1978
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1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1978th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 978th year of the 2nd millennium, the 78th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1970s decade.
Contents
Events[edit]
January[edit]
- January 1
- The Copyright Act of 1976 takes effect, making sweeping changes to United States copyright law.
- Air India Flight 855, a Boeing 747 passenger jet, crashes into the ocean near Bombay, killing 213.[1]
- Edward M. Davis retires from the Los Angeles Police Department after 30 years on the force and more than 8 years as its police chief.
- January 4 – A referendum in Chile supports the policies of dictator Augusto Pinochet (see Chilean national consultation, 1978).
- January 5 – Bülent Ecevit, of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (42nd government).
- January 6 – The Holy Crown of Hungary (also known as Stephen of Hungary Crown) is returned to Hungary from the United States, where it was held since World War II.
- January 10 – Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Cardenal, a critic of the Nicaraguan government, is assassinated; riots erupt against Somoza's government.
- January 13 – United States Food and Drug Administration requires all blood donations to be labeled "paid" or "volunteer" donors.
- January 14 – January 15 – The body of former U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey lies in state in the Capitol Rotunda, following his death from cancer.
- January 14 – Austrian logician Kurt Gödel, who suffered from an obsessive fear of being poisoned, died of starvation after his wife was hospitalized and unable to cook for him.
- January 16 – Robert F. Rock succeeds Edward M. Davis as LAPD's interim chief.
- January 18 – The European Court of Human Rights finds the British government guilty of mistreating prisoners in Northern Ireland, but not guilty of torture.
- January 19 – Federal Appeals Court Judge William H. Webster is appointed FBI Director.
- January 22 – Ethiopia declares the ambassador of West Germany persona non grata.
- January 24
- Soviet satellite Kosmos 954 burns up in Earth's atmosphere, scattering debris over Canada's Northwest Territories.
- Rose Dugdale and Eddie Gallagher become the first convicted prisoners to marry in prison since the establishment of the Republic of Ireland.
- January 25–27 – The Great Blizzard of 1978 strikes the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes, killing 70.
- January 28 – Richard Chase, the "Vampire of Sacramento", is arrested.
February[edit]
- February 1 – film director Roman Polanski skips bail and flees to France, after pleading guilty to charges of engaging in sex with a 13-year-old girl.
- February 5–7 – The Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 hits the New England region and the New York metropolitan area, killing about 100 and causing over US$520 million in damage.
- February 6 – King Dragon operation in Arakan: Burmese General Ne Win targets Muslim minorities in the village of Sakkipara.
- February 8 – United States Senate proceedings are broadcast on radio for the first time.[2]
- February 9 – The Budd Company unveils its first SPV-2000 self-propelled railcar in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[3]
- February 11
- Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314, a Boeing 737-200, crashes in Cranbrook, British Columbia, killing 44 of the 50 people on board.
- Somalia mobilizes its troops, due to an apparent Ethiopian attack.
- The People's Republic of China lifts a ban on works by Aristotle, William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.[citation needed]
- February 13 – Sydney Hilton Hotel bombing: A bomb explodes outside the Hilton Hotel in Sydney, Australia, killing a policeman and two civilians, and injuring several other people.
- February 15
- Rhodesia, one of only two remaining white-ruled African nations (the other being South Africa), announces that it will accept multiracial democracy within 2 years.
- Serial killer Ted Bundy is captured in Pensacola, Florida.[4]
- February 16
- The Hillside Strangler, a serial killer prowling Los Angeles, claims a tenth and final victim.
- The first computer bulletin board system (CBBS) is created in Chicago.
- February 19 – Egyptian raid on Larnaca International Airport
- February 21 – Electrical workers in Mexico City find the remains of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in the middle of the city.
- February 24 – Five men with mild mental-health issues from Yuba City, California disappear in the snow on their way home from a basketball game. In June, four of the bodies are discovered in the Sierra. The fifth, Gary Mathias, is never found. The circumstances surrounding their deaths remains a mystery.
- February 25 – The first Legislative Assembly election is held in Arunachal Pradesh.
- February 27 – The first global positioning satellite, the Rockwell International-built Navstar 1, is launched by the United States.[5]
March[edit]
- March 1 – Charlie Chaplin's remains are stolen from Cosier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.[6]
- March 2 – Soyuz 28 (Aleksei Gubarev, Vladimír Remek) is launched on a rendezvous with Salyut 6, with the first cosmonaut from a country other than the USA or USSR (Czechoslovakian Vladimír Remek).
- March 3
- Ethiopia admits that its troops are fighting with the aid of Cuban soldiers against Somalian troops in the Ogaden.
- Rhodesia attacks Zambia.
- The New York Post publishes an article about David Rorvik's book The Cloning of Man, about a supposed cloning of a human being.
- March 5 – "Wuthering Heights", the debut single by Kate Bush, charts at #1 in the United Kingdom, making her the first woman to have a self-penned number one single.
- March 6 – American porn publisher Larry Flynt is shot and paralyzed in Lawrenceville, Georgia.
- March 8 – The first radio episode of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, by Douglas Adams, is transmitted on BBC Radio 4.
- March 10 – Soyuz 28 lands.
- March 11 – Coastal Road massacre: Palestinian terrorists kill 34 Israelis.
- March 14 – Operation Litani: Israeli forces invade Lebanon.
- March 15 – Somalia and Ethiopia sign a truce to end the Ethio-Somali War.
- March 16 – Former Italian Premier Aldo Moro is kidnapped by the Red Brigades; 5 bodyguards are killed.
- March 17 – An oil tanker, Amoco Cadiz, runs aground on the coast of Brittany.
- March 18
- Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan, is sentenced to death by hanging for ordering the assassination of a political opponent.
- California Jam II is held at the Ontario Motor Speedway in Ontario, California, attracting more than 300,000 fans.
- March 22 – Karl Wallenda of The Flying Wallendas dies after falling off a tight-rope between two hotels in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
- March 26 – The control tower and some other facilities of New Tokyo International Airport, which were scheduled to open on March 31, are illegally occupied and damaged in a terrorist attack by New Left activists, forcing a rescheduling of its opening date to May 20.
- March 28
- San Francisco's city council signs the United States's most comprehensive gay rights bill.
- Stump v. Sparkman (435 U.S. 349): The Supreme Court of the United States hands down a 5–3 decision in a controversial case involving involuntary sterilization and judicial immunity.
April[edit]
- April 1
- New Zealand National Airways Corporation (the domestic airline of New Zealand) is merged with New Zealand's international airline, Air New Zealand.
- Dick Smith of Dick Smith Foods tows a fake iceberg to Sydney Harbour.
- The Philippine College of Commerce, through a presidential decree, is converted to the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.
- April 2 – Dallas debuted on CBS and gave birth to the modern day primetime soap opera.
- April 3 – The 50th Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles with Annie Hall winning Best Picture.
- April 7 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter decides to postpone production of the neutron bomb – a weapon which kills people with radiation but leaves buildings relatively intact.
- April 8 – Regular radio broadcasts of British Parliament proceedings start.
- April 9 – Somali military officers stage an unsuccessful coup against the government of Siad Barre; security forces thwart the attempt within hours, and several conspirators are arrested.
- April 10 – Volkswagen becomes the second (after Rolls-Royce in 1921-1931) non-American automobile manufacturer to open a plant in the United States, commencing production of the Rabbit, the North American version of the Volkswagen Golf, at the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania with a unionized (UAW) workforce (the plant closes in 1992).
- April 14 – 1978 Tbilisi Demonstrations: Thousands of Georgians demonstrate against an attempt by Soviet authorities to change the constitutional status of the Georgian language.
- April 18 – The U.S. Senate votes 68–32 to turn the Panama Canal over to Panamanian control on December 31, 1999.
- April 20 – Soviet air defense shot down Korean Air Lines Flight 902. The plane made an emergency landing on a frozen lake.
- April 22
Afghanistan President Daoud Khan was assassinated by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan on April 25
- Izhar Cohen & the Alphabeta win the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 for Israel with their song "A-Ba-Ni-Bi".
- The One Love Peace Concert is held at National Heroes Stadium in Kingston, Jamaica. Bob Marley unites two opposing political leaders at this concert, bringing peace to the civil war-ridden streets of the city.
- April 25 – St. Paul, Minnesota becomes the second U.S. city to repeal its gay rights ordinance after Anita Bryant's successful 1977 anti-gay campaign in Dade County, Florida.
- April 27 – Afghanistan's president Daoud Khan is killed and his family murdered during a Marxist military coup d'état; Nur Muhammad Taraki succeeds him beginning the Afghan Civil War which as of 2017 has not yet ended.[7]
- April 30 – The Marxist "Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" is proclaimed under pro-communist leader Nur Muhammad Taraki.
May[edit]
- May 4
- The Battle of Cassinga occurs in southern Angola.
- Communist activist Henri Curiel is murdered in Paris.
- May 5 – Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds gets his 3,000th major league hit.
- May 8
- Norway opens a natural gas field in the Polar Sea.
