1.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
2.
19th century
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The 19th century was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Napoleonic, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia. By the end of the century, the British Empire controlled a fifth of the worlds land, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America and Japan. The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of children in factories and mines, as well as strict social norms regarding modesty. Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the Meiji Restoration, before defeating China, under the Qing Dynasty, europes population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century, London became the worlds largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later, liberalism became the pre-eminent reform movement in Europe. Slavery was greatly reduced around the world, following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain and France stepped up the battle against the Barbary pirates and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UKs Slavery Abolition Act charged the British Royal Navy with ending the slave trade. The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, americas 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888. Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia, in the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States of America. The 19th century also saw the creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain. Also, ladywear was a sensitive topic during this time. 1801, Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab,1801, Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801, Cairo falls to the British,1801, Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1802, Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time,1803, William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the first practical steamboat. 1803, The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out Frances territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U. S. s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain,1803, The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina
3.
20th century
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The 20th century was a century that began on January 1,1901 and ended on December 31,2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium and it is distinct from the century known as the 1900s, which began on January 1,1900 and ended on December 31,1999. It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication, the term short twentieth century was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991. It took all of history up to 1804 for the worlds population to reach 1 billion, world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927, by late 1999. Globally approximately 45% of those who were married and able to have children used contraception, 40% of pregnancies were unplanned, the century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II. The century saw a shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization, terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western societys basic form of transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon, mass media, telecommunications, and information technology made the worlds knowledge more widely available. Advancements in medical technology also improved the health of many people, rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time, however, these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system. For the first time in history, empires and their wars of expansion and colonization ceased to be a factor in international affairs, resulting in a far more globalized. The last time major powers clashed openly was in 1945, and since then, technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks, chemical weapons, and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead. The regime of Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown during the conflict, Russia became the first communist state, at the beginning of the period, Britain was the worlds most powerful nation, having acted as the worlds policeman for the past century. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into an advanced industrial power. Its military expansion into eastern Asia and the Pacific Ocean culminated in an attack on the United States
4.
21st century
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The 21st century is the current century of the Anno Domini era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1,2001 and will end on December 31,2100 and it is the first century of the 3rd millennium. It is distinct from the time known as the 2000s. The long term effects of increased globalization are not known, the Arab Spring of the early 2010s led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world. The Digital Revolution which began around the 1980s also continues into the present, millennials and Generation Z come of age and rise to prominence in this century. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 marks the rise of life sciences, making mankinds long-held dreams, such as curing cancer. By the 2010s, gene therapy, first performed somatically in late 1990 and heritably in 1996, showed promise but remains an experimental, by 2013, about 80% of the worlds population used mobile phones. An estimated 33% owned personal computers in 2010, and 46% used the Internet by 2016, the International Energy Agency estimates that 83% of the global population has access to electricity as of 2013 with the percentage projected to increase to 88% by 2030. The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and it had reached 7.3 billion in 2015, and is estimated to reach about 9.37 billion by the year 2050. There is a debate among experts and the public on how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. A less common variation would have been twenty nought-five, the Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as the twenty-ten Olympics. The latest timeframes for change are usually placed at 2020, kubrick said he did this in the hope that if the film became popular, it would influence the pronunciation of that year. See the timeline of the 21st century, genocide still remains a problem in this century with the concern of the war in Darfur and the growing concern in Sri Lanka. Also controversies from past genocides remain commonplace in the minds of victims, 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country, on December 17,2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, in addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, Severe human rights violations continue to be reported
5.
