1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
3.
Coastal artillery
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Coastal artillery is the branch of the armed forces concerned with operating anti-ship artillery or fixed gun batteries in coastal fortifications. The advent of 20th-century technologies, especially aviation, naval aviation, jet aircraft, and guided missiles, reduced the primacy of cannon, battleships. In countries where coastal artillery has not been disbanded, these forces have acquired amphibious capabilities, in littoral warfare, mobile coastal artillery armed with surface-to-surface missiles still can be used to deny the use of sea lanes. Land-based guns also benefited in most cases from the protection of walls or earth mounds. The Martello tower is an excellent example of a widely used coastal fort which mounted defensive artillery, during the 19th century China also built hundreds of coastal fortresses in an attempt to counter Western naval threats. Coastal artillery could be part of the Navy, or part of the Army, in English-speaking countries, certain coastal artillery positions were sometimes referred to as Land Batteries, distinguishing this form of artillery battery from for example floating batteries. In the United Kingdom, in the later 19th and earlier 20th Centuries, then, following the Spanish–American War and the report of the Endicott Board, U. S. harbor defenses were greatly strengthened and provided with new, rifled artillery and minefield defenses. Shortly thereafter, in 1907, Congress split the field artillery, the first decade of the 20th Century, the United States Marine Corps established the Advanced Base Force. The force was used for setting up and defending advanced bases, during the Siege of Port Arthur, Japanese forces had captured the vantage point on 203 Meter Hill overlooking Port Arthur harbor. The battleship Sevastopol, although hit 5 times by 11-inch shells, after 3 weeks, the Sevastopol was still afloat, having survived 124 torpedoes fired at her while sinking two Japanese destroyers and damaging six other vessels. The Japanese had meanwhile lost the cruiser Takasago to a mine outside the harbor, the Blücher had entered the narrow waters of the Oslofjord, carrying 1,000 soldiers and leading a German invasion fleet. The first salvo from the Norwegian defenders, fired from Oscarsborg Fortress about 1 mile distant, disabled Blüchers main battery, fire from the smaller guns swept her decks and disabled her steering, and she received several torpedo hits before the fires reached her magazines and doomed her. Singapore was defended by its famous large-caliber coastal guns, which included one battery of three 15-inch guns and one with two 15-inch guns, AP shells were designed to penetrate the hulls of heavily armoured warships and were ineffective against personnel. The Japanese defended the island of Betio in the Tarawa atoll with numerous 203 mm coastal guns, in 1943, these were knocked out early in the battle with a combined USN naval and aerial bombardment. Nazi Germany fortified its conquered territories with the Atlantic Wall, the intent was to destroy the Allied landing craft before they could unload. During the Normandy Landings in 1944, shore bombardment was given a high importance, using ships from battleships to destroyers, for example, the Canadians at Juno beach had fire support many times greater than they had had for the Dieppe Raid in 1942. In addition, there were modified landing-craft, eight Landing Craft Gun, twenty-four Landing Craft Tank carried Priest self-propelled howitzers which also fired while they were on the run-in to the beach. Similar arrangements existed at other beaches, on June 25,1944 the American battleship Texas engaged German shore batteries on the Cotentin Peninsula
4.
Fort Stevens (Oregon)
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Fort Stevens was an American military installation that guarded the mouth of the Columbia River in the state of Oregon. Built near the end of the American Civil War, it was named for a slain Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, the fort was an active military reservation from 1863–1947. It is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the fort was constructed in 1863-64 during the Civil War as an earthwork battery on the south shore of the mouth of the Columbia River, and was known as the Fort at Point Adams. It was later Fort Stevens in 1865, in honor of the territorial governor of Washington. Fort Stevens was the military installation in what became the Three Fort Harbor Defense System at the mouth of the Columbia River. The other forts were the Post at Cape Disappointment, later Fort Cape Disappointment and later Fort Canby, built at the time as Fort Stevens. Both are on the Washington side of the river, in 1906, the crew of the sailing ship Peter Iredale took refuge at Fort Stevens, after she ran aground on Clatsop Spit. The wreck is visible today, within the boundaries of Fort Stevens State Park, the Japanese attack caused no damage to the fort itself, only the backstop of the posts baseball field being destroyed. Fort Stevens was decommissioned in 1947, all the armaments were removed and buildings were auctioned. The grounds were transferred to the Corps of Engineers, until finally being turned over to the Oregon Parks, much of Fort Stevens is preserved within Fort Stevens State Park, part of the Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks. The 3,700 acres park includes camping, beach access, swimming at Coffenbury Lake, trails, and a military history museum
5.
Oozlefinch
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The Oozlefinch is the unofficial historic mascot of the Air Defense Artillery – and formerly of the U. S. Army Coast Artillery Corps. The Oozlefinch is portrayed as a bird that flies backwards and carries weapons of the Air Defense and Coast Artillery. Oozlefinch has been portrayed in different forms and artistic interpretations through its history. There are many legends about the origins of the oozlefinch, most agree that the legend of began in 1905 at Ft. Monroe, Virginia, then home of the Coast Artillery Corps. A Captain H. M. Merriam, no doubt under the effects of alcohol, soon more people would report seeing this bird and soon even sketches were made. Eventually the legend of this bird would become so great that even a statue was erected at the club in its honor, the Oozlefinch was used on the patch of Railway Artillery Reserve during World War I, In some descriptions, this bird is instead a pelican. The DUI of the 42nd Field Artillery Brigade later included Oozlefinch, describing the insignia thus, On a wreath of the colors an oozlefinch Vert, the Oozlefinchs eyes are very large, allowing it to see very distant and very clearly in the sky. Its vision is unobstructed by eyelids or eyebrows, and the eyes are said to be able to turn 180 degrees so the Oozlefinch can look inward, symbolizing the need of a good leader for inward reflection. Gules and Sable, The color of the shield is red and black-red for the Artillery, in honor, a deuce spot of dice, lozenged. Proper, The honor point of the shield was given to the lowest marked dice, as it was the one which most frequently appeared to some members, the law of probabilities to the contrary notwithstanding. In nombril a gridiron sable, the half of the shield given over to the memory of those who did not belong to the Gridiron Club. The wavy bar, over which the terrapin is passing, represents the adjacent waters of Chesapeake Bay, Oozlefinch Roosts at ADA Museum Coast Defense Study Group
6.
United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
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The U. S. Army Coast Artillery Corps was a corps level organization responsible for coastal, harbor, and anti-aircraft defense of the United States between 1901 and 1950. The CAC also operated heavy and railway artillery during World War I, as early as 1882 the need for heavy fixed artillery for seacoast defense was noted in Chester A. In 1885 the Endicott Board was convened under the subsequent Grover Cleveland administration and this board recommended a large-scale program of harbor defenses at 29 ports, including guns, mortars, and mine fields. Most of their recommendations were implemented and new defenses were constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers 1895-1905, as the defenses were constructed, each harbor or rivers installations were controlled by Artillery Districts, renamed Coast Defense Commands in 1913 and Harbor Defense Commands in 1925. An extensive fire control system was developed and provided for the forts of each Coast Artillery District, Army leaders realized that heavy fixed artillery required different training programs and tactics than mobile field artillery. Prior to 1901 each of the seven artillery regiments contained both heavy and light artillery batteries, in February 1901 the Artillery Corps was divided into two types, field artillery and coast artillery. The previous seven artillery regiments were dissolved, and 30 numbered companies of artillery and 126 numbered companies of coast artillery were authorized. 82 existing heavy artillery batteries were designated as coast artillery companies, the company-based organization was for flexibility, as each harbor defense command was differently equipped and a task-based organization was needed. The Coast Artillery would alternate between small unit and regimental organization several times over its history, the head of the Artillery Corps became the Chief of Artillery in the rank of brigadier general with jurisdiction over both types of artillery. The Coast Artillery became responsible for the installation and operation of the mine fields that were planted to be under observation, fired electrically. The mine component was considered to be among the armament of coastal defense works. In 1905, after the experiences of the Spanish–American War, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed a new board on fortifications and they updated some standards and reviewed the progress of the Endicott boards program. Most of the changes recommended by this board were technical, such as adding more searchlights, electrification, the board also recommended fortifications in territories acquired from Spain, Cuba and the Philippines, as well as Hawaii and a few other sites. Defenses in Panama were authorized by the Spooner Act of 1902, due to rapid development of the dreadnought battleship type, a new 14-inch gun was introduced in a few locations, primarily Los Angeles, the Philippines, and Panama. The Taft program fortifications differed slightly in construction and had fewer numbers of guns at a given location than those of the Endicott program. By the beginning of World War I, the United States had a defense system that was equal to any other nation. The rapidity of technological advances and changing techniques increasingly separated coastal defenses from field artillery, officers were rarely qualified to command both, requiring specialization. National Guard coast artillery units were formed by the states to attempt to bring the CAC up to strength in wartime
7.
Salem, Oregon
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Salem /ˈseɪləm/ is the capital of the U. S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, the river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties, and the city neighborhood of West Salem is in Polk County. Salem was founded in 1842, became the capital of the Oregon Territory in 1851, Salem had a population of 154,637 at the 2010 census, making it the third largest city in the state after Portland and Eugene. Salem is less than a driving distance away from Portland. Salem is the city of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area. A2013 estimate placed the population at 400,408. The city is home to Willamette University, Corban University, the State of Oregon is the largest public employer in the city, and Salem Health is the largest private employer. Transportation includes public transit from Salem-Keizer Transit, Amtrak service, major roads include Interstate 5, Oregon Route 99E, and Oregon Route 22, which connects West Salem across the Willamette River via the Marion Street and Center Street bridges. When the Methodist Mission moved to the area, they called the new establishment Chemeketa, although it was widely known as the Mill. When the Oregon Institute was established, the community known as the Institute. When the Institute was dissolved, the decided to lay out a townsite on the Institute lands. The Reverend David Leslie, President of the towns Trustees, also wanted a Biblical name, or, the town may be named after Salem, Massachusetts, where Leslie was educated. There were many names suggested, and even after the change to Salem, some people, such as Asahel Bush, believed the name should be changed back to Chemeketa. The Vern Miller Civic Center, which houses the city offices and it is estimated that the Willamette Valley area has been inhabited for over 10,000 years. The Kalapuya peoples would gather on the plateau east and south of the current downtown area in the winter and they fished and harvested in the streams and fields of the area. One staple of life was the root, and periodically the Kalapuya would set fires that would clear. In the early 1850s, the Kalapuya, along with the native peoples west of the Cascade Mountains, were removed by the U. S. government through a combination of treaties. Most Kalapuya people were moved to the Grande Ronde Reservation somewhat to the west of Salem, with numbers ending up at Siletz Reservation
8.
