1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Field artillery
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Field artillery is a category of mobile artillery used to support armies in the field. These weapons are specialized for mobility, tactical proficiency, long range, short range and this was in contrast to horse artillery, whose emphasis on speed while supporting cavalry units necessitated lighter guns and crews riding on horseback. Modern artillery has also advanced to rapidly deployable wheeled and tracked vehicles, thus, their role was limited to such functions as breaking sieges. Following the beginning of the era, the first field artillery came into being as metallurgy allowed thinner cannon barrels to withstand the explosive forces without bursting. However, there was still a risk of the constant changes of the battlefield conspiring to leave behind slow-moving artillery units - either on the advance, or more dangerously. Artillery units were particularly vulnerable to assault by light cavalry, which were used in this role. Only with a number of inventions, did the concept of field artillery really take off. One of the earliest documented uses of field artillery is found in the 14th-century Ming Dynasty treatise Huolongjing, the text describes a Chinese cannon called a thousand ball thunder cannon, manufactured of bronze and fastened with wheels. The book also describes another mobile form of artillery called a barbarian attacking cannon consisting of an attached to a two-wheel carriage. Before World War I, field artillery batteries fired directly at visible targets measured in distances of meters. Today, modern field batteries measure targets in kilometers and miles, most field artillery situations require indirect fire due to weather, terrain, night-time conditions, distance or other obstacles. Modern field artillery has three sections, All batteries have a Fire Support Man, Fire Direction Control. The FOs are forward with the infantry where they can see the targets and they call the FDC on the radio and transmit a request for fire in the format of CFF. The FDC calculates the CFF and send a deflection and elevation to the gun line, the gun line cranks the specified elevation and deflection on the howitzers, punch the artillery shell followed by the bag. Depending on the CFF, the gunline will fire the round when they are ready or when the FO calls and tells them to fire, the FO spots the round and sends a correction back to the FDC and the process starts all over again until its done. The batteries are many kilometres behind the FLOT and they plan a location where they can be Fire Capability for some certain amount of time and do multiple fire missions before needing to displace. In normal operations the FOs locate targets and transmits the CFF to the FDCs and they can also calculate defensive fire tasks. Because the calculations have already been done, the fire can be called down very quickly when it is needed, the advance party consists of the battery commander, his driver, first sergeant, gunnery sergeant, FDC guide, gun guides, and communications representatives
3.
25th Field Artillery Regiment
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The 25th Field Artillery Regiment is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army, first constituted 5 July 1918 in the National Army. Although the regiment did not see action during World War I, elements participated in World War II, Vietnam, the Gulf War, currently the regiment has two active battalions, both of which are towed light artillery units equipped with the M119A2 105mm Howitzer. The unit did not see action during World War One, following the conclusion of the war, the battery was demobilized on 8 February 1919 at Camp McClellan, Alabama. The unit was reconstituted in the Regular Army on 22 December 1920 as Battery D, 25th Field Artillery Regiment at Fort William McKinley, along with the 31st Infantry Regiment and other units, the regiment formed part of the Philippine Division. As part of the Philippine Division, the regiment was made up of mostly native Filipinos assigned to the United States Army Philippine Department, on 1 January 1930 the 25th Field Artillery Regiment was relieved of duty with the Philippine Division and reassigned to the 9th Infantry Division. At this time the regiment dropped the Philippine Scout designation that it had had since 1920, on 1 December 1934 the 25th Field Artillery Regiment was activated at Madison Barracks, New York. During the expansion of the United States Army in preparation for World War II, on 19 December 1942 the unit was again reconstituted as Battery A, 604th Field Artillery Battalion and assigned to Camp Carson, Colorado as part of the newly formed 10th Infantry Division. As part of the 10th Mountain Division, the departed the United States for the European Theater of Operations. During World War II the unit earned campaign streamers for actions in the North Apennines, Po Valley, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central Europe. On 29 November 1949 Battery A, 25th Field Artillery Regiment was redesignated as Battery A, 25th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion, the consolidated unit was assigned to the 10th Light Infantry Division until inactivated on 1 July 1957 and relieved from the 10th Light Infantry Division. During this time, from 1948 to 1953, the 10th Infantry Division served as an organization at Fort Riley. 10th Infantry Division was deployed to Germany, replacing the 1st Infantry Division at Würzburg, the division served in Germany for four years, until it was rotated out and replaced by the 3rd Infantry Division. The unit was activated 25 June 1964 in Germany but again shortly deactivated on 5 June 1967 in Germany, Battery D, 25th Field Artillery Regiment was again inactivated on 1 August 1970 in Vietnam. During that time D Battery fought in Operation Desert Storm as a target acquisition battery in the 1st Infantry Division and this was the first time since 1957 that the unit again found itself a part of the Armys 10th Mountain Division. The battalion deployed with 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division to Afghanistan in 2006-2007, the battalion deployed with 3rd Brigade again in 2009. In March 2011, the battalion again deployed, this time to Kandahar Province, the battalion operated in the Maywand District of Kandahar Province. Throughout the deployment, battalion headquarters were located at Forward Operating Base Azzizulah with Alpha Battery at Combat Outpost Azimjan Kariz, the battalions final deployment was in 2013-2014, returning to eastern Afghanistan as a Security Force Advise and Assist Team at Camp Clark in Khost Province. Constituted 5 July 1918 in the National Army as Battery E, 25th Field Artillery, organized 2 August 1918 at Camp McClellan, Alabama
4.
Philippine Scouts
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This page is about the military unit. For the article on the movement, please see Boy Scouts of the Philippines. The Philippine Scouts was an organization of the United States Army from 1901 until the end of World War II. Philippine Scout units were given a suffix of, to them from other U. S. Army units. The first Scout companies were organized by the US in 1901 to combat the Philippine revolutionary forces led at that time by General Emilio Aguinaldo, service and support formations were also organized as engineer, medical, quartermaster and military police units. The infantry and field regiments were grouped together with the U. S. 31st Infantry Regiment to form the U. S. Army’s Philippine Division, at this point, the Scouts became the U. S. Army’s front line troops in the Pacific. The Philippine Department assigned the Scouts to subdue the Moro tribes on the island of Mindanao, in the 1930s, Philippine Scouts, along with the 31st Infantry Regiment, saw action at Jolo, Palawan. Philippine Scout regiments became some of the first United States Army units to be in combat during World War II, even after that some individual soldiers and units refused to surrender and become beginning elements of the resistance to the Japanese occupation. Later paroled POWs would also join the resistance, when the Philippine Revolution erupted in 1896, a Spanish Colonel named Eugenio Blanco who had large estates near the town of Macabebe in Pampanga organized a regiment from among his clients. The Macabebes sided with the Spaniards even while the rest of Pampanga threw its support for the quest for independence, Macabebes protected the retreating Spaniards, rescuing friars and the families of the Spanish Army. At the conclusion of the Spanish–American War 270 men of this 72nd Macabebe Regiment found themselves stranded in Manila, many shipped out to join a Spanish garrison in the Caroline Islands, and the remainder slipped back into Macabebe after it was occupied by the Americans. The Macabebes proved themselves reliable over the two months, and Batson formed five companies of 128 men each, all veterans of service in the Spanish Army. In retaliation, Gen. Antonio Lunas troops burned the town of Macabebe, batsons Macabebe companies saw combat against Aguinaldos forces beginning in October 1899, after which they were reorganized into the Philippine Cavalry Squadron and enlisted as irregulars. The Macabebes won lasting notability in the operation under General Frederick Funston to capture General Aguinaldo, in 1901, on the Armys recommendation, U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt authorized the formation of a unified native Scouts organization. The Army activated this Native Scouts force in October 1901 by integrating 50 local companies into a force of 5,000 men. Over the next ten years, the Scouts won accolades from their American commanders which contributed to their survival as a unit, MacArthur took command of all military forces in the Philippines except the U. S. Navy’s Asiatic Fleet. The Philippine Division, Philippine Department and all other Philippine Scout units were included in USAFFE, at the time of USAFFEs formation, the unit consisted of 22,532 troops, of which 11,972 were Philippine Scouts
5.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
6.
Philippine Division
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Philippine Division, or from 1944–45 the 12th Infantry Division, was the core U. S. infantry division of the United States Armys Philippine Department during World War II. On 31 July 1941, the division consisted of 10,473 troops, mostly enlisted Filipinos, all of the divisions enlisted men, with the exception of the 31st Infantry Regiment, and various military police and headquarters troops, were Philippine Scouts. In October 1941, as part of the U. S. Army Forces Far East, the 34th Infantry was detached from the 8th Infantry Division and moved to a port of embarkation in December 1941, along with two battalions of 105mm field artillery. The outbreak of war in December 1941, however, isolated the Philippines and it was briefly reconstituted as the 12th Infantry Division in 1944–45. Description, On a scarlet spade-shaped shield, a yellow carabaos head caboshed, symbolism, The carabao is suggestive of the Philippines, and the colors red and gold represent the Spanish heritage of the islands. Organized 8 June 1921 in the Philippine Islands, with Regular Army, surrendered 9 April 1942 to the Japanese 14th Army. Redesignated 6 April 1946 as the 12th Infantry Division, inactivated 30 April 1947 in the Philippine Islands. Units of the Philippine Division were on security missions at Manila, Fort William McKinley, after undergoing 2 days of bombings, the Division moved into the field to cover the withdrawal of troops to Bataan and to resist the enemy in the Subic Bay area. From 11 December 1941 to 23 December 1941, positions were organized and strengthened, the 31st Infantry Regiment moved to a defensive position on the west side of the Olongapo Road near Layac Junction,5 January 1942. This junction was lost on 6 January 1942, but the withdrawal to Bataan had been successfully concluded, the Division was placed in reserve from 7 January 1942 to 14 January 1942. This period was one of reconnaissance and development by the Japanese in preparation for their attack on the main battle position on the Abucay line. Elements repulsed night attacks near Abucay on 10 January 1942 –12 January 1942, strong offensive and defensive action was not able to prevent enemy penetrations and the Division withdrew to the Reserve Battle Position in the Pilar – Bagac area,2 February 1942. During this period elements of the Division were shifted to assist in the defense of other sectors, the enemy attack on 28 March struck at a division weakened by malnutrition, sickness, and prolonged exposure to combat. The Division, no longer operating as a unit, was unable to counterattack against heavy enemy assaults. On 8 April 1942, the 57th Infantry Regiment and the 31st Infantry Regiment were lost near the Alangan River, the victory over Japan ended the misery of Japanese prison camps for the survivors of the Philippine Division. The Division was briefly reconstituted as the 12th Infantry Division in 1944–45 as the US & Filipino army liberated the Philippines, however, prior to being disbanded some subordinate units were tasked with Occupation duties on Saipan, Okinawa, and elsewhere. Furthermore, members of the 1st and 2nd Filipino Infantry Regiments who wished to remain in the Philippines upon being discharged were transferred to a unit under this division. U. S. Army Forces in the Far East –8 December 1941 –24 December 1941, Bataan Defense Force –24 December 1941 –6 January 1942
7.