1930s
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The 1930s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1930, and ended on December 31,1939. In response, authoritarian regimes emerged in countries in Europe and South America. The 1930s also saw a proliferation of new technologies, especially in the fields of aviation, radio. Colombia–Peru War – fought between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru, Chaco War – the war was fought between Bolivia and Paraguay over the disputed territory of Gran Chaco resulting in an overall Paraguayan victory in 1935. An agreement dividing the territory was made in 1938, officially ending outstanding differences, saudi–Yemeni War – was a war between Saudi Arabia and Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. Second Sino-Japanese War – fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, the Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. It also made up more than 50% of the casualties in the Pacific War, World War II breaks out on September 1,1939 Chinese Civil War - The ruling Kuomintang and the rebel Communist Party of China fight a civil war for control of China. The Communists consolidated territory in the early 1930s and proclaimed a short-lived Chinese Soviet Republic that collapsed upon Kuomintang attacks, the Kuomintang and Communists attempted to put away their differences after 1937 to fight the Japanese occupation of China, but intermittent clashes continued through the remainder of the 1930s. Spanish Civil War – Germany and Italy back anti-communist Falange forces of Francisco Franco, the Soviet Union and international communist parties back the left-wing republican faction in the war. The war ends in April 1939 with Francos nationalist forces defeating the republican forces, Franco becomes Head of State of Spain, President of Government and de facto dictator. The Republic gives way to the Spanish State, an authoritarian dictatorship, Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations, but hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics to show his new reich to the world as well as the supposed superior athleticism of his Aryan troops/athletes. Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, attempts the appeasement of Hitler in hope of avoiding war by allowing the dictator to annex the Sudetenland, later signing the Munich Agreement and promising constituents Peace for our time. He was ousted in favor of Winston Churchill in May 1940, some 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. Kristallnacht also served as the pretext for the confiscation of firearms from German Jews. Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas, Germany demands the annexation of the Federal State of Austria and of other German-speaking territories in Europe. Between 1935 and 1936, Germany recovers the Saar and remilitarizes the Rhineland, Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact. Germany annexes Austria in the event known as the Anschluss, the annexation of the Sudetenland followed negotiations which resulted in the Munich Agreement of 1938. The Italian invasion of Albania in 1939 succeeds in turning the Kingdom of Albania into an Italian protectorate, the vacant Albanian throne was claimed by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
6.
1940s
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The 1940s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1940, and ended on December 31,1949. Most of World War II took place in the first half of the decade, which had an effect on most countries and people in Europe, Asia. The decade also witnessed the beginnings of new technologies, often first developed in tandem with the war effort. World War II Nazi Germany invades Poland, Denmark, Norway, Benelux, Soviet Union invades Poland, Finland, occupies Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Romanian region of Bessarabia from 1939 to 1941. Germany faces the United Kingdom in the Battle of Britain and it was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces, and was the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign up until that date. The United States enter World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7,1941 and it would face the Empire of Japan in the Pacific War. Germany and Japan suffer defeats at Stalingrad, El Alamein, the forces of the Western Allies land on the beaches of Normandy in Northern France. Yalta Conference, wartime meeting from 4 February 1945 to 11 February 1945 among the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, by this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people. The German Instrument of Surrender signed, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Surrender of Japan on August 15. World War II officially ends on September 2,1945, Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War – The war was fought between the newly declared State of Israel and its Arab neighbours. The war commenced upon the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine in mid-May 1948, in its conclusion, Israel managed to defeat the Arab armies. Establishment of the United Nations Charter effective, establishment of the defence alliance NATO April 4,1949. 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, Victory of Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War. Beginning of Greek Civil War, which extends from 1946 to 1949,1944 – Iceland declares independence from Denmark. 1945 – Indonesia declares independence from the Netherlands,1946 – The French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon dissolves to the independent states of Syria and Lebanon. The French settlers are forced to evacuate the French colony in Syria,1947 – The Partition of the Presidencies and provinces of British India into a secular Union of India and a predominantly Muslim Dominion of Pakistan. 1948 – British rule in Burma ends, the State of Israel is established. 1949 – The Peoples Republic of China is officially proclaimed, the Atanasoff-Berry computer is now considered one of the first electronic digital computing device built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University during 1937–1942
7.
1950s
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The 1950s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1950, and ended on December 31,1959. Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, the conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1. Along with increased testing of weapons, this created a politically conservative climate. In the United States, the Second Red Scare caused Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress and anti-communism was the sentiment in the United States throughout the decade. The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia took place in this decade, when it began, North and South Korea existed as provisional governments competing for control over the Korean peninsula, due to the division of Korea by outside powers. On September 15, General Douglas MacArthur conducted Operation Chromite, a landing at the city of Inchon. The North Korean army collapsed, and within a few days and he then pushed north, capturing Pyongyang in October. Chinese intervention the following month drove UN forces south again, MacArthur then planned for a full-scale invasion of China, but this was against the wishes of President Truman and others who wanted a limited war. He was dismissed and replaced by General Matthew Ridgeway, the war then became a bloody stalemate for the next two and a half years while peace negotiations dragged on. The war left 33,742 American soldiers dead,92,134 wounded, estimates place Korean and Chinese casualties at 1,000, 000–1,400,000 dead or wounded, and 140,000 MIA or POW. The Vietnam War began in 1959, diệm instituted a policy of death penalty against any communist activity in 1956. The Viet Minh began a campaign in early 1957. An article by French scholar Bernard Fall published in July 1958 concluded that a new war had begun, the first official large unit military action was on September 26,1959, when the Viet Cong ambushed two ARVN companies. Arab–Israeli conflict Suez Crisis – The Suez Crisis was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956, following the nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956 by Gamal Abdel Nasser, the United Kingdom, France and Israel subsequently invaded. The operation was a success, but after the United States and Soviet Union united in opposition to the invasion. The war eventually led to the independence of Algeria from France, cuban Revolution – The 1959 overthrow of Fulgencio Batista by Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and other forces resulted in the creation of the first communist government in the Western hemisphere. The Mau Mau began retaliating against the British in Kenya and this led to concentration camps in Kenya, a British military victory, and the election of moderate nationalist Jomo Kenyatta as leader of Kenya. The wind of destruction began in Rwanda in 1959 following the assault of Hutu politician Dominique Mbonyumutwa by Tutsi forces and this was the beginning of decades of ethnic violence in the country, which culminated in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
8.