Bombardment of Fort Stevens
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The Bombardment of Fort Stevens occurred in June 1942, in the American Theater of the Pacific Theater of World War II. An Imperial Japanese submarine fired on Fort Stevens, which defended the Oregon side of the Columbia Rivers Pacific entrance, the Japanese submarine I-25, commanded by Tagami Meiji, had been assigned to sink enemy shipping and attack the enemy on land with their 14 cm deck gun. Transporting a Yokosuka E14Y seaplane, the submarine was manned by a crew of 97, on 21 June 1942, I-25 had entered US coastal waters, following allied fishing boats to avoid the mine fields in the area. Late that night, Commander Meiji ordered his crew to surface his submarine at the mouth of the Columbia River, Meiji ordered the deck gun crew to open fire on Fort Stevens Battery Russell. Surprisingly, his shots were harmless, in part because the commander ordered an immediate blackout. The commander also refused to permit his men to return fire, most Japanese rounds landed in a nearby baseball field or a swamp, although one landed close to Battery Russell and another next to a concrete pillbox. One round severed several large telephone cables, the real damage that Meiji caused. Seventeen 5.5 in explosive shells had been fired at the fort, American Army Air Corps planes on a training mission spotted the I-25 and called in her location for an A-29 Hudson bomber to attack. The bomber found the I-25, but she successfully dodged the falling bombs, even though there were no injuries and very little damage, the Japanese attack on Fort Stevens helped create the 1942 West Coast invasion scare. Thereafter, rolls of barbed wire would be strung from Point Adams southward in case of an invasion, the wrecked steamer Peter Iredale was entangled in the wire and would remain so until the wars end. The Fort Stevens shelling was the time that a continental United States military installation was attacked by the Axis Powers during World War II
9.
Japanese submarine I-25
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I-25, of 2,369 tonnes, was 108 m long, with a range of 25,928 km, a maximum surface speed of 43.5 km/h and a maximum submerged speed of 15 km/h. She carried a two-seater Yokosuka E14Y reconnaissance floatplane, known to the Allies as Glen and it was disassembled and stowed in a hangar in front of the conning tower. In World War II, I-25 served under the command of Lieutenant Commander Meiji Tagami who had graduated from Class 51 at Etajima, Hiroshima, 26-year-old Lieutenant Tatsuo Tsukudo was the Executive Officer on I-25. I-25 departed Yokosuka on 21 November 1941 in preparation for hostilities, I-25 and three other submarines patrolled a line 222 km north of Oahu during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. After the Japanese aircraft carriers sailed west following the attack, I-25, I-25 patrolled off the mouth of the Columbia River. A scheduled shelling of American coastal cities on Christmas eve of 1941 was canceled because of the frequency of coastal air, I-25 attacked a cargo ship 16 km off the US coast. The ship managed to escape but ran aground at the mouth of the Columbia River, I-25 then returned to Kwajalein, arriving on 11 January 1942 to refuel and be refurbished. I-25 left Kwajalein atoll in the Marshall Islands on 5 February for its next patrol in the south Pacific. Tagamis orders were to reconnoitre the Australian harbours of Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart followed by the New Zealand harbours of Wellington, I-25 travelled on the surface for nine days, but as she approached the Australian coastline, she only travelled on the surface under the cover of night. On 13 February, I-25 sank the United Kingdom merchant ship Derrymore at 05°18′S 166°20′E, on Saturday 14 February, I-25 was within a few miles of the coast near Sydney. The searchlights in Sydney could clearly be seen from the bridge of I-25, Tagami then took I-25 to a position 190 km south east of Sydney. A number of days of rough swell prevented a launch of the Glen floatplane. They stayed submerged during the day and went back to the surface at night, finally on Tuesday,17 February, Warrant Flying Officer Nobuo Fujita took off in the Glen for a reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour. The purpose was to look at Sydneys airbase, by 0730, Fujita had returned to I-25 and disassembled the Glen and stowed it in the watertight hangar. Commander Tagami then pointed I-25 southwards on the surface at 26 km/h, by midday on Wednesday 18 February, they were nearly 740 km south east of Sydney still heading southwards. Their next mission was a flight over Melbourne. Tagami decided to launch the aircraft from Cape Wickham at the end of King Island at the western end of Bass Strait about half way between Victoria and Tasmania. The floatplane was launched on 26 February for its flight to Melbourne over Port Phillip Bay
10.
Cape Disappointment State Park
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The state parks 1,882 acres encompass a diverse landscape of old-growth forest, freshwater lakes, freshwater and saltwater marshes, and oceanside tidelands. Sights in the include the Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center,2 miles of ocean beach, the North Head Lighthouse. Cape Disappointment is one of state parks and sites in Washington and Oregon that make up the Lewis and Clark National. Cape Disappointment earned its name when Captain John Meares failed to cross the bar in 1788. The feat was accomplished in 1792 by American Captain Robert Gray, the Lewis and Clark Expedition arrived at Cape Disappointment in 1805. It was garrisoned by Company A, U. S. 9th Infantry Regiment and Company A, in 1863, its mate Fort Stevens was established on the south bank of the Columbia River. In 1864, the post was renamed Fort Cape Disappointment, some Civil War-era fortifications still exist. They were called the Tower Battery, Left Battery, and Center Battery, Fort Cape Disappointment was expanded and renamed Fort Canby in 1875. Later, Fort Canby became part of the three-fort Columbia River harbor defenses as a subpost of Fort Stevens along with Fort Columbia. After being decommissioned in the years following World War II, the fort was turned over to the state for use as a park in the early 1950s. The Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center features exhibits about the 1803–1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition from St. Louis, there are displays about the parks later history, including the lighthouses, U. S. Coast Guard and military activities, and the areas maritime and natural history. Other facilities include a deck, films and a gift shop. The center sits on a cliff that overlooks the confluence of the Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean, Cape Disappointment State Park offers camping and other overnight accommodations,8 miles of hiking trails, watercraft launch sites, picnicking facilities, and tours of the North Head Lighthouse. Cape Disappointment State Park Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission Cape Disappointment State Park Map Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
11.
Living history
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Living history is an activity that incorporates historical tools, activities and dress into an interactive presentation that seeks to give observers and participants a sense of stepping back in time. Although it does not necessarily seek to reenact a specific event in history, living history is similar to, Living history approach to gain authenticity is less about replaying a certain event according to a planned script as in other reenactment fields. List, himself a right wing neopagan, asked his staff of landlords and he also asked to have any visitors redressed in costumes and described rituals to signify in-game and out-game status to enhance the immersion experience. E. g. the role of the garment is of interest till today, the term living history describes the performance of bringing history to life for the general public in a rather freewheeling manner. The players are confined in their actions, but often have to stay at a certain place or building. The line between amateur and professional presentations at living history museums can be blurred, same as the border to Live action role-playing games. Such events do not necessarily include a battle but aim at portraying the life. This often includes both military and civilian impressions, occasionally, storytelling or acting sketches take place to involve or explain the everyday life or military activity to the viewing public. More common are craft and cooking demonstrations, song and leisure activities, combat training or duels can also be encountered even when larger combat demonstrations are not present. In the United States, The National Park Service land, NPS policy does not allow for battle reenactments on NPS property, there are exceptions i. e. Saylors Creek, Gettysburg. So e. g. the Peter and Paul festival in Bretten, the Landshut Wedding or the Schloss Kaltenberg knights tournament. The majority of combat reenactment groups are battlefield reenactment groups, some of which have become isolated to some degree because of a focus on authenticity. Events with the professional reenactment-group Ulfhednar lead to a controversy in German archaeology, the German Polish living history group was supported by large museums and scholars and, since 2000 has largely coined the image of early history in Germany and international. Among others, a paper with the programmatic title Under the crocheted Swastika, Germanic Living History and that sort of second hand living history is as well part of western Germany folklore and tries for a high level of authenticity. Activities may be confined to wearing period dress and perhaps explaining relevant historical information, while many museums allow their staff to move in and out of character to better answer visitor questions, some encourage their staff to stay in role at all times. Living history portrayal often involves demonstrating everyday activities such as cooking, cleaning, medical care, or particular skills, considerable research is often applied to identifying authentic techniques and often recreating replica tools and equipment. Historical reenactment groups often attempt to organize such displays in an encampment or display area at an event, during the 1990s, reenactment groups, primarily American Civil War groups, began to show interest in this style of interpretation and began using it at their reenactments. Living history can be a used to bridge the gap between school and daily life to educate people on historical topics
12.
Monmouth, Oregon
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Monmouth (/ˈmɒnməθ/ is a city in Polk County in the U. S. state of Oregon. It was named for Monmouth, Illinois, the origin of its earliest settlers, the population has reached 9,534 as of the 2010 census and it is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area. For decades, Monmouth was a dry town that banned the sale of alcoholic beverages in supermarkets, restaurants, monmouths status as the last dry town in Oregon was ended by a popular vote in the November 2002 election. Monmouth was settled by Elijah Davidson and his family, originally a member of the Christian Church of Cameron, Davidson was a devout advocate of prohibition. In February 1859, Davidson and other efforts to prohibit the importation, exportation, sale. Despite the efforts of certain merchants to repeal prohibition in Monmouth throughout its history, what was most important to the local religious community was to keep prohibition for the betterment of the social order of Monmouth. Eventually support for the prohibition ordinance started to wear throughout the community of Monmouth. Some claim that prohibition had reduced property values, others that it restricted development of the sector in town. After failing by a nearly 5 to 1 margin in the early 1970s, repeal was passed by the voters in November 2002, Monmouth is about 15 miles west of Salem on Oregon Route 99W. It lies in the Ash Creek watershed, slightly west of the Willamette River, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.24 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,534 people,3,247 households, the population density was 4,256.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,450 housing units at a density of 1,540.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 82. 8% White,1. 1% African American,1. 5% Native American,3. 3% Asian,0. 6% Pacific Islander,6. 6% from other races, and 4. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13. 4% of the population,23. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.07. The median age in the city was 23.7 years. 18. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,34. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,20. 8% were from 25 to 44,16. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 9% male and 52. 1% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 7,741 people,2,757 households, and 1,488 families residing in the city
13.
