1.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
2.
19th century
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The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
3.
20th century
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The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
4.
21st century
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The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world. The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present, millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the rise of life sciences, making mankinds long-held dreams, such as curing cancer. By the 2010s, gene therapy, first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996, showed promise but remains an experimental, by 2013, about 80% of the worlds population used mobile phones. An estimated 33% owned personal computers in 2010, and 46% used the Internet by 2016, the International Energy Agency estimates that 83% of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88% by 2030. The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and it had reached 7.3 billion in 2015, and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050. There is a debate among experts and the public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. A less common variation would have been twenty nought-five, the Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as the twenty-ten Olympics. The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020, kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular, it would influence the pronunciation of that year. See the timeline of the 21st century, genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka. Also controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims, 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country, on December 17,2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, in addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, Severe human rights violations continue to be reported
5.
1890s
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The phrase, The Gay Nineties, was not coined until the 1920s. This decade was also part of the Gilded Age, a phrase coined by Mark Twain, alluding to the seemingly profitable era that was riddled with crime and poverty. In the United States, the 1890s were marked by an economic depression sparked by the Panic of 1893. As of January 23,2017, there is only 1 verified living person who was born in the 1890s. On December 29,1890,365 troops of the US 7th Cavalry, supported by four Hotchkiss guns, surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou and Hunkpapa Sioux near Wounded Knee Creek, the Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. One day earlier, the Sioux had been cornered and agreed to themselves in at the Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota. They were the very last of the Sioux to do. the process of disarming the Sioux, the 7th Cavalry quickly suppressed the Sioux fire, and the surviving Sioux fled, but US cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, about 146 men, women, twenty-five troopers also died, some believed to have been the victims of friendly fire as the shooting took place at point-blank range in chaotic conditions. Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, with a number later dying from hypothermia. The incident is noteworthy as the engagement in history in which the most Medals of Honor have been awarded in the military history of the United States. This was the last tribe to be invaded which broke the backbone of the American Indian Wars,1891, Chilean Civil War fought from January to September. José Manuel Balmaceda, President of Chile, and the Chilean Army loyal to him face Jorge Montts Junta, the latter was formed by an alliance between the National Congress of Chile and the Chilean Navy. 1891, Tobacco Protest in Qajar dynasty Persia, on March 20,1890, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, Shah of Iran granted a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for fifty years. In exchange, Talbot paid the shah an annual sum of £15,000 in addition to a quarter of the profits after the payment of all expenses. Now they were forced to seek permits from the Tobacco Régie as well as required to inform the concessionaires of the amount of tobacco produced, during the spring of 1891 mass protests against the Régie began to emerge in major Iranian cities. Initially it was the bazaaris who led the opposition under the conviction that it was their income, the reference to the Hidden Imam, a critical person in Shia Islam, meant that Shirazi was using the strongest possible language to oppose the Régie. Initially there was skepticism over the legitimacy of the fatwa, however Shirazi would later confirm the declaration,1892, The Johnson County War in Wyoming. Actually this range war took place in April 1892 in Johnson County, Natrona County, the combatants were the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers Association
6.
1900s (decade)
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The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an example, they are nineteen-oh-six, nineteen-six, which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. In American English, nineteen-oh-six is the most common, nineteen-six is less common, nineteen-ought-six is recognized, the strength of the comedic effect diminished during the aughts of the next century, as the public grew used to questioning how to refer to an ohs or aughts decade. Russo-Japanese War establishes the Empire of Japan as a world power, battle of Riyadh was a minor battle of the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Battle of Dilam was a battle of the Unification War between Rashidi and Saudi rebels. First Saudi–Rashidi War was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh versus the Emirate of Hail, demand for Home Rule for Ireland Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. January 1,1901, British colonies in Australia federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia May 20,1902 — Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 7,1905 — The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence. October 5,1908 — Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, April 19,1902 — A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000. May 8,1902 — In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre, April 7,1906 — Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. September 18,1906 — A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong, January 14,1907 — An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. December 28,1908 — An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, April 26,1900 — The Great Lumber Fire of Ottawa–Hull kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, may 3,1901 — The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL, USA. July 10,1902 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 10,1903 — Paris Métro train fire. December 30,1903 — A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, February 7,1904 — The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, USA destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. June 15,1904 — A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021, june 28,1904 — The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. January 22,1906 — The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, the 1900s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts, July 29,1900 — King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci
7.
1910s
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The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11,1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919. However, each of these states had large German and Hungarian minorities, the decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos and this atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16,1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. Wadai War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan Wars – two wars took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Saudi-Ottoman War Latvian War of Independence - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. The Russian Revolution is the term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917. April 13,1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent, xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of Chinas ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for a revolution at 6 p. m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz six months later, the Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic, federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain, fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, easter Rising against the British in Ireland, eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires
8.
