction. His novel The Mystery of the Yellow Room is also one of the most famous locked-room mysteries ever, Leroux was born in Paris in 1868 and died in 1927 in France. He went to school in Normandy and studied law in Paris and he inherited millions of francs and lived wildly until he nearly reached bankruptcy. In 1890, he working as a court reporter and theater critic for LÉcho de Paris. His most important journalism came when he began working as a correspondent for the Paris newspaper Le Matin. He was present at, and covered, the 1905 Russian Revolution, another case at which he was present involved the investigation and in-depth coverage of the former Paris Opera. The basement contained a cell that held prisoners of the Paris Commune and he suddenly left journalism in 1907 and began writing fiction. In 1919, he and Arthur Bernède formed their own company, Société des Cinéromans, to publish novels. He first wrote a novel titled Le mystère de la chambre jaune. Lerouxs contribution to French detective fiction is considered a parallel to Sir Arthur Conan Doyles in the United Kingdom, Leroux published his most famous work, The Phantom of the Opera, as a serial in 1909 and 1910, and as a book in 1910