Seacoast defense in the United States
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Seacoast defense was a major concern for the United States from its independence until World War II. Before airplanes, Americas enemies could only reach her from the sea, after the 1940s, it was recognized that fixed fortifications were obsolete and ineffective against aircraft and missiles. However, in prior eras foreign fleets were a realistic threat, the defenses heavily depended on fortifications but also included submarine minefields, nets and booms, ships, and airplanes. Therefore, all of the armed forces participated in seacoast defense, designs evolved and became obsolete with changes in the technology available to both the attacking forces and the defenders. At the beginning of the American Revolution, many coastal fortifications already protected the Atlantic coast, prior to independence from Britain, local communities or colonies bore the cost and responsibility for their own protection. Urgency would wax and wane based on the climate in Europe. Most defenses were artillery protected by earthworks, as protection from pirate raids, though seldom used, the forts were a deterrent. Additional forts, called Patriot batteries, were built during the Revolution, when the United States gained independence in 1783, the seacoast defense fortifications were in poor condition. Twenty significant forts at thirteen harbors were approved for construction, mostly with traditional low walled structures with low sloped earthworks protecting wood or brick walls. The conventional wisdom was that soft earth would cushion the effect of fire against the walls. The angled walls also reduced the chance for more destructive straight-on hits from cannonballs, most First System forts were relatively small, and with some exceptions mounted only one tier of cannon, on the roof of the fort. Additional water batteries outside the fort provided more firepower, lacking trained engineers to supervise the work, Secretary of War Henry Knox placed a number of European engineers under contract. Although some fine forts were constructed, for the most part enthusiasm and funding waned, most of the partially finished earthworks and wooden structures deteriorated before they were needed to defend against the British in 1812. In 1802, Congress separated the artillerists and engineers into separate corps and directed the Corps of Engineers to create a military academy at West Point, one of the driving forces for establishing the new academy was the need to divorce the United States from its reliance on foreign engineers. In 1807-1808, new concerns over a war with Great Britain, prompted President Thomas Jefferson to renew fortification programs. One common weakness among the typical low-walled open bastion or star forts was exposure to fire, especially to new devices designed to explode in mid air. Gun emplacements which were at an angle to the sea were vulnerable to a solid shot running parallel to the taking out a row of guns. In the late 1770s, a French engineer, the Marquis de Montalembert and his design protected a forts gunners by placing most of them in covered casemate walls with openings for the guns
14.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
15.
4th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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Constituted 1 June 1821 in the Regular Army as the 4th Regiment of Artillery and organized from new and existing units with headquarters at Pensacola, Florida. B Battery, 4th Artillery was part of the Union Armys crack Iron Brigade in the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War. As a result of reductions in military appropriations, the following reductions and increases in the force levels affected this regiment. The Regiment was disbanded 3 October 1944 in the Canal Zone, the remainder of the regimental assets were used to organize the 4th Coast Artillery Battalion. The 4th Artillery Regiment was again reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1971 as the 4th Air Defense Artillery, withdrawn 13 September 1986 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System. Arrived in North Africa on 21 February 1943, and landed on Sicily during August 1943, reconstituted 28 June 1950 in the Regular Army Constituted 16 December 1940 in the Regular Army as the 95th Coast Artillery Regiment. Regiment reorganized and redesignated 12 December 1943 as follows, 1/95th CAR became the 93rd AAA Gun Battalion, 2/95th CAR became the 752nd AAA Gun Battalion, thereafter separate lineage. 3/95th CAR became the 866th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion, Battalion arrived on the Philippines on 20 October 1944. Battalion arrived on Okinawa on 26 April 1945, where it remained into the Occupation period and they have transitioned from SHORAD to a mixed Patriot and Avenger Battalion. S. Artillery Regimental Brass Band exits that depicts the band during the Civil War. Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments 4th U. S, light Artillery, Battery H 4th U. S. Light Artillery, Battery I 4th U. S, light Artillery, Battery K 4th U. S. Light Artillery, Battery M List of United States Regular Army Civil War units Stanton, Shelby L
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5th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 5th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1861 as the 5th Regiment of Artillery. On 4 May 1861, in conformity with the proclamation of the President, congress confirmed this act of the President,12 July of the same year, but all appointments dated from 14 May. Four companies were assigned to Fort Jefferson, Florida on 10 Nov.1865, differing in organization from the older regiments, the new one comprised only field batteries, being in this regard the first entire regiment so equipped in the Regular Army. But it must not be inferred that the Fifth was designated by law as a artillery regiment. Nowhere in the act of 29 July do the words field or light artillery occur, nevertheless, Regiment activated 19 April 1944 at Camp Rucker, Alabama, disbanded 26 June 1944. 2nd Battalion consolidated with the 214th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion and consolidated unit redesignated as the 24th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, inactivated 26 August 1960 at Camp Hanford, Washington. 24th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion redesignated 13 March 1952 as the 24th Antiaircraft Gun Battalion, activated 16 April 1952 in Korea. Redesignated 23 May 1955 as the 24th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion, activated 1 June 1955 at Fort Banks, Massachusetts. Inactive 1 September 1958 at Bedford, Massachusetts, 5th Artillery reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1971 as the 5th Air Defense Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. Withdrawn 16 November 1988 from the /combat Arms Regimental system and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental system with headquarters at Fort Stewart, Army Coast Artillery Corps Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments Coats of arms of U. S. Light Artillery, Battery H 5th U. S, volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman http, //www. history. army. mil/books/R&H/R&H-5Art. htm
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7th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 7th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1898 as the 7th Regiment of Artillery. The 7th Air Defense Artillery Regiment traces its antecedents to 8 March 1898 in the Regular Army as Battery A and it was organized on 29 March 1898 at Fort Slocum, New York. The Battery was reorganized and redesignated on 13 February 1901 as the 72nd Company and it was redesignated on 2 February 1907 as the 72nd Company, Coast Artillery Corps. The company was reorganized and redesignated in July 1916 as the 1st Company, Fort Screven, Georgia and on 31 August 1917 as the 1st Company, Coast Defenses of Savannah. The company was reorganized and redesignated on 1 June 1922 as the 72nd Company, Coast Artillery Corps and on 1 July 1924 as Battery A and it was inactivated on 7 April 1930 at Fort Hancock, New Jersey. The company was reactivated on 1 July 1939 at Fort Hancock, New Jersey, the regiments HHB was transferred to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri on 15 March 1944 and was inactivated there on 7 April 1944, before being disbanded entirely on 14 June 1944. The company was reconstituted on 28 June 1950 in the Regular Army and concurrently consolidated with the lineage and honors of Battery A, 126th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion. It was reorganized and redesignated on 28 June 1943 as Battery A, 126th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion and inactivated on 3 January 1946 at Camp Patrick Henry, the consolidated unit was redesignated as Battery A, 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. The consolidated unit carried honors for participation in 6 campaigns during the Second World War, Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe, and England 1944. The unit was redesignated on 13 December 1951 as Battery A, 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and activated on 20 December 1951 at Camp Edwards, the unit was redesignated on 30 June 1955 as Battery A, 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. It was inactivated on 1 September 1958 in Germany, the unit was concurrently consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Howitzer Battalion, 7th Artillery, which had been first organized in 1916. The consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Howitzer Battalion, 7th Artillery, the Battalions organic elements were constituted on 8 February 1957 and activated on 15 February 1957. 1st Battalion, 7th Air Defense Artillery was activated on 13 September 1972 at Fort Bliss, the Battalion was reactivated on 16 December 1988 in Germany. On 21 December 1998, Headquarters US Army Europe announced plans to realign its air defense units to comply with the Armys Patriot Standardization Plan. The 1-7th Air Defense Artillery, with its Headquarters and Headquarters Battery and B and C Batteries subsequently moved from Rhine Ordnance Barracks, Kaiserslautern, Germany, to Fort Bliss, there it joined the 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade. In June 2006, the Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade and 1-7th Air Defense Artillery moved to Fort Bragg, the insignia is worn in pairs. Symbolism The panther is taken from the coat of arms of the Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook where the Regiment was organized on 1 July 1924. The motto translates to “He Fears No Encounter. ”Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 7th Coast Artillery Regiment on 31 July 1924
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43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment of the United States Army first constituted 1918 in the Regular Army. Attached above a wreath Or and Gules, an épi Or around and behind a French locomotive affronté Gules, attached below the shield a Gold scroll inscribed “SUSTINEMUS” in Black letters. Symbolism The shield is red for Artillery, the bend is taken from the arms of Lorraine, which is gold with three golden alerions on a red bend, with the colors reversed. The three oozlefinches are used instead of the alerions, the green oozlefinch was the device on the shoulder patch worn by the railway artillery reserve in France, of which this Regiment was a unit. The locomotive and épi show the character of the Regiment, the motto translates to “We Support” and alludes to the mission of railway artillery. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 43d Coast Artillery Regiment on 1 February 1937. It was redesignated for the 43d Artillery Regiment on 13 January 1959, the insignia was redesignated for the 43d Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1 September 1971. It was amended to correct the symbolism on 17 November 1983, shield Gules, on a bend Or three oozlefinches Vert. Crest On a wreath of the colors, Or and Gules, shield The shield is red for Artillery. The bend is taken from the arms of Lorraine, which is gold with three golden alerions on a red bend, with the colors reversed, the three oozlefinches are used instead of the alerions. The green oozlefinch was the device on the patch worn by the railway artillery reserve in France. Crest The locomotive and épi show the character of the Regiment, the coat of arms was originally approved for the 43d Coast Artillery Regiment on 2 March 1929. It was redesignated for the 43d Artillery Regiment on 13 January 1959, the insignia was redesignated for the 43d Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1 September 1971. It was amended to correct the blazon and symbolism on 17 November 1983, 1st Battalion 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment 2nd Battalion 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment 3rd Battalion 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment World War I, St. S. Army Coast Artillery Corps Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments Coats of arms of U. S, Artillery Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment. Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from