1920s
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The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1920, and ended on December 31,1929. French speakers refer to the period as the Années folles, emphasizing the social, artistic. The economic prosperity experienced by many countries during the 1920s was similar in nature to that experienced in the 1950s and 1990s, each period of prosperity was the result of a paradigm shift in global affairs. These shifts in the 1920s, 1950s, and 1990s, occurred in part as the result of the conclusion of World War I and Spanish flu, World War II, the 1920s saw foreign oil companies begin operations throughout South America. Venezuela became the second largest oil producing nation. In some countries the 1920s saw the rise of political movements. Communism spread as a consequence of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks’ victory in the Russian Civil War, fear of the spread of Communism led to the emergence of far right political movements and fascism in Europe. The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America, the Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, “Normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave, the women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes, large baseball stadiums were built in major U. S. cities, in addition to palatial cinemas. Most independent countries passed womens suffrage after 1918, especially as a reward for support of the war effort and endurance of its deaths. Egypt officially becomes an independent country through the Declaration of 1922, though it remains under the military. Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933, organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit. The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration, the major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth. The Lost Generation, was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. A peak in the early 1920s in the membership of the Ku Klux Klan of four to five million members, followed by a rapid decline down to an estimated 30,000 members by 1930. The Scopes Trial, which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War
9.
1930s
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The 1930s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1930, and ended on December 31,1939. In response, authoritarian regimes emerged in countries in Europe and South America. The 1930s also saw a proliferation of new technologies, especially in the fields of aviation, radio. Colombia–Peru War – fought between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru, Chaco War – the war was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over the disputed territory of Gran Chaco resulting in an overall Paraguayan victory in 1935. An agreement dividing the territory was made in 1938, officially ending outstanding differences, saudi–Yemeni War – was a war between Saudi Arabia and Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. Second Sino-Japanese War – fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, the Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It also made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War, World War II breaks out on September 1,1939 Chinese Civil War - The ruling Kuomintang and the rebel Communist Party of China fight a civil war for control of China. The Communists consolidated territory in the early 1930s and proclaimed a short-lived Chinese Soviet Republic that collapsed upon Kuomintang attacks, the Kuomintang and Communists attempted to put away their differences after 1937 to fight the Japanese occupation of China, but intermittent clashes continued through the remainder of the 1930s. Spanish Civil War – Germany and Italy back anti-communist Falange forces of Francisco Franco, the Soviet Union and international communist parties back the left-wing republican faction in the war. The war ends in April 1939 with Francos nationalist forces defeating the republican forces, Franco becomes Head of State of Spain, President of Government and de facto dictator. The Republic gives way to the Spanish State, an authoritarian dictatorship, Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations, but hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics to show his new reich to the world as well as the supposed superior athleticism of his Aryan troops/athletes. Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, attempts the appeasement of Hitler in hope of avoiding war by allowing the dictator to annex the Sudetenland, later signing the Munich Agreement and promising constituents Peace for our time. He was ousted in favor of Winston Churchill in May 1940, some 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. Kristallnacht also served as the pretext for the confiscation of firearms from German Jews. Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas, Germany demands the annexation of the Federal State of Austria and of other German-speaking territories in Europe. Between 1935 and 1936, Germany recovers the Saar and remilitarizes the Rhineland, Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. Germany annexes Austria in the event known as the Anschluss, the annexation of the Sudetenland followed negotiations which resulted in the Munich Agreement of 1938. The Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 succeeds in turning the Kingdom of Albania into an Italian protectorate, the vacant Albanian throne was claimed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
10.
1916
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As of the start of 1916, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, the events of World War I have the WWI prefix, january 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. January 9 – WWI, Gallipoli Campaign, Last British troops evacuated from Gallipoli, as the Ottoman Empire prevails over a joint British, january 13 – WWI, Battle of Wadi, Ottoman Empire forces defeat the Allied British during the Mesopotamian campaign in modern-day Iraq. January 24 In Browning, Montana, the drops from +6.7 °C to -48.8 °C in one day. Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co, the Supreme Court of the United States upholds the national income tax. January 29 – WWI, Paris is bombed by German zeppelins for the first time, january 30 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British oficial Henry McMahon concerning the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire ends. January 31 – WWI, An attack is planned on Verdun, february 3 – Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Canada are burned down. February 9 –6.00 p. m. – Tristan Tzara founds the art movement Dadaism, february 11 Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control in the United States. The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert in the United States, the Romanian football club Sportul Studențesc is founded in Bucharest. February 12 – WWI, Battle of Salaita Hill – South African, february 21 – WWI, The Battle of Verdun begins in France. March 7 – In Munich German automobile company BMW is founded, march 8–9 – Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa leads about 500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 12 U. S. soldiers. A garrison of the U. S. 13th Cavalry Regiment fights back, march 15 – United States President Woodrow Wilson sends 12,000 United States troops over the U. S. –Mexico border to pursue Pancho Villa, the 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory. March 16 – Mexican Revolution, The U. S. 7th and 10th Cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing cross the border to join the hunt for Villa. March 22 The temporary Emperor of China, Yuan Shikai, abdicates the throne, J. R. R. Tolkien marries Edith Bratt in England. April – The toggle light switch is invented by William J. Newton, april 11 – WWI, Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins occupation of the Sinai Peninsula. April 20 – The Chicago Cubs play their first game at Weeghman Park, april 22 – The Chinese troop transport SS Hsin-Yu capsizes off the Chinese coast, at least 1,000 are killed. April 24–30 – The Easter Rising occurs in Ireland, april 27 – WWI, Gas attack at Hulluch in France, The 47th Brigade, 16th Division is decimated in one of the most heavily concentrated German gas attacks of the war. April 29 – WWI, Siege of Kut ends with the surrender of British forces to the Ottoman Empire at Kut-al-Amara on the Tigris in Basra Vilayet during the Mesopotamian campaign, may 16 United States Marines invade the Dominican Republic
11.