1960s
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The 1960s was a decade that began on January 1,1960, and ended on December 31,1969. The term 1960s also refers to an era more often called the Sixties and this cultural decade is more loosely defined than the actual decade, beginning around 1963 with the Kennedy assassination and ending around 1972 with the Watergate scandal. The decade was also labeled the Swinging Sixties because of the fall or relaxation of social taboos especially relating to racism and sexism that occurred during this time and he charts the rise, success, fall/nightmare and explosion in the London scene of the 1960s. Several Western nations such as the United States, United Kingdom, France, by the end of the 1950s, war-ravaged Europe had largely finished reconstruction and began a tremendous economic boom. World War II had brought about a huge leveling of social classes in which the remnants of the old feudal gentry disappeared, the United States, after sluggish economic growth during the 1950s, also experienced a major 60s boom. Real GDP growth averaged 6% a year during the half of the decade. Thus, the worldwide economic trend in the 1960s was one of prosperity, expansion of the middle class. Kennedys assassination in 1963 was a shock, Liberal reforms were finally passed under Lyndon B. Johnson including civil rights for African Americans and healthcare for the elderly and the poor. Despite his large-scale Great Society programs, Johnson was increasingly reviled by the New Left at home, the heavy-handed American role in the Vietnam War outraged student protestors around the globe. The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr, in Britain, the Labour Party gained power in 1964. In France, the protests of 1968 led to President Charles de Gaulle temporarily fleeing the country, for some, May 1968 meant the end of traditional collective action and the beginning of a new era to be dominated mainly by the so-called new social movements. Italy formed its first left-of-center government in March 1962 with a coalition of Christian Democrats, Social Democrats, socialists joined the ruling block in December 1963. In Brazil, João Goulart became president after Jânio Quadros resigned, in Africa the 1960s was a period of radical political change as 32 countries gained independence from their European colonial rulers. The Cold War, The Vietnam War 1961 – Substantial American advisory forces first arrive in Vietnam,1962 – By mid-1962, the number of U. S. military advisers in South Vietnam had risen from 900 to 12,000. The resolution gave U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a declaration of war by Congress. The Johnson administration subsequently cited the resolution as legal authority for its rapid escalation of U. S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. 1966 – After 1966 with the draft in more than 500,000 troops were sent to Vietnam by the Johnson administration. Portuguese Colonial War – the war was fought between Portugals military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugals African colonies and it was a decisive ideological struggle and armed conflict of the cold war in African and European scenarios
9.
1970s
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The 1970s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1,1970, and ended on December 31,1979. In the 21st century, historians have portrayed the 1970s as a pivot of change in world history focusing especially on the economic upheavals. In the Western world, social values that began in the 1960s, such as increasing political awareness and economic liberty of women. In the United Kingdom, the 1979 elections resulted in the victory of its Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher, industrialized countries, except Japan, experienced an economic recession due to an oil crisis caused by oil embargoes by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries. Novelist Tom Wolfe coined the term Me decade in his essay The Me Decade, the term describes a general new attitude of Americans towards atomized individualism and away from communitarianism, in clear contrast with the 1960s. Despite facing an oil crisis due to the OPEC embargo, the economy of Japan witnessed a boom in this period. The United States withdrew its forces from their previous involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, which led to a war for ten years. Anwar El Sadat, President of Egypt, was instrumental in the event and consequently became extremely unpopular in the Arab world, Africa saw further decolonization in the decade, with Angola and Mozambique gaining their independence in 1975 from the Portuguese Empire after the restoration of democracy in Portugal. The continent was, however, plagued by military coups, with the long-reigning Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie being removed, civil wars. The economies of much of the world continued to make steady progress in the early 1970s because of the Green Revolution. The following year, Vietnam was officially declared reunited, Soviet war in Afghanistan - Although taking place almost entirely throughout the 1980s, the war officially started on December 27,1979. The Israelis were taken by surprise and suffered losses before they rallied. In the end, they managed to repel the Egyptians and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt proper, in 1978, Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel at Camp David in the United States, ending outstanding disputes between the two countries. Sadats actions would lead to his assassination in 1981, Indian emergency Lebanese Civil War - A civil war in the Middle East which at times also involved the PLO and Israel during the early 1980s. Western Sahara War - A regional war pinning the rebel Polisario Front against Morocco, Ugandan–Tanzanian War - the war which was fought between Uganda and Tanzania was based on an expansionist agenda to annex territory from Tanzania. The war resulted in the overthrow of Idi Amins regime, the Ogaden War was another African conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia over control of the Ogaden region. In 1976 peaceful student protests in the Soweto township of South Africa lead to the Soweto Uprising when more than 700 black school children were killed by South Africas Security Police, Rise of separatism in the province of Quebec in Canada
10.