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44th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 44th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an Air Defense Artillery regiment of the United States Army first Constituted 1918 in the Regular Army. 16 March 1988 is when the Battalion was activated at Fort Campbell, the 2nd Battalion, 44th Air Defense Artillery, was for a long period the divisional air defense battalion for the 101st Airborne Division, but now appears to have taken up the C-RAM role. The battalion is separated from the units of the brigade. The 2nd Missile Battalion, 44th Artillery Regiment was the first Pershing missile battalion in June 1962 under the 1st Field Artillery Missile Brigade at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Lt. Col. Patrick W. Powers took command on 13 October 1962, receiving the colors from Dr. Finn J. Larsen, on 1 September 1971 the 2/44th was deactivated and reformed as the 3rd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment. September 1952, Lt. Col. Patrick William Powers Col. James E. Convey Description A gold color metal and enamel device 1 1⁄8 inches consisting shield, crest and motto of the coat of arms. Symbolism The shield is red for Artillery with a gold bend from the arms of Lorraine, the units of this organization changed designation five times from 1917 to 1918. They were part of the 6th and 7th Provisional Regiment, C. A. C, part of the 51st and 52nd Artillery, C. A. C. and were organized as a unit called the Howitzer Regiment, 30th Artillery Brigade, C. A. C. Later designated the 81st Artillery, C. A. C. and changed to the 44th Artillery, the variegated chameleon alludes to this fact. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 44th Coast Artillery Regiment on 1 February 1937. It was redesignated for the 54th Coast Artillery Regiment on 13 March 1941, the insignia was redesignated for the 54th Armored Field Artillery Battalion on 22 July 1954. It was redesignated for the 44th Artillery Regiment on 31 December 1958, effective 1 September 1971, the insignia was redesignated for the 44th Air Defense Artillery Regiment. Shield Gules, a bend double cottised potenté counterpotenté Or, crest On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a double quatrefoil Or charged with a chameleon displayed paleways barry of four Gules and Vert. Shield The shield is red for Artillery with a gold bend from the arms of Lorraine, crest The units of this organization changed designation five times from 1917 to 1918. They were part of the 6th and 7th Provisional Regiment, C. A. C, part of the 51st and 52nd Artillery, C. A. C. and were organized as a unit called the Howitzer Regiment, 30th Artillery Brigade, C. A. C. Later designated the 81st Artillery, C. A. C. and changed to the 44th Artillery, the variegated chameleon alludes to this fact. The coat of arms was approved for the 44th Coast Artillery Regiment on 2 March 1929. It was amended to correct the blazon of the shield on 23 May 1936 and it was redesignated for the 54th Coast Artillery Regiment on 11 March 1941
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51st Coast Artillery Regiment
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The 51st Coast Artillery Regiment was a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. Battery C 56th Artillery redesignated as 2nd Battalion HHD&CT 51st Artillery on 1 August 1921, on 22 October 1921 51st Artillery reassigned to Camp Eustis, VA. On 1 July 1924 51st Artillery, CAC, redesignated as 51st Coast Artillery Regiment, 51st Coast Artillery reassigned to Fort Monroe on 8 May 1931. 1st Battalion reassigned to Camp Buchanan, San Juan, PR. on 20 October 1939, 51st Coast Artillery Regiment Redesignated 51st Coast artillery Regiment on 8 March 1942, and 2nd Battalion authorized. 2nd Battalion HHB, Battery C, and 3rd platoon Battery G activated at Borinquen Army Airfield on 16 March 1942 Battery D 2nd Battalion activated at Borinquen Airfield 1 May 1942. HHB 1st Battalion, Battery B and Battery G reassigned to Port of Spain, Trinadad on 8 December 1943 followed by 2nd Battalion HHB, and Batteries A, C, and D. On 1 June 1944 the regiment is broken up into Battalions as Follows- 1st Battalion reorganized and redesignated as 51st Coast Artillery Battalion, 2nd Battalion reorganized and redesignated as 52nd Coast Artillery Battalion. HHB 51st CA redesignated as the 145th Coast Artillery Group, on 28 February 1946 51st and 52nd Coast artillery Battalions deactivated and disbanded. Description A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/4 inches in height consisting of a shield blazoned. Symbolism The field of the shield is red, the Artillery color, service in Lorraine is shown by the bend, a distinctive feature of the Lorraine arms, “Or, a bend Gules, ” reversing the tinctures. The caterpillar on the bend symbolizes the tractor, background The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 16 March 1922. Shield Gules, on a bend Or a caterpillar passant Vert, crest On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a lion’s face Gules jessant-de-lis Or. Shield The field of the shield is red, the Artillery color, service in Lorraine is shown by the bend, a distinctive feature of the Lorraine arms, “Or, a bend Gules, ” reversing the tinctures. The caterpillar on the bend symbolizes the tractor, the coat of arms was approved on 5 February 1920. Unknown unknown Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments Coats of arms of U. S, kuhn This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 51st coast artillery Regiment. Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from, volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson
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52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment of the United States Army first organized in 1917 as a railway gun unit. It continued in that role unit 1943, when the regiment was broken in separate railway gun battalions, the south Florida units arrived with conventional high explosive warheads. In August 1963, the Army assigned the troops under the control of the 13th Artillery Group to the 53rd Artillery Brigade, the soldiers could now go off TDY status and bring their families, cars, and personal effects to south Florida. They could also move into more permanent living facilities and get access to amenities available at permanent installations, attached below the shield a Gold scroll inscribed “SEMPER PARATUS” in Red letters. Symbolism The shield is red for Artillery, the gold potenté bend is an adaptation of the cottised bend on the arms of Champagne. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 538th Field Artillery Battalion on 29 December 1951. It was redesignated for the 52nd Artillery Regiment on 19 December 1958 and it was redesignated for the 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1 September 1971. Shield Gules, a bend potenté Or, crest On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a locomotive affronté Gules, charged with the numeral “52” Or. Shield The shield is red for Artillery, the gold potenté bend is an adaptation of the cottised bend on the arms of Champagne. Crest The crest alludes to World War I service in France, the coat of arms was originally approved for the 52nd Artillery, Coast Artillery Corps on 9 April 1921. It was redesignated for the 286th Coast Artillery Battalion and amended to delete the crest on 3 August 1944 and it was redesignated for the 538th Field Artillery Battalion on 20 November 1944. The insignia was redesignated for the 52nd Artillery Regiment and amended to add a crest on 19 December 1958, effective 1 September 1971, the insignia was redesignated for the 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment. The History of the 52nd Artillery, C. A. C and this article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 52nd ADA Artillery. This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document 52nd Air Defense Artillery Lineage, goldstein, Philip M. 52nd Railway Artillery Battalion, FORT HANCOCK & SANDY HOOK PROVING GROUNDS
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55th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 55th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an Air Defense Artillery regiment of the United States Army that was first constituted in 1917 in the Regular Army. In addition, many individual transfers were made from the 1st, 2nd, 6th, & 9th Cos, MANG, the 55th Arty departed New York for Europe 3-25-18. After additional training, the 55th Arty was assigned to the 31st Bde, CAC, in August 1918, the 55th Arty departed Brest, arriving New York 1-22-19 and moved to Camp Mills, NY, until 1-26-19, when it moved to CD Long Island Sound. 1st Bn was stationed at Fort H. G. Wright, there most of the regiment’s NG and NA personnel were discharged. On 1-29-19 the 55th Arty CAC was transferred with 31st Bde to Fort Winfield Scott, the 31st Bde was then transferred to Fort Lewis, WA, arriving 10-4-19, and its strength was gradually built up to near peacetime levels. In April 1921, the 55th Arty was assigned to Hawaii, the 31st Bde was broken up and personnel from the 57th Arty were reassigned to the 55th Arty and to the 59th Arty slated for the Philippines. This enabled the 55th to activate HHD&CTs of the 1st, 2nd, in addition, Service Btry was activated. The 55th Arty arrived in Honolulu 5-12-21 and was posted to Fort Kamehameha, the three battalions were restructured with three batteries each by reassigning personnel from three companies manning fixed seacoast armament. This resulted in the activation of Btrys G, H, & I, on 6-1-22, each component of the 55th Arty received an additional serially numbered company designation. These additional designations were dropped on 7-1-24, when the regiment was redesignated 55th CA Regt, personnel shortages resulted in a 10-31-25 reorganization, the 3rd Bn was inactivated at Ft. Shafter, its personnel reassigned to 1st Bn, replacing personnel transferred to the 64th CA Regt. The reorganized 1st Bn, 55th CA, moved to Ft. Kamehameha, at this time Btry C, 55th CA, transferred to the 64th CA Regt as Btry I. A new Btry C was constituted and activated in the 55th CA, in the mid-1930s, 2nd Bn HHB moved to Fort DeRussy although its firing batteries remained at Fort Ruger. On 2-17-41, AA detachments were organized in Btrys E & F to man fixed 3-inch AA guns at Ft. Ruger and Sand Is. On 12-7-41, the 55th CA was posted around Oahu, Btrys A, B, & C on Oahu’s southwest coast between Pearl Harbor and Kaena Point, Btrys D & E on the northeast coast, and Btry F on Sand Is. On 12-27-41, Btry D moved from Ft. Ruger to the Island of Kauai, battery D was reinforced to its authorized wartime strength. Detachments from Btry A formed Btry 80-X in December 1941, a second detachment helped form the 804th CA Btry, Btry F at Sand Is. was designated the 807th CA Btry, while a second detachment helped organize the 715th CA Btry 10-21-42. During World War II, various changes were made in the makeup of the 55th CA, the 55th CA Regt was reorganized and HHB reconstituted and activated, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Bn HHBs were activated at Ft. Ruger 5-22-43. Btry G was activated at Ft. Kamehameha, the 1st Bn HHB and Btrys A, B, & C, and 2nd Bn HHB were stationed at Ft. Kamehameha, Btry D on Kauai, Btry E at Wilridge