- Reinhold Messner (Italy) and Peter Habeler (Austria) make the first ascent of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen.
- May 9 – In Rome, the corpse of former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro is found in a red Renault 4.
- May 12 – In Zaire, rebels occupy the city of Kolwezi, the mining centre of the province of Shaba. The Zairean government asks the U.S., France and Belgium to restore order.
- May 12–13 – A group of mercenaries led by Bob Denard oust Ali Soilih in the Comoros; 10 local soldiers are killed. Denard forms a new government.
- May 15
- Australia's longest serving prime minister sir Robert Menzies dies.
- Students of the University of Tehran riot in Tabriz; the army stops the riot.
- May 17 – Charlie Chaplin's coffin is found some 15 km from the cemetery from which it was stolen, near Lake Geneva.[6]
- May 18
- Soviet dissident Yuri Orlov is sentenced to 7 years hard labor for distributing 'counterrevolutionary material'.
- Sarajevo is selected to host the 1984 Winter Olympics and Los Angeles is selected to host the 1984 Summer Olympics.
- May 18–19 – Belgian and French paratroopers fly to Zaire to aid the fight against the rebels.
- May 19–20 – French Foreign Legion paratroopers land in Kolwezi, Zaire, to rescue Europeans in the middle of a civil war.
- May 20 – Mavis Hutchinson, 53, becomes the first woman to run across the U.S.; her trek took 69 days.
- May 22 – Exiled leaders Ahmed Abdallah and Muhammad Ahmad return to the Comoros.
- May 25 – A bomb explodes in the security section of Northwestern University, wounding a security guard (the first Unabomber attack).
- May 26 – In Atlantic City, New Jersey, Resorts International, the first legal casino in the eastern United States, opens.
- May 28 – Indianapolis 500: Al Unser wins his third race, and the first for car owner Jim Hall.
- May 29 – Ali Soilih is found dead in the Comoros, allegedly shot when trying to escape.
June[edit]
- June 1 – The 1978 FIFA World Cup starts in Argentina.
- June 6 – California voters approve Proposition 13, which slashes property taxes nearly 60%.
- June 9 – The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints extends the priesthood and temple blessings to "all worthy males", ending a general policy of excluding "Canaanites" from priesthood ordination and temple ordinances.
- June 10 – Affirmed hold off Alydar to win the Belmont Stakes and became the last horse to win the U.S. Triple Crown of Horse Racing until 2015.
- June 12 – Serial killer David Berkowitz, the "Son of Sam," is sentenced to 365 years in prison.
- June 15 – King Hussein of Jordan marries 26-year-old Lisa Halaby, who takes the name Queen Noor.
- June 16 – Grease, starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John is released.
- June 19
- Cricketer Ian Botham becomes the first man in the history of the game to score a century and take 8 wickets in 1 inning of a Test match.
- Garfield, which eventually becomes the world's most widely syndicated comic strip, makes its debut.
- June 20 – The 6.2 Mw Thessaloniki earthquake shakes Northern Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Fifty people were killed.
- June 21
- A shootout between Provisional IRA members and the British Army leaves 1 civilian and 3 IRA men dead.
- 1978 Iranian Chinook shootdown: Iranian helicopters stray into Soviet airspace and are shot down.
- June 22 – Charon, a satellite of Pluto, is discovered.
- June 24
- Yemen Arab Republic President Ahmad al-Ghashmi is killed.
- The Gay & Lesbian Solidarity March is held in Sydney, Australia to mark the 10th Anniversary of the Stonewall riots (which later becomes the annual Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras; later incorporating a festival).
- June 25 – Argentina defeats the Netherlands 3–1 after extra time to win the 1978 FIFA World Cup.
- June 26 – A bombing by Breton nationalists causes destruction in Palace of Versailles.
- June 28
- The U.S. scientific satellite Seasat is launched.
- University of California Regents v. Bakke: The Supreme Court of the United States bars quota systems in college admissions but affirms the constitutionality of programs which give advantages to minorities.
- The rainbow flag of the LGBT movement flies for the first time (in its original form) at the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade.
- June 29 – Actor Bob Crane is found bludgeoned to death in his Scottsdale, Arizona, apartment. The crime is never solved.
- June 30 – Ethiopia begins a massive offensive in Eritrea.
July[edit]
- July 3 – The Amazon Co-operation Treaty (ACT) is signed.
- July 7 – The Solomon Islands become independent from the United Kingdom.
- July 11 – More than 200 tourists die in an explosion of a tanker-truck at a campsite in Costa Daurada, Spain.
- July 24 – In Acapulco, Mexico, Margaret Gardiner of South Africa will crown Miss Universe.
- July 25
- Cerro Maravilla murders: Two Puerto Rican pro-independence activists are killed in a police ambush.
- Louise Brown, the world's first test tube baby, is born in Oldham, Greater Manchester, UK.[8]
- July 28 – Animal House was released in movie theaters.
August[edit]
- August 6 – Pope Paul VI dies in Castel Gandolfo.
- August 17 – Double Eagle II becomes the first balloon to successfully cross the Atlantic Ocean, flying from Presque Isle, Maine, to Miserey, France.
- August 19 – A fire set by Islamic extremists in a movie theater in Abadan, Iran caused the deaths of 377 people.
- August 22 – Sandinistas seize the Nicaraguan National Palace.
- August 26 – Pope John Paul I succeeds Pope Paul VI as the 263rd Pope.
September[edit]
September 6: Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter, and Menachem Begin meet on the Aspen Cabin patio at Camp David.
- September 5 – Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat begin the peace process at Camp David, Maryland.
- September 7 – In London, England, a poison-filled pellet, supposedly injected using an umbrella, fatally poisons Bulgarian defector Georgi Markov; he dies 4 days later.
- September 8 – Iranian Army troops open fire on rioters in Tehran, killing 122, wounding 4,000.
- September 16
- General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq officially assumes the post of President of Pakistan.
- The 7.4 Mw Tabas earthquake affects the city of Tabas, Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 15,000 people were killed.
- September 17 – The Camp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt.
- September 18 – WKRP in Cincinnati premieres on CBS.
- September 19
- Police in the West Midlands of England launch a massive murder hunt, when 13-year-old newspaper boy Carl Bridgewater is shot dead after disturbing a burglary.
- The Solomon Islands join the United Nations.
- September 20 – General Rahimuddin Khan assumes the post of Martial Law Governor of Balochistan
- September 24
- PSA Flight 182, a Boeing 727, collides with a small private airplane and crashes in San Diego, California; 144 are killed.
- Giuseppe Verdi's opera Otello makes its first appearance on Live from the Met, in a complete production of the opera starring Jon Vickers. This is the first complete television broadcast of the opera in the U.S. since the historic 1948 one.
- September 27 – The last Forest Brother guerrilla movement fighter is discovered and killed in Estonia.
- September 28 – Pope John Paul I dies after only 33 days of papacy.
- September – The African National Congress attempts to kill about 500 of its own cadres by poisoning their food because an infiltrated enemy agent cannot be identified.[9]
October[edit]
- October 1
- October 7 – Wranslide in New South Wales: the Wran government is re-elected with an increased majority.
- October 8 – Australia's Ken Warby sets the current world water speed record of 317.6 mph (511.13 km/h) at Blowering Dam, Australia.
- October 9 – P.W. Botha succeeds John Vorster as Prime Minister of South Africa.[10][11]
- October 10
- Daniel arap Moi becomes president of Kenya.
- John Vorster becomes State President of South Africa.[10]
- A massive short circuit in Seasat's electrical system ends the satellite's scientific mission.
- United States President Jimmy Carter signs a bill that authorizes the minting of the Susan B. Anthony dollar.
- October 13 – The Soviet Union launches a major Russification campaign throughout all union republics.
- October 14
- U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs a bill into law which allows homebrewing of beer in the United States.
- October 16 – Pope John Paul II succeeds Pope John Paul I as the 264th pope, resulting in the first Year of Three Popes since 1605. He is the first Polish pope in history, and the first non-Italian pope since Pope Adrian VI (1522–1523).
- October 18 – Thorbjörn Fälldin steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden, and is succeeded by Ola Ullsten, the Leader of the liberal People's Party ("Folkpartiet").
- October 20 – The first Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is held as a protest march and commemoration of the Stonewall riots.
- October 21 – Australian civilian pilot Frederick Valentich vanishes in a Cessna 182 over the Bass Strait south of Melbourne, after reporting contact with an unidentified aircraft.
- October 27 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin win the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord.
- October 31 – The South African Railways sets a still unbeaten world rail speed record on Cape gauge.[12]
November[edit]
- November 2: 8:00 pm – The Republic of Ireland's second television channel RTÉ 2 goes on air (renamed Network 2, 1988; RTÉ Network Two, 1995; N2, 1997; and RTÉ Two in 2004).
- November 3 – Dominica gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
- November 5 – Rioters sack the British Embassy in Tehran.
- November 7
- Indira Gandhi is re-elected to the Indian parliament.
- California voters defeat the Briggs Initiative, which was intended to bar LGBT people from working as school teachers.
