1.
2nd millennium
–
The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
2.
19th century
–
The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
3.
20th century
–
The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
4.
21st century
–
The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world. The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present, millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the rise of life sciences, making mankinds long-held dreams, such as curing cancer. By the 2010s, gene therapy, first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996, showed promise but remains an experimental, by 2013, about 80% of the worlds population used mobile phones. An estimated 33% owned personal computers in 2010, and 46% used the Internet by 2016, the International Energy Agency estimates that 83% of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88% by 2030. The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and it had reached 7.3 billion in 2015, and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050. There is a debate among experts and the public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. A less common variation would have been twenty nought-five, the Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as the twenty-ten Olympics. The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020, kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular, it would influence the pronunciation of that year. See the timeline of the 21st century, genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka. Also controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims, 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country, on December 17,2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, in addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, Severe human rights violations continue to be reported
5.
1900s (decade)
–
The 1900s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1900, and ended on December 31,1909. The term nineteen-hundreds can also equally be used for the years 1900–1999, the Edwardian era covers a similar span of time. There are several varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced in English. Using 1906 as an example, they are nineteen-oh-six, nineteen-six, which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. In American English, nineteen-oh-six is the most common, nineteen-six is less common, nineteen-ought-six is recognized, the strength of the comedic effect diminished during the aughts of the next century, as the public grew used to questioning how to refer to an ohs or aughts decade. Russo-Japanese War establishes the Empire of Japan as a world power, battle of Riyadh was a minor battle of the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Battle of Dilam was a battle of the Unification War between Rashidi and Saudi rebels. First Saudi–Rashidi War was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Emirate of Riyadh versus the Emirate of Hail, demand for Home Rule for Ireland Herero and Namaqua Genocide in German South-West Africa. January 1,1901, British colonies in Australia federate, forming the Commonwealth of Australia May 20,1902 — Cuba gains independence from the United States, june 7,1905 — The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence. October 5,1908 — Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire, April 19,1902 — A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000. May 8,1902 — In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre, April 7,1906 — Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples. September 18,1906 — A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong, January 14,1907 — An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000. December 28,1908 — An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, April 26,1900 — The Great Lumber Fire of Ottawa–Hull kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, may 3,1901 — The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL, USA. July 10,1902 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 10,1903 — Paris Métro train fire. December 30,1903 — A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, February 7,1904 — The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, USA destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours. June 15,1904 — A fire aboard the steamboat General Slocum in New York Citys East River kills 1,021, june 28,1904 — The Danish ocean liner SS Norge runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants. January 22,1906 — The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, the 1900s were marked by several notable assassinations and assassination attempts, July 29,1900 — King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci
6.
1910s
–
The 1910s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1910, and ended on December 31,1919. The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the half of the 19th century. The murder triggered a chain of events in which, within 33 days, the conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11,1918, leading to the controversial, one-sided Treaty of Versailles, which was signed on June 28,1919. However, each of these states had large German and Hungarian minorities, the decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries. Russia also had a similar fate, since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos and this atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism, which was later renamed as communism. Like the Mexican Revolution, the Russian Revolution of 1917, known as the October Revolution, much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed. Many of the restaurants were equipped with dance floors. Prohibition in the United States began January 16,1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, armenian Genocide during and just after World War I. Wadai War Italo-Turkish War First Balkan Wars – two wars took place in South-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. Saudi-Ottoman War Latvian War of Independence - a military conflict in Latvia between the Republic of Latvia and the Russian SFSR. The Russian Revolution is the term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917. April 13,1919 - The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, at Amritsar in the Punjab Province of British India, sows the seeds of discontent, xinhai Revolution causes the overthrow of Chinas ruling Qing Dynasty, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for a revolution at 6 p. m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. The revolution lead to the ouster of Porfirio Díaz six months later, the Revolution progressively becomes a civil war with multiple factions and phases, culminating with the Mexican Constitution of 1917, but combat would persist for three more years. Germany abolishes its monarchy and becomes under the rule of a new elected government called the Weimar Republic, federal Reserve Act is passed by United States Congress, establishing a Central Bank in the US. George V becomes king in Britain, fourteen Points as designed by United States President Woodrow Wilson advocates the right of all nations to self-determination. Rise to power of the Bolsheviks in Russia under Vladimir Lenin, creating the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, easter Rising against the British in Ireland, eventually leads to Irish independence. Several nations in Eastern Europe get their own state, thereby replacing major multiethnic empires
7.