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56th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 56th Air Defense Artillery is a training regiment in the United States Army. This number has had two lineages started under it, a 1917 unit that served in France during World War I, and the 506th Artillery CAC, which was renumbered in December 1940. After the renumbering a separate lineage was started for the 506th CA in 1943. Constituted 29 July 1921 in the OR as the 506th Artillery CAC, the 506th Arty was organized at LaCrosse, WI, in August 1922 and redesignated 506th CA Regt 20 February 1924. Withdrawn from OR and allotted to RA as inactive 1 October 1933, the 506th CA redesignated 56th Coast Artillery Regt 16 December 1940. The 56th CA was activated 2 June 1941 at Fort Cronkhite, the 56th CA was to be composed of HHB, 1st, 2nd, & 3rd Bn HHBs, six firing batteries, and Battery G Search Light. Activation continued into October 1941 with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Bns organized, by December, the decision had been made to inactivate the regiment as no longer required, and the process began with reassignment of personnel. However, the inactivation was halted and the regiment was deployed to South America, HHB 2nd Bn, Btrys C & D, and detachments from Btrys A, B, E, & F were designated for Chile, Peru, and Venezuela. Half of the 2nd Bn HHB, Btry C, and a SL Section of Btry G departed Ft. Cronkhite 2-10-42 for New Orleans POE and Venezuela, arriving 3-2-42. The other half of HHB 2nd Bn, Btry D, and 2nd Plt, Btry G, departed Ft. Cronkhite for Peru 2-18-42 via the San Francisco POE, arriving 3-2-42. A provisional detachment of personnel from Btrys A, B, E, Cronkhite, where the 56th was being reorganized with new personnel. The remaining elements of the 56th CA Regt in HDSF continued to man 155 mm guns at Ft. Cronkhite and Drakes Bay. The regiment served in the Northern California Sector of the WDC until September, the battalions of the 56th remained at Ft. Cronkhite during the summer of 1942 while being reorganized. The rebuilt 2nd Bn, Btrys C & D, remained at Ft. Cronkhite until the summer of 1942. On 9-27-42, 2nd Bn arrived at Westport, WA, orders were received mid-September 1942, to move 3rd Bn, 56th CA, to the Southern California Sector, WDC. On 10-1-42, the reinforced 3rd Bn, 56th CA, was reassigned to Southern California Sector. On 4-6-43, HHB at Ft. Cronkhite was reassigned to the Southern California Sector as well, one detachment of HHB was assigned to 3rd Bn command post at Ventura, the other platoon to HD Los Angeles. On 1-11-44, Southern California Sector ordered all elements of the regiment in the sector to Ft. Cronkhite, HHB, Btry G, and Medical Det. were ordered to Camp Cooke, CA, and disbanded 2-11-44
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59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 59th Coast Artillery Regiment is a regiment in the United States Army. Redesignated 20 February 1924 as the 59th Coast Artillery, Concurrently batteries C, D, E, remainder of regiment activated 30 May 1941 at Fort Mills. Surrendered 6 May 1942 to the Japanese forces on Corregidor Island, inactivated 2 April 1946 at Fort Mills. Redesignated 26 December 1947 as the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and activated 1 January 1948 at Fort Bliss, redesignated 24 February 1953 as the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. Inactivated 1 September 1958 at Fort Bliss, reorganized and redesignated 31 July 1959 as the 59th Artillery a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. Description A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches in height consisting of a shield blazoned, Per fess vair and Argent. Attached above from a wreath Argent and Azure a demi-lion rampant Gules grasping in dexter claw a sword Or, attached above and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed “DEFENDIMUS” in Red letters. Symbolism The vair on the shield is from the arms of the Coast Defenses of New York, the crest it taken from the arms of St. Menehould in red for Artillery. The motto translates to “We Defend. ”Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 15 August 1930. It was redesignated for the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 23 November 1953, the insignia was redesignated for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 5 December 1958. It was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment, shield Per fess vair and Argent, in base a thistle Proper. Crest On a wreath Argent and Azure a demi-lion rampant Gules armed and langued of the second grasping in dexter claw a sword Or. Shield The vair on the shield is from the arms of the Coast Defenses of New York, crest The crest it taken from the arms of St. Menehould in red for Artillery. The coat of arms was approved for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 1 April 1921. It was amended to correct the motto on 28 April 1927 and it was redesignated for the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 21 April 1949. The insignia was redesignated for the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 23 November 1953 and it was redesignated for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 5 December 1958. It was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Artillery Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 59th Air Defense Artillery. Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from, volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson
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60th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 60th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense unit of the United States Army. The 60th Coast Artillery, during the World War II era, was part of USAFFEs Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays and this anti-aircraft unit was to provide air defense over Manila Bay and the southern tip of the Bataan Peninsula. The 60th CA was equipped with 3-inch guns, 37mm Guns. 50-caliber machine guns, one battery, with a platoon of searchlights, was located at Fort Wint, in Subic Bay. Demobilized 24 February 1919 at Ft. Washington, Maryland Reconstituted 26 October 1922 in the Regular Army as the 60th Artillery Battalion, Antiaircraft and organized at Fort Crockett, expanded, reorganized and redesignated 1 July 1924 as the 60th Coast Artillery. Surrendered 6 May 1942 to the Japanese forces on Corregidor Island, inactivated 2 April 1946 at Fort Mills, Philippine Islands. Redesignated 1 August 1946 as the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and activated at Fort Bliss, redesignated 7 December 1949 as the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion Automatic Weapons Battalion, Mobile. Redesignated 27 July 1950 as the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, inactivated 17 June 1957 at Southampton, England. Reorganized and redesignated 31 July 1959 as the 60th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, redesignated 1 September 1971 as the 60th Air Defense Artillery. Blazon Shield, Per fess embattled Sable and Gules fimbriated Or a pile in bend of the third the lower portion obscured by the second tincture, crest, On a wreath of the colors Or and Sable a carabao skull Sable horned Or. Symbolism Shield, The shield is divided horizontally into two parts, the line being embattled to represent defense. The lower half is red for Artillery, the upper half bears the colors of black and gold, a searchlight beam pierces the darkness of this portion of the shield signifying the never ending vigilance which this organization exercises in searching for enemy aircraft. The star has a double significance and it is symbolic of the state of Texas, the Lone Star State, where the unit was reorganized after World War I, and its battleground in the heavens. Crest The carabao horns are symbolic of service in the Philippine Islands where the 60th Battalion, background, The coat of arms was originally approved for the 60th Coast Artillery Regiment on 1924-05-21. It was amended to change the blazon of the shield and correct the motto on 1924-10-03 and it was redesignated for the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and amended to correct the description on 1949-11-16. The insignia was redesignated for the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 1954-09-08 and it was redesignated for the 60th Artillery Regiment on 1958-12-15. It was redesignated for the 60th Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1971-09-01, attached below and to the sides a Red scroll inscribed “COELIS IMPERAMUS” in Gold letters. Symbolism, The insignia is divided horizontally into two parts, the line being embattled to represent defense. The lower half is red for Artillery, the upper half bears the colors of black and gold, a searchlight beam pierces the darkness of this portion, signifying the never ending vigilance which this organization exercises in searching for enemy aircraft
26.
61st Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 61st Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment in the United States Army Constituted 10 December 1917 as the 61st Artillery. Activated at Fort Moultrie 9 March 1918, organized at Fort Monroe, arrived in France 31 July 1918 and assigned to 33rd Brigade. Returned to New York 27 February 1919 National Guard and reserve personnel demobilized at Camp Upton, 1st Artillery Battalion constituted 7 June 1921 and activated at Fort Monroe 1 July 1921 as follows, HHD&CT A Gun Battery redesignated 5th Company Chesapeake Bay, formerly 13th Co. Ft. Monroe B Machinegun Battery redesignated 8th Company Chesapeake Bay, VANG C Search Light Battery redesignated 6th Company Chesapeake Bay, formerly 6th Company VANG. 10 July 1942 two detachments formed as separate Gun Battalions, and later redesignated 494th AAA Gun Battalion, Regiment deployed to England 8 August 1943 and stationed at Honiton, Devon. 635th Battalion plus 3d Battn, 61st Regiment, became the 52d Battalion Group Headquarters was established at Camp Stewart, the 39th Battalion retained its designation as an Automatic Weapons Battalion until 16 May 1957 when it was inactivated at Southampton, Germany. In addition, the 58th Antiaircraft Artillery Battery at Fort Bliss was reorganized and designated as Battery C, 61st Artillery and assigned to Fourth United States Army. A summary of the story is as follows, Helios, the sun, drove across the heavens from east to west daily, in a winged chariot drawn by the celestial horses. His son, Phaeton, in order to please his mother, Phaeton had scarcely taken the reins when the celestial horses, despising their weak driver, turned out of their patch and set everything on fire. This is the first historical record of a hit being scored against an aerial target, the shield is divided by the saw tooth line taken from Lord Delaware’s arms which were the basis of the coat of arms for the Coast-Defense of the Chesapeake. The upper part of the shield is white, the half black, for day. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 61st Artillery Battalion on 16 November 1923. It was redesignated for the 61st Coast Artillery Regiment on 12 December 1939, the insignia was redesignated for the 61st Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 10 August 1955. It was redesignated for the 61st Artillery Regiment on 19 December 1958 and it was redesignated for the 61st Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1 September 1971. Crest On a wreath of the colors Argent and Sable, an eagle’s head erased Or, motto NON EST AD ASTRA MOLLIS E TERRIS VIA. Shield The aim and purpose of the unit are told in form by the story from Greek mythology of the winged chariot of Helios which was brought to earth by a bolt of lightning thrown by Zeus. A summary of the story is as follows, Helios, the sun, drove across the heavens from east to west daily, in a winged chariot drawn by the celestial horses. His son, Phaeton, in order to please his mother, Phaeton had scarcely taken the reins when the celestial horses, despising their weak driver, turned out of their patch and set everything on fire
27.