- November 18 – Jonestown incident: In Guyana, Jim Jones leads his Peoples Temple cult in a mass murder–suicide that claims 918 lives in all, 909 of them at Jonestown itself, including over 270 children. Congressman Leo J. Ryan is assassinated by members of Peoples Temple shortly beforehand.
- November 19 – The first U.S. Take Back the Night march occurs in San Francisco.
- November 26 – Two British commercial divers, Michael Ward and Tony Prangley, die of hypothermia and drowning in the East Shetland Basin after their diving bell plunges to the seabed at a depth of over 100 metres (330 ft).[13][14]
- November 27 – In San Francisco, Mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk are assassinated by former Supervisor Dan White.
- November 30 – Publication of The Times is suspended due to labor problems until November 13, 1979.
December[edit]
- December 4 – Dianne Feinstein succeeds the murdered George Moscone, to become the first woman mayor of San Francisco and remains in office until January 8, 1988.
- December 6 – The Spanish Constitution officially restores the country's democratic government.
- December 11
- Lufthansa heist: Six men rob a Lufthansa cargo facility in New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport.
- Two million demonstrate against the Shah in Iran.
- December 13 – The first Susan B. Anthony dollars were struck at the Philadelphia Mint.
- December 15
- Cleveland, Ohio becomes the first major American city to go into default since the Great Depression, under Democrat Mayor Dennis Kucinich.
- Superman is released in theaters in the United States.
- December 16
- Train 87 from Nanjing to Xining collides with train 368 from Xi'an to Xuzhou near Yangzhuang railway station in China, killing 106, injuring 218.
- The Mystery of Mamo is released in cinemas in Japan.
- December 19 – Former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi is arrested and jailed for a week for breach of privilege and contempt of parliament.
- December 22
- The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform.
- Chicago serial killer John Wayne Gacy, who was subsequently convicted of the murder of 33 young men and boys committed between 1972 and 1978, is arrested.
- Argentina begins Operation Soberanía against Chile.
- December 25 – Vietnam launches a major offensive against the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia.
- December 27 – The Constitution of Spain is approved in a referendum, officially ending 40 years of military dictatorship.
Date unknown[edit]
- Artificial insulin is invented.
- David Rorvik claims he has participated in a creation of a human clone in his book In His Image.
- Abortion is legalized in Italy for the first time.
- In Seoul, South Korea, construction begins on Seoul Subway Line 2.
- Ford initiates a recall for the Pinto because of a public outcry resulting from deaths associated with gas tank explosions.
- The New York International Bible Society's New International Version of the complete Bible translated into modern American English is published.
- The Soviet Union nuclear weapons stockpile exceeds the United States nuclear weapons stockpile.
- The Space Invaders arcade video game is released by Taito Corporation.
Births[edit]
| Births |
|---|
| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January[edit]
- January 1 – Philip Mulryne, Northern Irish footballer
- January 2
- Megumi Toyoguchi, Japanese voice actress
- Karina Smirnoff, Ukrainian-American dancer
- January 3
- Liya Kebede, Ethiopian model, clothing designer and actress
- Park Sol-mi, South Korean actress
- January 4 – Karine Ruby, French snowboarder (d. 2009)
- January 5
- Franck Montagny, French Formula One driver
- January Jones, American actress
- January 7 – Emilio Palma, Argentine citizen, first human born in Antarctica
- January 9
- Chad Ocho Cinco, American football player
- AJ McLean, American singer
- Gennaro Gattuso, Italian football player
- January 10 – Kanako Mitsuhashi, Japanese voice actress
- January 11 – Emile Heskey, English footballer
- January 12 – Jeremy Camp, American singer and songwriter
- January 13
- Nate Silver, American statistician, psephologist, and writer.
- Ashmit Patel, Indian actor
- January 14 – Shawn Crawford, American runner
- January 15
- Eddie Cahill, American actor
- Franco Pellizotti, Italian cyclist
- January 18
- Thor Hushovd, Norwegian cyclist
- Katja Kipping, German politician
- January 20 – Omar Sy, French actor and comedian
- January 23 – Josh Thompson, American singer
- January 24
- Mark Hildreth, Canadian actor and voice actor
- Nami Miyahara, Japanese voice actress and singer
- Kristen Schaal, American actress
- January 25 – Gordie Dwyer American hockey player and coach
- January 26 – Kelly Stables, American actress
- January 28
- Gianluigi Buffon, Italian footballer
- Jamie Carragher, English footballer
February[edit]
- February 2
- Nelson Chamisa, Zimbabwean politician
- Barry Ferguson, Scottish footballer
- Guido Kaczka, Argentine television show host and actor
- February 3
- Adrian R'Mante, American actor
- Eliza Schneider, American actress
- Kelly Sullivan, American actress
- February 4 – Aleksey Rozin, Russian actor
- February 5
- Brian Russell, American football player
- Samuel Sánchez, Spanish road bicycle racer
- February 7
- Ashton Kutcher, American actor
- Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Nigerian actress, singer, philanthropist and former model
- February 12
- Gethin Jones, Welsh television presenter
- Silver Meikar, Estonian politician
- February 13 – Niklas Bäckström, Finnish hockey player
- February 14
- Richard Hamilton, American basketball player
- Danai Gurira, American actress and playwright
- Darius Songaila, Lithuanian basketball player
- February 15 – Gil Seong-joon, Korean hip-hop musician
- February 16
- John Tartaglia, American actor
- Tia Hellebaut, Belgian athlete
- February 18 – Oliver Pocher, German actor, stand-up comedian and television host
- February 19
- Kenyatta Wright, American football player
- Immortal Technique, Peruvian-American rapper
- February 20
- Julia Jentsch, German actress
- Ken Takeuchi, Japanese voice actor
- February 21
- Kim Ha-neul, South Korean actress
- Kumail Nanjiani, Pakistani-American actor and comedian
- Miki Sakai, Japanese actress
- February 22 – Jenny Frost, English singer
- February 23 – Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (d. 2003)
- February 24
- Leon Constantine, British footballer
- Gary, South Korean musician, entertainer
- February 27 – Kakha Kaladze, Georgian footballer
- February 28
- Jeanne Cherhal, French singer-songwriter
- Yasir Hameed, Pakistani cricketer
- Benjamin Raich, Austrian skier
March[edit]
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- March 1
- Jensen Ackles, American actor
- Donovan Patton, Guamanian television star
- Sakura Nogawa, Japanese voice actress
- March 2
- Tomáš Kaberle, Czech hockey player
- Sebastian Janikowski, American football player
- March 4 – Denis Dallan, Italian rugby union footballer
- March 6
- Sage Rosenfels, American football player
- Mike Jackson, American politician
- March 7 – Jaqueline Jesus, Brazilian psychologist and activist
- March 10 – Benjamin Burnley, American musician
- March 11
- Didier Drogba, Ivorian footballer
- Ha Jung-woo, South Korean actor and director
- March 12
- Neal Obermeyer, American editorial cartoonist
- Claudio Sanchez, American writer and musician
- March 13
- Tom Danielson, American cyclist
- Kenny Watson, American football player
- March 14
- Pieter van den Hoogenband, Dutch swimmer
- Carl Johan Bergman, Swedish biathlete
- Moon Hee-joon, Korean singer
- March 15 – Flavio Furtado, Cape Verdean boxer
- March 16 – Brooke Burns, American fashion model and actress
- March 17
- Jason M. Burns, American writer
- Patrick Seitz, American voice actor
- March 18 – Fernandão, Brazilian footballer and manager (d. 2014)
- March 21
- Rani Mukerji, Indian actress
- Mohammad Rezaei, Iranian wrestler
- March 22 – Josh Heupel, American football player
- March 23
- Simon Gärdenfors, Swedish cartoonist and radio host
- Nicholle Tom, American actress
- March 29 – Igor Rakočević, Serbian basketball player
- March 30 – Simon Webbe, English singer
- March 31
- Stephen Clemence, English footballer
- Jérôme Rothen, French footballer
April[edit]
- April 1
- Vitor Belfort, Brazilian martial artist
- Antonio de Nigris, Mexican footballer (d. 2009)
- April 2 – Nick Berg, American businessman (d. 2004)
- April 3
- Matthew Goode, English actor