1920s
–
The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1920, and ended on December 31,1929. French speakers refer to the period as the Années folles, emphasizing the social, artistic. The economic prosperity experienced by many countries during the 1920s was similar in nature to that experienced in the 1950s and 1990s, each period of prosperity was the result of a paradigm shift in global affairs. These shifts in the 1920s, 1950s, and 1990s, occurred in part as the result of the conclusion of World War I and Spanish flu, World War II, the 1920s saw foreign oil companies begin operations throughout South America. Venezuela became the second largest oil producing nation. In some countries the 1920s saw the rise of political movements. Communism spread as a consequence of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks’ victory in the Russian Civil War, fear of the spread of Communism led to the emergence of far right political movements and fascism in Europe. The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America, the Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, “Normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave, the women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes, large baseball stadiums were built in major U. S. cities, in addition to palatial cinemas. Most independent countries passed womens suffrage after 1918, especially as a reward for support of the war effort and endurance of its deaths. Egypt officially becomes an independent country through the Declaration of 1922, though it remains under the military. Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933, organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit. The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration, the major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth. The Lost Generation, was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. A peak in the early 1920s in the membership of the Ku Klux Klan of four to five million members, followed by a rapid decline down to an estimated 30,000 members by 1930. The Scopes Trial, which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War
8.
1930s
–
The 1930s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1930, and ended on December 31,1939. In response, authoritarian regimes emerged in countries in Europe and South America. The 1930s also saw a proliferation of new technologies, especially in the fields of aviation, radio. Colombia–Peru War – fought between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru, Chaco War – the war was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over the disputed territory of Gran Chaco resulting in an overall Paraguayan victory in 1935. An agreement dividing the territory was made in 1938, officially ending outstanding differences, saudi–Yemeni War – was a war between Saudi Arabia and Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. Second Sino-Japanese War – fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, the Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It also made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War, World War II breaks out on September 1,1939 Chinese Civil War - The ruling Kuomintang and the rebel Communist Party of China fight a civil war for control of China. The Communists consolidated territory in the early 1930s and proclaimed a short-lived Chinese Soviet Republic that collapsed upon Kuomintang attacks, the Kuomintang and Communists attempted to put away their differences after 1937 to fight the Japanese occupation of China, but intermittent clashes continued through the remainder of the 1930s. Spanish Civil War – Germany and Italy back anti-communist Falange forces of Francisco Franco, the Soviet Union and international communist parties back the left-wing republican faction in the war. The war ends in April 1939 with Francos nationalist forces defeating the republican forces, Franco becomes Head of State of Spain, President of Government and de facto dictator. The Republic gives way to the Spanish State, an authoritarian dictatorship, Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations, but hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics to show his new reich to the world as well as the supposed superior athleticism of his Aryan troops/athletes. Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, attempts the appeasement of Hitler in hope of avoiding war by allowing the dictator to annex the Sudetenland, later signing the Munich Agreement and promising constituents Peace for our time. He was ousted in favor of Winston Churchill in May 1940, some 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. Kristallnacht also served as the pretext for the confiscation of firearms from German Jews. Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas, Germany demands the annexation of the Federal State of Austria and of other German-speaking territories in Europe. Between 1935 and 1936, Germany recovers the Saar and remilitarizes the Rhineland, Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. Germany annexes Austria in the event known as the Anschluss, the annexation of the Sudetenland followed negotiations which resulted in the Munich Agreement of 1938. The Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 succeeds in turning the Kingdom of Albania into an Italian protectorate, the vacant Albanian throne was claimed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
9.