1951
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January 1 – First week as No.1 single on Billboard and Cashbox charts in the United States of Patti Page hit song Tennessee Waltz. January 4 – Korean War, Third Battle of Seoul, Chinese, january 15 – In a court in West Germany, Ilse Koch, The Witch of Buchenwald, wife of the commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp, is sentenced to life imprisonment. January 20 – Avalanches in the Alps kill 240 and bury 45,000 for a time in Switzerland, Austria, january 25 – Dutch author Anne de Vries releases the first volume of her novel Journey Through the Night set during World War II. January 27 – Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site begins with a 1-kiloton bomb dropped on Frenchman Flat, january 31 – The United States last narrow gauge passenger train the San Juan Express ends service. February – Convention Peoples Party wins national elections in Gold Coast, february 1 – The United Nations General Assembly declares that China is an aggressor in the Korean War in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498. February 4–February 8 – Surgeons remove an ovarian cyst from Gertrude Levandowski in a 96-hour long operation in Chicago and she loses almost half of her weight and emerges weighing 140 kg. February 6 – A Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train derails near Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, killing 85 people and injuring over 500, february 12 – Muhammad Reza Shah marries Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari. February 15 – Start of the 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute, february 19 – Jean Lee becomes the last woman hanged in Australia, when Lee and her 2 pimps are hanged for the murder and torture of a 73-year-old bookmaker. February 27 – The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, march 2 – The first NBA All-Star Game of basketball is played in the Boston Garden. March 3 or 5 – Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats record Rocket 88 at Sam Phillips Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee and it is covered on June 14 by Bill Haley and His Saddlemen. March 6 – The trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for conspiracy to commit espionage begins in the United States, march 9 – United Artists releases sci-fi film The Man from Planet X in the United States. March 12 – Hank Ketchams best-selling comic strip Dennis the Menace appears in newspapers across the United States for the first time, march 14 Korean War, For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul during Operation Ripper. March 29 Second Red Scare, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage, on April 5 they are sentenced to receive the death penalty. Rodgers and Hammersteins The King and I opens on Broadway and runs for three years and it is the first of their musicals specifically written for an actress. Lawrence is stricken with cancer during the run of the show, the show makes a star of Yul Brynner. The 23rd Academy Awards ceremony is held, All About Eve wins the Best Picture award, march 31 – Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau. April 5–13 – The most complete recording of George Gershwins opera Porgy, after its removal from Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day,1950, the Stone of Scone resurfaces on the altar of Arbroath Abbey. April 18 – The Treaty of Paris is adopted, establishing the European Coal, April 21 – The National Olympic Committee of the Soviet Union is formed
11.