- John Smit, South African rugby union player
- April 4
- Jason Ellison, American baseball player
- Sam Moran, Australian singer
- April 5 – Franziska van Almsick, German swimmer
- April 6
- Tim Hasselbeck, American football player
- April 7 – Duncan James, English singer
- April 9
- Jorge Andrade, Portuguese footballer
- Takashi Ohara, Japanese voice actor
- Rachel Stevens, English singer
- April 12
- Guy Berryman, Scottish musician
- Cheeming Boey, Malaysian artist
- April 13 – Kyle Howard, American television and movie actor
- April 15 – Luis Fonsi, Puerto Rican singer and songwriter
- April 16
- Lara Dutta, Indian actress and beauty queen
- Matthew Lloyd, Australian rules footballer
- April 17
- Juan Guillermo Castillo, Uruguayan goalkeeper
- Jason White, Scottish rugby union player
- April 19 – James Franco, American actor
- April 20 – Matt Austin, Canadian actor
- April 21 – Jukka Nevalainen, Finnish drummer
- April 22 – Manu Intiraymi, American actor
- April 23 – Tamara Czartoryski-Borbon, Spanish athlete
- April 25 – Duncan Kibet, Kenyan long-distance runner
- April 26
- Stana Katic, Canadian-American actress
- Shinnosuke Tachibana, Japanese voice actor
- April 28 – Robert Oliveri, American former actor
- April 29
- Bob and Mike Bryan, American doubles tennis team
- Tyler Labine, Canadian actor
May[edit]
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- May 1 – James Badge Dale, American actor
- May 3 – Lawrence Tynes, American football player
- May 4
- Erin Andrews, American television host and personality
- Daisuke Ono, Japanese voice actor
- May 6 – Aleksandr Fyodorov, Russian bodybuilder
- May 7
- Brian Clevinger, American author
- Shawn Marion, American basketball player
- May 8 – Matthew Davis, American actor
- May 9 – Daniel Franzese, American actor
- May 10
- Kenan Thompson, American actor and comedian
- Marcelo Moretto, Brazilian footballer
- May 11
- Laetitia Casta, French supermodel and actress
- Judy Ann Santos, Filipino actress
- May 12
- Hossein Rezazadeh, Iranian weightlifter
- Jason Biggs, American actor
- Aya Ishiguro, Japanese singer, writer, and fashion designer
- Malin Åkerman, Swedish-Canadian Actress
- May 13
- Mike Bibby, American basketball player
- Barry Zito, American baseball player
- May 15
- Dwayne De Rosario, Canadian footballer
- Caroline Dhavernas, French-Canadian actress
- Krzysztof Ignaczak, Polish volleyball player
- David Krumholtz, American actor
- May 17 – Kat Foster, American actress
- May 18 – Ricardo Carvalho, Portuguese footballer
- May 19 – Marcus Bent, English footballer
- May 21
- Adam Gontier, Canadian singer
- Briana Banks, German-American porn star
- May 22
- Katie Price (Jordan), English model and television personality
- Ginnifer Goodwin, American actress
- May 23
- Scott Raynor, American drummer
- Carolyn Moos, American model and basketball player
- May 24 – Bryan Greenberg, American actor
- May 25 – Brian Urlacher, American football player
- May 26 – Benji Gregory, American actor
- May 28
- Jake Johnson, American actor and comedian
- Tomohiko Ito, Japanese footballer
- May 29
- Pelle Almqvist, Swedish singer-songwriter
- Lorenzo Odone, American adrenoleukodystrophy patient (d. 2008)
June[edit]
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- June 1
- Antonietta Di Martino, Italian high-jumper
- Link Neal, American musician, comedian and internet personality
- June 2
- Nikki Cox, American actress
- Justin Long, American actor
- June 4
- Simone Maludrottu, Italian boxer
- Robin Lord Taylor, American actor
- June 5 – Nick Kroll, American actor and comedian
- June 6
- Carl Barât, English musician
- Nadia Nascimento, Canadian actress
- Mariana Popova, Bulgarian singer
- June 7
- Jesse Ball, American novelist and poet
- Bill Hader, American actor and comedian
- June 8 – Maria Menounos, American actress, journalist, and television presenter
- June 9
- Michaela Conlin, American actress
- Shandi Finnessey, American beauty queen and actress
- Miroslav Klose, German footballer
- Matthew Bellamy, British musician and singer
- June 10
- Han Hee-won, South Korean golfer
- Karl Scully, Irish tenor
- Shane West, American actor
- June 11 – Joshua Jackson, Canadian actor
- June 12
- Shiloh Strong, American actor
- Timothy Simons, American actor
- Jeremy Rowley, American character actor and comedian
- June 13 – Faizal Yusof, Malaysian actor (d. 2011)
- June 15
- Wilfred Bouma, Dutch footballer
- Anna Torv, Australian actress
- June 16 – Daniel Brühl, German actor
- June 18 – Tara Platt, American voice actress and actress
- June 19
- Mía Maestro, Argentine actress
- Dirk Nowitzki, German basketball player
- Zoe Saldana, American actress
- June 20
- Mike Birbiglia, American actor, comedian, and writer
- Quinton Jackson, American mixed martial arts fighter
- Frank Lampard, English footballer
- June 21
- Erica Durance, Canadian actress
- Jean-Pascal Lacoste, French singer, actor and television host
- Tom Lister, English actor
- June 22
- Champ Bailey, American football player
- Tim Driesen, Belgian actor and singer-songwriter
- Dan Wheldon, English race car driver (d. 2011)
- June 23
- Gladys Reyes, Filipino actress
- Leandro Firmino, Brazilian actor
- Jeremy Horn, American musician and songwriter
- June 24
- Ariel Pink, American musician
- Emppu Vuorinen, Finnish musician
- Juan Román Riquelme, Argentine footballer
- Shunsuke Nakamura, Japanese footballer
- June 25
- Aramis Ramírez, Dominican baseball player
- Aftab Shivdasani, Indian actor
- Marcus Stroud, American football player
- June 27 – Anna Kumble, English pop singer and television presenter
- June 28 – Ha Ji-won, South Korean actress and singer
- June 29
- Luke Kirby, Canadian actor
- Nicole Scherzinger, American singer
- June 30
- Ben Cousins, Australian rules footballer
- Pat Dennis, American football player
- Jason Schimmel, American musician and producer
- Nate Winkel, American soccer player
July[edit]
- July 1
- Hillary Tuck, American actress
- Aleki Lutui, Tongan rugby player
- Liu Kwok Man, Chinese footballer
- July 2
- Paul Danan, British actor
- Ganesh, Indian actor and television presenter
- Diana Gurtskaya, Georgian singer
- Jüri Ratas, Estonian politician and 18th Prime Minister of Estonia
- Owain Yeoman, Welsh actor
- July 3
- Ian Anthony Dale, American actor
- Mizuki Noguchi, Japanese long-distance runner
- July 4
- Becki Newton, American actress
- Marcos Daniel, Brazilian tennis player
- July 5 – Andreas Baum, German politician
- July 6
- Daphne Iking, Malaysian television personality and actress
- Danil Khalimov, Kazakh Greco-Roman wrestler
- Tia and Tamera Mowry, African-American actresses
- Kevin Senio, New Zealand rugby union footballer
- July 7
- DJ Manian, German music producer and DJ
- Marino Franchitti, British racing driver
- Benjamin Mitchell, New Zealand actor
- Mark Sloan, British professional wrestler
- July 8
- Rachael Lillis, American actress
- Erin Morgenstern, American artist and author
- Garth Mulroy, South African golfer
- July 9
- Kyle Davis, American actor
- Dmitri Dyuzhev, Russian actor and singer
- Mark Medlock, German singer
- Linda Park, Korean-born actress
- July 10 – Jesse Lacey, American singer-songwriter
- July 12
- Bradley Eustace, Australian composer
- Topher Grace, American actor
- Michelle Rodriguez, American actress
- July 15
- Matt Mitrione, American mixed martial artist
- Greg Sestero, French-American actor and model
- July 16 – Ahmede Hussain, Bangladeshi writer
- July 17
- Ricardo Arona, Brazilian mixed martial artist
- Panda Bear, American musician
- Justine Triet, French actress
- July 18
- Shane Horgan, Irish rugby player
- Crystal Mangum, American murderer responsible for making false rape allegations in the Duke lacrosse case
- Virginia Raggi, Italian lawyer, politician
- Joo Sang-wook, South Korean actor
- Ben Sheets, American baseball player
- Vladimir Tintor, Serbian film actor
- July 19 – Atsushi Harada, Japanese actor
- July 20
- André Bankoff, Brazilian actor
- Pavel Datsyuk, Russian ice hockey player
- Tamsyn Manou, Australian athlete
- Chris Sligh, American singer-songwriter and producer
- Will Solomon, American basketball player
- Elliott Yamin, American singer
- July 21
- Justin Bartha, American actor
- Josh Hartnett, American actor
- Brandon Heath, American singer and songwriter
- Kyoko Iwasaki, Japanese swimmer
- July 22
- A. J. Cook, Canadian actress
- Ryan Eigenmann, Filipino actor
- Kyōko Hasegawa, Japanese model and actress
- Candace Kroslak, American actress
- July 23
- Stuart Elliott, Northern Irish footballer
- Stefanie Sun, Singapore singer