Fort Stotsenburg
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Also based here were the 12th Ordnance Company and a platoon of the 12th Quartermaster Regiment. Fort Stotsenburg is situated at Barrio Sapang Bato in Angeles City and is approximately 80 km north of Manila and this was one of the locations where, under the National Defense Act of 1935, field artillery training was conducted. C.1917, Fort Stotsenburg was home to the 1st Philippine Artillery Regiment, by October 1902, American forces had established more or less permanent quarters near the Angeles railroad station in an area of the town known as Talimundoc. The rumor is that cavalry foragers had come across a fertile plain further to the north, the U. S. cavalry forces had encountered problems caused by the fact that their horses became sick and often died after eating Philippine sawgrass. By the latter part of 1902, plans were under consideration to relocate the American military reservation to this area near the barrio of Sapang Bato, the preliminary survey dates from 1902. In the following year, President Theodore Roosevelt signed an executive order, the entrance pillars to Fort Stotsenburg were originally located on what is now known as Dau Highway. During the Japanese occupation of Clark Air Base from 1942 to 1945 and they were unearthed intact in the vicinity of the old Base Operations Building in 1965. Following their discovery, the pillars were relocated near the Consolidated Base Personnel Office. In 1984, as part of a plan to highlight the bases long history. Because putting them at their original site would have placed them in an area which possessed low visibility, special crews and a giant crane rented from a company in Manila moved the posts in what turned out to be an all-day affair. Quite a number of onlookers viewed the move and cheered as the last post was dropped into its new position, the post flagpole has always been in its present location in front of Building 2122 with the original flagstaff constructed on September 16,1906 at a cost of $220. It was the location for reveille at 6 a. m. a cannon was fired at 5 p. m. for retreat ceremonies, and taps was sounded at 10 p. m. In accordance with the provisions of the Military Bases Agreement as revised in 1979, the camp gymnasium was completed in 1912 and this building has been used for many purposes over the years, including Post Exchange and Charlie Corns Canteen. It last housed the offices of the Thirteenth Air Force Chief of Staff for Operations and Intelligence and the 6200th Tactical Fighter Training Group. In the early decades of Fort Stotsenburgs history, it housed Charlie Corns canteen and restaurant in the basement, the post exchange on the first floor, following the American recapture of Clark in February 1945, it served as the Fifth Air Force Headquarters building. Years of renovation and modification have all but disguised the original structure, the first building on this site was made of nipa and bamboo in 1902 and served as post headquarters. In 1906, it was rebuilt of lumber and roofed with tarpaper and it was reconstructed of concrete in 1912 and, for a time, housed a bowling alley. Throughout most of its history, this served as the office of post commanders and their executive officers
8.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
9.
Luzon
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Luzon (/luːˈzɒn/, Tagalog pronunciation, is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. It is ranked 15th largest in the world, with a population of 52.99 million as of 2015, it is the fourth most populous island in the world, containing about 53% of the countrys total population. Luzon may also refer to one of the three island groups in the country. The name Luzon is thought to derive from the Tagalog word lusong, from just before the first millennium, the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples of south and central Luzon had established several Indianized kingdoms, notably among them those of Tundok and Namayan. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and these kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers and landlords or Rajahs, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal thalassocracies based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the Sultanate of Brunei expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the Kingdom of Maynila as its puppet-state. In addition, other kingdoms like the Wangdom of Pangasinan had become tributary states to China and were largely Sinified kingdoms, certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln. Of this flourishing trade, the Burnay jars of Ilocos are the large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time. The Yongle Emperor instituted a Chinese Governor on Luzon during Zheng Hes voyages, China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongles reign, in the 1500s, people from Luzon were called Lucoes and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The Portuguese were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as Luçonia or Luçon, edmund Roberts, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was discovered in 1521. Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca and his father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon, the surname of de Raja or diraja could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja. Pinto noted that there were a number of Lucoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century, the Sultan of Aceh gave one of them the task of holding Aru in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511, pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims, pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538. On Mainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD, at the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. Scholars have thus suggested that they could be valued by all sides
10.
Bataan
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Bataan is a province situated in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. Its capital is the City of Balanga, occupying the entire Bataan Peninsula on Luzon, Bataan is bordered by the provinces of Zambales and Pampanga to the north. The peninsula faces the South China Sea to the west and Subic Bay to the north-west, the Battle of Bataan is famous in history as one of the last stands of American and Filipino soldiers before they were overwhelmed by the Japanese forces in World War II. The Bataan Death March was named after the province, where the march started. In 1647, Dutch naval forces landed in country in an attempt to seize the islands from Spain, the Dutch massacred the people of Abucay in Bataan. Bataan featured prominently during World War II, prior to the 1941 Japanese invasion, the US Army stored nearly 1,000,000 US gallons of gasoline there. Japanese forces started a siege of the peninsula on January 7,1942, and launched an assault on April 3. The majority of the American and Filipino forces surrendered on April 9 and were forced to more than a 100 kilometres from Bataan to Capas-Tarlac. The Administration of President Rodrigo Duterte is currently pushing for federalism in the country, scholars in the region have suggested naming the state the State of Luções, named after the historic collective name of the people of Luzon. During precolonial times, when the power of the kingdoms in present-day Metro Manila was declining, the people of Myanmar, Timor, Luções were known as skilled mercenaries, merchants, and even battle soldiers. They aided in the war campaigns of Myanmar, Malacca, when the Spanish came and stormed Luzon, the ties of the Luceos with their ally countries were cut and the Luções were turned into commoners and indios by the Spaniards. At the northern portion of the peninsula is Mount Natib and its mountains, separated from Mount Samat. A narrow coastline plain characterizes the eastern portion of the province, while the western coast features many ridges, cliffs, Bataan is politically subdivided into 11 municipalities and one component city. The population of Bataan in the 2015 census was 760,650 people, various religious groups are subscribed to by the people but Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion, comprising 85% of the Bataan population. Aglipayan as well as several Christian faiths are the minority, Nuestra Señora del Pilar Church — Morong Nuestra Señora del Pilar Church — Pilar Nuestra Señora, Virgen Milagrosa del Rosario Church — Orani, declared as a diocesan-shrine by the Diocese of Balanga. It is home to the image of the Our Lady of the Holy Rosary which was canonically crowned 18 April 1959. It plays a role in the Central Luzon “W” Growth Corridor. It is also a transport route and transshipment point linking SBMA area
11.
Infantry
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Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice
12.
Company (military unit)
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A company is a military unit, typically consisting of 80–250 soldiers and usually commanded by a major or a captain. Most companies are formed of three to six platoons, although the number may vary by country, unit type. Usually several companies are grouped as a battalion or regiment, the latter of which is formed by several battalions. Occasionally, independent or separate companies are organized for special purposes and these companies are not organic to a battalion or regiment, but rather report directly to a higher level organization such as a Marine Expeditionary Force headquarters. The modern military company became popularized during the reorganization of the Swedish Army in 1631 under King Gustav II Adolph, for administrative purposes, the infantry was divided into companies consisting of 150 men, grouped into regiments of eight companies. Tactically, the companies were organized into battalions and grouped with cavalry troops. From ancient times, some armies have used a base administrative. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that humans are best able to maintain stable relationships in a group numbering between 100-250 members, with 150 members being the common number. The advent of accurate, long-range rifle fire, repeating rifles and this, coupled with the advent of radio communication, permitted relatively small numbers of men to have much greater firepower and combat effectiveness than previously possible. Companies, however, continue to remain within the range of 100-250 members, perhaps validating the premise that men fight best in organizations of around 150 members. These companies were not organic to any intermediate headquarters, but rather reported directly to the division headquarters, rifle companies consist of three platoons and a company headquarters. Until after the Second World War, the Royal Engineers and Royal Signals had both squadrons and companies depending on whether the units were supporting mounted or foot formations. The British Army infantry normally identifies its rifle companies by letter within a battalion, usually with the addition of a headquarters company and a support/heavy weapons company. Some units name their companies after regimental battle honours, this is commonly the case for composite units, for example the London Regiment with its Somme, Messines and Cambrai companies. The foot guards regiments use traditional names for some of their companies, for example Queens Company, Left Flank, Royal Marines companies are designated by a letter that is unique across the corps, not just within their command. The Intelligence Corps, Royal Army Medical Corps, Royal Military Police, the defunct Royal Army Service Corps, Royal Pioneer Corps and Royal Army Ordnance Corps had companies, the Royal Corps of Transport had squadrons. British companies are commanded by a major, the officer commanding. The Honourable Artillery Company is in fact a regiment, not a company, in terms of organisation, canadian Army organisation is modelled after the British
13.