1940s
–
The 1940s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1940, and ended on December 31,1949. Most of World War II took place in the first half of the decade, which had an effect on most countries and people in Europe, Asia. The decade also witnessed the beginnings of new technologies, often first developed in tandem with the war effort. World War II Nazi Germany invades Poland, Denmark, Norway, Benelux, Soviet Union invades Poland, Finland, occupies Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Romanian region of Bessarabia from 1939 to 1941. Germany faces the United Kingdom in the Battle of Britain and it was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces, and was the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign up until that date. The United States enter World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7,1941 and it would face the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War. Germany and Japan suffer defeats at Stalingrad, El Alamein, the forces of the Western Allies land on the beaches of Normandy in Northern France. Yalta Conference, wartime meeting from 4 February 1945 to 11 February 1945 among the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, by this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people. The German Instrument of Surrender signed, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Surrender of Japan on August 15. World War II officially ends on September 2,1945, Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War – The war was fought between the newly declared State of Israel and its Arab neighbours. The war commenced upon the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine in mid-May 1948, in its conclusion, Israel managed to defeat the Arab armies. Establishment of the United Nations Charter effective, establishment of the defence alliance NATO April 4,1949. 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, Victory of Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War. Beginning of Greek Civil War, which extends from 1946 to 1949,1944 – Iceland declares independence from Denmark. 1945 – Indonesia declares independence from the Netherlands,1946 – The French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon dissolves to the independent states of Syria and Lebanon. The French settlers are forced to evacuate the French colony in Syria,1947 – The Partition of the Presidencies and provinces of British India into a secular Union of India and a predominantly Muslim Dominion of Pakistan. 1948 – British rule in Burma ends, the State of Israel is established. 1949 – The Peoples Republic of China is officially proclaimed, the Atanasoff-Berry computer is now considered one of the first electronic digital computing device built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University during 1937–1942
10.
1925
–
January 1 – Kristiania, the capital of Norway, reverted to its original name of Oslo. January 3 – Benito Mussolini made a speech in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. Historians now trace this speech to the beginning of Mussolinis dictatorship, january 5 – Nellie Tayloe Ross became the first female governor in the United States. Twelve days later, Ma Ferguson became first female governor of Texas, january 25 – Hjalmar Branting resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden because of ill health, and is replaced by the minister of trade, Rickard Sandler. January 27–February 1 – The 1925 serum run to Nome relayed diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U. S. territory of Alaska, february 15 – The Alice Comedy Alice Solves the Puzzle was released by Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, introducing Bootleg Pete for the first time. February 21 – *This is the date of the very first issue of The New Yorker, though not necessarily the publication date. February 25 – Art Gillham recorded for Columbia Records the first Western Electric masters to be commercially released, february 28 – The 1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake struck northeastern North America. March 4 İsmet İnönü was appointed as the minister in Turkey. Calvin Coolidge is sworn in for a term as President of the United States. It was the first inauguration to be broadcast on radio, march 6 – Pionerskaya Pravda, one of the oldest childrens newspapers in Europe, was founded in the Soviet Union. March 9–May 1 – Pinks War, The British Royal Air Force bombarded mountain strongholds of Mahsud tribesmen in South Waziristan, march 10 – Greece’s most successful football club, Olympiacos founded in Athens. March 15 – The Phi Lambda Chi fraternity was founded on the campus of Arkansas State Teachers College in Conway, Arkansas. March 18 – The Tri-State Tornado, the deadliest in U. S. history, rampaged through Missouri, Illinois and it hit the towns of Murphysboro, Illinois, Gorham, Illinois, Ellington, Missouri, and Griffin, Indiana. March 21 – Tennessee Governor Austin Peay signed the Butler Act, march 31 – Radio station WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana began broadcasting. April–October – The Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes is held in Paris, april 1 Frank Heath and his horse Gypsy Queen left Washington, D. C. to begin a two-year journey to visit all 48 states. The Patent and Trademark Office was transferred to the Department of Commerce, april 10 – F. Scott Fitzgerald published The Great Gatsby. April 15 – Fritz Haarmann, a serial killer convicted of the murder of 24 boys, april 16 – The Communist assault on St. Nedelya Church claims roughly 150 lives in Sofia, Bulgaria. April 19 – Colo-colo, as known for football club of Chile, founded in Macul
11.