1952
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January 8 – West Germany has 8 million refugees inside its borders. January 12 – The University of Tennessee admits its first black student, january 26 – Black Saturday in Egypt, rioters burn Cairos central business district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses. February 2 – A tropical storm forms just north of Cuba moving northeast, the storm makes landfall in southern Florida the next day. It is the earliest reported landfall from a storm. February 6 George VI dies aged 56 after a long illness and he is succeeded by his daughter The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, who is on a visit to Kenya. She is proclaimed Queen of Canada at Rideau Hall, Ottawa, in the United States, a mechanical heart is used for the first time in a human patient. February 7 – Elizabeth II is proclaimed Queen of the United Kingdom at St Jamess Palace, London, February 14 – February 25 – The Winter Olympics held in Oslo, Norway. February 15 – The funeral of George VI takes place at St Georges Chapel, February 18 – Greece and Turkey join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The SS Pendleton, a T2 Tanker, breaks in half during a noreaster off the east coast near Massachusetts, bernard Webber and a crew of four volunteer to rescue the 32 survivors aboard. This was the one of the most courageous rescues in the history of the US Coast Guard, February 20 Emmett Ashford becomes the first African-American umpire in organized baseball, by being authorized to be a substitute umpire in the Southwestern International League. Winston Churchill scraps UK compulsory national identity cards, the day is later declared International Mother Language Day by UNESCO. February 25 – The Parícutin active volcano in Michoacán, west central Mexico, ceases its discontinuous eruption after spewing forth a gigaton of lava, February 26 United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill announces that the United Kingdom has an atomic bomb. Vincent Massey is sworn in as the first Canada-born Governor General of Canada, March 10 – General Fulgencio Batista re-takes power in Cuba in a coup. March 15–16 –73 inches of rain falls in Cilaos, Réunion, March 20 – The United States Senate ratifies a peace treaty with Japan. March 21 The last two executions in the Netherlands take place, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah is elected Prime Minister of the Gold Coast. Tornadoes ravage the lower Mississippi River Valley, leaving 208 dead, March 22 – Wernher von Braun publishes the first in his series of articles titled Man Will Conquer Space Soon. Including ideas for manned flights to Mars and the Moon, March 27 Konrad Adenauer survives an assassination attempt. Legislative Assembly election held in Coorg, March 29 – U. S. President Harry S. Truman announces that he will not seek reelection
12.
1953
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January 5 – Samuel Becketts play Waiting for Godot has its first public stage première in French as En attendant Godot at the Théâtre de Babylone in Paris. January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma, january 7 – United States President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a government-in-exile in Oslo, january 14 Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen President of Yugoslavia. The CIA-sponsored Robertson Panel first meets to discuss the UFO phenomenon, january 15 – Georg Dertinger, foreign minister of East Germany, is arrested for spying. This record has yet to be broken, january 20 – Dwight D. Eisenhower is sworn in as President of the United States. January 22 – The Crucible, a drama by Arthur Miller, january 24 Mau Mau Uprising, Rebels in Kenya kill the Ruck family. Walter Ulbricht announces that agriculture will be collectivized in East Germany, january 28 – Derek Bentley is executed for murder at Wandsworth Prison in London. February 1 – The surge of the North Sea flood continues from the previous day, february 3 – Batepá massacre, Hundreds of native creoles known as forros are massacred in São Tomé by the colonial administration and Portuguese landowners. February 5 – Walt Disneys feature film Peter Pan premieres, february 11 President Dwight D. Eisenhower refuses a clemency appeal for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel after an explosion at the Soviet embassy in reaction to the Doctors plot. February 12 – The Nordic Council is inaugurated, february 13 – Transsexual Christine Jorgensen returns to New York after successful sex reassignment surgery in Denmark. February 16 – The Pakistan Academy of Sciences is established in Pakistan, february 19 – Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States. February 21 – Nitroform Products Company plant in Newark, New Jersey, is destroyed by an explosion, february 25 – Release, in France, of Jacques Tatis film Les Vacances de M. Hulot, introducing the gauche character of Monsieur Hulot. February 28 James Watson and Francis Crick of the University of Cambridge announce their discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule, greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact. March 1 Joseph Stalin suffers a stroke after a dinner with Soviet Union interior minister Lavrentiy Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin. The stroke paralyzes the right side of his body and renders him unconscious until his death on March 5, bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg is made deputy constable and lieutenant governor of Windsor Castle. March 6 – Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier, March 8 – The Thieves World, which had been transformed into the Russian mafia, are freed from prisons by the Malenkov regime which ends the Bitch Wars. March 13 – The United Nations Security Council nominates Dag Hammarskjöld from Sweden as United Nations Secretary General, March 14 – Nikita Khrushchev is selected First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party
13.