62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an Air Defense Artillery regiment in the United States Army. Constituted 10 December 1917 as the 62nd Artillery, activated at Fort Winfield Scott 7 January 1918. Assigned to 33rd Brigade CAC, and shipped to Camp Mills New York arrived in France 21 July 1918, returned from France 19 February 1919, Demobilized at Camp Eustis March 1919. Reconstituted 1 August 1921 as the 2nd Antiaircraft Battalion and organized 4 September 1921 at Fort Totten, with HHD&CT, Search Light, Gun, Machine gun Battery as Battery C. consolidated with 167th Company HHD&CT redesignated 258th Company. Battalion expanded to a regiment 27 August 1922 with HHB, Service Battery, HH&CT 1st Battalion, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, from 9th Company Service Battery from 37th Company Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment & Combat Train 1st Battalion, from HHD 1st Battalion 62nd AA. A. Battery from 32nd Company G. Battery from 165th Company H, Battery from 167th Company Regiment Redesignated from 62nd Artillery to 62nd Coast Artillery Regiment on 1 July 1924. and reorganized. On 1 July 1939 Batteries D, G, and H activated,20 January 1941 personnel from Battery B, and Search Light Platoon Battery A. I. Battery Constituted from Battery H.16 June 1941 and assigned as part of the garrison at Bluie West, Battery transferred less personnel and equipment back to Fort Totten 26 July 1941. Battery inactivated and disbanded 12 December 1942, personnel and equipment transferred to Battery A 424th CA Battalion, Battery I transferred to Fort Totten less personnel and equipment. 3rd Battalion constituted 27 May 1942 and activated at Fort Totten 15 June 1942, Regiment moved to Camp Kilmer, NJ. and staged for overseas shipment. Sailed for United Kingdom on 6 August 1942, landed at Oran, Algeria,11 November 1942. Moved to Tunisia 10 June 1943, landed Licata, Sicily 23 July 1943 Inactivated at Palermo, Sicily 10 November 1943. Broken up as follows- HHB redesignated 80th AAA Group, 1st Battalion redesignated 62nd AAA Battalion. 2nd Battalion redesignated 893rd AAA Battalion, 3rd Battalion redesignated 331st AAA Battalion. 62nd Coast Artillery disbanded 4 December 1943, 62nd AAA Battalion moved to Italy 7 July 1944 and landed in southern France 16 August 1944. Inactivated 13 March 1946 at Camp Kilmer Redesignated 9 December 1948 as 62nd Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion, assigned to 2nd Armored Division 4 November 1949 Relieved from 2nd Armor 20 October 1950. This participation is symbolized by the six embattled sectors, background The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 62d Coast Artillery Regiment on 21 February 1929. It was redesignated for the 62d Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 23 August 1949 and it was redesignated for the 62d Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 4 January 1956
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65th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 65th Air Defense Artillery was a training regiment in the United States Army. During World War I the unit was a tractor drawn unit equipped with British BL9.2 inch Howitzers, when it was reactivated in Panama in 1924 it became an anti aircraft unit equipped with the 3-inch Gun M1918. Constituted 26 December 1917 in the Regular Army as the 1st Battalion 65th Artillery and organized 1 January 1918 at Fort Rosecrans, demobilized 28 February 1919 at Camp Lewis, Washington. Reconstituted 1 July 1924 in the army as 1st Battalion, 65th Coast Artillery and activated at Fort Amador, Canal Zone. Activated 1 June 1938 at Fort Winfield Scott, California, reorganized at Fort Ord, California and redesignated 10 May 1943 as the 65th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion. Inactivated 26 January 1945 at Camp Hood, Texas, Concurrently, Batteries B, C, and D, redesignated 427th, 428th, activated 1 May 1949 on Okinawa. Redesignated 23 February 1955 as the 65th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Inactivated 1 September 1959 in Japan. Consolidated 31 July 1959 with the 65th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, the regiments insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 65th Air Defense Artillery Regiment. World war I St. Mihiel Meuse-Argonne Lorraine World War II Aleutian Islands United States Army Air Defense Artillery School Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments Coats of arms of U. S. Artillery Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 65th Air Defense Artillery, historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from. Volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson
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71st Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 71st Air Defense Artillery was a regiment in the United States Army. Constituted 2 May 1918 in the Regular Army as the 71st Artillery, organized 12 May 1918 in the Coast Defenses of Boston with headquarters at Fort Strong, Massachusetts. Returned to the continental US and demobilized 6 March 1919 at Camp Devens, the 1st Battalion activated on July 31,1940 and the 2nd Battalion on Jan. 3,1941 at Fort Story, Virginia, the 3rd Bn was activated June 15,1942. The regiment remained posted at Washington until inactivated September 1,1943, the 2nd Battalion, 71st Artillery was activated 1 March 1960 at Fort Bliss, Texas and later stationed in Korea. 2nd Battalion redesignated 1 Sept 1971 as the 2nd Battalion, 71st Air Defense Artillery, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 71st Antiaircraft Artillery Group, inactivated 25 March 1946 at Munich, Germany. Redesignated 15 September 1949 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 71st Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, activated 30 September 1949 at Fort Bliss, Texas, with organic batteries of the former 71st Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion. Redesignated 22 July 1953 as the 71st Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion, inactivated 1 September 1958 in the Washington -Baltimore Defense Area. Reorganized and redesignated 28 August 1958 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 2d Missile Battalion, moved by train and ship from Ft. Bliss, TX to Taiwan and activated as an operational Nike-Hercules battalion October 26,1958. Battalion inactivated 15 August 1959 in Taiwan, inactivated 20 July 1982 in Korea. On its second tour in Vietnam the battery was attached to XXIV Corps stationed at Da Nang, 6th Battalion, 71st Artillery 29 September 1965 to 22 September 1968 The 6th Battalion of the 71st Artillery was a mobile HAWK missile battalion located first at Qui Nhon. In 1966, as part of the 97th Artillery Group, the battalion was relocated to Cam Ranh Bay, attached below and to the sides of the insignia a Gold scroll inscribed “UNDIQUE VENIMUS” in Black letters. Symbolism Scarlet and yellow are the used for Artillery. The three chevronels from the coat of arms of John Winthrop, the founder of the Boston Colony, alludes to Boston, the five projectiles are symbolic of the unit’s five battle honors awarded for service in World War II. They also commemorate the mission of the unit to attack and destroy enemy aircraft, the motto translates to “We Come From All Parts. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 71st Artillery Regiment on 21 May 1959. It was redesignated for the 71st Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1 September 1971, blazon Shield- Gules, five high explosive projectiles palewise in chevron surmounted by three chevronels Or. Crest- On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules a fixed searchlight Sable, symbolism Shield- Scarlet and yellow are the colors used for Artillery
30.