Samar
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Samar is an island in the Visayas, within central Philippines and the third largest island in the country. The island is divided into three provinces, Samar province, Northern Samar province, and Eastern Samar province and these three provinces, along with the provinces on the nearby islands of Leyte and Biliran are part of the Eastern Visayas region. Samar is an easternmost island in Visayas, the island is separated from Leyte by the San Juanico Strait, which at its narrowest point is only about 2 kilometres across. This strait is crossed by the San Juanico Bridge, Samar lies southeast of the Bicol Peninsula on Luzon, the countrys largest island, the San Bernardino Strait separates the two. To the south of Samar is the Leyte Gulf, the site of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the gulf opens out into the Philippine Sea, found to the east of Samar and is part of the Pacific Ocean. Samar was the first island of the Philippines sighted by the Spanish expedition of Ferdinand Magellan on 16 March 1521 after having left the Mariana Islands, realizing he had arrived at an archipelago he charted the islands as San Lazaro because they were sighted on Lazarus Saturday. Catbalogan was the central sanitary garbage landfill of Samar province, media related to Samar at Wikimedia Commons Samar Island travel guide from Wikivoyage
14.
Mindanao
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Mindanao is the second largest and southernmost major island in the Philippines. It is also the name of one of the three groups in the country, consisting of the island of Mindanao and smaller outlying islands. As of the 2010 census, the population itself is 20,281,545 people, while the Mindanao island group has 21,968,174 inhabitants. Davao City is the most populous city in Mindanao hosting 1,632,991 people, followed by Zamboanga City, Cagayan de Oro City, the island has seen a communist insurgency as well as armed Moro separatist movements. Mindanao is considered the food basket of the Philippines, eight of the top 10 agri-commodities exported from the Philippines come from here. Mindanao is also dubbed with the monikers The Philippines Land of Promise, although many attempts made, it was never occupied by Spain for their 333 years of stay in Luzon and Visayas. Yet during Spains defeat and Treaty of Paris in 1898, they illegally included by coordinates Mindanao, evidence of human occupation dates back tens of thousands of years. In prehistoric times the Negrito people arrived, sometime around 1500 BC, Austronesian peoples spread throughout the Philippines and far beyond. Native people of the Maluku Islands refer the island as Maluku Besar, the evidence of old stone tools in Zamboanga del Norte may indicate a late Neolithic presence. Ceramic burial jars, both unglazed and glazed, as well as Chinese celadons, have found in caves, together with shell bracelets, beads. Many of the objects are from the Yuan and Ming periods. Evidently, there was a history of trade between the Subanon and the Chinese long before the latter’s contact with Islam. In the Classic epoch of Philippine history, the people of Mindanao were heavily exposed to Hindu and Buddhist influence and beliefs from Indonesia, artifacts found from this era include the Golden kinnara, Golden Tara, and the Ganesh pendant. These cultural traits passed through Mindanao into the Visayas and Luzon, in coastal areas, the Hindu-Buddhist cultural revolution was strongest, whereas in interior parts, influences were indigenized into local animist beliefs and customs and appeared more subtly. The Darangen epic of the Maranao people harkens back to this era as the most compete local version of the Ramayana. The Maguindanao at this also had strong Hindu beliefs, evidenced by the Ladya Lawana epic saga that survives to the modern day. The Rajahnate of Butuan, a kingdom mentioned in Chinese records as a tributary state in the 10th century AD, was concentrated along the northeastern coast of the island around Butuan. The coming of Islam happened in the 14th century, the first mosque in the Philippines was built in the mid-14th century in the town of Simunul
15.
Jolo
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Jolo is a volcanic island in the southwest Philippines and is the primary island of the province of Sulu wherein its capital of the same name is situated. It is located in the Sulu Archipelago, between Borneo and Mindanao, and has a population of approximately 300,000 people, the island is the location of the Jolo Group of Volcanoes, and contains numerous volcanic cones and craters, including the active Bud Dajo cinder cone. The island is also the headquarters of Abu Sayyaf terrorists, after a series of less-than-successful attempts during the centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Spanish forces captured the city of Jolo, the seat of the Sultan of Sulu, in 1876. On that year, the Spanish launched a campaign to occupy Jolo. On 21 February of that year, the Spaniards assembled the largest contingent against Jolo, consisting of 9,000 soldiers, in 11 transports,11 gunboats, troops, including a cavalry with its own lieutenant commander, were garrisoned within the protective confine of the walls. From Jolo, in 1880 Col. Rafael Gonzales de Rivera who was appointed the governor dispatched the 6th Regiment to Siasi, the Spaniards were not secure in their stronghold because it would be sporadically attacked. On 22 July 1883, it is reported that three unnamed juramentado succeeded in penetrating the Jolo town plaza and killed three Spaniards, the word Ajuramentado was coined by Spanish colonel Juan Arolas after witnessing several such acts while serving duty in Jolo garrison. The Spanish and the Sultan of Sulu signed the Spanish Treaty of Peace on July 22,1878, the Spanish-language version of the Treaty gave Spain complete sovereignty over the Sulu archipelago, this includes Basilan. The Americans arrived in 1899, and by the turn of the century, so as not to spread out their forces, the Americans employed the classic divide-and-rule tactic. Initially Sultan Kiram was disappointed by the hand-over of control to the Americans and had expected to regain sovereignty over the Sulu archipelago after the defeat of the Spanish. Batess main goal though, was to guarantee the Sultanates neutrality in the Philippine–American War, after some negotiations, the Bates Treaty was signed. Although the Bates Treaty granted more powers to the Americans than the original Spanish treaty, the peace created by the Bates Treaty did not last, however. This became evident when the Muslims repudiated the Moro province, a government in Mindanao lasting from 1903 to 1914. It is important to note that two months before the creation of the Moro province, the American colonial government declared and classified all unoccupied lands as public lands. Immediately after the declaration, American investments entered Mindanao and mass migration of Christians was encouraged, Jolo was occupied by the Japanese during World War II. On April 2,1945, the Second Battalion of the U. S. 163rd Regiment, 41st Division landed at Sanga Sanga and Bongao in the Sulu Archipelago, halfway between the island of Borneo and the Philippines. A week later, the two battalions of the regiment left Mindanao and landed at Jolo, where they began fighting their way up heavily defended Mount Daho. In three weeks of combat the 163rd suffered 37 dead and 191 wounded, approximately 2,600 Japanese troops were killed, and only 87 Japanese soldiers were captured or surrendered on Jolo
16.
Flag of the United States Air Force
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The flag of the United States Air Force consists of the coat of arms,13 white stars and the Air Force Seal, on a blue background. The 13 stars represent the 13 original colonies, the three star grouping at the top portray the three Departments of the National Defense Establishment, the Indoor/Parade version is bordered by a gold fringe while the Outdoor version is plain. The flag was adopted by President Harry S. Truman on 26 March 1951. Verified combat credit entitles an organization to the appropriate campaign streamers representing the named campaign in which it participated, the campaign streamer will be embroidered with the name and years of the campaign. Non-combat service is represented by a service streamer, which is not embroidered. Streamers are also used to represent all unit citations a specific unit has received and those awarded by a foreign government will be last in precedence. A Guide to United States Air Force Lineage and Honors, from the United States Air Force Historical Research Agency official web site A. T, warnock, Combat Medals, Streamers, and Campaigns Flags of the United States armed forces
17.
Edward H. Brooks
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Lieutenant General Edward Hale Brooks was a senior officer of the United States Army, a veteran of both World War I and World War II, who commanded the U. S. Second Army during the Korean War. Edward Hale Brooks was born on April 25,1893 in Concord and his father, Edward Waite Brooks, was a Concord grocer. His mother was the former Mary Frances Hale, a native of Dover, Kent, Brooks had three sisters, Harriott, Gertrude and Alice Brooks. Both Gertrude and Alice died in their infancy and he graduated from Concord High School in June 1911, after which he attended Norwich University in Northfield, Vermont, graduating in 1916 with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Civil Engineering. He later also received a master of science degree from Norwich University, Brooks began his military career in June 1915 as a captain with the 1st Cavalry Regiment of the Vermont National Guard, a position he held until July 1916. For the following year, he worked as an engineer before his National Guard unit was called up for federal service. On Thanksgiving Day,1917, Brooks married the former Beatrice Aurora Leavitt and they had two children, Elizabeth Allen Brooks and Edward Hale Brooks, Jr. In November 1917, he was transferred to the 76th Field Artillery Regiment at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, moving with his regiment to Camp Merritt, the regiment was part of the 3rd Infantry Division. At that post he was assigned to the 3rd Field Artillery Brigade in command of a detachment that sailed for France in April 1918, Brooks served on the Western Front in the Champagne-Marne Defense, the Aisne-Marne Offensive, the St. Mihiel Offensive and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. On October 5,1918, during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, he earned a Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in action at Montfauçon, France when he. Exposed himself to heavy and accurate artillery fire directed on a train while driving a loaded ammunition truck to safety. Following the Armistice with Germany, he served with the Army of Occupation in Germany until returning to the United States in August 1919 with station at Camp Pike, in July 1920 he was transferred from the Cavalry Branch to the Field Artillery Branch. Upon his return to the United States, Brooks was a member of the Camp Pike football team, Brooks entered the U. S. Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill, Oklahoma in September 1921. In October 1928, he was assigned to the 18th Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Riley, at Fort Riley his artillery battery, a horse drawn outfit, was the first to complete a 100-mile forced march in less than 24 hours. From 1932 to 1934 Brooks attended the U. S. Army Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, then went to Harvard University as an Reserve Officers Training Corps instructor in 1934. He attended the U. S. Army War College from 1936 to 1937 and was detailed as an instructor in the attack section of the Command. By this time he had risen to the rank of lieutenant colonel, in September 1941, Major General Jacob L. Devers requested that Brooks be named to the staff of the new armored force being formed at Fort Knox, Kentucky. With this came promotion to the general officer rank of brigadier general
18.
