1.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
2.
United States presidential election, 1988
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The United States presidential election of 1988 was the 51st quadrennial United States presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8,1988, incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush won the Republican nomination, and chose Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. Due to the restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, running an aggressive campaign, Bush capitalized on a good economy and Reagans popularity. Meanwhile, Dukakis campaign suffered from several miscues, including failure to defend against Bushs attacks and this allowed Bush to win with a substantial margin of the popular vote, while winning the Electoral College by a landslide. Since the 1988 election, no candidate has managed to equal or surpass Bushs number of votes won or popular vote percentage. Bush was the first sitting Vice President to be elected President since Martin Van Buren in 1836, to date, this is the last election in which a retiring president was succeeded by a member of his own party. This is the earliest election in both major candidates are still living as of 2017. The duties delegated to him during Reagans second term gave him a high level of experience for a Vice President. Bush unexpectedly came in third in the Iowa caucus, which he had won in 1980, behind Dole, Dole did nothing to counter these ads and Bush won, thereby gaining crucial momentum, which he called Big Mo. Once the multiple-state primaries such as Super Tuesday began, Bushs organizational strength and fund raising lead were impossible for the candidates to match. The Republican Party convention was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. When Mondale was defeated in a landslide, party leaders became eager to find a new approach to get away from the 1980 and 1984 debacles. After Bushs image was affected by his involvement on the Iran-Contra scandal much more than Reagans, and after the Democrats won back control of the U. S. One goal of the party was to find a new, fresh candidate who could move beyond the traditional New Deal-Great Society ideas of the past, to this end party leaders tried to recruit the New York Governor, Mario Cuomo, to be a candidate. Cuomo had impressed many Democrats with his speech at the 1984 Democratic Convention. However, Cuomo chose not to run and as a result and he had made a strong showing in the 1984 presidential primaries and, after Mondales defeat, had positioned himself as the moderate centrist many Democrats felt their party would need to win. However, questions and rumors about possible extramarital affairs and about past debts dogged Harts campaign, Hart had told reporters from The New York Times who questioned him about these rumors that, if they followed him around, they would be bored. In a separate investigation, the Miami Herald had received a tip from a friend of Donna Rice that Rice was involved with Hart
3.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
4.
Michael Dukakis
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Michael Stanley Dukakis is an American politician who served as the 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1975 to 1979 and 1983 to 1991 respectively. He is the governor in Massachusetts history and only the second Greek-American governor in U. S. history. He was nominated by the Democratic Party for president in the 1988 election, Dukakis was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father Panos was a Greek immigrant from Adramyttion, in Asia Minor, Panos Dukakis settled in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1912, and graduated from Harvard Medical School twelve years later, subsequently working as an obstetrician. Dukakis mother Euterpe was an Aromanian Greek immigrant from Larissa, in Thessaly, she and her family emigrated to Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1913. Dukakis attended Brookline High School in his hometown, where he was a student and a member of the basketball, baseball, tennis. As a 17- year-old senior in school, he ran the Boston Marathon. He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1955 with a B. A. in history, although Dukakis had been accepted into Harvard Law School, he chose to enlist in the United States Army. After basic training at Fort Dix and advanced training at Camp Gordon, he was assigned as radio operator to the 8020th Administrative Unit in Munsan. The unit was a group to the United Nations delegation of the Military Armistice Commission Dukakis served from 1955 to 1957. He then received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1960, Dukakis is also an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Dukakis began his career as an elected Town Meeting Member in the town of Brookline. Dukakis won in part by promising to be a reformer and pledging a lead pipe guarantee of no new taxes to balance the state budget and he would later reverse his position after taking office. He also pledged to dismantle the powerful Metropolitan District Commission, an enclave that served as home to hundreds of political patronage employees. The MDC managed state parks, reservoirs, and waterways, as well as the highways, in addition to its own police force, the MDC had its own maritime patrol force, and an enormous budget from the state, for which it provided minimal accounting. Dukakis efforts to dismantle the MDC failed in the legislature, where the MDC had many powerful supporters, as a result, the MDC would withhold its critical backing of Dukakis in the 1978 gubernatorial primary. Governor Dukakis hosted President Gerald Ford and Britains Queen Elizabeth II during their visits to Boston in 1976 to commemorate the bicentennial of the United States, Dukakis is also remembered for his 1977 exoneration of Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists whose trial sparked protests around the world. During his first term in office, Dukakis commuted the sentences of 21 first-degree murderers and 23 second-degree murderers, due to controversy engendered by some of these individuals having re-offended, Dukakis curtailed the practice later, issuing no commutations in his last three years as governor
5.