1917
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As of the start of 1917, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, events of World War I have the WWI prefix, January 1 – The University of Oregon defeats the University of Pennsylvania 14–0 in U. S. college footballs 3rd Annual Rose Bowl Game. January 2 – The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank, the cause was found to be inadequate signalling procedures. January 9 – WWI, The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Forces Desert Column at the Battle of Rafa. January 11 – Unknown saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland, January 16 – The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million. January 19 – Silvertown explosion, A blast at a factory in London kills 73. The resulting fire causes over £2,000,000 worth of damage, January 22 – WWI, President of the United States Woodrow Wilson calls for peace without victory in Germany. January 25 WWI, British armed merchantman SS Laurentic is sunk by mines off Lough Swilly with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard, an anti-prostitution drive in San Francisco occurs and police close about 200 prostitution houses. January 26 – The sea defences at the English village of Hallsands are breached, leading to all, January 28 – The United States ends its search for Pancho Villa. January 30 – Pershings troops in Mexico begin withdrawing back to the United States and they reach Columbus, New Mexico February 5. February 1 – WWI, Atlantic U-boat Campaign, Germany announces its U-boats will resume unrestricted submarine warfare, February 3 – WWI, The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. February 5 – The new constitution of Mexico is adopted, February 13 Mata Hari is arrested in Paris for spying. WWI, Beginning of the Raid on Nekhl by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, February 21 – British troopship SS Mendi is accidentally rammed and sunk off the Isle of Wight, killing 646, mainly members of the South African Native Labour Corps. March 1 The U. S. government releases the text of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public, Japanese city of Ōmuta is founded by Hiroushi Miruku. March 2 – The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship, march 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives. March 7 – Livery Stable Blues, recorded with Dixie Jazz Band One Step on February 26 by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in the United States, becomes the first jazz recording commercially released, on August 17 the band records Tiger Rag. March 8 – The February Revolution begins in Russia, Women calling for bread in Petrograd start riots, the United States Senate adopts the cloture rule in order to limit filibusters
12.
1918
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As of the start of 1918, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, events of World War I have the WWI prefix, january 4 – Finland officially recognized by the Russian SFSR. January 8 – Woodrow Wilson delivers his Fourteen Points speech, january 12 – Finland enacts a Mosaic Confessors law, granting Finnish Jews civil rights. January 15 – The keel of HMS Hermes is laid in Britain, january 18 Russian Constituent Assembly meets. The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers at the Konzerthaus, january 19 – Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims Russian Democratic Federative Republic, but is dissolved by Bolshevik government on same day. January 22 – The Ukrainian Peoples Republic declares independence from Bolshevik Russia, january 27 – The Finnish Civil War begins. January –1918 flu pandemic, Spanish flu first observed in Haskell County, February 1 – The Cattaro Mutiny sees Austrian sailors in the Gulf of Cattaro, led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny. February 5 – The SS Tuscania is torpedoed off the Irish coast, it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed, February 6 – Womens suffrage in the United Kingdom, Representation of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote. February 14 – Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, February 16 – The Council of Lithuania adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuanias independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. February 19 – WWI, Capture of Jericho by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the British occupation of the Jordan Valley, February 19-25 – WWI, The Imperial Russian Navy evacuates Tallinn through thick ice over the Gulf of Finland. February 21 – The last captive Carolina parakeet dies at the Cincinnati Zoo, February 24 Estonia declares its independence from Russia after seven centuries of foreign rule. German forces capture Tallinn on the next day, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. March 1 – WWI, German submarine U-19 sinks HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island, March 3 – WWI, the Central Powers and Bolshevist Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russias involvement in the war. March 6 The Finnish Army Corps of Aviation is founded as a forerunner of the Finnish Air Force to be established on 4 May 1928. The blue swastika is adopted as its symbol as a tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator Eric von Rosen, von Rosen had painted the Viking symbol on the plane as his personal lucky insignia. March 7 – WWI, Finland forms an alliance with Germany, March 12 – Moscow becomes the capital of Soviet Russia. March 19 – The United States Congress establishes time zones and approves daylight saving time, March 21 – WWI, First Transjordan attack on Amman by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins with the passage of the Jordan River. March 23 WWI, The giant German cannon, the Paris Gun, in London at the Wood Green Empire, Chung Ling Soo dies during his trick where he is supposed to catch two separate bullets – but one of them perforates his lung
13.