1926
–
January 1 Flooding of the Rhine River struck Cologne,50,000 were forced to evacuate their homes. Irelands first regular service, 2RN, began broadcasting. January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declared himself dictator in Greece, January 6 – The airline Deutsche Luft Hansa was founded in Berlin. January 8 – Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud was crowned King of Hejaz and it was a precursor to Gosden and Corrells more popular later program, Amos n Andy. January 16 – A BBC comic radio play broadcast by Ronald Knox about a revolution caused a panic in London. January 21 – The Belgian Parliament accepted the Locarno Treaties, January 26 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated a mechanical television system for members of the Royal Institution and a reporter from The Times at his London laboratory. January 29 – Eugene ONeills The Great God Brown opened at the Greenwich Theatre, January 31 – British and Belgian troops left Cologne. February 1 – Land on Broadway and Wall Street in New York City was sold at a record $7 per sq inch, february 8 – Seán OCaseys The Plough and the Stars opened at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. February 9 – Flooding hit London suburbs, february 12 – The Irish minister for Justice, Kevin OHiggins, appointed the Committee on Evil Literature. February 20 – The Berlin International Green Week debuted in Berlin, february 25 – Francisco Franco became General of Spain. March 6 – The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon is destroyed by fire, march 6 – The first commercial air route to South Africa is established by Alan Cobham. March 16 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket, at Auburn, march 23 – Éamon de Valera organises Fianna Fáil in Ireland. April 4 – Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos won the election with 93. 3% of the vote. Turnout was light as the result was considered a foregone conclusion, april 7 – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini fails. April 12 – By a vote of 45–41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, april 17 – Zhang Zuolins army captured Beijing. April 24 – Treaty of Berlin, Germany and the Soviet Union each pledged neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a party for the next five years. April 25 – Rezā Khan was crowned Shah of Iran under the name Pahlevi, april 30 – African-American pilot Bessie Coleman was killed after falling 500 feet from an airplane. May 3 – Coal miners were locked out in Britain, may 4 – The United Kingdom general strike began at midnight in support of the coal strike
12.
1927
–
January 1 – The Cristero War erupts in Mexico when Catholic rebels attack the government, which had placed heavy restrictions on the Catholic Church. January 7 – The first transatlantic telephone call is made via radio from New York City to London, january 7 – The Harlem Globetrotters play their first ever road game in Hinckley, Illinois. January 9 – A military rebellion is crushed in Lisbon, Portugal, january 15 – Teddy Wakelam gives the first sports commentary on BBC Radio. January 19 – Great Britain sends troops to China to protect foreign nationals from spreading anti-foreign riots in Central China, january 24 – U. S. marines invade Nicaragua by orders of President Calvin Coolidge, intervening in the Nicaraguan Civil War and remaining in the country until 1933. January 30 – Right-wing veterans and the Republikanischer Schutzbund clash in Schattendorf, Austria, february – Werner Heisenberg formulates his famous uncertainty principle while employed as a lecturer at Niels Bohrs Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen. February 12 – The first British troops land in Shanghai, february 14 – An earthquake in Yugoslavia kills 100. February 19 A general strike in Shanghai protests the presence of British troops, in the United States, the silent romantic comedy film It starring Clara Bow, is released, popularising the concept of the It girl. February 23 – The U. S. Federal Radio Commission begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies, March 4 – A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major companies to stake claims. March 7 – The 7.0 Mw Kita Tango earthquake kills at least 2,925 in the Toyooka and Mineyama areas, western Honshu, March 10 – Albania mobilizes in case of an attack by Yugoslavia. March 11 In New York City, the Roxy Theatre is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel, the first armored car robbery is committed by the Flatheads Gang near Pittsburgh. March 13 – Fritz Langs culturally influential film Metropolis premieres in Germany. S, Navy and the British Royal Navy fire shells and shot to disperse the crowds. April 1 – The U. S. Bureau of Prohibition is founded, April 5 – In Britain, the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927 forbids strikes of support. April 7 – Bell Telephone Co. transmits an image of Herbert Hoover, April 12 The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 renames the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The change acknowledges that the Irish Free State is no part of the Kingdom. Kuomintang troops kill a number of communist-supporting workers in Shanghai, the incident is called the April 12 Incident, or the Shanghai Massacre. The 1st United Front between the Nationalists and Communist ends, and the Civil War lasting until 1949 begins, April 14 – The first Volvo automobile rolled off the production line in Gothenburg, Sweden. April 18 – The Kuomintang set up a government in Nanking, April 21 – A banking crisis hits Japan. April 22–May 5 – The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 strikes 700,000 people in the greatest natural disaster in American history through that time, April 27 The Carabineros de Chile are created
13.