1955
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January 2 – José Antonio Remón Cantera, president of Panama, is assassinated at a race track in Panama City. January 3 – José Ramón Guizado becomes president of Panama, January 7 – Marian Anderson is the first African-American singer to perform at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. January 17 – USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, puts to sea for the first time, from Groton, January 18–January 20 – Battle of Yijiangshan Islands, The Chinese Communist Peoples Liberation Army seizes the islands from the Republic of China. January 22 – In the United States, The Pentagon announces a plan to develop ballistic missiles armed with nuclear weapons. January 23 – Sutton Coldfield rail crash kills 17 near Birmingham, January 25 – Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union announces the end of the war between the USSR and Germany, which began during World War II in 1941. January 28 – United States Congress authorizes President Dwight D. Eisenhower to use force to protect Formosa from the Peoples Republic of China, february 4 – Baghdad Pact, Military treaty signed between Iraq and Turkey. February 9 – Apartheid in South Africa,60,000 non-white residents of the Sophiatown suburb of Johannesburg are forcibly evicted, february 10 – The United States Seventh Fleet helps the Republic of China evacuate Chinese Nationalist army and residents from the Tachen Islands to Taiwan. February 12 – U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends the first U. S. advisors to South Vietnam, february 14 – WFLA-TV signs on the air in Tampa/St. February 16 – Nearly 100 die in a fire at a home for the elderly in Yokohama, february 19 – Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, established at a meeting in Bangkok. February 22 – In Chicagos Democratic primary, Mayor Martin H. Kennelly loses to the head of the Cook County Democratic Party, March – A young Jim Henson builds the first version of Kermit the Frog. March 2 Claudette Colvin, a fifteen-year-old African-American girl, refuses to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama and she is carried off the bus backwards while being kicked and handcuffed and harassed on the way to the police station. She becomes a plaintiff in Browder v. Gayle which rules bus segregation to be unconstitutional, March 5 WBBJ-TV signs on the air in the Jackson, Tennessee, with WDXI as its initial call-letters, to expanded American commercial television in mostly-rural areas. Elvis Presley makes his debut on Louisiana Hayride carried by KSLA-TV Shreveport. It is also the first time that a musical is presented in its entirety on TV almost exactly as it was performed on stage. This program gains the largest viewership of a TV special up to this time, March 19 – KXTV signs on the air in Sacramento, California. March 20 – The movie adaptation of Evan Hunters novel Blackboard Jungle premieres in the United States, teenagers jump from their seats to dance to the song. April 1 – EOKA A starts a terrorist campaign against British rule in the Crown colony of Cyprus, april 5 Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom due to ill-health at the age of 80. Richard J. Daley defeats Robert Merrian to become Mayor of Chicago by a vote of 708,222 to 581,555, april 6 – Anthony Eden becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
14.
1956
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January 1 The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan. Carl Perkins record Blue Suede Shoes is released in the United States, a crowd crush and stampede during a New Years event results in 124 deaths and 77 injuries at the Yahiko Shrine in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. January 3 – In the United States, By popular demand, Peter Pan, Columbia Records first releases Glenn Goulds solo piano recording of Bachs Goldberg Variations. January 8 – Operation Auca, Five U. S, January 16 – Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser vows to reconquer Palestine. January 25–26 – Finnish troops reoccupy Porkkala after Soviet troops vacate its military base, January 26 – The 1956 Winter Olympics open in Cortina dAmpezzo, Italy. February 11 – British spies Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean resurface in the Soviet Union after being missing for 5 years, february 14–26 – 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. February 16 – Only a little more than four months after the release of the 70mm version of Oklahoma, the film version of Rodgers and Hammersteins Carousel, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones, is released in CinemaScope 55. MacRae and Jones had previously starred in Oklahoma, Carousel, intended for showing in 55mm, ends up being shown only in 35mm. February 22 – Elvis Presley enters the United States music charts for the first time, february 23 – Norma Jean Mortenson legally changes her name to Marilyn Monroe. February 24 – Doris Day records her most famous song, Que Sera, Sera, it is from Alfred Hitchcocks The Man Who Knew Too Much, february 25 – Nikita Khrushchev attacks the veneration of Josef Stalin in a speech On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences. March 1 – The International Air Transport Association finalizes a draft of the spelling alphabet for the International Civil Aviation Organization. March 2 – Morocco declares its independence from France, march 9 The British deport Archbishop Makarios from Cyprus to the Seychelles. Soviet Armed Forces suppresses mass demonstrations in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, on TV it is not shown in prime time, but as an afternoon matinée, in a slightly cut version. It is one of the first such experiments of its kind, olivier is later nominated for an Oscar for his performance. Congressmen sign the Southern Manifesto, a protest against the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that public education. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 500 for the first time rising 2.40 points, or 0. 48%, march 13 – Elvis Presley releases his first gold album titled Elvis Presley. March 15 – The Broadway musical My Fair Lady opens in New York City, march 19 – At age 48, Dutch boxer Bep van Klaveren contests his last match in Rotterdam. March 20 – Tunisia gains independence from France, march 21 – The 28th Academy Awards ceremony is held
15.