1920
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As of the start of 1920, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January –4,025 suspected communists and anarchists arrested and held without trial in the United States following raids in several cities, January 1 Babe Ruth is traded by the Red Sox for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. Bolsheviks increase troops from four divisions to twenty along the Polish border January 7 The forces of Russian White Admiral Alexander Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk, the Great Siberian Ice March ensues. The New York State Assembly refuses to seat five duly elected Socialist assemblymen, January 9 – Thousands of onlookers watch as The Human Fly George Polley climbs the Woolworth Building in New York City. He reaches the 30th floor before being arrested, January 10 – League of Nations Covenant enters into force. On January 16 the organization holds its first council meeting, in Paris, January 11 – The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is recognised de facto by European powers in Versailles. January 13 – The New York Times ridicules the American rocket scientist Robert H. Goddard, the newspaper has to recant publicly on July 17,1969 when the Apollo crew is on its mission to the Moon. January 16 Prohibition in the United States begins with the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution coming into effect, the Allies of World War I demand that the Netherlands extradite the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who fled there in 1918. Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated, is founded on the campus of Howard University in Washington, January 19 – The United States Senate votes against joining the League of Nations. January 22 – The Australian Country Party is officially formed, led by Nelson Pollard, January 23 – The Netherlands refuses to extradite the German Kaiser. January 28 – El Tercio de Extranjeros, the Regiment of Foreigners, January 30 – The oldest surviving pro wrestling match on film takes place, with Joe Stecher defeating Earl Caddock. February 1 – The South African Air Force is established, the second autonomous Air Force in the world after the Royal Air Force, february 2 Estonian War of Independence, The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed, ending the war and recognizing Estonian independence. Sayyid Muhammad, Khan of Khiva abdicates, february 7 – Admiral Kolchak and Viktor Pepelyayev are executed by firing squad near Irkutsk. February 10 – General Józef Haller first performs Polands Wedding to the Sea, february 12–24 – Conference of London, Leaders of the United Kingdom, France and Italy meet to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. February 13 – Switzerland rejoins the League of Nations, february 14 – The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago. February 17 – A woman named Anna Anderson tries to suicide in Berlin and is taken to a mental hospital. February 19 – The United States Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, february 20 –1920 Gori earthquake, An earthquake hits Gori in the Democratic Republic of Georgia, killing 114. February 21 – The island province of Marinduque in the Philippines archipelago is founded, february 22 – In Emeryville, California, the first dog racing track to employ an imitation rabbit opens
14.
1921
–
As of the start of 1921, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – In American football, the University of California, january 2 The football club Cruzeiro Esporte Clube from Belo Horizonte is founded as Palestra Italia in Brazil. The first religious radio broadcast is heard over station KDKA AM in Pittsburgh, the Spanish liner Santa Isabel sinks off Villa Garcia,244 die. The De Young Museum opens in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, january 20 – The British K-class submarine HMS K5 sinks in the English Channel, all 56 on board die. January 21 The Italian Communist Party is founded in Livorno, the Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine holds its founding congress in Ľubochňa. Womens suffrage is attained in Sweden, the full-length silent comedy-drama film The Kid, written, produced, directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin, with Jackie Coogan, is released in the United States. January 25 – The Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci is righted in Taranto Harbour, february 12 – Red Army invasion of Georgia, The Democratic Republic of Georgia is invaded by forces of Bolshevist Russia. February 20 – The Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia is founded, february 21 –1921 Persian coup détat, Rezā Khan and Ziaeddin Tabatabaee stage a coup détat in Iran. February 23 – The moderately conservative public official Oscar von Sydow takes over the Swedish premiership from Baron Louis De Geer the younger, february 25 – Red Army invasion of Georgia, The Red Army enters the Georgian capital Tbilisi and installs a Moscow-directed communist government. February 27 – The International Working Union of Socialist Parties is formed in Vienna, february 28 – The Kronstadt rebellion is initiated by sailors of the Soviet Navys Baltic Fleet. March – Group Settlement Scheme in Western Australia begins, March 1 – The city of Kiryū, located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, is founded. March 4 – Warren G. Harding is sworn in as 29th President of the United States, March 5 – Irish War of Independence, Clonbanin Ambush, Irish Republican Army kills Brigadier General Cumming. March 6 – The Portuguese Communist Party is founded, March 8 Spanish Premier Eduardo Dato e Iradier is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in Madrid. Allied forces occupy Düsseldorf, Ruhrort and Duisburg, March 12 – The İstiklâl Marşı, the Turkish national anthem, is officially adopted. March 13 – Occupation of Mongolia, The Russian White Army captures Mongolia from China, roman von Ungern-Sternberg declares himself ruler. March 14 – Armenian Soghomon Tehlirian assassinates Mehmed Talaat, former Interior Minister of Turkey, in Charlottenburg, March 16 – Six Irish Republican Army men of the Forgotten Ten are hanged in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin. March 17 The Red Army crushes the Kronstadt rebellion and a number of sailors flee to Finland, dr. Marie Stopes opens the first birth control clinic in London, England. The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution, March 18 – The second Peace of Riga ends the Polish–Soviet War
15.