- July 25
- Louise Brown, British citizen, first human born through in vitro fertilisation
- Gerard Warren, American football player
- July 26
- Jehad Muntasser, Libyan footballer
- Eve Myles, Welsh actress
- July 28 – Hitomi Yaida, Japanese singer
- July 31
- Will Champion, English musician
- Justin Wilson, English racing driver (d. 2015)
- July – Caucher Birkar, born Fereydoun Derakhshani, Kurdish-born mathematician
August[edit]
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- August 3
- Mariusz Jop, Polish footballer
- Shanelle Workman, American actress
- August 4 – Kurt Busch, American race car driver
- August 5 – Carolina Duer, Argentine boxer
- August 6
- Marisa Miller, American supermodel
- Freeway, American rapper
- Peng Cheng-min, Taiwanese baseball player
- August 7
- Alexandre Aja, French director
- Vanness Wu, Taiwanese singer
- August 8
- Countess Vaughn, American actress
- Natsuko Kuwatani, Japanese voice actress
- August 9 – Daniela Denby-Ashe, English actress
- August 17
- Vibeke Stene, Norwegian rock singer
- Jelena Karleuša, Serbian pop singer
- August 18 – Andy Samberg, American actor and comedian
- August 19
- Chris Capuano, American baseball player
- Qais Al Khonji, Omani entrepreneur
- August 20 – Noah Bean, American actor
- August 21
- Reuben Droughns, American football player
- Alan Lee, Irish footballer
- August 22
- Vitaliy Balytskyi, Ukrainian football player and manager (d. 2018)
- James Corden, British comedian and television personality
- August 23 – Kobe Bryant, American basketball player
- August 24 – Rafael Furcal, Dominican baseball player
- August 25 – Kel Mitchell, American actor
- August 26 – Amanda Schull, American actress
- August 27 – Suranne Jones, English actress
- August 28
- Kelly Overton, American actress
- Rachel Kimsey, American actress
- Sam Wills, New Zealand comic
- August 29 – Danielle Hampton, Canadian actress
- August 30 – Swizz Beatz, American record producer and rapper
- August 31 – Ido Pariente, Israeli mixed martial artist
September[edit]
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- September 3 – Tinkara Kovač, Slovenian singer and musician
- September 4
- Wes Bentley, American actor
- Frederik Veuchelen, Belgian cyclist
- September 6
- Mathew Horne, English actor
- Homare Sawa, Japanese footballer
- September 7 – Devon Sawa, Canadian actor
- September 9 – Gina Gogean, Romania artistic gymnast
- September 11
- Ed Reed, American football player
- Ben Lee, Australian singer
- Else-Marthe Sørlie Lybekk, Norwegian handball player
- September 12
- Ruben Studdard, American singer
- Ben McKenzie, American actor
- September 13 – Megan Henning, American actress
- September 14
- Ben Cohen, English rugby union player
- Carmen Kass, Estonian supermodel
- September 15
- Eiður Guðjohnsen, Icelandic football player
- David Sneddon, Scottish singer-songwriter
- September 18 – Billy Eichner, American actor and comedian
- September 20
- Jason Bay, Canadian baseball player
- Patrizio Buanne, Italian singer
- Sarit Hadad, Israeli pop singer
- September 21
- Doug Howlett, New Zealand rugby union player
- Josh Thomson, American mixed martial artist
- September 22 – Harry Kewell, Australian footballer
- September 23
- Anthony Mackie, American actor
- Worm Miller, American screenwriter, director and actor
- Keri Lynn Pratt, American actress
- September 24 – Wietse van Alten, Dutch archer
- September 25
- Jodie Kidd, English model
- Ani Lorak, Ukrainian singer
- Rossif Sutherland, Canadian actor
- September 28 – Pastora Soler, Spanish singer
- September 29 – Kurt Nilsen, Norwegian singer
- September 30 – Candice Michelle, American professional wrestler and model
October[edit]
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- October 1 – Katie Aselton, American actress
- October 2 – Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer
- October 3
- Claudio Pizarro, Peruvian footballer
- Gerald Asamoah, German footballer
- Ricardo Rocha, Portuguese footballer
- Christian Coulson, English actor
- Shannyn Sossamon, American actress
- October 4
- Dana Davis, American actress
- Mark Day, Canadian actor
- Phillip Glasser, American actor and producer
- Kei Horie, Japanese actor
- October 5
- Shane Ryan, Irish Gaelic footballer
- James Valentine, American musician
- Morgan Webb, television personality
- October 7 – Omar Benson Miller, American actor
- October 9 – Nicky Byrne, Irish musician
- October 14
- Paul Hunter, English snooker player (d. 2006)
- Usher, American singer and actor
- October 17 – Pablo Iglesias Turrión, Spanish politician
- October 18 – Wesley Jonathan, American actor
- October 20
- Kira, German singer
- Virender Sehwag, Indian cricketer
- Tomohiko Ito, Japanese anime director
- October 21 – Joey Harrington, American football player
- October 23 – John Lackey, American baseball player
- October 24 – Carlos Edwards, Trinidadian footballer
- October 25
- Russell Anderson, Scottish footballer
- Zachary Knighton, American actor
- David T. Little, American composer and drummer
- October 26
- CM Punk, American professional wrestler
- Antonio Pierce, American football player
- October 27
- David Walton, American actor
- Vanessa-Mae, Singaporean violinist
- October 28
- Justin Guarini, American singer
- Gwendoline Christie, English actress and model
- October 29
- Travis Henry, American football player
- Matt Fleckenstein, American television writer and executive producer
- October 30 – Matthew Morrison, American actor and singer
November[edit]
- November 1
- Jessica Valenti, American blogger and writer
- Manju Warrier, Indian actress
- Mary Kate Schellhardt, American actress
- November 3 – Tim McIlrath, American singer
- November 5
- Bubba Watson, American golfer
- Xavier Tondo, Spanish cyclist (d. 2011)
- November 6
- Taryn Manning, American actress
- Sandrine Blancke, Belgian actress
- November 7
- Zaheer Khan, Indian cricketer
- Mark Read, English singer
- November 8 – Ali Karimi, Iranian football player
- November 9
- Sisqó, American actor and singer
- Irwin Daayán, Mexican voice actor
- November 10
- Nadine Angerer, German footballer
- Kyla Cole, Czech model
- Diplo, American DJ and music producer
- Eve, African-American rapper
- Akemi Kanda, Japanese voice actress
- Drew McConnell, English musician
- November 12 – Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy, Pakistani journalist, activist and filmmaker
- November 13 – Hsu Wei Lun, Taiwanese actress (d. 2007)
- November 14
- Bobby Allen, American ice hockey player
- Xavier Nady, American baseball player
- November 17
- Rachel McAdams, Canadian actress
- Reggie Wayne, American football player
- November 18
- Daniel Chong, American animator
- Damien Johnson, Northern Irish footballer
- Aldo Montano, Italian fencer
- November 19 – Matt Dusk, Canadian musician and singer
- November 21 – Annie, Norwegian singer
- November 24 – Katherine Heigl, American actress
- November 25 – Shiina Ringo, Japanese singer and musician
- November 26 – Jun Fukuyama, Japanese voice actor
- November 27 – Mike Skinner, English musician
- November 28 – Aimee Garcia, American actress
- November 29 – Lauren German, American actress
- November 30
- Clay Aiken, American singer-songwriter and author
- Gael García Bernal, Mexican actor
December[edit]
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- December 1
- Mat Kearney, American singer-songwriter and musician
- Stefan Kapičić, Serbian actor
- December 2
- Nelly Furtado, Portuguese-Canadian singer and songwriter
- Alo Kõrve, Estonian actor
- Christopher Wolstenholme, British musician
- December 4 – Lars Bystøl, Norwegian ski jumper
- December 5
- Neil Druckmann, American video game writer and programmer
- Olli Jokinen, Finnish ice hockey player
- December 7
- Shiri Appleby, American actress
- Suzannah Lipscomb, English historian
- December 8
- Ian Somerhalder, American actor
- Vernon Wells, American baseball player
- December 9
- Gastón Gaudio, Argentine tennis player
- Jesse Metcalfe, American actor
- December 10 – Summer Phoenix, American actress
- December 12 – Monica Bîrlădeanu, Romanian actress
- December 13 – Cameron Douglas, American actor
- December 15 – Jerome McDougle, American football player
- December 16 – Joe Absolom, British actor
- December 17
- Manny Pacquiao, Filipino boxer and politician
- Chase Utley, American baseball player
- December 18
- Daniel Cleary, Canadian ice hockey player
- Josh Dallas, American actor
- Katie Holmes, American actress
- December 19 – Patrick Casey, American screenwriter and actor
- December 20