Regiment
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A regiment is a military unit. Their role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, in Medieval Europe, the term regiment denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscripted in one geographical area, by a leader who was often also the feudal lord of the soldiers. By the 17th century, a regiment was usually about a thousand personnel. In many armies, the first role has been assumed by independent battalions, battlegroups, task forces, brigades and other, similarly-sized operational units. By the beginning of the 18th century, regiments in most European continental armies had evolved into permanent units with distinctive titles and uniforms, when at full strength, an infantry regiment normally comprised two field battalions of about 800 men each or 8–10 companies. In some armies, an independent regiment with fewer companies was labelled a demi-regiment, a cavalry regiment numbered 600 to 900 troopers, making up a single entity. With the widespread adoption of conscription in European armies during the nineteenth century, the regimental system underwent modification. Prior to World War I, a regiment in the French, German, Russian. As far as possible, the battalions would be garrisoned in the same military district, so that the regiment could be mobilized. A cavalry regiment by contrast made up an entity of up to 1,000 troopers. Usually, the regiment is responsible for recruiting and administering all of a military career. Depending upon the country, regiments can be either combat units or administrative units or both and this is often contrasted to the continental system adopted by many armies. Generally, divisions are garrisoned together and share the same installations, thus, in divisional administration, soldiers and officers are transferred in and out of divisions as required. Some regiments recruited from specific areas, and usually incorporated the place name into the regimental name. In other cases, regiments would recruit from an age group within a nation. In other cases, new regiments were raised for new functions within an army, e. g. the Fusiliers, the Parachute Regiment, a key aspect of the regimental system is that the regiment or battalion is the fundamental tactical building block. This flows historically from the period, when battalions were widely dispersed and virtually autonomous. For example, a regiment might include different types of battalions of different origins, within the regimental system, soldiers, and usually officers, are always posted to a tactical unit of their own regiment whenever posted to field duty
19.
Battalion
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A battalion is a military unit. The use of the term varies by nationality and branch of service. Typically a battalion consists of 300 to 800 soldiers and is divided into a number of companies, a battalion is typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel. In some countries the word battalion is associated with the infantry, the term was first used in Italian as battaglione no later than the 16th century. It derived from the Italian word for battle, battaglia, the first use of battalion in English was in the 1580s, and the first use to mean part of a regiment is from 1708. The battalion must, of course, have a source of re-supply to enable it to sustain operations for more than a few days, the battalion is usually part of a regiment, brigade, or group, depending on the organizational model used by that service. The bulk of a battalions companies are often homogeneous with respect to type, a battalion includes a headquarters company and some sort of combat service support, typically organized within a combat support company. The term battalion is used in the British Army Infantry and some including the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. It was formerly used in the Royal Engineers, and was used in the now defunct Royal Army Ordnance Corps. Other corps usually use the term regiment instead, an infantry battalion is numbered ordinarily within its regiment. It normally has a company, support company, and three rifle companies. Each company is commanded by a major, the officer commanding, the HQ company contains signals, quartermaster, catering, intelligence, administration, pay, training, operations and medical elements. The support company usually contains anti-tank, machine gun, mortar, pioneer, mechanised units usually have an attached light aid detachment of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers to perform field repairs on vehicles and equipment. A British battalion in theatre during World War II had around 845 men in it, and, as of 2012, with successive rounds of cutbacks after the war, many infantry regiments were reduced to a single battalion. A battalion group or battlegroup consists of a battalion or armoured regiment with sub-units detached from other military units acting under the command of the battalion commander. In the Canadian Forces, most battalions are reserve units of between 100–200 soldiers that include an operationally ready, field-deployable component of approximately a half-company apiece, the nine regular force infantry battalions each contain three or four rifle companies and one or two support companies. Canadian battalions are generally commanded by lieutenant-colonels, though smaller reserve battalions may be commanded by majors, with the Dutch artillery units, the equivalent of a battalion is called an afdeling. Combat companies consist of infantry, combat engineers, or tanks, in the latter case, the unit is called an eskadron, which translates roughly to squadron
20.
75 mm Gun M1917
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The US decided early in World War I to switch from 3-inch to 75 mm calibre for its field guns. By 1917 US firms had produced 851 QF18 pounders for export to Britain and it remains very similar to the 18 pounder, the main visible difference being a shorter barrel with straight muzzle. The gun was developed too late to see action in World War I, finland purchased 200 old guns from the United States for its Winter War against the USSR in 1940. Its British designation was Ordnance QF 75mm on Carriage, 75mm /18 pr Mark 1PA, the gun entered in Greek service during the Greco-Italian war of 1940-1941. Greece requested aid from Britain and USA, which in came in the form of the British 75mm field gun. A total of 50 by Britain in January and 24 by the US in March 1941 were offered, of those,24 were sent from Britain, but only 18 arrived in January 1941 to Greece. The rest of the guns were either sunk or never loaded on ships due to the fall of Greece in April 1941. The 18 that arrived to Greece were in need of maintenance before being pressed into service, ultimately 4 guns saw service with the 19th Field Artillery Battalion, and 12 guns with the B3 Field Artillery Battalion. July 1921 Sevellon Brown, The Story of Ordnance in the World War, washington, James William Bryan Press,1920 Herbert T Wade, United States Army Ordnance Dept, Handbook of ordnance data. Washington, Government Printing Office,1919 Handbook of the 75-mm gun matériel, model of 1917 United States War Department Forms
21.
Mount Arayat
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The volcano is located in a flat agricultural region at 15°12′N 120°45′E. The southern half of the lies within the municipality of Arayat, Pampanga, while the north half. Ten miles to the west of Mount Arayat is Angeles City, Mount Pinatubo is located a further 26 km west. The Volcano is a popular Tourist destination for visiting the central plains. About 10 km to the north west is the Angeles City flying club that offers pilots education, the territory is called Woodland Air Park in Magalang. Mount Arayat stands in the middle of the flat Central Luzon Plain, consisting of rice paddies and a typical elevation of about 15 to 35 metres MSL. The mountain is topped by a volcanic crater about 1.2 km in diameter, much of which has collapsed on the western. This has resulted in a crater which opens in a west-northwest direction. This area is the apparent source of a major debris-avalanche deposit that forms hummocky terrain beyond the west and northwest sides of the volcano. The 1026-metre summit stands on the northeast side of the crater, known as North Peak. Post-collapse activity formed a dome known as White Rock in the collapse amphitheater. There are no records of historical eruptions. However, weak steaming is currently present in some of the heavily eroded vents on the North Western side of the summit, Rock types are basalt and andesite. The only rocks reported to have been dated are 0.53 and 0.65 million-year-old basalts and these predate the crater collapse and formation of the lava dome known as White Rock, which could have occurred in the last 2000 years. The mountain which is believed to be several peaks merged at the top by some people is actually a Single-Cone Stratovolcano. Two trails lead to the peaks of Mount Arayat, Mount Arayat National Park Located at San Juan Baño in Arayat, Pampanga has a trail to the southern Peak, taking around 3–4 hours to reach the peak. The Southern Peak offers views of Central Luzon, including a view of Pampanga River, the collapsed western Slope that forms the other half of its caldera-like crater can also be seen. It offers a view of the mountains of Zambales and Bataan, the Mountain is said to be the home of the god/sorcerer named Sinukuan/Sinukwan or Sucu, which could mean The end or he who others have surrendered to
22.
Field Artillery Branch (United States)
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The Field Artillery Branch of the United States Army was founded on 17 November 1775 by the Continental Congress, which unanimously elected Henry Knox Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery. The regiment formally entered service on 1 January 1776, Artillery of all types was part of the Artillery Corps until 1901, when the Corps was split into battery-sized units, called companies at the time, of Field Artillery and Coast Artillery. In 1907 the Artillery Corps was reorganized into the Field Artillery, although presently Field Artillery and Air Defense Artillery are separate branches, both inherit the traditions of the Artillery branch. The mission of the Field Artillery is to destroy, defeat, the Field Artillery is one of the Armys combat arms, traditionally one of the three major branches. It refers to units that use artillery weapons systems to deliver surface-to-surface long range indirect fire. Indirect fire means that the projectile does not follow the line of sight to the target, mortars are not field artillery weapons, they are organic to infantry units and are manned by infantry personnel. The term field artillery is to distinguish from the Air Defense Artillery, and historically, from the U. S. Army Coast Artillery Corps, a branch which existed from 1901–1950. In 1950, the two branches were unified and called simply Artillery, until Air Defense Artillery was made into a branch in 1968. The insignia of the Field Artillery branch is a pair of crossed field guns in gold, the officially stated mission of the Field Artillery is to destroy, defeat, or disrupt the enemy with integrated fires to enable maneuver commanders to dominate in unified land operations. The home of the Field Artillery and the Field Artillery School are at Fort Sill, Field artillery is called the King of Battle. Conflicts in the 20th century saw artillery become exponentially more effective as indirect fire methods were introduced prior to World War I. During World War I and World War II, field artillery was the single highest casualty-producing weapons system on any battlefield, members of the Field Artillery are referred to as redlegs because during the American Civil War they were distinguished by scarlet stripes down the legs of their uniform pants. The use of colors to distinguish branches of the United States Army dates to 1851, Branch colors are found on the shoulder straps of officers wearing the blue dress uniform and on branch of service scarves authorized for wear with a variety of uniforms. The professional journal of the Field Artillery is published at Fort Sill, known as the Field Artillery Journal in 1911, it went through many name changes through Field Artillery in 1987. The journal merged with Air Defense Artillery in 2007 to become Fires, the United States Marine Corps is currently transitioning from the M198 howitzer to the M777. In 1789 after the Revolution there was one battalion of four companies of artillery. In 1794 a Corps of Artillerists and Engineers was organized, which included the four companies of artillery then in service and had sixteen companies in four battalions, in 1802 there was a reduction of the army. The Artillery were separated from the Engineers and the former formed into one regiment of 20 companies, in 1808 a regiment of ten companies called the Light Artillery was formed
23.