1922
–
As of the start of 1922, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January – The year begins with the British Empire at its largest extent, covering a quarter of the world, january 7 – Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes. January 8 – The Social Democratic Youth League of Norway is founded, january 9 – Julieta founded the Chilean communist party. January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann, january 11 – The first successful insulin treatment of diabetes is made, by Frederick Banting in Toronto. January 12 – The British government releases the remaining Irish prisoners captured in the War of Independence, january 13 – The flu epidemic has claimed 804 victims in Britain. January 15 – Michael Collins becomes Chairman of the Irish Provisional Government, january 24 – Christian K. Nelson patents the Eskimo Pie. January 26 – Italian forces occupy Misrata in Libya, january 28 – Knickerbocker Storm, Snowfall from the biggest-ever recorded snowstorm in Washington, D. C. causes the roof of the Knickerbocker Theatre to collapse, killing 98. January 29 – The union of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, january 30 – Radio KZKZ-AM, the second radio station in the Philippines, begins broadcasting. February – Ring Magazine is first published, february 1 – Irish American film director William Desmond Taylor is found murdered at his home in Los Angeles, the case is never solved. February 2 – Ulysses, by James Joyce, is published in Paris on his 40th birthday by Sylvia Beach, february 5 – DeWitt and Lila Wallace publish the first issue of Readers Digest. February 6 Pope Pius XI succeeds Pope Benedict XV, to become the 259th pope, five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy. Japan returns some of its control over the Shandong Peninsula to China, february 8 President of the United States Warren G. Harding introduces the first radio in the White House. In the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Cheka becomes the Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie, february 14 Finnish Minister of the Interior Heikki Ritavuori is assassinated by Ernst Tandefelt. Baragoola, last of the Binngarra class Manly ferries, is launched at Balmain, february 15 – Inaugural session of the Permanent Court of International Justice. February 25 – French serial killer Henri Désiré Landru is beheaded by the guillotine, february 26 – A challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, allowing women the right to vote, is rebuffed by the Supreme Court of the United States. March 2 An ice mass breaks the Oder Dam in Breslau, the British Civil Aviation Authority is established. March 4 – The movie Nosferatu is released, March 10 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested in Bombay for sedition. March 10-14 – The Rand Revolt or Rebellion, a strike by white South African mine workers begins on 28 December 1921, March 15 – Egypt having gained self-government from the United Kingdom, Fuad I becomes King of Egypt
16.
1919 in architecture
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The year 1919 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. 25 April - The Bauhaus architectural and design movement is founded in Weimar, Germany, November - Start of the Glass Chain correspondence. Julia Morgan is selected as the architect for William Randolph Hearsts La Cuesta Encantada, better known as Hearst Castle, in San Simeon, California, USA. 5 March - Rebuilt Helsinki Central railway station, designed by Eliel Saarinen April - First Congregational Church of Albany, New York, USA,27 November - Laie Hawaii Temple, Oʻahu, Hawaii, USA, dedicated. 29 November - Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin with interior remodelled as a theater by Hans Poelzig, Church of the Madonna della Difesa, Montreal, Canada. McMahon Building, better known as the Worlds littlest skyscraper, by J. D. McMahon, in downtown Wichita Falls,11 November - Hart House, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Het Schip, Amsterdam, Netherlands, by Michel de Klerk. First Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, by Rudolf Steiner, royal Gold Medal - Leonard Stokes. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Jacques Carlu and Jean-Jacques Haffner, edelsvärd, Swedish architect 6 November - Hans Christian Amberg, Danish architect
17.
1919 in art
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April 25 – The Bauhaus architectural and design movement is founded in Weimar, Germany, by Walter Gropius. December – The National War Paintings and Other Records exhibition staged at the Royal Academy of Arts in London, seven and Five Society established in London. Piet Mondrian, in Paris, begins painting his grid-based compositions, musée Rodin opens in Paris at the Hôtel Biron and Villa des Brillants, Meudon. Chaim Soutine first visits Céret in the Pyrenees where he begins a series of landscapes, les Champs Magnétiques, the first book produced using the techniques of surrealist automatism, is written by André Breton and Philippe Soupault. Publication in England of W. Somerset Maughams novel The Moon and Sixpence, aleksandra Ekster – City at Night Jacob Epstein – Sergeanat D. F. R. W. 1859) date unknown Edmund Elisha Case, American painter
18.
1919 in poetry
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—From A Prayer for My Daughter by W. B. Yeats, first published this year Nationality words link to articles with information on the poetry or literature. April 2 — Vladimir Nabokov, novelist and poet, leaves Russia with his family, yeats travels to the United States and begins a lecture tour lasting until May,1920. December — The Egoist, a London literary magazine founded by Dora Marsden which published early modernist works, including those of James Joyce, two paintings by E. E. Cummings appear in a show of the New York Society of Independent Artists. The journal Littérature founded in France by André Breton, Philippe Soupault, hilda Doolittle writes Notes on Thought and Vision, a prose work, published posthumously in 1982. Squire, The Birds and Other Poems W. B. B. R. D
19.