- Geremi, Cameroon footballer
- Jacqueline Saburido, Venezuelan-American social activist
- December 21 – Shaun Morgan, South African musician and singer-songwriter
- December 22
- Edo Maajka, Bosnian rapper
- Joanne Kelly, Canadian actress
- December 23
- Andra Davis, American football player
- Jodie Marsh, British model
- Víctor Martínez, Venezuelan baseball player
- Estella Warren, Canadian swimmer, model, and actress
- December 24 – Yıldıray Baştürk, Turkish footballer
- December 25 – Paula Seling, Romanian singer and radio DJ
- December 26 – Kaoru Sugayama, Japanese volleyball player
- December 28 – John Legend, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and actor
- December 29 – Alexis Amore, Peruvian actress, dancer, and model
- December 30
- Tyrese Gibson, African-American actor and singer
- Inferno, Polish musician
- December 31
- Yulia Barsukova, Russian rhythmic gymnast
- Craig Wayne Boyd, American country music singer
Date unknown[edit]
- Raghda Khateb, Syrian voice actress[15]
Deaths[edit]
| Deaths |
|---|
| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January[edit]
- January 1 – S. Poniman, Indonesian singer and actor (b. 1910)
- January 2 – Oscar Estrada, American baseball pitcher (b. 1904)
- January 3
- Alfred Braun, German actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1888)
- Prince Kaya Tsunenori (b. 1900)
- January 4 – Billy Gray, American actor (b. 1904)
- January 5
- Wyatt Emory Cooper, American screenwriter and author (b. 1927)
- Sally Eilers, American actress (b. 1908)
- January 6 – John D. MacArthur, American philanthropist (b. 1897)
- January 8
- André François-Poncet, French politician and diplomat (b. 1887)
- Rick Turner, South African philosopher (b. 1941)
- January 11 – Michael Bates, British actor (b. 1920)
- January 13
- Hubert Humphrey, American politician, 38th Vice President of the United States and Senator (b. 1911)
- Joe McCarthy, American baseball manager of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1887)
- January 14
- Harold Abrahams, British Olympic athlete (b. 1899)
- Kurt Gödel, Austrian-born American mathematician (b. 1906)
- January 18
- Ivan Dzerzhinsky, Soviet composer (b. 1909)
- Walter H. Thompson, English Scotland Yard detective (b. 1890)
- John Lyng, Norwegian politician, 17th Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1905)
- January 19
- Bijon Bhattacharya, Bengali actor (b. 1915)
- Józef Smoleński, Polish general (b. 1894)
- Živko Stojsavljević, Yugoslav painter (b. 1900)
- January 22
- Stefan Czmil, Soviet Eastern Catholic bishop and reverend (b. 1914)
- Herbert Sutcliffe, English cricketer (b. 1894)
- January 25 – Fred Ferris, British actor (b. 1905)
- January 27
- Clarence Norman Brunsdale, 24th Governor of North Dakota (b. 1891)
- Marguerite Canal, French conductor (b. 1890)
- Sarge Connally, American baseball player (b. 1898)
- Oskar Homolka, Austrian actor (b. 1898)
- January 28 – Nadezhda Fedutenko, Soviet red army officer (b. 1915)
- January 29 – Adhemar Gonzaga, Brazilian actor, screenwriter, producer and director (b. 1901)
- January 30 – Marie-Louise Damien, French actress (b. 1889)
February[edit]
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- February 1 – Alexander Cañedo, Mexican artist (b. 1902)
- February 4 – Arkadi Kuleshov, Soviet poet and translator (b. 1914)
- February 5 – Yoshihide Hayashi, Japanese general (b. 1891)
- February 7
- Dimitrie Cuclin, Romanian composer and philosopher (b. 1888)
- Roy Grover, American professional baseball player (b. 1892)
- Keizō Komura, Japanese admiral (b. 1896)
- February 9
- Angela Greene, American actress (b. 1924)
- Warren King, American cartoonist (b. 1916)
- Daniel Reed, American actor, playwright and screenwriter (b. 1892)
- February 10 – Redento Maria Gauci, Maltese Carmelite bishop (b. 1920)
- February 11
- James B. Conant, American chemist and headmaster of Harvard University (b. 1893)
- Harry Martinson, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- February 13 – Abbas Fares, Egyptian actor (b. 1902)
- February 14 – Claude Binyon, American director and screenwriter (b. 1905)
- February 15
- Ilka Chase, American actress (b. 1900)
- Tadeusz Chyliński, Polish designer and constructor (b. 1911)
- February 16 – Edward Lindberg, American Olympic athlete (b. 1886)
- February 17 – Artemiy Artsikhovsky, Soviet archaeologist and historian (b. 1902)
- February 18 – Maggie McNamara, American actress (b. 1928)
- February 19 – Pankaj Mullick, Bengali composer and singer (b. 1904)
- February 20 – Vitorino Nemésio, Portuguese poet and author (b. 1901)
- February 24 – Franco Arcalli, Italian director and screenwriter (b. 1929)
- February 27 – Vadim Salmanov, Soviet composer (b. 1912)
- February 28 – Philip Ahn, Korean-born American actor (b. 1905)
March[edit]
- March 1
- Léon Azéma, French architect (b. 1888)
- Kiyoshi Oka, Japanese mathematician (b. 1901)
- Paul Scott, English writer (b. 1920)
- March 4 – Élie Bloncourt, French politician (b. 1896)
- March 5
- Cesare Andrea Bixio, Italian composer (b. 1896)
- Princess Yassu (b. 1896)
- March 6 – Taha El Sherif Ben Amer, Libyan engineer and politician (b. 1936)
- March 7
- Steve Bilko, American professional baseball player (b. 1928)
- Salvatore Greco, Italian criminal (b. 1923)
- March 8
- Tjeerd Bottema, Dutch painter and illustrator (b. 1884)
- Jacques Grello, French actor (b. 1915)
- March 11
- Claude François, French singer-songwriter (aka Cloclo) (b. 1939)
- Sofia Vembo, Greek singer and actress (b. 1910)
- March 12 – John Cazale, American actor (b. 1935)
- March 16 – Florencio Durán, Chilean physician, lawyer and politician (b. 1893)
- March 17
- Eddie Aikau, American lifeguard and surfer (b. 1946)
- Giacomo Violardo, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1898)
- March 19 – Gaston Julia, French mathematician (b. 1893)
- March 21 – Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh (Carroll Daly), Irish barrister, judge and politician, 5th President of Ireland (b. 1911)
- March 22
- Isidro Ayora, Ecuadorian political figure, 22nd President of Ecuador (b. 1879)
- Karl Wallenda, American circus performer (b. 1905)
- March 24 – André Lallemand, French astronomer (b. 1904)
- March 25 – Ego Brønnum-Jacobsen, Danish actor (b. 1904)
- March 29 – Eugène Schaus, Luxembourgish politician (b. 1901)
- March 30 – Sultan Hamid II (b. 1913)
April[edit]
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- April 2 – Gloria Dawn, Australian actress (b. 1929)
- April 5 – Douglas Henderson, American actor (b. 1919)
- April 7 – Donald Gray, South African actor (b. 1914)
- April 8
- Ford Frick, 3rd commissioner of Major League Baseball (b. 1894)
- Lon L. Fuller, American legal philosopher (b. 1902)
- April 11 – Ian MacDonald, American actor and producer (b. 1914)
- April 13 – Wojciech Łukaszewski, Polish composer (b. 1897)
- April 14
- Asadollah Alam, Iranian politician, 40th Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1919)
- Joe Gordon, American baseball player and member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1915)
- F. R. Leavis, British literary critic (b. 1895)
- Lewis Teague, American painter
- April 16
- Thomas Cahill, Australian Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1913)
- Lucius D. Clay, American military governor of Germany after World War II (b. 1897)
- Philibert Tsiranana, Malagasy leader and politician, 1st President of Madagascar (b. 1912)
- April 18
- Alex Brinchmann, Norwegian physician and pediatrician (b. 1888)
- Katherine Schmidt, American artist (b. 1899)
- April 21 – Sandy Denny, English singer (b. 1947)
- April 22 – Will Geer, American actor (b. 1902)
- April 24
- Federico Chávez, Paraguayan politician and soldier, 40th President of Paraguay (b. 1882)
- Viktor Gehring, German actor (b. 1889)
- April 26
- Julio Bracho, Mexican director and screenwriter (b. 1909)
- Mario Castellani, Italian actor (b. 1906)
- April 27
- Zamina Begum, Princess and 1st First Lady of Afghanistan (b. 1917)
- John Doeg, American tennis champion (b. 1908)
- Guido Stampacchia, Italian mathematician (b. 1922)
- April 28
- Makhosini Dlamini, Prince and 1st Prime Minister of Swaziland (b. 1914)
- Mohammed Daoud Khan, 5th Prime Minister of Afghanistan and 1st President of Afghanistan (b. 1909)
May[edit]
- May 1
- Aram Khachaturian, Soviet composer (b. 1903)
- Boris Vladimirov, Soviet general (b. 1895)
- May 7 – Augusto Codecá, Argentine actor (b. 1907)
- May 8 – Duncan Grant, Scottish painter (b. 1885)
- May 9 – Aldo Moro, Italian Christian Democratic politician and statesman, 38th Prime Minister of Italy (assassinated) (b. 1916)
