1.
Peru
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Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence, subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability, Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a country with a high Human Development Index score. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, the Peruvian population, estimated at 31.2 million in 2015, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages and this mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans, thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú. An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess, the Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, the earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using such as irrigation and terracing, camelid husbandry. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money, the oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal, the Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Perus Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture. The Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, on the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Mochica. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo, in the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America with their capital in Cusco
2.
Club Universitario de Deportes
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Since 1928, the club competes in the top tier of Peruvian football, the Torneo Descentralizado. In 2000, they opened the 80, 000-capacity stadium Estadio Monumental, currently the largest stadium in Peru, Universitario and Alianza Lima are involved in the derby el Clásico, which has its roots in the clubs first participation in the Primera División in 1928. It also has rivalries with Sporting Cristal, Deportivo Municipal, Universitario has won twenty-six first division titles, it was the first Peruvian club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores. The club won its first Peruvian title in 1929, one year after its debut in the first division, the club won its first double in the seasons of 1945 and 1946 and won its only treble after conquering the 2000 season. Universitario is one of the two most popular teams in Peru, Universitarios youth team is U América FC which currently participates in the Copa Perú. Others present during the foundation were Plácido Galindo, Eduardo Astengo, Mario de las Casas, Alberto Denegri, Luis de Souza Ferreyra, at first, Federacion Universitaria was a small league that held tournaments between the faculty departments of the university. The National Sports Committee —the highest-ranking sports committee of Peru at the time—recognized Federación Universitaria as a league, along with other small leagues in Lima. They all joined the Peruvian Football Federation, although there was no requirement to play a tournament in order to be promoted to the Primera División, the club did not play in it between 1924 and 1927. During this period it played friendly matches with other teams. In 1928, the Peruvian Football Federation allowed the club to enter the Peruvian Primera División, the club surprised opposing and supporting fans that year because they were the runners-up of the season. During that season, on 23 September 1928, Universitario played the first clásico with Alianza Lima, the champion of the season. However, the team lost to Alianza Lima in an end-of-season play-off for the title after drawing 1–1 in the first leg. The following year Universitario won its first season title and was crowned Peruvian champion, in 1931, the rector of the university, José Antonio Encinas, forbade the club to use the name Federación Universitaria in their team name. As a result, the changed its name to Club Universitario de Deportes retaining the symbolic “U” in their name. In that same year, 18-year-old Teodoro Fernández, historically known as Lolo Fernández, Universitarios officials asked that a play-off between the first division teams be played in order to determine the season champion. Alianza Lima agreed to the match and was subsequently won by Universitario with a score of 2–1. But according to sources, this title Universitario won was not the league title itself. Because of that, Alianza Lima considered itself as the champion of this year, however, the Peruvian Football Federation and the Sports Association of Professional Football, both recognize the title of this year belong to Universitario
3.
Alianza Lima
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Club Alianza Lima is a Peruvian football club who plays at the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva in the La Victoria District of Lima, Peru. They are the oldest team in the Peruvian First Division, Alianza enjoyed success throughout the first decades of their professional era. In 1987, tragedy struck Alianza when the squad and coaching staff were killed in an airplane crash as the team was returning from an away fixture. Alianza moved to its current stadium, named for Alejandro Villanueva, the club is one of the most successful teams of Peru along with its archrival Universitario de Deportes and powerhouse Sporting Cristal. It has won a total of 22 League titles of the Peruvian First Division, the club is the most popular side in Peru, a distinction shared with Universitario. Alianza last won the League championship in 2006 and came in as runner-up in the 2009 and 2011 editions of the tournament. The club was founded with the name Sport Alianza on 15 February 1901 by workers in the Alianza Racing Horse Stud, the stud was located in downtown Lima at the time. The club is one of the oldest professional football teams in Peru and it was founded on 15 February 1901, as Sport Alianza, named for the stable that hosted its first games. It is the only surviving founding member of the Peruvian Football League, the clubs first kit was green and white, honoring founding member Eduardo Pedreschis Italian heritage. Beginning in 1912, the colors of the Alianza stables, blue, white and black were used, after a name change to Alianza Lima in 1920, the club continued to compete on an amateur level until 1951, when the League turned professional. Alianza participated in the era of the Peruvian football league since the inaugural season 1912. During its first years, it played irregularly against other teams from Lima and its matches against Atlético Chalaco from Callao stirred interest as a clash between limeños and chalacos. Sport Alianza had started to become a team drawing large support. The 1930s brought great joy and frustration to the team, in 1931,1932,1933 an 1934, Alianza Lima won four championships in a row for the first and so far only time in Peruvian football. However the Peruvian Football Federation don´t recognize the championship of 1934 as won by Alianza, instead it gives it to its heathen rival Universitario. The memory of the four-peat was tainted by the relegation in 1938, after a year in the Second Division the team returned to the First Division and has stayed there ever since. During the 1940s, and start of the era in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. The club won two Peruvian titles in a row in 1977 and 1978, when its players formed the majority of the Peru national football team
4.
Cienciano
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Club Sportivo Cienciano is a professional football club based in Cusco, Peru. The club was founded in 1901 and was originally the team of the Faculty of Science of the University of Cusco and it gained worldwide recognition after defeating River Plate from Argentina in the finals of the 2003 Copa Sudamericana and Boca Juniors in the 2004 Recopa Sudamericana. Cienciano was founded in 1901 by a group of students from the National School of Science of Cusco and it participated in several leagues and tournaments of the region. In 1966 Hector Ladrón de Guevara was the first Cienciano player to be named captain of the Peruvian national team, in 1972, it began to play in the Peruvian First Division. However, the club was relegated four years later, in 1988, the FPF invited the club to play in a tournament of the southern region. In 1991, Cienciano won the tournament and in 1992 it once played in the First Division. Although the club close to relegation in 1994, the team remains in the First Division. It went through every later knockout round arguably as the underdog defeating Perus Alianza Lima, Chiles Universidad Católica, Colombias Atlético Nacional and Brazils Santos, Once at the finals they faced one of the biggest teams in South American football, River Plate of Argentina. After a 3–3 draw in Buenos Aires, Cienciano went on to win 1–0 on their game in Peru with a goal from a free kick by Paraguayan defender Carlos Lugo. The game was played in Arequipa because of the insufficient capacity for a CONMEBOL final of the Estadio Garcilaso, however, Cienciano had never won the Peruvian national champion. After a 1–1 draw, Cienciano went on to win the title by penalty shootout, the match was played in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Cienciano has had a rivalry with Melgar and Deportivo Garcilaso. Cienciano play their games in Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega which is in Cusco. It was named after the Peruvian Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, when first inaugurated in 1950, it had a spectator capacity of 22,000 and had a running track. In 2004, the capacity was expanded to 42,000, losing its running track, because of Ciencianos success in international tournaments. Cienciano shares the stadium with city rivals Deportivo Garcilaso and Real Garcilaso, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Template, Country data Brazilia Ronaldinho Cienciano in South American football Once Caldas, another surprise international competition winner in the same year Official website
5.
Circolo Sportivo Internazionale San Borja
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Internazionale was a Peruvian football club, playing in the city of San Borja, Lima, Peru. The club was 1986 Peruvian Segunda División champion, the club have played at the highest level of Peruvian football on five occasions, from 1987 Torneo Descentralizado until 1991 Torneo Descentralizado when was relegated. In the 1992 Segunda División Peruana, the club was relegated to the Copa Perú, Peruvian Segunda División,1 Winners,1986 List of football clubs in Peru Peruvian football league system Peru 2nd Division Champions Peruvian First Division 1987 and 1988
Peru