200th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 200th Coast Artillery was a United States Army unit during the first half of World War II. Today descendant elements serve with the New Mexico Army National Guard as the 200th Infantry, the 200th was originally organized 1 September 1880 in the New Mexico volunteer Militia in west-central New Mexico from independent companies as the 1st Regiment. It was expanded 18 February 1882 to form the 1st Regiment with headquarters at Socorro, the 1st Regiment was expanded 25 April 1883 to form the 1st Regiment and the 2nd Cavalry Battalion. 2nd Cavalry was reorganized and redesignated 14 September 1883 as the 1st Regiment of Cavalry and it was reorganized 10 November 1885 as the 1st Regiment of Cavalry. It was disbanded 29 December 1893 and two remaining troops attached to the 1st Regiment of Infantry, the unit was reorganized 12 September 1896 in the New Mexico Volunteer Militia as the 1st Battalion of Cavalry with headquarters at Santa Fe. The unit was redesignated in 1897 as the 1st Squadron of Cavalry, while remaining in state service the 1st Squadron of Cavalry additionally formed the 2nd Squadron, 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, also known as the Rough Riders. Troop A attached 5 February 1908 to the 1st Regiment of Infantry, the 2nd Regiment was expanded 25 April 1883 to form the 2nd Regiment and the 1st Cavalry Battalion. The 2nd Regiment was redesignated 10 November 1885 as the 1st Regiment of Infantry with headquarters at Santa Fe, location of Headquarters was changed 16 August 1886 to Albuquerque. The 1st Cavalry Battalion was reorganized and redesignated 14 September 1883 as the 3rd Battalion, the unit was expanded, reorganized and redesignated 10 November 1885 as the 2nd Regiment of Cavalry. The 1st Regiment of Infantry and elements of the 2nd Regiment of Cavalry were consolidated 24 December 1890, 1st Regiment of Infantry was consolidated in 1909 with Troop A and consolidated unit designated as the 1st Regiment of Infantry. The 143rd and 144th Machine Gun Battalions demobilized 30 April 1919 at Camp Grant and it was expanded, reorganized and redesignated 3 December 1920 as the 1st Cavalry. It was redesignated 2 May 1922 as the 111th Cavalry, Headquarters federally recognized 4 May 1924 at Santa Fe. Assigned 5 November 1923 to the 23rd Cavalry Division, relieved 15 March 1929 from assignment to the 23rd Cavalry Division. The unit was converted and redesignated 26 April 1940 as the 207th Coast Artillery Regiment, redesignated 200th Coast Artillery 1 July 1940. In August 1941, the 200th was given notice that it had selected for an overseas assignment of great importance. At about 0300 hours on 8 December 1941, the 200th went on alert when the night radio crew picked up commercial broadcasts telling of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor. It was inducted into federal service 6 January 1941 at home stations in New Mexico, the 200th doubled in size to 1800 while at Fort Bliss preparing for overseas deployment. The Arkansas 206th and the 200th competed for position deployment to either the Philippines or Alaska, the 200th, whose personnel virtually all spoke fluent Spanish were chosen to go to the Philippines in the summer of 1941, and arrived there in September 1941
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202nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 202nd Air Defense Artillery is an antiaircraft regiment of the Illinois Army National Guard. On 19 March 1921, the 6th Illinois Infantry was converted to the 1st Artillery, on 13 December 1921, redesignated as Provisional Battalion, 202nd Artillery with six companies. Redesignated to the 202nd Artillery Regiment, Coast Artillery Corps and on 26 August 1924, again, mustered into federal service on 16 September 1940 in Chicago. Arrived at Fort Bliss on September 20–21,1940, 3rd Battalion Activated 15 June 1942 at Bremerton, Washington. This was the consolidation, which brought all the colors and honors of the old 202nd Coast Artillery together under the command of the 202nd Antiaircraft Artillery Group in Chicago. The 396th AAA Automatic Weapons Battalion, meanwhile, became the 693rd AAA Automatic Weapons Battalion, in Chicago on 13 December 1946, Then on 12 May 1949 and this time it became the 133rd AAA Automatic Weapons Battalion. On 28 February 1954, the 133rd and the 698th AAA Battalions were consolidated and re-designated the 698th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, four years later, the battalion was modernized and re-designated a missile battalion. The 242nd was inactivated and disbanded in June 1944 at Camp Van Dorn Mississippi, two years later, it was reorganized as the 698th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion. On 1 May 1951, it was ordered to duty in Chicago to release Active Army units. C Battery joined the other three firing batteries, under the control of the 45th Artillery Brigade, two months later. It consolidated on 1 April 1963 with Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 202d Artillery Group, and the consolidated unit was designated as the 202d Artillery. It reorganized on 8 October 1963 to consist of the 1st Missile Battalion, on 1 January 1966 to consist of the 1st Battalion and its Federal recognition was withdrawn on 30 September 1974. Batteries E and F, 1st Battalion, 202nd Air Defense Artillery, were assigned during the 1990s to the 45th Infantry Brigade. Soldiers from the 1st Battalion, 202nd Air Defense Artillery, deployed to Iceland to take part in the 2001 Northern Viking exercise, attached below the shield a scroll inscribed “ARTE ET ARMIS” in Blue letters. On a wreath Or and Azure, upon a field the blockhouse of old Fort Dearborn of the first. The motto translates to “By Skill and Arms. ”Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 202d Coast Artillery on 31 October 1925. It was redesignated for the 768th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 31 July 1951 and it was redesignated for the 768th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 19 February 1957. The insignia was redesignated for the 202d Artillery Regiment on 6 January 1961 and it was redesignated for the 202d Air Defense Artillery Regiment on 6 July 1972
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213th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 213th Air Defense Artillery is a regiment in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard. It appears to have established as an Air Defense Artillery Branch unit in 1989-90. The Reading Eagle of August 31,1989, advertises for personnel to join Battery B of the 1st Battalion, a new Army National Guard unit. Major General John E. Stevens led the creation of the 1st Battalion, 213th ADA from the previous 165th Military Police Battalion, by October 1,1997, it was part of the 28th Infantry Division. Constituted on 14 May 1874 as the 4th Infantry Regiment, Pennsylvania, organized on 30 June 1874 from existing independent companies of the 5th and 7th Divisions, Pennsylvania National Guard. Consisting of companies in Allentown, Hamburg, Columbia, Reading, Pinegrove, mustered into federal service on 8 July 1916 for Mexican border duty, and mustered out of federal service 15–26 January 1917. Mustered into federal service on 16–27 July 1917, reorganized between 9 July 1920 –8 April 1921 as 1st, 2nd and 3rd Separate Battalions of Infantry, Pennsylvania National Guard. Consolidated and redesignated 1 May 1922 as the 213th Artillery, redesignated on 1 August 1921 as the 213th Coast Artillery inducted into federal service on 15 September 1940. Reorganized on 24 March 1964 to consist of the 3rd Automatic Weapons Battalion, July 2002 the 1st Battalion, 213th Air Defense Artillery deployed to the European Theater in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Attached below the shield a Gold scroll inscribed “THE FIRST DEFENDERS” in Blue letters, symbolism The shield is red for Artillery. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 213th Coast Artillery Regiment on 4 June 1932. It was redesignated for the 213th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 26 March 1952 and it was redesignated for the 213th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 15 December 1954. The insignia was redesignated for the 213th Artillery Regiment on 26 July 1961 and it was redesignated for the 213th Air Defense Artillery Regiment with the description revised on 8 May 1989. Shield Gules, on a maple leaf Argent between in pairle seven fleurs-de-lis Or, the dome of the United States Capitol Azure, in base, dexter a Maltese cross, motto, Shield The shield is red for Artillery. Crest The crest is that of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard, the coat of arms was originally approved for the 213th Coast Artillery Regiment on 1 April 1932. It was redesignated for the 213th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 26 March 1952 and it was redesignated for the 213th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 15 December 1954. The insignia was redesignated for the 213th Artillery Regiment on 26 July 1961 and it was redesignated for the 213th Air Defense Artillery Regiment on 8 May 1989. Unknown Unknown This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History
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244th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 244th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in June 24,1799 as the 6th Regiment of Infantry. March 8,1800 6th Regiment N. Y. S. I, March 27,1805 designation changed from 6th Regiment of Infantry to 2d Regiment of Artillery, New York City. June 13,1812 designation changed from 2d Regiment of Artillery to 9th Regiment of Artillery, december 13,1813 Regiment reduced to a battalion. June 6,1816 reorganized as a regiment retaining its number, although as a battalion known as 1st Battalion, New York State Artillery. 1861-1864 during US Civil War served as the 83rd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, October 6,1917 9th Coast Defense Command organized as a depot battalion and transferred to 8th Coast Artillery Command. General Order 45 Adjutant Generals Office October 8,1917 Reorganized as 9th C. A. C. N. Y. G, by transfer of it to the Veteran Corps of Artillery of the State of New York. August 7,1919 designation changed to Coast Defense Command and changes made to companies, companies Mustered into New York Guard and remarks, Field And Staff, November 19,1917. Changed to 13th Company after G. O.221919, changed to 14th Company after G. O.221919. Changed to 15th Company after G. O.221919, changed to 16th Company after G. O.221919. Changed to 17th Company after G. O.221919, changed to 18th Company after G. O.221919. Changed to 19th Company after G. O.221919, changed to 20th Company after G. O.221919. Changed to 21st Company after G. O.221919, changed to 22nd Company after G. O.221919. Changed to 23rd Company after G. O.221919, changed to 24th Company after G. O.221919, disbanded November 8,1919 after G. O.30, 13th C. D. C. On the state Color, Execution of George Hart, January 3,1812 New York Harbor June 5, to July 28,1812 West Battery, New York Harbor, May 23, to June 1,1813 Sag harbor L. I. Blazon Shield, Gules, between in fess two fleurs-de-lis a sheathed Roman sword point to base Or debruised by a cross patée Argent charged with a hurt bearing the number “9” of the second. Crest, That for the regiments and separate battalions of the New York Army National Guard, On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, symbolism, Shield, The shield is red for Artillery. A white cross patée was the badge of the 2d Division, 5th Corps, and a white disk the badge of the 2d Division, 1st Corps, of the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War. The disk has been made blue for contrast, conforming to the law of not placing metal on metal
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251st Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 251st Coast Artillery was a coast artillery regiment in the California National Guard. Constituted 1 November 1924 in the California National Guard as the 251st Coast Artillery as follows- HHB from, 746th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion inactivated 15 January 1946 at Camp Stoneman, California. Later the regiment became an air defense regiment, and was equipped with the Nike-Hercules missile, elements which were to become part of the 251st Air Defense Artillery were under control of the Regular Armys 47th Artillery Brigade, part of Army Air Defense Command. The brigades command post was at the Fort MacArthur Direction Center, in May 1959, the 720th ADA Battalion was redesigned as the 4th Missile Battalion 251st Artillery, California Army National Guard. The lineage of the headquarters company continues on in the form of the headquarters company of the 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Red scroll inscribed “WE AIM TO HIT” in Gold letters, symbolism The shield is red for Artillery. The six pallets couped produce a diminished bordure effect on the shield, the ship is a representation of the ship of Don Juan Rodrigues Cabrillo, a Portuguese, who discovered San Diego Harbor. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 251st Coast Artillery on 9 January 1928. It was amended to add the motto on 16 June 1928 and it was redesignated for the 746th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 7 January 1952. The insignia was redesignated for the 251st Artillery Regiment on 16 February 1961 and it was redesignated for the 251st Air Defense Artillery Regiment on 10 July 1972. List of Nike missile locations This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 251st Airdefense Artillery Regiment, james A. Sawicki, Antiaircraft Artillery Battalions of the U. S. Army 1991, ISBN 0-9602404-7-0