1919 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1919. January 18 - The pianist Paderewski becomes Prime Minister of Poland, april 7 - The Original Dixieland Jazz Band brings Dixieland jazz to England, opening a 15-month tour at the Hippodrome, London. July 22 - The Ballets Russes gives the premiere of Manuel de Fallas ballet El sombrero de tres picos in London. August - Josef Matthias Hauer devises his own technique of composition. August 19 - The Southern Syncopated Orchestra, visiting the UK, Ernest Ansermet subsequently writes an enthusiastic review of the orchestras performances in London, singling out Sidney Bechet - one of the first serious pieces of jazz criticism. October 27 - Edward Elgars Cello Concerto is premiered in London, the Louisiana Five are advertised as playing Modern Jazz. Johan Wagenaar becomes director of the Royal Conservatory at the Hague, elsie Griffin joins the DOyly Carte Opera Company. Gustav Kobbés guide The Complete Opera Book is first published, in the United States, wee-Wee. w. George Jessel, m. Harry Ruby Any Old Place With You w. Lorenz Hart m. Richard Rodgers Ask the Stars by Frank M. Stammers Baby, Charles Warfield & Clarence Williams Blues My Naughty Sweetie Gives To Me w. m. Charles McCarron, Casey Morgan & Arthur Swanstrom Breeze w. m. Ballard MacDonald, ed. Thomas Camp Meeting Blues by Dabneys Band Cielito Lindo w. m. Quirino Mendoza y Cortez Daddy Long Legs w. Sam M. Lewis & Joe Young Dardanella w. Fred Fisher m, felix Bernard & Johnny S. Black Dont Dilly Dally on the Way w. m. Fred W. Leigh & Charles Collins Everybody Wants A Key To My Cellar w. m, ed Rose, Billy Baskette & Lew Pollack Grönnens Laid, w. Geert Teis Pzn. m. Art Hickman & Ben Black I Aint Gonna Give Nobody None O This Jelly Roll w. Spencer Williams m. Clarence Williams I Gave Her That w. m. B. G. De Sylva & Al Jolson I Lost My Heart In Dixieland w. m. Irving Berlin I Might be Your Once-In-A-While w. Robert B. Smith m, victor Herbert I Never Realized w. m. Cole Porter I Wish I Could Shimmy Like My Sister Kate w. m. Armand J. Piron Im Forever Blowing Bubbles w. John W. Kellette m, jaan Kenbrovin Indian Summer w. Al Dubin m. Irene w. Joseph McCarthy m. Harry Tierney, introduced by Edith Day in the musical Irene Ive Got My Captain Working for Me Now w. m. Irving Berlin Jazz Baby w. Blanche Merrill & William Jerome m. William Jerome Just Like a Gipsy w. m, victor Jacobi Love Sends A Little Gift Of Roses w. Leslie Cooke m. John Openshaw Mah Lindy Lou w. m, lily Strickland Mammy O Mine w. William Tracey m
20.
1919 in rail transport
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This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1919. March 5 – Rebuilt Helsinki Central railway station officially opened, april 12 – Ryutaro Nomura succeeds Simbei Kunisawa for a second term as president of South Manchuria Railway. May 28 – Official inauguration of electrified railways in Melbourne, Australia, with first train from Flinders Street station to Sandringham. September 27–October 6 – Railway workers in the United Kingdom stage a strike, october 17 – Madrid Metro opens. November 15 – The golden spike is driven and construction of the San Diego, december 1 The first passenger train of the San Diego & Arizona Railway arrives in San Diego from El Centro, California, for the official line opening ceremony. The Canadian Railway War Board is reorganized as the Railway Association of Canada, december 3 – The Quebec Bridge, operated by Canadian National Railways, opens to rail traffic after almost two decades of construction. It is 987 meters long, incorporating the longest cantilever span in the world at 549 meters. December 20 – A collision on the International Railway of Maine killed 23 people, ralph Budd becomes president of the Great Northern Railway and becomes the youngest president of any American railroad to date. The Federal Trade Commission orders Armour & Co. to sell its subsidiary, Fruit Growers Express. Jewett Car Company, a Newark, Ohio, producer of cars and trolleys. April 24 - Zhan Tianyou, Chief Engineer responsible for construction of the Imperial Peking-Kalgan Railway, august 3 - Samuel W. Fordyce, president of St. Louis, Arkansas and Texas Railway 1886-1889, St. Louis Southwestern Railway 1890-1898, Kansas City Southern Railway 1900. August 11 - Andrew Carnegie, steel magnate and owner of Pittsburgh Locomotive, october 10 - Anatole Mallet, inventor of the Mallet locomotive type
21.
1919 in Canada
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Events from the year 1919 in Canada. February 17 - Wilfrid Laurier, Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and former minister of Canada. April 17 - New Brunswick women are permitted to vote, april 10 - The Quebec referendum on the prohibition of alcohol. May 3 - Yukon women are permitted to vote, may 15-June 25 - Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. May 22 - The House of Commons passes the Nickle Resolution. H, bell becomes premier of Prince Edward Island, replacing Aubin Arsenault. October 20 - Ontario election, Ernest C, drurys United Farmers of Ontario win a majority, defeating Sir William Hearsts Conservatives. November 14 - Ernest Drury becomes premier of Ontario, replacing Sir William Hearst, monument aux braves de N. D. G. unveiled January 13 - Igor Gouzenko, Russian defector February 17 - J. M. S
22.
1919 in France
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Events from the year 1919 in France. April - Long-Berenger Oil Agreement is concluded between France and the United Kingdom over oil rights,28 June - Treaty of Versailles is signed, officially ending World War I.10 September - Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, ending World War I with Austria. 16 November - Legislative Election held,27 November - Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine is signed. 30 November - Legislative Election held,29 June - Tour de France begins. 27 July - Tour de France ends, won by Fermin Lambot of Belgium
23.