1929
–
This year marked the end of a period known in American history as the Roaring Twenties after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ushered in a worldwide Great Depression. In the Americas, an agreement was brokered to end the Cristero War a Catholic counter-revolution in Mexico, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, a British high court, ruled that Canadian women are persons in the Edwards v. Canada case. The 1st Academy Awards for film were held in Los Angeles, the Peruvian Air Force was created. In the Soviet Union, General Secretary Joseph Stalin expelled Leon Trotsky, the Grand Trunk Express began service in India. Rioting between Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem over access to the Western Wall took place in the Middle East, the centenary of Western Australia was celebrated. The Kellogg–Briand Pact, a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, in Europe, the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy signed the Lateran Treaty. The Idionymon law was passed in Greece to outlaw political dissent, Spain hosted the Ibero-American Exposition which featured pavilions from Latin American countries. The German airship LZ127 Graf Zeppelin flew around the world in 21 days, on August 1 of this year the 1929 Palestine riots broke out between Palestinians and Jews over control of the Western Wall. The rioting, initiated in part when British police tore down a screen the Jews had constructed in front of the Wall, in total,133 Jews and 116 Palestinians were killed. The Palestinians had been told that Jews were killing Palestinians, Jews would not return to Hebron until after the Six-Day War in 1967. The other major clash was the 1929 Safed massacre, in which 18–20 Jews were killed by Palestinians in Safed in similar fashion, elsewhere in the Middle East, Iraq took a big step toward gaining independence from the British. The Iraqi government had, since the end of World War I, in September, Great Britain announced it would support Iraqs inclusion in the League of Nations, signaling the beginning of the end of their direct control of the region. Early in 1929 the Afghan leader King Amanullah lost power through revolution, habibullāhs rule, however, only lasted nine months. Nadir Shah replaced him in October, starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years, in India, a general strike in Bombay continued throughout the year despite efforts by the British. On December 29, the All India Congress in Lahore declared Indian independence from Britain, China and Russia engaged in a minor conflict after China seized full control of the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway. Russia counterattacked and took the cities of Hailar and Manchouli after issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated, the Chinese agreed to the terms on November 26. The Japanese would later see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, the Far East began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as its exports were more sensitive to economic problems, in the Pacific, on December 28 – Black Saturday in Samoa – New Zealand colonial police killed 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which led the Mau movement to demand independence for Samoa
14.
1930
–
January 6 The first diesel engine automobile trip is completed by Clessie Cummins, founder of the Cummins Motor Co. An early literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U. S. January 13 – The Mickey Mouse comic strip makes its first appearance. January 15 – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called perigee and this is the closest moon distance at 356,397 km in recent memory and the next one will be on January 1,2257 at 356,371 km. January 26 – The Indian National Congress declares this date as Independence Day or as the day for Poorna Swaraj, January 28 – The first patent for a field-effect transistor is granted in the United States to Julius Edgar Lilienfeld. January 30 – Pavel Molchanov launches a radiosonde from Pavlovsk in the Soviet Union, January 31 – The 3M company markets Scotch Tape, invented by Richard Gurley Drew, in the United States. February 2 – The Communist Party of Vietnam is established, february 10 – The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng launch the Yên Bái mutiny in the hope of ending French colonial rule in Vietnam. February 18 While studying photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh confirms the existence of Pluto, elm Farm Ollie becomes the first cow to fly in a fixed-wing aircraft, and also the first cow to be milked in an aeroplane. March 2 – Mahatma Gandhi informs the British viceroy of India that civil disobedience will begin the following week, March 5 – Danish painter Einar Wegener begins sex reassignment surgery in Germany and takes the name Lili Elbe. The first frozen foods of Clarence Birdseye go on sale in Springfield, March 28 – The government of Turkey requests the international community to adopt Istanbul and Ankara as the official names for Constantinople and Angora. March 29 – Heinrich Brüning is appointed Chancellor of Germany, March 31 – The Motion Picture Production Code is instituted in the United States, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in films for the next 40 years. April 4 – The Communist Party of Panama is founded, April 5 – In an act of civil disobedience, Mahatma Gandhi breaks the Salt laws of British India by making salt by the sea at the end of the Salt March. April 6 International Left Opposition is founded in Paris, France, April 17 – Neoprene is invented by DuPont. April 18 The Chittagong Rebellion begins in India with the Chittagong armoury raid, BBC Radio from London reports on this day that There is no news. April 19 – Warner Bros. in the United States release their first cartoon series called Looney Tunes which runs until 1969, April 21 A fire in the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus kills 320 people. April 22 – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty to regulate submarine warfare, April 28 – The first night game in organized baseball history takes place in Independence, Kansas. May 5 – Mahatma Gandhi is re-arrested, may 6 – The 7.1 Mw Salmas earthquake shakes northwestern Iran and southeastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X. Up to three-thousand people were killed, may 10 – The National Pan-Hellenic Council is founded in Washington, D. C. May 15 – Nurse Ellen Church becomes the worlds first flight attendant, may 16 – Rafael Leónidas Trujillo is elected president of the Dominican Republic
15.
