1.
Peru
–
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence, subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability, Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a country with a high Human Development Index score. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, the Peruvian population, estimated at 31.2 million in 2015, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages and this mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans, thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú. An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess, the Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, the earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using such as irrigation and terracing, camelid husbandry. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money, the oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal, the Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Perus Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture. The Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, on the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Mochica. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo, in the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America with their capital in Cusco
2.
Football (soccer)
–
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
3.
Club Universitario de Deportes
–
Since 1928, the club competes in the top tier of Peruvian football, the Torneo Descentralizado. In 2000, they opened the 80, 000-capacity stadium Estadio Monumental, currently the largest stadium in Peru, Universitario and Alianza Lima are involved in the derby el Clásico, which has its roots in the clubs first participation in the Primera División in 1928. It also has rivalries with Sporting Cristal, Deportivo Municipal, Universitario has won twenty-six first division titles, it was the first Peruvian club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores. The club won its first Peruvian title in 1929, one year after its debut in the first division, the club won its first double in the seasons of 1945 and 1946 and won its only treble after conquering the 2000 season. Universitario is one of the two most popular teams in Peru, Universitarios youth team is U América FC which currently participates in the Copa Perú. Others present during the foundation were Plácido Galindo, Eduardo Astengo, Mario de las Casas, Alberto Denegri, Luis de Souza Ferreyra, at first, Federacion Universitaria was a small league that held tournaments between the faculty departments of the university. The National Sports Committee —the highest-ranking sports committee of Peru at the time—recognized Federación Universitaria as a league, along with other small leagues in Lima. They all joined the Peruvian Football Federation, although there was no requirement to play a tournament in order to be promoted to the Primera División, the club did not play in it between 1924 and 1927. During this period it played friendly matches with other teams. In 1928, the Peruvian Football Federation allowed the club to enter the Peruvian Primera División, the club surprised opposing and supporting fans that year because they were the runners-up of the season. During that season, on 23 September 1928, Universitario played the first clásico with Alianza Lima, the champion of the season. However, the team lost to Alianza Lima in an end-of-season play-off for the title after drawing 1–1 in the first leg. The following year Universitario won its first season title and was crowned Peruvian champion, in 1931, the rector of the university, José Antonio Encinas, forbade the club to use the name Federación Universitaria in their team name. As a result, the changed its name to Club Universitario de Deportes retaining the symbolic “U” in their name. In that same year, 18-year-old Teodoro Fernández, historically known as Lolo Fernández, Universitarios officials asked that a play-off between the first division teams be played in order to determine the season champion. Alianza Lima agreed to the match and was subsequently won by Universitario with a score of 2–1. But according to sources, this title Universitario won was not the league title itself. Because of that, Alianza Lima considered itself as the champion of this year, however, the Peruvian Football Federation and the Sports Association of Professional Football, both recognize the title of this year belong to Universitario
4.
Sporting Cristal
–
Club Sporting Cristal is a Peruvian football team. Based in the Rímac District, in the department of Lima, Sporting Cristal has won the league title 18 times, and it is the Peruvian team with the third most National titles. All its titles have won in the professional era. It is one of the most popular teams in Peru, along with Universitario and Alianza Lima. In 1997, it became the second Peruvian football club to reach the final of the Copa Libertadores, Sporting Cristal plays home games at the Estadio Alberto Gallardo, but they also play at the Estadio Nacional. They also use the Estadio Nacional when playing international competitions, such as Copa Libertadores, ricardo Bentín Mujica, with the support of his wife, co-owners of Backus and Johnston brewery, was the man who is credited with achieving the companys goal. A club from Rímac ward, known as Sporting Tabaco founded in 1926, never having won a national championship, the club was in dire economic straits. Bentín decided to buy the club and search for a ground, so that the club could develop. The club found a lot in the neighborhood of La Florida of 137,000 m², on December 13,1955 the club was founded as Sporting Cristal, after Backus best-known beer brand, Cristal. The new club from Rímac ward debuted in 1956 in the professional Primera Division and won their first national title that same year, journalists thus called them the club born a champion. The team managed to win more titles over the years and was known as one of the best football clubs in Peru after Universitario, a few years later, the club eliminated the word Backus from their name to demonstrate their economic independence. Sporting Cristal changed its color from blue to light blue. They are known as Los Celestes, during a brief period between 1978 and 1981, they again used blue shirts. In 1982 they returned to blue as the color of the club. The 1990s was the most successful decade,4 national titles with coaches as Juan Carlos Oblitas, and with Sergio Markarián head coach they won 1996 league. By 1997, the team, led by Uruguayan coach Sergio Markarián, reached the finals of the Copa Libertadores, the first leg was a home game, in which they ended in a scoreless draw, in the second leg, they lost 1–0. This is the closest a Peruvian team has come to the Copa Libertadores Final since 1972, the club stayed on the top spots of the national tournament during most of the 2000s and gained qualification to the Copa Libertadores eight years in a row from 2000 to 2007. It would only win two titles during the decade which were obtain in 2002 and 2005 with many players as Sergio Leal, Jorge Soto
5.
Colegio Nacional Iquitos
–
Colegio Nacional Iquitos is a Peruvian football team based in the city of Iquitos which was founded in 1926. CNI is the biggest club in the city of Iquitos and currently is not playing in any league, at the beginning of 2012 CNI withdrew from Peruvian Segunda División and chose to play in the 2012 Copa Perú, after being relegated from Primera División on 2011. This club represented Iquitos in professional Peruvian football for 20 years, in the subsequent phase for the national title and Copa Libertadores qualifiers, the team could not maintain their first-place position and lost the opportunity to win the championship. In 1992, CNI had a surprising beginning under manager Henry Perales ranking second in the first half of the Decentralizado 1992. However, institutional problems arose and the team did not produce the results that in the second half of the tournament. On December 11,2008, CNI returned to the top flight through the Copa Perú, CNI was runner-up in the final stage of the 2008 Copa Perú in a decisive group stage match against Atlético Torino which ended in a 1–1 draw. CNI defeated eventual champions Sport Huancayo 1–0 in the round opener. After spending two years in Perus highest tier, the club descended in 2011 after finishing last of the season, CNI F. C. is CNIs reserve team which plays in the Iquitos District League. After CNIs bad campaign in the 2012 Copa Perú, it was forced to start from its league of origin, as the original club carried previous debt the club owners decided to start over by reinforcing the reserve team for the upcoming season. CNI F. C. made it to the Copa Perú2013 where it was eliminated by Unión Huaral in the Round of 16. Regional Región III,0 Runner-up,2013 Liga Departamental de Loreto,0 Runner-up,2013 As of July 29,2011 Note, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality
Peru