1919 in India
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Events in the year 1919 in India. Emperor of India – George V Viceroy of India - Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford April - Disturbances in Delhi and Punjab,11 April - Serious riots in Ahmedabad. 13 April - At the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar, Punjab, British, government of India Act 1919 establishes a dual administration, part Indian and elected, part British and authoritarian. The British ram the repressive Rowlatt Act through Indias Imperial Legislative Council,19 January - Dharam Singh, field hockey player. 7 March - M. N. Nambiar, actor,6 April - Mahatma Gandhi declared an All India Strike against the Rollatt Act. This was the first strike. 191918 July - Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur, last Maharaja of Mysore, philosopher, musicologist, political thinker,12 August - Vikram Sarabhai, physicist. 31 August - Amrita Pritam, poet, novelist and essayist,7 September – Muhammad Ajmal, academic psychologist. 4 December - Inder Kumar Gujral, 13th Prime Minister of India,9 December - E. K. Nayanar, politician and three times Chief Minister of Kerala. 25 December - Naushad Ali, musician and composer, pratap Chandra Chunder, Minister, educationalist and author
24.
1919 in Ireland
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Events from the year 1919 in Ireland. 21 January – Dáil Éireann meets for the very first time in the Round Room of the Mansion House, in the first shots of the Irish War of Independence, two Royal Irish Constabulary men are killed by members of the Third Tipperary Brigade in the Soloheadbeg Ambush in Tipperary. 27 January – general strike call in Belfast and Glasgow,1 April – fifty-two members of Sinn Féin attend the second meeting of Dáil Éireann. Seán T. OKelly is elected Ceann Comhairle and Éamon de Valera is elected President of Dáil Éireann,2 April – Constance Markievicz is appointed Minister for Labour, becoming the first Irish female Cabinet Minister and the first in Western Europe. 18 April –1,000 delegates from all over Ireland attend the Sinn Féin Ard-Fheis in Dublin, Éamon de Valera is elected President of the organisation. 19 April – Sinn Féin proposes an Executive Council of the Irish National Alliance to challenge the right of any foreign parliament to make laws for Ireland,17 May – the first Republican law court is set up, at Ballinrobe, County Mayo. 14 June – Captain Alcock and Lieutenant Brown arrive in Clifden,18 June – Dáil establishes the National Arbitration Courts. 12 August – St Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, is consecrated,8 September – The sack of Fermoy, drunken British forces rampage through Fermoy following an inquest on the previous death of a British soldier which fails to find for murder. 12 September – Dáil Éireann is declared illegal by the British authorities, there are raids on Sinn Féin centres and Ernest Blythe is arrested. 19 December – volunteers from Dublin and Tipperary under the leadership of Paddy Daly undertook an ambush on Lord Frenchs motorcade of three cars at Ashtown Road in Dublin, Lord French was the British Viceroy, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Supreme Commander of the British Army in Ireland. While three of Frenchs party, two RIC and a driver, were wounded French got through unharmed, volunteer Martin Savage was killed and Dan Breen wounded. Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, previously Chief Rabbi of Belfast, is appointed to serve in Dublin, Yeats travels to the United States and begins a lecture tour lasting until May 1920. In this year also Yeats publishes a major revision of The Wild Swans at Coole, Two Plays for Dancers, harry Clarkes illustrations to an edition of Tales of Mystery & Imagination are published. Francis Ledwidges Complete Poems are published posthumously, edited by Lord Dunsany, C. S. Lewis, writing as Clive Hamilton, publishes Spirits in Bondage, a cycle of lyrics, his first published work, in London. An Seabhac s semi-autobiographical comic story Jimín Mháire Thaidhg is published,30 January – Robert Lowry, Baron Lowry, Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland. 23 February – Johnny Carey, soccer player and manager,18 March – G. E. M. Anscombe, analytic philosopher. 3 April – Myles McKeon, former Roman Catholic Bishop of Bunbury,3 April – Eoghan Ó Tuairisc, poet and writer. 9 April – Gordon Lambert, art collector, member of the Seanad,1 May – Dan OHerlihy, actor
25.
1919 in Mexico
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Events in the year 1919 in Mexico. President, Venustiano Carranza 10 April, Emiliano Zapata is ambushed and assassinated in Chinameca,25 May, Francisco Pancho Villa takes the town of Parral, Chihuahua, and hangs the mayor. June, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, attacked in Pancho Villas final raid 17 May, Antonio Aguilar,16 April, Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, architect. 26 November – Felipe Ángeles, executed after court-martial
26.
1919 in British-administered Palestine
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Events in the year 1919 in British-administered Palestine. 3 January - The signing of the Faisal Weizmann Agreement by Emir Feisal,22 January to 10 February - First meeting of the Palestine Arab Congress held in Jerusalem. 26 February - The first official meeting of the Zionist General Council,8 August – The newspaper Doar HaYom is founded. 19 April – Haneh Hadad, Israeli Arab police officer and member of Knesset,8 May - Aharon Remez, Israeli civil servant, politician and diplomat, and second commander of the Israeli Air Force. 10 June - Haidar Abdel-Shafi, Palestinian Arab physician, and later politician,2 August - Nehemiah Persoff, Jerusalem-born American Jewish film and television actor, and later painter. Full date unknown Binyamin Gibli, head of Israeli military intelligence, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, Palestinian Arab poet. 30 July – Yosef Bussel, Belarus-born Zionist activist, one of the founders of kibbutz Degania Alef,21 October – Ester Yael Kook, youngest daughter of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook
27.