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63rd Coast Artillery (United States)
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The 63rd Coast Artillery is a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. Constituted and organized 10 December 1917 as 63rd Artillery at Fort Worden, shipped to Camp Mills June 1918, arrived in France 14 July 1918. and assigned to 39th Brigade CAC. returned to Camp Mills February 1919, demobilized at Camp Lewis 21 March 1919. Reactivated as 3rd Artillery Battalion, constituted 12 September 1921 and organized 16 September 1921 at Fort Winfield Scott as follows- HHD&CT Searchlight Battery Gun Battery Machinegun Battery. D Battery E Battery F Battery G Battery H Battery 63rd Artillery reconstituted and consolidated with 63rd Coast Artillery Regiment 7 March 1932, 2nd Battalion activated at Fort MacArthur 12 October 1939. Regiment reassigned to Fort Bliss 6 December 1940, composit Automatic Weapons Battery organized from elements of the regiment on 23 March 1941 and assigned to Camp Clatsop, Oregon 6 April 1941 for deployment to U. S. Naval Base Sitka. Battery disbanded at Sitka 1 July 1941, Regiment assigned to Louisiana Maneuvers 11 August 1941 to 28 September 1941. Regiment transferred to Seattle 15 December 1941 and assigned to 39th Coast Artillery Brigade, 3rd Battalion constituted and activated 27 May 1942. Reactivated 15 November 1949 at Fort Bliss, Texas, redesignated 1 October 1953 as 63rd Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. Reorganized and redesignated as 63rd Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion 8 October 1957, inactivated 1 September 1958 in Germany. Not active Description A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/2 inches in height consisting of a shield blazoned, Purple a pile Or. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed “AMOR PATRIAE” in Purple letters, symbolism The shield is the heraldic representation of the golden gate, the yellow opening of the setting sun and the two purple headlands and thereon are three antiaircraft winged projectiles. The motto translates to “The Love Of Country. ”Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 63d Antiaircraft Battalion on 30 January 1924. It was redesignated for the 63d Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 30 October 1951, the insignia was redesignated for the 63d Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 22 May 1956. Shield Purple a pile Or, three winged projectiles one and two counterchanged, crest On a wreath of the colors Or and Purple, a dexter arm embowed Proper holding a broken lance Gules. Shield The shield is the representation of the golden gate, the yellow opening of the setting sun. Crest The crest is the crest of General Winfield Scott for whom one of the forts was named, the motto is also that of the Scott family. The coat of arms was approved for the 3d Antiaircraft Battalion on 16 December 1921. It was redesignated for the 63d Antiaircraft Battalion on 4 October 1922 and it was redesignated for the 63d Coast Artillery Regiment on 1 May 1924
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64th Coast Artillery (United States)
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The 64th Coast Artillery was a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. E Battery at Jackson Barracks F Battery at Fort Crockett Supply Battery Fort Crockett, staged at Fort Upton assigned to 34th Brigade arrived in France 6 September 1918. Demobilized at Camp Eustis 1 April 1919, Hawaiian AA Regiment constituted 2 May 1921 and organized 3 June 1921 at Fort Ruger with personnel from companies of Coast Artillery Oahu. Redesignated 64th Artillery 2 June 1922, Battery F assigned to Baker Island 1 August 1943 redesignated Battery D, 751st Coast Artillery Battalion. Reactivated 11 April 1949 at Atsugi, Honshu, Japan, redesignated 17 December 1954 as the 64th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. Inactivated 25 September 1957 in Japan, description A round of Antiaircraft Artillery ammunition Gules winged Or. The insignia is 1 inch in height, symbolism The winged antiaircraft artillery projectiles represent the mission of the organization. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 64th Artillery Regiment. It was amended to correct the description on 10 January 1923 and it was amended to specify how it was worn on 5 November 1931. The insignia was redesignated for the 64th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 18 November 1955, shield Gules, an inescutcheon barry of eight Argent, of the field and Azure repeated. Crest On a wreath of the colors Argent and Gules, a round of Antiaircraft Artillery ammunition Gules winged Or, shield The shield is scarlet for Artillery and bears an inescutcheon, the first quarter of the Royal Hawaiian coat of arms. Crest The winged antiaircraft artillery projectiles represent the mission of the organization, the coat of arms was originally approved for the Hawaiian Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment, Coast Artillery Corps on 8 March 1922. It was redesignated for the 64th Regiment, Coast Artillery Corps on 10 June 1922 and it was redesignated for the 64th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 5 January 1944. The insignia was redesignated for the 64th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 18 November 1955 and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History. Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from, volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson
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107th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 107th Infantry Regiment was a regiment of the New York Army National Guard. The regiment was formed in 1917 and disestablished in 1993, the 107th traces its history to the Seventh Regiment of New York. Source,1806, Established in New York in response to the blockade of New York Bay by British ships, four companies were formed and assigned to the First Brigade of the Battalion of Artillery. 1807–1808, Reorganized as the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Regiment of Artillery,1812, Redesignated 2nd Battalion, 11th Regiment of Artillery, New York State Militia. 1812–1814, Deployed in the forts of New York. 1824, Renamed the National Guards in tribute to the Marquis de Lafayette, gray uniforms were adopted and the intention to become a regiment was declared. 1826, Redesignated as the 27th Regiment of Artillery, New York State Militia,1838, A company of cavalry, Company I, is formed and designated the First Troop, National Guard 1847, Redesignated the 7th Regiment of Infantry, New York State Militia. 1849, 7th Regiment suppresses the Astor Place riot,1852, The 7th Regiment Band is organized. 1855, The Engineers Corps is organized, later called Company K.1857,1862, Mustered into federal service in Baltimore. 1862, New York State Militia redesignated the New York National Guard,1863, Mustered into federal service in Maryland. Deployed in New York to quell the Draft Riots,1869, The 7th Regiment is deployed during the Orange Riots. 1880, The 7th Regiment Armory opens in New York City,1895, The 7th Regiment is called up during the Brooklyn Street-Car Strike. 1900, The 7th Regiment is called for duty during the Croton Reservoir labor dispute. 1916, The 7th Regiment is mustered into service to guard the Mexican Border. 1917, The 7th Regiment is drafted into federal service,1917, Redesignated the 107th Infantry and assigned to the 27th Division. 1917–1919, The 7th Infantry, New York Guard serves as the Depot Battalion, 1921–1922, Consolidates with 7th Infantry, New York Guard, and reorganized and federalized as the 107th Infantry. 1940, The 107th Infantry is redesignated the 207th Coast Artillery Anti-Aircraft on 1 August,1940, 7th Regiment, New York State Guard is formed. 1957, Relieved from 107th Regimental Combat Team, assigned to 42d Infantry Division,1959, Relieved from 42d Infantry Division, reorganized as 107th Infantry, parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System
38.
8th Coast Artillery (United States)
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The 8th Coast Artillery Regiment was a Coast Artillery Corps regiment in the United States Army. At that time most of its personnel were transferred to the Harbor Defenses of Portland, in early 1940 the 22nd Coast Artillery was activated to garrison the Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth, and probably relieved the 8th Coast Artillery of that duty soon afterwards. Only Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, and Battery E activated, HHB for the Harbor Defenses of Portland, Maine, Battery E for the Harbor Defenses of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Battery A activated at Fort Preble 1 July 1939, Battery E inactivated at Fort Constitution 1 September 1939. Battery B activated at Fort Preble 29 July 1940, 1st Battalion Headquarters and Battery C activated 10 February 1941 at Fort Preble. 2nd Battalion Headquarters and Batteries D, E, and F activated at Fort McKinley 10 February 1941, Battery G activated at Fort Preble 1 June 1941. On 11 September 1943 a third battalion was authorized, Battery E 10th Coast Artillery transferred to Portland and redesignated Battery L 8th CA26 July 1943. The 8th Coast Artillery was ordered to Camp Shelby 25 February 1944, released to Army Ground Forces, Battery B ordered to Fort Jackson. 8th Coast Artillery Regiment disbanded 31 May 1944, description A Gold metal and enamel device 1 1/8 in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned, Per fess Gules and Argent, in chief a mullet of the last, in base a pine tree Proper. Symbolism The 8th Regiment was organized under General Orders No,8,27 February 1924, on 30 June 1924, from the companies which comprised the garrison of the Coast Defenses of Portland and Portsmouth. The design is taken from the coat of arms of the old Coast Defenses of Portland, the star has a dual significance. Its five points represent the five forts in the Coast Defenses of Portland, in addition it represents the Pole Star and it is set on a field of artillery red. The pine tree is the emblem of Maine, and is on a white field symbolic of the snows among which this particular pine grows, background The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 8th Coast Artillery Regiment on 24 March 1924. It was amended to add the method of wear on 10 November 1924, the insignia was redesignated for the 27th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 14 January 1952. Shield Per fess Gules and Argent, in chief a mullet of the last, crest On a wreath of the colors Argent and Gules a phoenix Purpure ailleroned Or rising from flames Proper. Shield The 8th Regiment was organized under General Orders No,8,27 February 1924, on 30 June 1924, from the companies which composed the garrison of the Coast Defenses of Portland and Portsmouth. The coat of arms is that of the old Coast Defenses of Portland, the star has a dual significance. Its five points represent the five forts in the Coast Defenses, in addition it represents the Pole Star and it is set on a field of artillery red
39.
9th Coast Artillery (United States)
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The 9th Coast Artillery Regiment was a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. Constituted 27 February 1924 in the regular Army as the 9th Coast Artillery, from the following Companies. - 172nd, 59th, 113th, 120th, 136th, 137th, 177th, 178th, only Batteries HHB, A, and C, activated. Batteries A, and C, inactivated 20 February 1930, Battery A reactivated 1 July 1939 at Fort Banks and assigned to Fort Strong. Battery B activated 1 July 1940 at Fort Banks, HHB, of 1st and 2nd Battalions activated at Fort Warren and Fort Strong. Battery C activated at Fort Banks on 1 July 1940, assigned to Great Brewster Island on 19 July 1943, Batteries D, and E, activated at Fort Warren 1 July 1940. Then redesignated HHB 3rd Battalion and reassigned to Fort Ruckman Battery F activated at Fort Strong 2 October 1941, HHB 3rd Battalion activated 1 June 1941 at Fort Heath. Batteries G, and I activated at Fort Andrews 1 June 1941 Battery H activated at Fort Banks 1 June 1941 Battery K activated 1 June 1941, and assigned to various posts around Boston Harbor. On 8 March 1943 HHB 3rd Battalion, and Batteries H, I, symbolism The shield is red for the Artillery. The Mayflower tells of the background of the Boston district. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 9th Coast Artillery Regiment on 14 May 1924. It was redesignated for the 9th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 6 December 1950, blazon Shield, Gules the ship Mayflower under full sail Proper. Crest, On a wreath Argent and Gules, an arm embowed habited gray with white ruff grasping a staff with the flag of Bunker Hill attached all Proper. Symbolism, The shield is red for the Artillery, the Mayflower, the crest and the motto all tell of the historic background of the Boston district. Background, The coat of arms was approved for the 9th Coast Artillery Regiment on 6 May 1924. It was redesignated for the 9th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 6 December 1950, none none Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments Coats of arms of U. S. Artillery Regiments Distinctive unit insignia This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 9th Coast Artillery Artillery, historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from. Volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson
United States