United States Army Institute of Heraldry
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The United States Army Institute of Heraldry, also known as The Institute of Heraldry, furnishes heraldic services to the U. S. Armed Forces and other U. S. government organizations, including the Executive Office of the President, limited research and information services concerning official symbolic items are also provided to the general public. The Institute of Heraldry is located at Fort Belvoir, an installation within the metropolitan area of Washington. The staff consists of thirty-two civilians, Heraldic and other military symbols have been used by the U. S. Armed Forces and government agencies since the beginning of the American Revolution. S, in 1924, formal staff responsibility for specific military designs was delegated to the Quartermaster General. As the needs for symbolism by the services and the national government expanded. The expansion of the Army during World War II, and the subsequent increased interest in symbolism and it was further expanded by Pub. L. 85–263, approved September 1957,71 Stat,89, which delineated the authority of the Secretary of the Army to furnish heraldic services to the military departments and other branches of the federal government. On 1960-08-10, Army General Order Number 29 placed the U. S. Army Institute of Heraldry under the control of the Quartermaster General. The Army Adjutant General’s office assumed responsibility of the institute in 1962, in 1987, another realignment subordinated the Institute to the U. S. In April 1994, the Institute of Heraldry moved from Cameron Station to Fort Belvoir, in October 2004, another realignment assigned responsibility for the Heraldic Program to Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army, part of the United States Army. Approve designs for distinctive unit insignia, Regimental Distinctive Insignia, and shoulder sleeve insignia, authorize heraldic items for U. S. Army Organizations. Authorize the use of Army insignia when incorporated into items for commercial sale, design and develop insignia seals, medals, badges, band regalia and flags. Establish Army policy for flag design and display, monitor the Heraldic Quality Control System in accordance with Army Regulation 672-8, to ensure heraldic items are manufactured according to government specifications or purchase descriptions. Prepare heraldic item specifications and provide engineering support to manufacturers, provide manufacturers with government-loaned tools and specifications for heraldic items. Blazon, Or a chevron Gules, on a chief Sable a label of the first, blazon, On a wreath Or and Gules, a griffin salient of the first. The griffin, a fabulous animal half eagle and half lion, is symbolic of wisdom, the role of the griffin as guardian of treasure is symbolic of the institutes singular responsibility to safeguard the heraldic art of the federal government. The eagle also alludes to the United States and the lion to Great Britain, dexter, The large white star edged with blue symbolizes all the States, which comprise the United States, and was suggested by the union of the United States Flag
24.
4th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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Constituted 1 June 1821 in the Regular Army as the 4th Regiment of Artillery and organized from new and existing units with headquarters at Pensacola, Florida. B Battery, 4th Artillery was part of the Union Armys crack Iron Brigade in the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War. As a result of reductions in military appropriations, the following reductions and increases in the force levels affected this regiment. The Regiment was disbanded 3 October 1944 in the Canal Zone, the remainder of the regimental assets were used to organize the 4th Coast Artillery Battalion. The 4th Artillery Regiment was again reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1971 as the 4th Air Defense Artillery, withdrawn 13 September 1986 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System. Arrived in North Africa on 21 February 1943, and landed on Sicily during August 1943, reconstituted 28 June 1950 in the Regular Army Constituted 16 December 1940 in the Regular Army as the 95th Coast Artillery Regiment. Regiment reorganized and redesignated 12 December 1943 as follows, 1/95th CAR became the 93rd AAA Gun Battalion, 2/95th CAR became the 752nd AAA Gun Battalion, thereafter separate lineage. 3/95th CAR became the 866th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion, Battalion arrived on the Philippines on 20 October 1944. Battalion arrived on Okinawa on 26 April 1945, where it remained into the Occupation period and they have transitioned from SHORAD to a mixed Patriot and Avenger Battalion. S. Artillery Regimental Brass Band exits that depicts the band during the Civil War. Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments 4th U. S, light Artillery, Battery H 4th U. S. Light Artillery, Battery I 4th U. S, light Artillery, Battery K 4th U. S. Light Artillery, Battery M List of United States Regular Army Civil War units Stanton, Shelby L
25.
5th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 5th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1861 as the 5th Regiment of Artillery. On 4 May 1861, in conformity with the proclamation of the President, congress confirmed this act of the President,12 July of the same year, but all appointments dated from 14 May. Four companies were assigned to Fort Jefferson, Florida on 10 Nov.1865, differing in organization from the older regiments, the new one comprised only field batteries, being in this regard the first entire regiment so equipped in the Regular Army. But it must not be inferred that the Fifth was designated by law as a artillery regiment. Nowhere in the act of 29 July do the words field or light artillery occur, nevertheless, Regiment activated 19 April 1944 at Camp Rucker, Alabama, disbanded 26 June 1944. 2nd Battalion consolidated with the 214th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion and consolidated unit redesignated as the 24th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, inactivated 26 August 1960 at Camp Hanford, Washington. 24th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion redesignated 13 March 1952 as the 24th Antiaircraft Gun Battalion, activated 16 April 1952 in Korea. Redesignated 23 May 1955 as the 24th Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion, activated 1 June 1955 at Fort Banks, Massachusetts. Inactive 1 September 1958 at Bedford, Massachusetts, 5th Artillery reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1971 as the 5th Air Defense Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. Withdrawn 16 November 1988 from the /combat Arms Regimental system and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental system with headquarters at Fort Stewart, Army Coast Artillery Corps Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments Coats of arms of U. S. Light Artillery, Battery H 5th U. S, volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman http, //www. history. army. mil/books/R&H/R&H-5Art. htm
26.
7th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 7th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1898 as the 7th Regiment of Artillery. The 7th Air Defense Artillery Regiment traces its antecedents to 8 March 1898 in the Regular Army as Battery A and it was organized on 29 March 1898 at Fort Slocum, New York. The Battery was reorganized and redesignated on 13 February 1901 as the 72nd Company and it was redesignated on 2 February 1907 as the 72nd Company, Coast Artillery Corps. The company was reorganized and redesignated in July 1916 as the 1st Company, Fort Screven, Georgia and on 31 August 1917 as the 1st Company, Coast Defenses of Savannah. The company was reorganized and redesignated on 1 June 1922 as the 72nd Company, Coast Artillery Corps and on 1 July 1924 as Battery A and it was inactivated on 7 April 1930 at Fort Hancock, New Jersey. The company was reactivated on 1 July 1939 at Fort Hancock, New Jersey, the regiments HHB was transferred to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri on 15 March 1944 and was inactivated there on 7 April 1944, before being disbanded entirely on 14 June 1944. The company was reconstituted on 28 June 1950 in the Regular Army and concurrently consolidated with the lineage and honors of Battery A, 126th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion. It was reorganized and redesignated on 28 June 1943 as Battery A, 126th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion and inactivated on 3 January 1946 at Camp Patrick Henry, the consolidated unit was redesignated as Battery A, 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. The consolidated unit carried honors for participation in 6 campaigns during the Second World War, Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe, and England 1944. The unit was redesignated on 13 December 1951 as Battery A, 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and activated on 20 December 1951 at Camp Edwards, the unit was redesignated on 30 June 1955 as Battery A, 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. It was inactivated on 1 September 1958 in Germany, the unit was concurrently consolidated with Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Howitzer Battalion, 7th Artillery, which had been first organized in 1916. The consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Howitzer Battalion, 7th Artillery, the Battalions organic elements were constituted on 8 February 1957 and activated on 15 February 1957. 1st Battalion, 7th Air Defense Artillery was activated on 13 September 1972 at Fort Bliss, the Battalion was reactivated on 16 December 1988 in Germany. On 21 December 1998, Headquarters US Army Europe announced plans to realign its air defense units to comply with the Armys Patriot Standardization Plan. The 1-7th Air Defense Artillery, with its Headquarters and Headquarters Battery and B and C Batteries subsequently moved from Rhine Ordnance Barracks, Kaiserslautern, Germany, to Fort Bliss, there it joined the 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade. In June 2006, the Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade and 1-7th Air Defense Artillery moved to Fort Bragg, the insignia is worn in pairs. Symbolism The panther is taken from the coat of arms of the Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook where the Regiment was organized on 1 July 1924. The motto translates to “He Fears No Encounter. ”Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 7th Coast Artillery Regiment on 31 July 1924
27.