- May 11 – P. V. Narasimha Bharathi, Tamil actor (b. 1924)
- May 12 – Vasili Merkuryev, Soviet director and teacher (b. 1904)
- May 15 – Robert Menzies, 12th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1894)
- May 16 – Goffredo Alessandrini, Italian writer and director (b. 1904)
- May 18 – Václav Dobiáš, Czechoslovakian composer (b. 1909)
- May 19 – Natalia Lebedeva, Soviet anthropologist (b. 1894)
- May 20 – Gerold Schwarzenbach, Swiss chemist (b. 1904)
- May 23 – Thomas Christian Kavanagh, American civil engineer (b. 1912)
- May 24
- Cyrille Adoula, Zairian trade unionist and politician, 4th Prime Minister of Zaire (b. 1921)
- Lily Parr, English football player (b. 1905)
- Sam Steinberg, Hungarian-born Canadian businessman (b. 1905)
- May 26
- Cybele Andrianou, Greek actress (b. 1888)
- Zygmunt Chmielewski, Polish actor (b. 1894)
- Tamara Karsavina, Soviet ballerina (b. 1885)
- May 27 – Jorge Icyaza, Ecuadorean novelist (b. 1906)
- May 28
- Bernard Borderie, French director and screenwriter (b. 1924)
- Arthur Brough, British actor (b. 1905)
- Ben Carré, French painter (b. 1883)
- May 29
- Yury Dombrovsky, Soviet writer (b. 1909)
- Charles Wood, American actor (b. 1916)
- May 30 – Giuseppe Di Cristina, Italian gangster (b. 1923)
- May 31
- Maja Berezowska, Polish painter (b. 1893)
- József Bozsik, Hungarian Olympic Gold Medal football player (b. 1925)
- José Gonzalvo, Spanish footballer and manager (b. 1920)
- Lloyd Wright, American architect (b. 1890)
June[edit]
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- June 1
- John W. Burton, American film producer and cinematographer (b. 1906)
- Abdylas Maldybaev, Kyrgyz tenor (b. 1906)
- June 2 – Santiago Bernabéu, Spanish footballer, player and president of Real Madrid C.F. (b. 1906)
- June 4 – Mark R. Shaw, American temperance movement leader and Prohibition Party candidate for vice-president in 1964, (b. 1889)
- June 6
- Moisés Bensabat Amzalak, Portuguese scholar (b. 1892)
- Esteban Serrador, Chilean actor (b. 1903)
- June 7 – Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
- June 9
- Charles Gordon, American artist (b. 1909)
- Prince Nicholas of Romania (b. 1903)
- June 14 – James Kendall, British chemist (b. 1889)
- June 16
- Tadaoto Kainosho, Japanese actor and designer (b. 1894)
- Felicia Montealegre, Chilean actress (b. 1922)
- June 17 – Robert Williams, American actor (b. 1904)
- June 18 – Peter Štefan, Czechoslovakian mathematician (b. 1941)
- June 19 – Maria Boniecka, Polish author (b. 1910)
- June 20 – Mark Robson, Canadian film director (b. 1913)
- June 21 – Vladimir Aleksi-Meskhishvili, Soviet architect (b. 1915)
- June 22 – Jens Otto Krag, Danish politician, 18th Prime Minister of Denmark (b. 1914)
- June 24 – Ahmad al-Ghashmi, Yemeni general, 4th President of the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) (b. 1935)
- June 25 – Barry Brown, American actor and writer (b. 1951)
- June 26 – Salim Rubai Ali, 2nd President of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) (b. 1935)
- June 27 – Josette Day, French actress (b. 1914)
- June 28
- Bob Crane, American actor (b. 1928)
- Iuliu Hirțea, Romanian Eastern Catholic bishop and venerable (b. 1914)
July[edit]
- July 1 – Kurt Student, Luftwaffe general and commander of the German airborne forces during World War II. (b. 1890)
- July 3 – Edouard Kutter, Luxembourg photographer (b. 1887)
- July 4 – Ladislav Boháč, Czechoslovakian actor (b. 1907)
- July 6 – Lucy Drake Marlow, American artist (b. 1890)
- July 7 – Francisco Mendes, Guinea-Bissau politician, 1st Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1939)
- July 8 – Aagot Nissen, Norwegian actress (b. 1882)
- July 10
- Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif, Iraqi military officer and general, 31st Prime Minister of Iraq (b. 1934)
- John D. Rockefeller III, American philanthropist (b. 1906)
- Takashi Suzuki, Japanese politician (b. 1882)
- July 14 – Gaston Ragueneau, French athlete (b. 1881)
- July 16 – Howard Estabrook, American actor (b. 1884)
- July 17 – Susana Calandrelli, Argentine writer (b. 1901)
- July 19
- George Blanchard, British-born Canadian architect (b. 1891)
- Marcello Marchesi, Italian screenwriter and director (b. 1912)
- July 23 – Jerzy Duszyński, Polish actor (b. 1917)
- July 24
- Jorge Juan Crespo de la Serna, Mexican artist and historian (b. 1887)
- Michele Riccardini, Italian actress (b. 1910)
- July 25 – Helen Corke, English writer (b. 1882)
- July 29 – Andrzej Bogucki, Polish actor (b. 1904)
- July 30 – Umberto Nobile, Italian aviator and explorer (b. 1885)
- July 31 – Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich of Russia (b. 1902)
August[edit]
- August 1 – W. E. Butler, British occultist (b. 1898)
- August 2
- Carlos Chávez, Mexican composer and conductor (b. 1899)
- Totie Fields, American comedian (b. 1930)
- August 4 – Frank Fontaine, American comedian and singer (b. 1920)
- August 5
- Jesse Haines, American baseball player and member of the MLB Hall of Fame (b. 1893)
- Queenie Smith, American actress (b. 1898)
- August 6
- Pope Paul VI (b. 1897)
- Edward Durell Stone, American architect (b. 1902)
- August 7 – Eddie Calvert, British musician (b. 1922)
- August 8
- Joachim O. Fernández, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana (b. 1896)
- Josef Hlinomaz, Czechoslovakian actor and painter (b. 1914)
- August 12 – Marie Vassiltchikov, Russian princess (b. 1917)
- August 13
- Muhammad Siddiq Khan, Bengali librarian (b. 1910)
- Ferenc Kiss, Hungarian actor (b. 1892)
- José María Prada, Spanish actor (b. 1892)
- August 17 – Vera Maretskaya, Soviet actress (b. 1906)
- August 18 – Aleksander Jeljaszewicz, Polish army officer (b. 1902)
- August 19 – Emilio Núñez Portuondo, Cuban diplomat and politician, 13th Prime Minister of Cuba (b. 1898)
- August 22 – Jomo Kenyatta, Kenyan activist, politician and statesman, 1st Prime Minister of Kenya and 1st President of Kenya (b. 1894)
- August 23 – Agustín Isunza, Mexican actor (b. 1900)
- August 24 – Louis Prima, Italian-born American singer and actor (b. 1910)
- August 25
- Olivier Hussenot, French actor (b. 1913)
- George E. Jonas, American philanthropist (b. 1897)
- August 26 – José Manuel Moreno, Argentine football player (b. 1916)
- August 28
- Kofi Abrefa Busia, Ghanese nationalist leader, 2nd Prime Minister of Ghana (b. 1913)
- Robert Shaw, British actor (b. 1927)
September[edit]
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Metropolitan Nikodim
Reverend George Beck
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- September 3 – Karin Molander, Swedish actress (b. 1906)
- September 4 – Leonora Cohen, British suffragette and trade unionist (b. 1873)
- September 5 – Nikodim, Soviet Russian Orthodox metropolitan (b. 1929)
- September 6 – Harry Wilson, British actor (b. 1897)
- September 7
- Keith Moon, Lead drummer of the British rock group The Who (b. 1946)
- Charles Williams, British composer and conductor (b. 1893)
- September 8
- Giuseppe Calderone, Italian criminal (b. 1925)
- Leopoldo Torre Nilsson, Argentine film director (b. 1924)
- Ricardo Zamora, Spanish football and manager (b. 1901)
- September 9
- Eulogio Cantillo, Cuban general (b. 1911)
- Maria Conesa, Spanish-born Mexican actress (b. 1892)
- Jack L. Warner, Canadian film studio founder (b. 1892)
- Hugh MacDiarmid, Scottish poet (b. 1892)
- September 11
- Mike Gazella, American baseball player (b. 1895)
- Valerian Gracias, Indian Roman Catholic archbishop and cardinal (b. 1911)
- Georgi Markov, Bulgarian playwright and writer (b. 1929)
- Ronnie Peterson, Swedish Formula One driver (b. 1944)
- September 12 – Frank Ferguson, American actor (b. 1899)
- September 13 – George Beck, British Roman Catholic prelate and reverend (b. 1904)
- September 15
- Edmund Crispin, British writer and composer (b. 1921)
- Willy Messerschmitt, German aircraft engineer (b. 1898)
- September 17 – Domenico da Cese, Italian Roman Catholic monk and Servant of God (b. 1905)
- September 19 – Étienne Gilson, French philosopher and historian (b. 1884)
- September 21 – Peter Vogel, German actor (b. 1937)
- September 22 – Joseph Arthur Costello, American Roman Catholic bishop and reverend (b. 1915)
- September 23 – Lyman Bostock, American baseball player (b. 1950)
- September 25 – Claire Adams, Canadian actress (b. 1898)
- September 26
- Alfred Naqqache, Lebanese politician, 11th Prime Minister of Lebanon and 4th President of Lebanon (b. 1887)
- Manne Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1886)