1919 in the United Kingdom
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Events from the year 1919 in the United Kingdom. Monarch - George V Prime Minister - David Lloyd George 1 January – In Scotland,3 January – Soldiers blockade Folkestone harbour in a successful protest against being returned to France. 18 January – Bentley Motors Ltd. is incorporated in England,21 January – Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in the Mansion House, Dublin. In the first shots of the Anglo-Irish War, two Royal Irish Constabulary men are killed in an ambush at Soloheadbeg in County Tipperary,23 January – Harbour Riot in Glasgow, confrontation between white and black merchant seamen. 27 January – General strike call in Glasgow and Belfast,31 January – Battle of George Square, The Army is called in to deal with riots and protests against high rents in Glasgow. 3 February – Éamon de Valera, the leader of Sinn Féin,27 February – Marriage of Princess Patricia of Connaught to Commander The Hon. Alexander Ramsay, the first royal wedding at Westminster Abbey since the 14th century. 4–5 March – Kinmel Park Riots by troops of the Canadian Expeditionary Force awaiting repatriation at Kinmel Camp, Bodelwyddan, five men are killed,28 injured, and 25 convicted of mutiny. 3 April – Government agrees to release of imprisoned conscientious objectors. 7 April – The Original Dixieland Jazz Band brings Dixieland jazz to England, opening a 15-month tour at the Hippodrome,13 April – Amritsar Massacre, British and Gurkha troops kill 379 Sikhs and injure more than 1200 at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab Province. May – Beginning of the Third Anglo-Afghan War,12 May – The Pip, Squeak and Wilfred comic strip debuts in the Daily Mirror. 29 May – Observations made by Arthur Eddington during a solar eclipse test part of Einsteins general theory of relativity, June – Riots break out in west midlands towns. 14–15 June – A Vickers Vimy piloted by John Alcock DSC with navigator Arthur Whitten Brown makes the first nonstop flight, from St. Johns, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Connemara. 17 June – Epsom Riot by Canadian troops, English police sergeant Thomas Green is killed,21 June – Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow, Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the interned German fleet in Scapa Flow, Scotland. 28 June – Treaty of Versailles signed, 2–6 July – The British airship R34 makes the first transatlantic flight by dirigible, and the first westbound flight, from RAF East Fortune, Scotland, to Mineola, New York. 15 July – Sloops HMS Gentian and HMS Myrtle sunk by mines in the Gulf of Finland while assisting Estonia against the Bolsheviks, rioting ex-servicemen burn down Luton Town Hall. 31 July Police strike in London and Liverpool for recognition of the National Union of Police, rioting breaks out in Liverpool on 1 August. Act 1919 provides government subsidy for the provision of council houses,8 August – Treaty of Rawalpindi ends the Third Anglo-Afghan War. 15 August – The Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act provides for returning servicemen to get their old jobs back,19 August – Afghanistan gains independence from the United Kingdom
28.
1919 in the United States
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Events from the year 1919 in the United States. January 6 – Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, dies in his sleep at the age of 60, January 15 – The Boston Molasses Disaster, A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston, killing 21 and injuring 150. January 16 – The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution, authorizing Prohibition, January 25 – The Hotel Pennsylvania, is built in Manhattan, and becomes the worlds most popular hotel. February 6 – The Seattle General Strike begins, february 11 – The Seattle General Strike ends when Federal troops are summoned by the state of Washingtons Attorney General. February 25 – Oregon places a 1 cent per U. S. gallon tax on gasoline, february 26 – An act of the United States Congress establishes most of the Grand Canyon as a United States National Park. March 3 – The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the conviction of Charles Schenck, march 5 – A. Mitchell Palmer becomes Attorney General of the United States through recess appointment. March 15 – The American Legion forms in Paris, debs enters prison at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia for speaking out against the draft during World War I. April 15 – Boston Telephone Strike of 1919 begins, ends successfully for the telephone operators and supporters on April 20. April 30 – Several bombs are intercepted in the first wave of the 1919 United States anarchist bombings, may 1 – Riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio,2 people are killed,40 injured, and 116 arrested. May 1 – Race riot in Charleston, South Carolina kills three men, beginning of Red Summer. May 16 – A U. S. Navy Curtiss aircraft, commanded by Albert Cushing Read, departs Trepassey, Newfoundland, june 2 – Eight mail bombs are sent to prominent figures as part of the 1919 United States anarchist bombings. June 15 – Pancho Villa attacks Ciudad Juárez, when the bullets begin to fly to the U. S. side of the border,2 units of the U. S. 7th Cavalry Regiment cross the border and repulse Villas forces. July 1 – Thirsty First, The Wartime Prohibition Act comes into effect, July 6 – The British dirigible airship R34 lands at Mineola, New York, completing the first transatlantic flight by airship. July 27 – The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 begins when a man throws rocks at a group of 4 black teens on a raft. August 11 – The first NFL team for Wisconsin is founded by Curly Lambeau, September 6 – The First Transcontinental Motor Convoy, The U. S. Army expedition across America, which started July 7, ends in San Francisco. September 10 – September 15, The Florida Keys Hurricane kills 600 in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, September 22 – The Steel strike of 1919 begins across the United States. September 28 – Omaha Riot, A lynch mob besieges the police station and courthouse in Omaha, Nebraska, october 1 – The Elaine Race Riot breaks out in Arkansas. October 2 – President of the U. S. Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, october 9 Black Sox Scandal, The Chicago White Sox throw the World Series
Friedrich Ebert becomes president in Weimar, Germany
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