43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment of the United States Army first constituted 1918 in the Regular Army. Attached above a wreath Or and Gules, an épi Or around and behind a French locomotive affronté Gules, attached below the shield a Gold scroll inscribed “SUSTINEMUS” in Black letters. Symbolism The shield is red for Artillery, the bend is taken from the arms of Lorraine, which is gold with three golden alerions on a red bend, with the colors reversed. The three oozlefinches are used instead of the alerions, the green oozlefinch was the device on the shoulder patch worn by the railway artillery reserve in France, of which this Regiment was a unit. The locomotive and épi show the character of the Regiment, the motto translates to “We Support” and alludes to the mission of railway artillery. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 43d Coast Artillery Regiment on 1 February 1937. It was redesignated for the 43d Artillery Regiment on 13 January 1959, the insignia was redesignated for the 43d Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1 September 1971. It was amended to correct the symbolism on 17 November 1983, shield Gules, on a bend Or three oozlefinches Vert. Crest On a wreath of the colors, Or and Gules, shield The shield is red for Artillery. The bend is taken from the arms of Lorraine, which is gold with three golden alerions on a red bend, with the colors reversed, the three oozlefinches are used instead of the alerions. The green oozlefinch was the device on the patch worn by the railway artillery reserve in France. Crest The locomotive and épi show the character of the Regiment, the coat of arms was originally approved for the 43d Coast Artillery Regiment on 2 March 1929. It was redesignated for the 43d Artillery Regiment on 13 January 1959, the insignia was redesignated for the 43d Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1 September 1971. It was amended to correct the blazon and symbolism on 17 November 1983, 1st Battalion 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment 2nd Battalion 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment 3rd Battalion 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment World War I, St. S. Army Coast Artillery Corps Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments Coats of arms of U. S, Artillery Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 43rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment. Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from
28.
44th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 44th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an Air Defense Artillery regiment of the United States Army first Constituted 1918 in the Regular Army. 16 March 1988 is when the Battalion was activated at Fort Campbell, the 2nd Battalion, 44th Air Defense Artillery, was for a long period the divisional air defense battalion for the 101st Airborne Division, but now appears to have taken up the C-RAM role. The battalion is separated from the units of the brigade. The 2nd Missile Battalion, 44th Artillery Regiment was the first Pershing missile battalion in June 1962 under the 1st Field Artillery Missile Brigade at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Lt. Col. Patrick W. Powers took command on 13 October 1962, receiving the colors from Dr. Finn J. Larsen, on 1 September 1971 the 2/44th was deactivated and reformed as the 3rd Battalion, 9th Field Artillery Regiment. September 1952, Lt. Col. Patrick William Powers Col. James E. Convey Description A gold color metal and enamel device 1 1⁄8 inches consisting shield, crest and motto of the coat of arms. Symbolism The shield is red for Artillery with a gold bend from the arms of Lorraine, the units of this organization changed designation five times from 1917 to 1918. They were part of the 6th and 7th Provisional Regiment, C. A. C, part of the 51st and 52nd Artillery, C. A. C. and were organized as a unit called the Howitzer Regiment, 30th Artillery Brigade, C. A. C. Later designated the 81st Artillery, C. A. C. and changed to the 44th Artillery, the variegated chameleon alludes to this fact. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 44th Coast Artillery Regiment on 1 February 1937. It was redesignated for the 54th Coast Artillery Regiment on 13 March 1941, the insignia was redesignated for the 54th Armored Field Artillery Battalion on 22 July 1954. It was redesignated for the 44th Artillery Regiment on 31 December 1958, effective 1 September 1971, the insignia was redesignated for the 44th Air Defense Artillery Regiment. Shield Gules, a bend double cottised potenté counterpotenté Or, crest On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a double quatrefoil Or charged with a chameleon displayed paleways barry of four Gules and Vert. Shield The shield is red for Artillery with a gold bend from the arms of Lorraine, crest The units of this organization changed designation five times from 1917 to 1918. They were part of the 6th and 7th Provisional Regiment, C. A. C, part of the 51st and 52nd Artillery, C. A. C. and were organized as a unit called the Howitzer Regiment, 30th Artillery Brigade, C. A. C. Later designated the 81st Artillery, C. A. C. and changed to the 44th Artillery, the variegated chameleon alludes to this fact. The coat of arms was approved for the 44th Coast Artillery Regiment on 2 March 1929. It was amended to correct the blazon of the shield on 23 May 1936 and it was redesignated for the 54th Coast Artillery Regiment on 11 March 1941
29.
51st Coast Artillery Regiment
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The 51st Coast Artillery Regiment was a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. Battery C 56th Artillery redesignated as 2nd Battalion HHD&CT 51st Artillery on 1 August 1921, on 22 October 1921 51st Artillery reassigned to Camp Eustis, VA. On 1 July 1924 51st Artillery, CAC, redesignated as 51st Coast Artillery Regiment, 51st Coast Artillery reassigned to Fort Monroe on 8 May 1931. 1st Battalion reassigned to Camp Buchanan, San Juan, PR. on 20 October 1939, 51st Coast Artillery Regiment Redesignated 51st Coast artillery Regiment on 8 March 1942, and 2nd Battalion authorized. 2nd Battalion HHB, Battery C, and 3rd platoon Battery G activated at Borinquen Army Airfield on 16 March 1942 Battery D 2nd Battalion activated at Borinquen Airfield 1 May 1942. HHB 1st Battalion, Battery B and Battery G reassigned to Port of Spain, Trinadad on 8 December 1943 followed by 2nd Battalion HHB, and Batteries A, C, and D. On 1 June 1944 the regiment is broken up into Battalions as Follows- 1st Battalion reorganized and redesignated as 51st Coast Artillery Battalion, 2nd Battalion reorganized and redesignated as 52nd Coast Artillery Battalion. HHB 51st CA redesignated as the 145th Coast Artillery Group, on 28 February 1946 51st and 52nd Coast artillery Battalions deactivated and disbanded. Description A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/4 inches in height consisting of a shield blazoned. Symbolism The field of the shield is red, the Artillery color, service in Lorraine is shown by the bend, a distinctive feature of the Lorraine arms, “Or, a bend Gules, ” reversing the tinctures. The caterpillar on the bend symbolizes the tractor, background The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 16 March 1922. Shield Gules, on a bend Or a caterpillar passant Vert, crest On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a lion’s face Gules jessant-de-lis Or. Shield The field of the shield is red, the Artillery color, service in Lorraine is shown by the bend, a distinctive feature of the Lorraine arms, “Or, a bend Gules, ” reversing the tinctures. The caterpillar on the bend symbolizes the tractor, the coat of arms was approved on 5 February 1920. Unknown unknown Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments Coats of arms of U. S, kuhn This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 51st coast artillery Regiment. Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from, volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson
30.
52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment of the United States Army first organized in 1917 as a railway gun unit. It continued in that role unit 1943, when the regiment was broken in separate railway gun battalions, the south Florida units arrived with conventional high explosive warheads. In August 1963, the Army assigned the troops under the control of the 13th Artillery Group to the 53rd Artillery Brigade, the soldiers could now go off TDY status and bring their families, cars, and personal effects to south Florida. They could also move into more permanent living facilities and get access to amenities available at permanent installations, attached below the shield a Gold scroll inscribed “SEMPER PARATUS” in Red letters. Symbolism The shield is red for Artillery, the gold potenté bend is an adaptation of the cottised bend on the arms of Champagne. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 538th Field Artillery Battalion on 29 December 1951. It was redesignated for the 52nd Artillery Regiment on 19 December 1958 and it was redesignated for the 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1 September 1971. Shield Gules, a bend potenté Or, crest On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules, a locomotive affronté Gules, charged with the numeral “52” Or. Shield The shield is red for Artillery, the gold potenté bend is an adaptation of the cottised bend on the arms of Champagne. Crest The crest alludes to World War I service in France, the coat of arms was originally approved for the 52nd Artillery, Coast Artillery Corps on 9 April 1921. It was redesignated for the 286th Coast Artillery Battalion and amended to delete the crest on 3 August 1944 and it was redesignated for the 538th Field Artillery Battalion on 20 November 1944. The insignia was redesignated for the 52nd Artillery Regiment and amended to add a crest on 19 December 1958, effective 1 September 1971, the insignia was redesignated for the 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment. The History of the 52nd Artillery, C. A. C and this article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 52nd ADA Artillery. This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document 52nd Air Defense Artillery Lineage, goldstein, Philip M. 52nd Railway Artillery Battalion, FORT HANCOCK & SANDY HOOK PROVING GROUNDS
31.
55th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 55th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an Air Defense Artillery regiment of the United States Army that was first constituted in 1917 in the Regular Army. In addition, many individual transfers were made from the 1st, 2nd, 6th, & 9th Cos, MANG, the 55th Arty departed New York for Europe 3-25-18. After additional training, the 55th Arty was assigned to the 31st Bde, CAC, in August 1918, the 55th Arty departed Brest, arriving New York 1-22-19 and moved to Camp Mills, NY, until 1-26-19, when it moved to CD Long Island Sound. 1st Bn was stationed at Fort H. G. Wright, there most of the regiment’s NG and NA personnel were discharged. On 1-29-19 the 55th Arty CAC was transferred with 31st Bde to Fort Winfield Scott, the 31st Bde was then transferred to Fort Lewis, WA, arriving 10-4-19, and its strength was gradually built up to near peacetime levels. In April 1921, the 55th Arty was assigned to Hawaii, the 31st Bde was broken up and personnel from the 57th Arty were reassigned to the 55th Arty and to the 59th Arty slated for the Philippines. This enabled the 55th to activate HHD&CTs of the 1st, 2nd, in addition, Service Btry was activated. The 55th Arty arrived in Honolulu 5-12-21 and was posted to Fort Kamehameha, the three battalions were restructured with three batteries each by reassigning personnel from three companies manning fixed seacoast armament. This resulted in the activation of Btrys G, H, & I, on 6-1-22, each component of the 55th Arty received an additional serially numbered company designation. These additional designations were dropped on 7-1-24, when the regiment was redesignated 55th CA Regt, personnel shortages resulted in a 10-31-25 reorganization, the 3rd Bn was inactivated at Ft. Shafter, its personnel reassigned to 1st Bn, replacing personnel transferred to the 64th CA Regt. The reorganized 1st Bn, 55th CA, moved to Ft. Kamehameha, at this time Btry C, 55th CA, transferred to the 64th CA Regt as Btry I. A new Btry C was constituted and activated in the 55th CA, in the mid-1930s, 2nd Bn HHB moved to Fort DeRussy although its firing batteries remained at Fort Ruger. On 2-17-41, AA detachments were organized in Btrys E & F to man fixed 3-inch AA guns at Ft. Ruger and Sand Is. On 12-7-41, the 55th CA was posted around Oahu, Btrys A, B, & C on Oahu’s southwest coast between Pearl Harbor and Kaena Point, Btrys D & E on the northeast coast, and Btry F on Sand Is. On 12-27-41, Btry D moved from Ft. Ruger to the Island of Kauai, battery D was reinforced to its authorized wartime strength. Detachments from Btry A formed Btry 80-X in December 1941, a second detachment helped form the 804th CA Btry, Btry F at Sand Is. was designated the 807th CA Btry, while a second detachment helped organize the 715th CA Btry 10-21-42. During World War II, various changes were made in the makeup of the 55th CA, the 55th CA Regt was reorganized and HHB reconstituted and activated, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Bn HHBs were activated at Ft. Ruger 5-22-43. Btry G was activated at Ft. Kamehameha, the 1st Bn HHB and Btrys A, B, & C, and 2nd Bn HHB were stationed at Ft. Kamehameha, Btry D on Kauai, Btry E at Wilridge
32.