1957
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January 1 The Saarland joins West Germany. An Irish Republican Army attack on the Brookeborough police barracks in Northern Ireland leads to the deaths of Seán South, italian conductor Arturo Toscanini suffers the stroke that leads to his death a little over two weeks later in the United States. January 2 – The San Francisco and Los Angeles stock exchanges merge to form the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, January 3 – Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch. January 4 – After 69 years the last issue of Colliers Weekly magazine is published in the United States, January 5 – Russell Endean becomes the first batsman to be dismissed for having handled the ball in Test cricket. January 6 – Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the 3rd and he is shown only from the waist up, even during the gospel segment, singing Peace In The Valley. Ed Sullivan describes Elvis thus, This is a real decent, weve never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big name than weve had with you. January 9 – British Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigns, January 10 – Harold Macmillan becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. January 11 – The African Convention is founded in Dakar, January 13 – Wham-O Company produces the first Frisbee. January 14 Kripalu Maharaj is named fifth Jagadguru after giving seven days of speeches before 500 Hindu scholars, American screen actor Humphrey Bogart dies aged 57 in California after a long battle with cancer. January 15 – Release, in Japan, of the film Throne of Blood, January 16 – The Cavern Club opens in Liverpool as a jazz club. January 20 Dwight D. Eisenhower is privately sworn in for a term as President of the United States. Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula, the New York City Mad Bomber, George P. Metesky, is arrested in Waterbury, Connecticut, and charged with planting more than 30 bombs. January 21 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower is publicly sworn in, January 23 – Ku Klux Klan members force truck driver Willie Edwards to jump off a bridge into the Alabama River, he drowns as a result. January 26 – The Ibirapuera Planetarium is inaugurated in the city of São Paulo, february 2 – President Iskander Mirza of Pakistan lays the foundation-stone of the Guddu Barrage across the Indus River near Sukkur. February 4 France prohibits U. N. involvement in Algeria and it is decommissioned on March 3,1980. A coal gas explosion at the giant Bishop coal mine in Bishop, Virginia, february 6 – The Soviet Union announces that Swedish envoy Raoul Wallenberg had died in a Soviet prison possibly of a heart attack on July 17,1947. February 10 – The Confederation of African Football is founded at a meeting in Khartoum, february 15 – Andrei Gromyko becomes foreign minister of the Soviet Union. February 16 The Toddlers Truce, a controversial television closedown between 6.00 p. m. and 7.00 p. m. is abolished in the United Kingdom, ingmar Bergmans film The Seventh Seal opens at cinema in Sweden
16.
1954 in architecture
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The year 1954 in architecture involved some significant events. Ciudad Universitaria, UNAMs main campus in Mexico City, designed by Mario Pani, louis, Missouri, designed by Minoru Yamasaki, first occupied Buckminster Fuller patents his geodesic dome design, later expressed in his Dymaxion House Royal Gold Medal - Arthur George Stephenson. Prix de Rome, architecture - Michel Marot, Rome Prize Fellowship at American Academy in Rome - Robert Venturi. Hans Robert Hiegel, German architect Kengo Kuma, Japanese architect February 25 - Auguste Perret, French architect, pioneer of reinforced concrete Salvador Valeri i Pupurull, Catalan architect
17.
1954 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1954. January 14 – First documented use of the abbreviated term Rock n Roll to promote Alan Freeds Rock n Roll Jubillee, held at St. Nicholas Arena in New York, march 15 – The Chords record Sh-Boom for Atlantic Records Cat subsidiary. March 25 – At the 26th Academy Awards, Frank Sinatra wins the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in From Here to Eternity, at the same ceremony, Bing Crosby is nominated for Best Actor for his role in The Country Girl. April – Fender Stratocaster electric guitar first produced in California, april 12 – Bill Haley and His Comets record Rock Around the Clock in New York City for Decca Records. May 20 – Rock Around the Clock is released as the B-side of Thirteen Women, the song is only a moderate success until it is featured in the film Blackboard Jungle the following year. July 5 – Elvis Presley has his first commercial recording session at Sun Studios in Memphis and he sings Thats All Right and Blue Moon of Kentucky, released as his first single on July 19 naming the performers as Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill. October 16 – Elvis Presley makes his first radio broadcast, on a show in Shreveport, Louisiana, fall – A cover version of Big Joe Turners Shake, Rattle and Roll by Bill Haley and His Comets becomes the first internationally popular rock and roll recording. Record companies deliver 7 inch 45 rpm record singles to radio instead of 78s. Lyric Opera of Chicago is founded, pat Boone begins his recording career at Republic Records. Les Paul commissions Ampex to build the first eight track tape recorder, the Isley Brothers make their first recordings, featuring only the three eldest brothers, OKelly Jr. Rudolph and Ronald. The Newport Jazz Festival is established by George Wein, são Paulo State Symphony Orchestra is founded. C. These singles reached the top of US Billboard magazines charts in 1954, sandman - Chordettes Money Burns A Hole In My Pocket - Dean Martin Muskrat Ramble - Matys Brothers My Friend - Frankie Laine My Sin - Georgia Gibbs Mystery Train- Elvis Presley Oh. m. Cole Porter Annie Had a Baby w. m, henry Glover & Lois Mann A Blossom Fell w. m. Howard Barnes, Harold Cornelius & Dominic John Cara Mia w. m, tulio Trapani & Lee Lange Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White w. Mack David Jacques Larue m. Irving Berlin Cross Over The Bridge w. m, bennie Benjamin & George David Weiss Earth Angel w. m. Jesse Belvin, Curtis Williams & Gaynel Hodge Evry Day of My Life w. m. Al Jacobs, the Finger Of Suspicion Points At You w. m. Paul Mann & Al Lewis From The Vine Came The Grape w. m, leonard Whitcup & Paul Cunningham Gilly, Gilly, Ossenfeffer, Katzenellen Bogen By The Sea w. m. Al Hoffman & Dick Manning Hearts Of Stone w. Eddy Ray m, Richard Adler & Jerry Ross Hes A Tramp Sonny Burke, Peggy Lee Hey There w. m
18.