1931
–
January – The National Committee for Modification of the Volstead Act is formed to work for the repeal of Prohibition in the United States. January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, january 3 – Albert Einstein begins doing research at the California Institute of Technology, along with astronomer Edwin Hubble. January 4 – German pilot Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa, january 6 – Thomas Edison submits his last patent application. January 22 – Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia, january 25 – Mohandas Gandhi is again released from imprisonment in India. January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France, january 30 – Release of the movie City Lights starring Charlie Chaplin. February 3 – Hawkes Bay earthquake, Much of the New Zealand cities of Napier, february 4 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gives speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars while weak nations are beaten. Stalin states, We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries and we must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us, intensification of the First Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union for industrialization and collectivization of agriculture. February 10 – Official inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi as the capital of India begin, february 11 – National Socialist and German National Peoples Party members walk out of the German Reichstag in protest against changes in the parliaments protocol intended to limit heckling. February 12 – Vatican Radio first broadcasts, february 14 – The original film version of Dracula with Bela Lugosi is released in the United States. February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland, february 20 – California gets the go-ahead by the United States Congress to build the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. February 21 – Peruvian revolutionaries hijack a Ford Trimotor aeroplane and demand that the pilot drop propaganda leaflets over Lima, march 1 – The USS Arizona is placed back in full commission after a refit. March 1 – Sir Oswald Mosley founds the New Party as a breakaway from the Labour Party in the United Kingdom, march 3 – The Star-Spangled Banner is adopted as the United States National anthem. March 5 – The British viceroy of India and Mohandas Gandhi sign the Gandhi–Irwin Pact, march 7 – The new House of Representatives opens in Helsinki, Finland. March 11 – The Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR programme, march 17 – Nevada legalizes gambling. March 19 – Westminster St Georges by-election in the U. K. results in the victory of the Conservative candidate Duff Cooper, march 23 – Indian revolutionary leaders Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the British Raj. March 25 – The Scottsboro Boys are arrested in Alabama and charged with rape, march 27 – English writer Arnold Bennett dies of typhoid in London shortly after returning from a visit to Paris, where he drank local water to prove it was safe. March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people, april 1 – The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet in China is launched by the Kuomintang government to destroy the Communist forces in Jiangxi province
16.
1928 in architecture
–
The year 1928 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. February - Hannes Meyer succeeds Walter Gropius as head of the Bauhaus school, June - Congrès Internationaux dArchitecture Moderne is initiated by Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier wins all three competitions for design of the Tsentrosoyuz building in Moscow, Léon Azéma is appointed Architect of the City of Paris. March 31 - Stockholm Public Library in Sweden, designed by Gunnar Asplund, october 6 - Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria, Egypt, designed by Léon Azéma. October 25 - Großmarkthalle at Frankfurt am Main, designed by Martin Elsaesser, first Dymaxion House is designed by Buckminster Fuller. Second Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, designed by Rudolf Steiner, rusakov Workers Club in Moscow, USSR, designed by Konstantin Melnikov. Firestone Tyre Factory on the Golden Mile of Londons Great West Road, designed by Wallis, Gilbert, granada Theatre and Temple Israel, designed by Liebenberg and Kaplan. Olympic gold medal - Jan Wils of the Netherlands for Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam, Olympic silver medal - Einar Mindedal Rasmussen of Denmark for Swimming pool at Ollerup. Olympic bronze medal - Jacques Lambert of France for Stadium at Versailles, royal Gold Medal - Guy Dawber. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Eugène Beaudouin, E. Doyle, American architect (born 1877 June 23 - Konstantīns Pēkšēns, Latvian-born architect December 10 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish-born architect and designer
17.