56th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 56th Air Defense Artillery is a training regiment in the United States Army. This number has had two lineages started under it, a 1917 unit that served in France during World War I, and the 506th Artillery CAC, which was renumbered in December 1940. After the renumbering a separate lineage was started for the 506th CA in 1943. Constituted 29 July 1921 in the OR as the 506th Artillery CAC, the 506th Arty was organized at LaCrosse, WI, in August 1922 and redesignated 506th CA Regt 20 February 1924. Withdrawn from OR and allotted to RA as inactive 1 October 1933, the 506th CA redesignated 56th Coast Artillery Regt 16 December 1940. The 56th CA was activated 2 June 1941 at Fort Cronkhite, the 56th CA was to be composed of HHB, 1st, 2nd, & 3rd Bn HHBs, six firing batteries, and Battery G Search Light. Activation continued into October 1941 with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Bns organized, by December, the decision had been made to inactivate the regiment as no longer required, and the process began with reassignment of personnel. However, the inactivation was halted and the regiment was deployed to South America, HHB 2nd Bn, Btrys C & D, and detachments from Btrys A, B, E, & F were designated for Chile, Peru, and Venezuela. Half of the 2nd Bn HHB, Btry C, and a SL Section of Btry G departed Ft. Cronkhite 2-10-42 for New Orleans POE and Venezuela, arriving 3-2-42. The other half of HHB 2nd Bn, Btry D, and 2nd Plt, Btry G, departed Ft. Cronkhite for Peru 2-18-42 via the San Francisco POE, arriving 3-2-42. A provisional detachment of personnel from Btrys A, B, E, Cronkhite, where the 56th was being reorganized with new personnel. The remaining elements of the 56th CA Regt in HDSF continued to man 155 mm guns at Ft. Cronkhite and Drakes Bay. The regiment served in the Northern California Sector of the WDC until September, the battalions of the 56th remained at Ft. Cronkhite during the summer of 1942 while being reorganized. The rebuilt 2nd Bn, Btrys C & D, remained at Ft. Cronkhite until the summer of 1942. On 9-27-42, 2nd Bn arrived at Westport, WA, orders were received mid-September 1942, to move 3rd Bn, 56th CA, to the Southern California Sector, WDC. On 10-1-42, the reinforced 3rd Bn, 56th CA, was reassigned to Southern California Sector. On 4-6-43, HHB at Ft. Cronkhite was reassigned to the Southern California Sector as well, one detachment of HHB was assigned to 3rd Bn command post at Ventura, the other platoon to HD Los Angeles. On 1-11-44, Southern California Sector ordered all elements of the regiment in the sector to Ft. Cronkhite, HHB, Btry G, and Medical Det. were ordered to Camp Cooke, CA, and disbanded 2-11-44
33.
59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 59th Coast Artillery Regiment is a regiment in the United States Army. Redesignated 20 February 1924 as the 59th Coast Artillery, Concurrently batteries C, D, E, remainder of regiment activated 30 May 1941 at Fort Mills. Surrendered 6 May 1942 to the Japanese forces on Corregidor Island, inactivated 2 April 1946 at Fort Mills. Redesignated 26 December 1947 as the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and activated 1 January 1948 at Fort Bliss, redesignated 24 February 1953 as the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion. Inactivated 1 September 1958 at Fort Bliss, reorganized and redesignated 31 July 1959 as the 59th Artillery a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System. Description A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches in height consisting of a shield blazoned, Per fess vair and Argent. Attached above from a wreath Argent and Azure a demi-lion rampant Gules grasping in dexter claw a sword Or, attached above and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed “DEFENDIMUS” in Red letters. Symbolism The vair on the shield is from the arms of the Coast Defenses of New York, the crest it taken from the arms of St. Menehould in red for Artillery. The motto translates to “We Defend. ”Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 15 August 1930. It was redesignated for the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 23 November 1953, the insignia was redesignated for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 5 December 1958. It was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment, shield Per fess vair and Argent, in base a thistle Proper. Crest On a wreath Argent and Azure a demi-lion rampant Gules armed and langued of the second grasping in dexter claw a sword Or. Shield The vair on the shield is from the arms of the Coast Defenses of New York, crest The crest it taken from the arms of St. Menehould in red for Artillery. The coat of arms was approved for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 1 April 1921. It was amended to correct the motto on 28 April 1927 and it was redesignated for the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 21 April 1949. The insignia was redesignated for the 59th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 23 November 1953 and it was redesignated for the 59th Artillery Regiment on 5 December 1958. It was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment, Artillery Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 59th Air Defense Artillery. Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from, volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson
34.
60th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 60th Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense unit of the United States Army. The 60th Coast Artillery, during the World War II era, was part of USAFFEs Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays and this anti-aircraft unit was to provide air defense over Manila Bay and the southern tip of the Bataan Peninsula. The 60th CA was equipped with 3-inch guns, 37mm Guns. 50-caliber machine guns, one battery, with a platoon of searchlights, was located at Fort Wint, in Subic Bay. Demobilized 24 February 1919 at Ft. Washington, Maryland Reconstituted 26 October 1922 in the Regular Army as the 60th Artillery Battalion, Antiaircraft and organized at Fort Crockett, expanded, reorganized and redesignated 1 July 1924 as the 60th Coast Artillery. Surrendered 6 May 1942 to the Japanese forces on Corregidor Island, inactivated 2 April 1946 at Fort Mills, Philippine Islands. Redesignated 1 August 1946 as the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and activated at Fort Bliss, redesignated 7 December 1949 as the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion Automatic Weapons Battalion, Mobile. Redesignated 27 July 1950 as the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, inactivated 17 June 1957 at Southampton, England. Reorganized and redesignated 31 July 1959 as the 60th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, redesignated 1 September 1971 as the 60th Air Defense Artillery. Blazon Shield, Per fess embattled Sable and Gules fimbriated Or a pile in bend of the third the lower portion obscured by the second tincture, crest, On a wreath of the colors Or and Sable a carabao skull Sable horned Or. Symbolism Shield, The shield is divided horizontally into two parts, the line being embattled to represent defense. The lower half is red for Artillery, the upper half bears the colors of black and gold, a searchlight beam pierces the darkness of this portion of the shield signifying the never ending vigilance which this organization exercises in searching for enemy aircraft. The star has a double significance and it is symbolic of the state of Texas, the Lone Star State, where the unit was reorganized after World War I, and its battleground in the heavens. Crest The carabao horns are symbolic of service in the Philippine Islands where the 60th Battalion, background, The coat of arms was originally approved for the 60th Coast Artillery Regiment on 1924-05-21. It was amended to change the blazon of the shield and correct the motto on 1924-10-03 and it was redesignated for the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and amended to correct the description on 1949-11-16. The insignia was redesignated for the 60th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 1954-09-08 and it was redesignated for the 60th Artillery Regiment on 1958-12-15. It was redesignated for the 60th Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1971-09-01, attached below and to the sides a Red scroll inscribed “COELIS IMPERAMUS” in Gold letters. Symbolism, The insignia is divided horizontally into two parts, the line being embattled to represent defense. The lower half is red for Artillery, the upper half bears the colors of black and gold, a searchlight beam pierces the darkness of this portion, signifying the never ending vigilance which this organization exercises in searching for enemy aircraft
35.