- September 27 – Sergei Aslamazyan, Soviet composer (b. 1897)
- September 28 – Pope John Paul I (b. 1912)
- September 30
- Edgar Bergen, American actor and ventriloquist (b. 1903)
- Lavrentis Dianellos, Greek actor (b. 1911)
October[edit]
- October 1 – Alfredo Obviar, Filipino Roman Catholic bishop and Servant of God (b. 1889)
- October 6 – Anđelko Habazin, Yugoslav philosopher (b. 1924)
- October 7 – Henry Corbin, French philosopher, theologian and scholar (b. 1903)
- October 9
- Pavel Antokolsky, Soviet poet and director (b. 1896)
- Brian Roberts, British polar expert and diplomat (b. 1912)
- October 10 – Ralph Metcalfe, American Olympic athlete (b. 1910)
- October 12
- Félix Castillo, Peruvian football player (b. 1928)
- Nancy Spungen, American groupie and girlfriend of Sid Vicious (b. 1958)
- October 13
- Elsa Carlsson, Swedish actress (b. 1892)
- Roger Clark, American actor (b. 1908)
- Jesús Escobedo, Mexican artist (b. 1913)
- October 14 – Bolesław Filipiak, Polish Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1901)
- October 16
- Edmondo Bacci, Italian painter (b. 1913)
- Dan Dailey, American actor (b. 1915)
- October 17
- Eugene Caputo, American politician (b. 1899)
- Sigurd Evensmo, Norwegian author and journalist (b. 1912)
- Giovanni Gronchi, Italian politician, 3rd President of Italy (b. 1887)
- Abdel-Halim Mahmoud, 46th Grand Imam of Al Azhar (b. 1910)
- October 19 – Gig Young, American actor (b. 1913)
- October 20
- Gunnar Nilsson, Swedish race car driver (b. 1948)
- Renzo Ricci, Italian actor (b. 1899)
- October 23 – Prince Roman Petrovich of Russia (b. 1896)
- October 24
- Francisco Luis Bernárdez, Argentine poet (b. 1900)
- Gloria Castillo, American actress (b. 1933)
- October 27 – Rube Walberg, American baseball pitcher (b. 1896)
- October 28
- Rúaidhrí de Valera, Irish archaeologists (b. 1916)
- Geoffrey Unsworth, British cinematographer (b. 1914)
- October 29 – Nicolas Hayer, French cinematographer (b. 1898)
- October 30 – Wallace MacDonald, Canadian actor (b. 1891)
November[edit]
- November 1 – Giuseppe Berto, Italian director and screenwriter
- November 2 – Dino Cellini, American mobster (b. 1914)
- November 4 – Arshad al-Umari, 15th Prime Minister of Iraq (b. 1888)
- November 5 – Ionel Gherea, Romanian philosopher (b. 1895)
- November 6 – George Fox, British Anglican priest and venerable (b. 1912)
- November 7
- Jorge Carrera Andrade, Ecuadorian poet (b. 1902)
- Gene Tunney, American boxer (b. 1897)
- November 8 – Norman Rockwell, American artist and illustrator (b. 1894)
- November 10 – Theo Lingen, German actor (b. 1903)
- November 12
- Khaled Chehab, Lebanese politician, 8th [[Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. 1886)
- Tadeusz Fijewski, Polish actor (b. 1911)
- November 14 – Prince Sigismund of Prussia (b. 1896)
- November 15 – Margaret Mead, American anthropologist (b. 1901)
- November 16 – Claude Dauphin, French actor (b. 1903)
- November 18 – Jim Jones, American religious leader and reverend; Peoples Temple founder (b. 1931)
- November 20
- Robert Alan Aurthur, American screenwriter (b. 1922)
- Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter (b. 1888)
- Scott Newman, American actor (b. 1950)
- November 22 – Milo Petrović-Njegoš, Prince of Montenegro (b. 1889)
- November 23
- El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka, Algerian composer (b. 1907)
- Jacques Bergier, French writer (b. 1912)
- November 24
- Arne Paasche Aasen, German army officer (b. 1893)
- Warren Weaver, American scientist and mathematician (b. 1894)
- November 25 – Carmela Carabelli, Italian spiritual daughter and mystic (b. 1910)
- November 27
- Harvey Milk, American politician and civil rights leader (b. 1930)
- George Moscone, American attorney and politician, 37th Mayor of San Francisco (b. 1929)
- Susan Shaw, British actress (b. 1929)
- November 28
- Ernesto Barrera, Salvadoran Roman Catholic priest and venerable
- André Morell, British actor (b. 1909)
December[edit]
- December 1 – David Nixon, British magician (b. 1919)
- December 2 – Edwin Dickinson, American painter (b. 1891)
- December 3 – Ljubinka Bobić, Yugoslav actress (b. 1897)
- December 8
- Ferruccio Ferrazzi, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1891)
- Golda Meir, Israeli teacher, politician and stateswoman, 4th Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1898)
- December 10
- Emilio Portes Gil, 41st President of Mexico (b. 1890)
- Ed Healey, American football player and member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1894)
- Ed Wood, American filmmaker (b. 1924)
- December 11 – Vincent du Vigneaud, American biochemist; Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry (b. 1901)
- December 12
- Asbjørn Andersen, Danish actor and director (b. 1903)
- Pugo, Filipino actor (b. 1910)
- December 14
- Salvador de Madariaga, Spanish writer; Nobel Prize in Literature and Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1886)
- Fernando Valades, Mexican composer (b. 1920)
- December 15 – Chill Wills, American actor and singer (b. 1902)
- December 16 – Blanche Calloway, American jazz singer (b. 1902)
- December 17 – Don Ellis, American jazz musician, trumpeter, arranger, composer and bandleader (b. 1934)
- December 18 – Harold Lasswell, American political scientist and communications theorist (b. 1902)
- December 21
- José Miguel Beñaran Ordeñana, Spanish patamilitarist and political figure (b. 1949)
- Samuel Rubin, Soviet humanitarian and philanthropist (b. 1901)
- December 23
- Edwin G. Fraser, American politician, Representative from Florida (b. 1914)
- Mieczysław Pawlikowski, Polish actor (b. 1920)
- December 25 – Joseph Michael Schmondiuk, Soviet Eastern Catholic archbishop (b. 1912)
- December 26 – Tsutomu Akinaga, Japanese army officer (b. 1894)
- December 27
- Chris Bell, American guitarist, singer and songwriter (b. 1951)
- Houari Boumédiènne, 2nd President of Algeria (b. 1932)
- December 28
- Guillermo Meneses, Venezuelan writer, playwright and journalist (b. 1911)
- Vera Altayskaya, Soviet actress (b. 1919)
- December 30 – Merekotia Amohau, New Zealand composer (b. 1898)
- December 31 – Nicolau dos Reis Lobato, Timor Lestean politician and national hero, 1st Prime Minister of East Timor (b. 1946)
Date unknown[edit]
- I. K. Taimni, Indian chemist (b. 1898)
Nobel Prizes[edit]
- Physics – Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson
- Chemistry – Peter D. Mitchell
- Medicine – Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith
- Literature – Isaac Bashevis Singer
- Peace – Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat and Menachem Begin
- Economics – Herbert A. Simon
References[edit]
- ^ Accident description for VT-EBD at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^ "Advice and Consent: The Panama Canal Treaties". archives.gov. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
- ^ Crouse, Chuck (1990). Budd Car, the RDC Story. Mineola, NY: Weekend Chief Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 0-9612814-2-1.
- ^ "Pensacola Police Make a Mark in History". pensacolapolice.com. Pensacola Police Department. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
- ^ Aldridge, Robert C. (1983). First Strike!: The Pentagon's Strategy for Nuclear War. Boston: South End Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-89608-154-3.
- ^ a b "Yasser Arafat: 10 other people who have been exhumed". BBC. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
- ^ "The Afghan Civil War (1978–Present)". Historyguy.com.
- ^ Hutchinson, Martin (24 July 2003). "I helped deliver Louise". BBC News.
- ^ African National Congress (1985). "The ANC`s second submission to the TRC: Operations Report – 2.2. June 1976". Kabwe.
- ^ a b A Guide for Study of Historical Offices: South Africa: Heads of State: 1961–1994, Archontology.org; accessed 14 April 2017.
- ^ Jeffery, Anthea (2009). People's War - New Light on the Struggle for South Africa (1st ed.). Johannesburg & Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-86842-357-6.
- ^ Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 128–29. ISBN 0869772112.
- ^ Limbrick, Jim (2001). North Sea Divers – a Requiem. Hertford: Authors OnLine. pp. 157–58. ISBN 0 7552 0036 5.
- ^ Smart, Michael (2011). Into the Lion's Mouth: The Story of the Wildrake Diving Accident. Medford, Oregon: Lion's Mouth Publishing. pp. 348–355. ISBN 978-0-615-52838-0.
- ^ "Raghda Khateb Interview P1 – SpacetoonVenusHeroes". Imgur. 2016-06-30. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
