1.
Johann Palisa
–
Johann Palisa was an Austrian astronomer, born in Troppau in Austrian Silesia. He was a discoverer of asteroids, discovering 122 in all. Some of his discoveries include 153 Hilda,216 Kleopatra,243 Ida,253 Mathilde,324 Bamberga. He was awarded the Valz Prize from the French Academy of Sciences in 1906, the Phocaea main-belt asteroid 914 Palisana, discovered by Max Wolf in 1919, and the lunar crater Palisa were named in his honour. From 1866 to 1870, Palisa studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Vienna, however, despite this, by 1870 he was an assistant at the Universitys observatory, and a year later gained a position at the observatory in Geneva. A few years later, in 1872, at the age of 24, while at Pula, he discovered his first asteroid,136 Austria, on March 18,1874. Along with this, he discovered twenty-seven minor planets and one comet, during his stay in Pula he used a small six-inch refractor telescope to aid in his research. Between 1874 and 1923 Palisa discovered 122 asteroids ranging from 136 Austria to 1073 Gellivara and he worked from Pola and Vienna. He also discovered the parabolic comet C/1879 Q1 in the year 1879, one of his discoveries was 253 Mathilde, which was visited by the spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker on June 27,1997. The robotic probe passed within 1200 km of Mathilde at 12,56 UT at 9.93 km/s, returning imaging and other instrument data including over 500 images which covered 60% of Mathildes surface. Portraits of Johann Palisa from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Librarys Digital Collections von Hepperger, J. Anzeige des Todes von Johann Palisa
2.
Eos
–
In Greek mythology, Ēōs is a Titaness and the goddess of the dawn, who rose each morning from her home at the edge of the Oceanus. Eos had a brother and a sister, Helios, god of the sun, Eos is cognate to the Vedic goddess Ushas, Lithuanian goddess Austrine, and Roman goddess Aurora, all three of whom are also goddesses of the dawn. All four are considered derivatives of the Proto-Indo-European stem *h₂ewsṓs, dawn and this agreement leads to the reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess. The dawn goddess Eos was almost always described with rosy fingers or rosy forearms as she opened the gates of heaven for the Sun to rise, but soon as early Dawn appeared, the rosy-fingered, then gathered the folk about the pyre of glorious Hector. Hesiod wrote, And after these Erigeneia bore the star Eosphoros, thus Eos, preceded by the Morning Star, is seen as the genetrix of all the stars and planets, her tears are considered to have created the morning dew, personified as Ersa or Herse. Eos is the daughter of Hyperion, a bringer of light and her brother was the Sun god Helios, and her sister was Selene, the Moon goddess. Her team of horses pull her chariot across the sky and are named in the Odyssey as Firebright and Daybright. Eos is the daughter of Hyperion and Theia and sister of Helios the sun and Selene the moon, the generation of Titans preceded all the familiar deities of Olympus, who largely supplanted them. According to Pseudo-Apollodorus, Eos consorted with the war god Ares and was cursed with unsatisfiable sexual desire by the jealous Aphrodite. This caused her to abduct a number of young men, most notably Cephalus, Tithonus, Orion. The good-looking Cleitus was made immortal by her and she also asked for Tithonus to be made immortal, but forgot to ask for eternal youth, which resulted in him living forever as a helpless old man. According to Hesiod by Tithonus Eos had two sons, Memnon and Emathion, Memnon fought among the Trojans in the Trojan War and was slain. Her image with the dead Memnon across her knees, like Thetis with the dead Achilles are icons that inspired the Christian Pietà, in the literary myths Eos kidnapped Cephalus when he was hunting and took him to Syria. The second-century CE traveller Pausanias was informed that the abductor of Cephalus was Hemera, among the Etruscans, the generative dawn-goddess was Thesan. Depictions of the dawn-goddess with a young lover became popular in Etruria in the fifth century, on an Etruscan mirror Thesan is shown carrying off a young man, whose name is inscribed as Tinthu. The Roman equivalent of Eos is Aurora, also a cognate showing the characteristic Latin rhotacism, Dawn became associated in Roman cult with Matuta, later known as Mater Matuta. She was also associated with the sea harbors and ports, and had a temple on the Forum Boarium, on June 11, the Matralia was celebrated at that temple in honor of Mater Matuta, this festival was only for women during their first marriage. Tithonus Memnon Aurora Mater Matuta Zorya Dawn goddess Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell,1996, smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London
3.