1954 in rail transport
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This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1954. January 8 – Southern Pacific Railroads Sunset Limited becomes the first train to use the new New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal. January 20 – The Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line, the line in the system. January 24 – Cleveland, Ohio, streetcars make their last revenue run, january – General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD F9. February 21 – An SNCF electric train hits 151 mph in tests, february – General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD FP9. March 30 – The first segment of the Toronto Subway begins operation, april 20 – The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad opens a new station in Tacoma, Washington. April 30 – Last day of steam operations and passenger train service on the Clinchfield Railroad. May – General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD E9, june 6 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway introduces the San Francisco Chief passenger train between Chicago and San Francisco. June 13 – Last day of steam operation on the Maine Central Railroad. June 14 – New York Central management loses a fight for control of the railroad to Robert Ralph Young. July 2 – SNCF electrifies first section of Valenciennes–Thionville line, the first non-experimental 25 kV AC railway electrification, july 4 – Budd delivers the first Château series car, Château Bienville, to Canadian Pacific Railway in Montreal. August 7 – The last streetcars operate on the Altoona and Logan Valley Electric Railway in Altoona, october 16 – The Southern Pacific dieselizes its 3 foot gauge Keeler branch. October 20 – To commemorate the 100th Anniversary of Horseshoe Curve, November 29 – The first dome cars built by Budd Company enter revenue service on Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railways North Coast Limited. December – Louisville and Nashville Railroad and Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway open the new Radnor Yard in Nashville, december – Pullman-Standard builds the first bilevel commuter coaches for the Southern Pacific Railroad to use in the south San Francisco Bay Area. Circular Koltsevaya Line of the Moscow Metro completed, General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD GP9. General Electric delivers the first diesel-electric locomotives built for the narrow gauge White Pass, american Car and Foundry officially changes its name to ACF Industries, Inc. New Zealand Railways Department introduces DF class into service, the countrys first mainline diesel-electric locomotives, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway divests itself of the Grand Canyon Hotel and other buildings at the north end of the Grand Canyon Railway. Dutch National Railway Museum moves to the former Maliebaan station, january 5 – Death Valley Scotty, con man who chartered the Scott Special record-breaking run on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1905, dies
19.
1954 in France
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Events from the year 1954 in France. 25 January - The foreign ministers of the United States, Britain, France,13 March - Battle of Dien Bien Phu begins in Vietnam. 23 March - In Vietnam, the Viet Minh capture the airstrip of Dien Bien Phu - French forces are partially isolated. 29 March - C-47 with French nurse Genevieve de Galard on board is incapacitated on Dien Bien Phu runway,7 May - Battle of Dien Bien Phu ends in defeat for French forces. 18 June - Pierre Mendès-France becomes prime minister of France,24 June - Battle of Mang Yang Pass begins, the last official battle of the First Indochina War. 17 July - Battle of Mang Yang Pass ends in defeat for French forces,20 July - Battlefield ceasefire announced. 21 July - The Geneva Conference partitions Vietnam into North Vietnam,1 August - Armistice effected, sealing French defeat. 31 October - The Algerian National Liberation Front begins a revolt against French rule,1 November - The FLN attacks Representative and public buildings of the France colonial power. 8 July - Tour de France begins,1 August - Tour de France ends, won by Louison Bobet
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