Electoral College (United States)
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Citizens of the United States vote in each state at a general election to choose a slate of electors pledged to vote for a partys candidate. The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president, each state chooses electors, amounting in number to that states combined total of senators and representatives. There are a total of 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators, the Constitution bars any federal official, elected or appointed, from being an elector. The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College, all states except Maine and Nebraska and California before 1913 have chosen electors on a winner-take-all basis since the 1880s. Under the winner-take-all system, the electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state. Maine and Nebraska use the congressional district method, selecting one elector within each district by popular vote. Although no elector is required by law to honor their pledge. If no person receives a majority of votes for vice president, then the Senate will select the vice president. The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions, the Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president. Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election, however once the Electoral College had been decided on, several delegates openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal, corruption, intrigue, and faction. Some delegates, including James Wilson and James Madison, preferred popular election of the executive, the right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States, and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes. The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections, the Convention approved the Committees Electoral College proposal, with minor modifications, on September 6,1787. Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut, New Jersey, in The Federalist Papers, James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution. 39, Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state-based and population-based government, Congress would have two houses, the state-based Senate and the population-based House of Representatives. Meanwhile, the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes, alexander Hamilton in Federalist No.68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College. The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only and this avoided a party-run legislature, or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election. Hamilton explained the election was to place among all the states. The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College, Hamilton argued, electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public
6.
101st United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1989, to January 3,1991, during the first two years of the administration of U. S. President George H. W. Bush. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980, both chambers had a Democratic majority. January 20,1989, George H. W. L, 101–12,103 Stat.16 October 28,1989, Flag Protection Act of 1989, Pub. L. 101–131,103 Stat.777 May 22,1990, Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989, 101–298,104 Stat.201 July 26,1990, Americans with Disabilities Act, Pub. L. 101–336,104 Stat.327 August 18,1990, Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 101–380,104 Stat.484 September 25,1990, Hotel and Motel Fire Safety Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–391,104 Stat.747 October 30,1990, Native American Languages Act of 1990, 101–477,104 Stat.1152 November 5,1990, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–508,104 Stat.1388 November 12,1990, Water Resources Development Act of 1990, 101–640 November 15,1990, Administrative Dispute Resolution Act, Pub. L. 101–552,104 Stat.2736 November 16,1990, Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 101–601,104 Stat.3048 November 29,1990, Negotiated Rulemaking Act, Pub. L. 101–648,104 Stat.4969 November 29,1990, Immigration Act of 1990, 101–649,104 Stat.4978 December 1,1990, Judicial Improvements Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–650,104 Stat.5128 October 22,1990, Civil Rights Act of 1990, override attempt failed in Senate, 66-34. March 1,1989, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, halverson Historian, Richard A. Baker Parliamentarian, Alan Frumin Secretary, Walter J. Stewart Secretary for the Majority, C. Abbott Saffold Secretary for the Minority, Howard O. Green, Jr. Sergeant at Arms, Henry K. Giugni Chaplain, James David Ford Clerk, Donnald K. Anderson Doorkeeper, James T. Molloy Historian, Ray Smock Parliamentarian, William H. Brown Postmaster, Robert V. S. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, Congressional History U. S. Senate, Statistics, Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 101st Congress. Official Congressional Directory for the 101st Congress