1928 in literature
–
This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1928. January Mikhail Sholokhovs novel And Quiet Flows the Don begins serialization in the Soviet magazine Oktyabr, Ford Madox Ford publishes Last Post in the U. K. last in his World War I tetralogy Parades End published since 1924. March 31 – Stockholm Public Library, designed by Gunnar Asplund, is opened, april 19 – Publication of the Oxford English Dictionary is completed. Spring – George Orwell moves from London to Paris, his first articles as a writer are published later in the year. June – The literary magazine Contemporáneos is first published in Mexico by Jaime Torres Bodet, in September the authors first completed novel, the satire Decline and Fall, is published by Chapman & Hall, it reaches its 3rd printing by the end of the year. The marriage lasts until the following September, july – D. H. Lawrences Lady Chatterleys Lover is published in Florence, it will not be published in an unexpurgated edition in Britain until 1960. September S. S. Van Dine publishes Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories in The American Magazine, leslie Charteris publishes Meet the Tiger in the U. K. the first adventure of Simon Templar, alias The Saint. Charteris will write dozens of novels and short stories featuring the character on a regular basis between 1928 and 1963, and others continue the series until 1983. September 21 – The Gorseth Kernow is set up at Boscawen-Un in Cornwall by Henry Jenner, october – Publication of Siburapha s Luk Phu Chai, perhaps the first substantial original Thai novel. Autumn – W. H. Auden goes to Berlin, where he is joined by Christopher Isherwood. November–December – Erich Maria Remarques antiwar novel All Quiet on the Western Front is first published in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung, hans Herbert Grimms Schlump is published by Kurt Wolff in Berlin this year also. November 6 – Xu Zhimo writes his poem 再別康橋, sherriffs drama Journeys End, set on the Western Front, is premièred by the Incorporated Stage Society at the Apollo Theatre in London with Laurence Olivier in a principal rôle. December 19 – Italo Svevo, returning from an Alpine health resort to Trieste, is involved in an automobile accident, bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyays novel Pather Panchali first appears as a serial in a Calcutta periodical. The clerihew, the comic pseudo-biographical verse form associated with Edmund Clerihew Bentley, is mentioned in print for the first time and it is estimated that one in four of all secular books printed and sold in England is written by Edgar Wallace. Dixon – Hunting for Hidden Gold W. E. B
18.
1928 in poetry
–
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. September 21 – The Gorseth Kernow is set up at Boscawen-Un in Cornwall by Henry Jenner, november 6 – Xu Zhimo writes his poem 再別康橋. The clerihew, the comic pseudo-biographical verse form associated with Edmund Clerihew Bentley, is mentioned in print for the first time, seranus, Later Poems and New Villanelles. Arthur Stringer, A Woman At Dusk and Other Poems. V. N. Bhusan, Silhouettes, Masulpatam, Youth of Asia Society, India, Indian poetry in English Joseph Furtado, A Goan Fiddler Shyam Sunder Lal Chordia, Chitor and Other Poems, Bombay, D. B. Taraporevala Sons and Co. H. Davies, Collected Poems T. S. Eliot, a Song for Simeon printed in September by Faber & Gwyer as part of its Ariel poems series. Poet Laureate September 22 – Irving Feldman, American poet and educator September 22 – Édouard Glissant, French-Martiniquan poet and writer
19.