Minor planet
–
A minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is neither a planet nor exclusively classified as a comet. Minor planets can be dwarf planets, asteroids, trojans, centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, as of 2016, the orbits of 709,706 minor planets were archived at the Minor Planet Center,469,275 of which had received permanent numbers. The first minor planet to be discovered was Ceres in 1801, the term minor planet has been used since the 19th century to describe these objects. The term planetoid has also used, especially for larger objects such as those the International Astronomical Union has called dwarf planets since 2006. Historically, the asteroid, minor planet, and planetoid have been more or less synonymous. This terminology has become complicated by the discovery of numerous minor planets beyond the orbit of Jupiter. A Minor planet seen releasing gas may be classified as a comet. Before 2006, the IAU had officially used the term minor planet, during its 2006 meeting, the IAU reclassified minor planets and comets into dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Objects are called dwarf planets if their self-gravity is sufficient to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium, all other minor planets and comets are called small Solar System bodies. The IAU stated that the minor planet may still be used. However, for purposes of numbering and naming, the distinction between minor planet and comet is still used. Hundreds of thousands of planets have been discovered within the Solar System. The Minor Planet Center has documented over 167 million observations and 729,626 minor planets, of these,20,570 have official names. As of March 2017, the lowest-numbered unnamed minor planet is 1974 FV1, as of March 2017, the highest-numbered named minor planet is 458063 Gustavomuler. There are various broad minor-planet populations, Asteroids, traditionally, most have been bodies in the inner Solar System. Near-Earth asteroids, those whose orbits take them inside the orbit of Mars. Further subclassification of these, based on distance, is used, Apohele asteroids orbit inside of Earths perihelion distance. Aten asteroids, those that have semi-major axes of less than Earths, Apollo asteroids are those asteroids with a semimajor axis greater than Earths, while having a perihelion distance of 1.017 AU or less. Like Aten asteroids, Apollo asteroids are Earth-crossers, amor asteroids are those near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it
4.
Asteroid belt
–
The asteroid belt is the circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter. It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets, the asteroid belt is also termed the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids. About half the mass of the belt is contained in the four largest asteroids, Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, the total mass of the asteroid belt is approximately 4% that of the Moon, or 22% that of Pluto, and roughly twice that of Plutos moon Charon. Ceres, the belts only dwarf planet, is about 950 km in diameter, whereas Vesta, Pallas. The remaining bodies range down to the size of a dust particle, the asteroid material is so thinly distributed that numerous unmanned spacecraft have traversed it without incident. Nonetheless, collisions between large asteroids do occur, and these can form a family whose members have similar orbital characteristics. Individual asteroids within the belt are categorized by their spectra. The asteroid belt formed from the solar nebula as a group of planetesimals. Planetesimals are the precursors of the protoplanets. Between Mars and Jupiter, however, gravitational perturbations from Jupiter imbued the protoplanets with too much energy for them to accrete into a planet. Collisions became too violent, and instead of fusing together, the planetesimals, as a result,99. 9% of the asteroid belts original mass was lost in the first 100 million years of the Solar Systems history. Some fragments eventually found their way into the inner Solar System, Asteroid orbits continue to be appreciably perturbed whenever their period of revolution about the Sun forms an orbital resonance with Jupiter. At these orbital distances, a Kirkwood gap occurs as they are swept into other orbits. Classes of small Solar System bodies in other regions are the objects, the centaurs, the Kuiper belt objects, the scattered disc objects, the sednoids. On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on Ceres, the detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the Herschel Space Observatory. The finding was unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are considered to sprout jets. According to one of the scientists, The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids. This pattern, now known as the Titius–Bode law, predicted the semi-major axes of the six planets of the provided one allowed for a gap between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
, Bibcode:2012P&SS...73...98C, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009. See Table 1.
_mathilde.jpg){kind=small}