1928 in music
–
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1928. April 27 - Igor Stravinskys ballet Apollon musagète receives its première in Washington, may 5 - Composers Alban Berg and George Gershwin meet for the first time, in Vienna. September 11 - Leoš Janáčeks String Quartet No,2, Intimate Letters, receives its première in Brno. September 12 - Anton Weberns String Trio receives its première in Siena, September 14 - Carl Nielsens Clarinet Concerto is given its first performance. September 21 - Al Jolson marries Ruby Keeler, November 22 - Maurice Ravels Bolero receives its première in Paris at the Palais Garnier. November 27 - Igor Stravinskys ballet Le Baiser de la fée receives its première in Paris, edward German is knighted for services to music. Eric Fenby begins work as amanuensis for Frederick Delius, Maurice Ravel embarks on a concert tour of the United States, where he meets George Gershwin. Scrapper Blackwell makes his first recordings for Vocalion Records, leroy Carrs recording career begins with the release of How Long, How Long Blues. The first commercial recordings of Cajun music are released, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra makes its Carnegie Hall début. After My Laughter Came Tears w. m, Charles Tobias & Roy Turk Alabama Song w. Bertolt Brecht m. Kurt Weill All By Yourself In The Moonlight w. m, jay Wallis Anything You Say w. m. Walter Donaldson Baby w. Dorothy Fields m, recorded and sung by Adelaide Hall Back In Your Own Backyard w. m. Dave Dreyer, Al Jolson & Billy Rose Basin Street Blues w. m, spencer Williams Because My Baby Dont Mean Maybe Now w. m. Walter Donaldson Big Rock Candy Mountain Harry McClintock Bill w. P. G, Wodehouse & Oscar Hammerstein II m. Jerome Kern. Introduced by Helen Morgan in the musical Showboat and performed by Miss Morgan in the 1929 and 1936 film versions, Blue Yodel w. Jimmie Rodgers Bolero m. Maurice Ravel Button Up Your Overcoat w. B. G. Cant Help Lovin Dat Man w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Jerome Kern Carolina Moon w. Benny Davis m. Joe Burke Cherry w. m, don Redman Chiquita w. L. Wolfe Gilbert m. Harry Carlton Coquette w. Gus Kahn m, carmen Lombardo & John Green Cow Cow Blues m. Cow Cow Davenport Crazy Rhythm w. Irving Caesar m. Joseph Meyer & Roger Wolfe Kahn, introduced by Ben Bernie, Peggy Chamberlain and June ODea in the musical Heres Howe
20.
1928 in Canada
–
Events from the year 1928 in Canada. It would become the first ship to sail the Northwest Passage from west to east, may 31 - The Legislative Council of Nova Scotia is abolished July 4 - Jean Lussier goes over Niagara Falls in a rubber ball. The Winter Olympics take place in St. Moritz, Switzerland, the U of T Grads won a gold medal in hockey. The Summer Olympics take place in Amsterdam, percy Williams and Ethel Catherwood won gold medals for Canada
21.
1928 in China
–
Events in the year 1928 in China. President - Zhang Zuolin, Tan Yankai, Chiang Kai-shek Premier - Pan Fu,26 March - The China Academy of Art is founded in Hangzhou. 30 April - Beiyang government troops withdrew from Jinan,3 May - Jinan Incident, an armed conflict between the Japanese Imperial Army allied with Northern Chinese warlords against the Kuomintangs southern army, occurs in Jinan. 1 July - Zhang Xueliang announced an armistice with the Kuomintang,3 July - Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Beijing and met the representative from the Fengtian clique to discuss a peaceful settlement. 8 July - Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum,25 July - The United States recalls its troops from China. 8 October - Chiang Kai-shek is named as Generalissimo of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China. October 20 - Li Peng Sun Shenlu Zhao Baotong March 30 - Xia Minghan May 3 - Cai Gongshi June 3 - Li Yuanhong June 4 - Zhang Zuolin, Wu Junsheng October 14 - Chen Jue Beasley, W. G. Akira Iriye, After Imperialism, The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 1921-1931, 193-205
22.
1928 in France
–
Events from the year 1928 in France. 22 April - Legislative Election held,29 April - Legislative Election held. 27 August - The Kellogg–Briand Pact was signed in Paris - it was the first treaty which outlawed aggressive war,17 June - Tour de France begins. 15 July - Tour de France ends, won by Nicolas Frantz of Luxembourg
23.
1928 in India
–
Events in the year 1928 in India. Emperor of India – George V Viceroy of India – The Lord Irwin British officer John Saunders Murder 17 dec, february – the Simon Commission lands in India May – India wins Hockey Gold Medal at the Amsterdam Olympics – Games of the IXth Olympiad. December – Board of Control for Cricket in India is formed,6 January – Vijay Tendulkar, playwright, movie and television writer, literary essayist, political journalist and social commentator. 28 August – Mambillikalathil Govind Kumar Menon, physicist and policy maker,12 September – M. V. Rajasekharan, politician and Minister. 31 December – Kongara Jaggayya, actor,1 July – Nanda Kishore Bal, poet. Sree Narayana Guru attained eternity at Shivagiri Mutt, Varkala, Kollam in Kerala,17 Nov -Lala Lajpat Rai, Indian Punjabi author and politician
.svg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
. PMID 20474956.