61st Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 61st Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an air defense artillery regiment in the United States Army Constituted 10 December 1917 as the 61st Artillery. Activated at Fort Moultrie 9 March 1918, organized at Fort Monroe, arrived in France 31 July 1918 and assigned to 33rd Brigade. Returned to New York 27 February 1919 National Guard and reserve personnel demobilized at Camp Upton, 1st Artillery Battalion constituted 7 June 1921 and activated at Fort Monroe 1 July 1921 as follows, HHD&CT A Gun Battery redesignated 5th Company Chesapeake Bay, formerly 13th Co. Ft. Monroe B Machinegun Battery redesignated 8th Company Chesapeake Bay, VANG C Search Light Battery redesignated 6th Company Chesapeake Bay, formerly 6th Company VANG. 10 July 1942 two detachments formed as separate Gun Battalions, and later redesignated 494th AAA Gun Battalion, Regiment deployed to England 8 August 1943 and stationed at Honiton, Devon. 635th Battalion plus 3d Battn, 61st Regiment, became the 52d Battalion Group Headquarters was established at Camp Stewart, the 39th Battalion retained its designation as an Automatic Weapons Battalion until 16 May 1957 when it was inactivated at Southampton, Germany. In addition, the 58th Antiaircraft Artillery Battery at Fort Bliss was reorganized and designated as Battery C, 61st Artillery and assigned to Fourth United States Army. A summary of the story is as follows, Helios, the sun, drove across the heavens from east to west daily, in a winged chariot drawn by the celestial horses. His son, Phaeton, in order to please his mother, Phaeton had scarcely taken the reins when the celestial horses, despising their weak driver, turned out of their patch and set everything on fire. This is the first historical record of a hit being scored against an aerial target, the shield is divided by the saw tooth line taken from Lord Delaware’s arms which were the basis of the coat of arms for the Coast-Defense of the Chesapeake. The upper part of the shield is white, the half black, for day. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 61st Artillery Battalion on 16 November 1923. It was redesignated for the 61st Coast Artillery Regiment on 12 December 1939, the insignia was redesignated for the 61st Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 10 August 1955. It was redesignated for the 61st Artillery Regiment on 19 December 1958 and it was redesignated for the 61st Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1 September 1971. Crest On a wreath of the colors Argent and Sable, an eagle’s head erased Or, motto NON EST AD ASTRA MOLLIS E TERRIS VIA. Shield The aim and purpose of the unit are told in form by the story from Greek mythology of the winged chariot of Helios which was brought to earth by a bolt of lightning thrown by Zeus. A summary of the story is as follows, Helios, the sun, drove across the heavens from east to west daily, in a winged chariot drawn by the celestial horses. His son, Phaeton, in order to please his mother, Phaeton had scarcely taken the reins when the celestial horses, despising their weak driver, turned out of their patch and set everything on fire
36.
62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment is an Air Defense Artillery regiment in the United States Army. Constituted 10 December 1917 as the 62nd Artillery, activated at Fort Winfield Scott 7 January 1918. Assigned to 33rd Brigade CAC, and shipped to Camp Mills New York arrived in France 21 July 1918, returned from France 19 February 1919, Demobilized at Camp Eustis March 1919. Reconstituted 1 August 1921 as the 2nd Antiaircraft Battalion and organized 4 September 1921 at Fort Totten, with HHD&CT, Search Light, Gun, Machine gun Battery as Battery C. consolidated with 167th Company HHD&CT redesignated 258th Company. Battalion expanded to a regiment 27 August 1922 with HHB, Service Battery, HH&CT 1st Battalion, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, from 9th Company Service Battery from 37th Company Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment & Combat Train 1st Battalion, from HHD 1st Battalion 62nd AA. A. Battery from 32nd Company G. Battery from 165th Company H, Battery from 167th Company Regiment Redesignated from 62nd Artillery to 62nd Coast Artillery Regiment on 1 July 1924. and reorganized. On 1 July 1939 Batteries D, G, and H activated,20 January 1941 personnel from Battery B, and Search Light Platoon Battery A. I. Battery Constituted from Battery H.16 June 1941 and assigned as part of the garrison at Bluie West, Battery transferred less personnel and equipment back to Fort Totten 26 July 1941. Battery inactivated and disbanded 12 December 1942, personnel and equipment transferred to Battery A 424th CA Battalion, Battery I transferred to Fort Totten less personnel and equipment. 3rd Battalion constituted 27 May 1942 and activated at Fort Totten 15 June 1942, Regiment moved to Camp Kilmer, NJ. and staged for overseas shipment. Sailed for United Kingdom on 6 August 1942, landed at Oran, Algeria,11 November 1942. Moved to Tunisia 10 June 1943, landed Licata, Sicily 23 July 1943 Inactivated at Palermo, Sicily 10 November 1943. Broken up as follows- HHB redesignated 80th AAA Group, 1st Battalion redesignated 62nd AAA Battalion. 2nd Battalion redesignated 893rd AAA Battalion, 3rd Battalion redesignated 331st AAA Battalion. 62nd Coast Artillery disbanded 4 December 1943, 62nd AAA Battalion moved to Italy 7 July 1944 and landed in southern France 16 August 1944. Inactivated 13 March 1946 at Camp Kilmer Redesignated 9 December 1948 as 62nd Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion, assigned to 2nd Armored Division 4 November 1949 Relieved from 2nd Armor 20 October 1950. This participation is symbolized by the six embattled sectors, background The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 62d Coast Artillery Regiment on 21 February 1929. It was redesignated for the 62d Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 23 August 1949 and it was redesignated for the 62d Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 4 January 1956
37.
65th Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 65th Air Defense Artillery was a training regiment in the United States Army. During World War I the unit was a tractor drawn unit equipped with British BL9.2 inch Howitzers, when it was reactivated in Panama in 1924 it became an anti aircraft unit equipped with the 3-inch Gun M1918. Constituted 26 December 1917 in the Regular Army as the 1st Battalion 65th Artillery and organized 1 January 1918 at Fort Rosecrans, demobilized 28 February 1919 at Camp Lewis, Washington. Reconstituted 1 July 1924 in the army as 1st Battalion, 65th Coast Artillery and activated at Fort Amador, Canal Zone. Activated 1 June 1938 at Fort Winfield Scott, California, reorganized at Fort Ord, California and redesignated 10 May 1943 as the 65th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion. Inactivated 26 January 1945 at Camp Hood, Texas, Concurrently, Batteries B, C, and D, redesignated 427th, 428th, activated 1 May 1949 on Okinawa. Redesignated 23 February 1955 as the 65th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Inactivated 1 September 1959 in Japan. Consolidated 31 July 1959 with the 65th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, the regiments insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 1971, for the 65th Air Defense Artillery Regiment. World war I St. Mihiel Meuse-Argonne Lorraine World War II Aleutian Islands United States Army Air Defense Artillery School Coats of arms of U. S. Air Defense Artillery Regiments Coats of arms of U. S. Artillery Regiments This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document 65th Air Defense Artillery, historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from. Volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson
38.
71st Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 71st Air Defense Artillery was a regiment in the United States Army. Constituted 2 May 1918 in the Regular Army as the 71st Artillery, organized 12 May 1918 in the Coast Defenses of Boston with headquarters at Fort Strong, Massachusetts. Returned to the continental US and demobilized 6 March 1919 at Camp Devens, the 1st Battalion activated on July 31,1940 and the 2nd Battalion on Jan. 3,1941 at Fort Story, Virginia, the 3rd Bn was activated June 15,1942. The regiment remained posted at Washington until inactivated September 1,1943, the 2nd Battalion, 71st Artillery was activated 1 March 1960 at Fort Bliss, Texas and later stationed in Korea. 2nd Battalion redesignated 1 Sept 1971 as the 2nd Battalion, 71st Air Defense Artillery, Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 71st Antiaircraft Artillery Group, inactivated 25 March 1946 at Munich, Germany. Redesignated 15 September 1949 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 71st Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, activated 30 September 1949 at Fort Bliss, Texas, with organic batteries of the former 71st Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion. Redesignated 22 July 1953 as the 71st Antiaircraft Artillery Missile Battalion, inactivated 1 September 1958 in the Washington -Baltimore Defense Area. Reorganized and redesignated 28 August 1958 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 2d Missile Battalion, moved by train and ship from Ft. Bliss, TX to Taiwan and activated as an operational Nike-Hercules battalion October 26,1958. Battalion inactivated 15 August 1959 in Taiwan, inactivated 20 July 1982 in Korea. On its second tour in Vietnam the battery was attached to XXIV Corps stationed at Da Nang, 6th Battalion, 71st Artillery 29 September 1965 to 22 September 1968 The 6th Battalion of the 71st Artillery was a mobile HAWK missile battalion located first at Qui Nhon. In 1966, as part of the 97th Artillery Group, the battalion was relocated to Cam Ranh Bay, attached below and to the sides of the insignia a Gold scroll inscribed “UNDIQUE VENIMUS” in Black letters. Symbolism Scarlet and yellow are the used for Artillery. The three chevronels from the coat of arms of John Winthrop, the founder of the Boston Colony, alludes to Boston, the five projectiles are symbolic of the unit’s five battle honors awarded for service in World War II. They also commemorate the mission of the unit to attack and destroy enemy aircraft, the motto translates to “We Come From All Parts. Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 71st Artillery Regiment on 21 May 1959. It was redesignated for the 71st Air Defense Artillery Regiment effective 1 September 1971, blazon Shield- Gules, five high explosive projectiles palewise in chevron surmounted by three chevronels Or. Crest- On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules a fixed searchlight Sable, symbolism Shield- Scarlet and yellow are the colors used for Artillery
39.
200th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 200th Coast Artillery was a United States Army unit during the first half of World War II. Today descendant elements serve with the New Mexico Army National Guard as the 200th Infantry, the 200th was originally organized 1 September 1880 in the New Mexico volunteer Militia in west-central New Mexico from independent companies as the 1st Regiment. It was expanded 18 February 1882 to form the 1st Regiment with headquarters at Socorro, the 1st Regiment was expanded 25 April 1883 to form the 1st Regiment and the 2nd Cavalry Battalion. 2nd Cavalry was reorganized and redesignated 14 September 1883 as the 1st Regiment of Cavalry and it was reorganized 10 November 1885 as the 1st Regiment of Cavalry. It was disbanded 29 December 1893 and two remaining troops attached to the 1st Regiment of Infantry, the unit was reorganized 12 September 1896 in the New Mexico Volunteer Militia as the 1st Battalion of Cavalry with headquarters at Santa Fe. The unit was redesignated in 1897 as the 1st Squadron of Cavalry, while remaining in state service the 1st Squadron of Cavalry additionally formed the 2nd Squadron, 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, also known as the Rough Riders. Troop A attached 5 February 1908 to the 1st Regiment of Infantry, the 2nd Regiment was expanded 25 April 1883 to form the 2nd Regiment and the 1st Cavalry Battalion. The 2nd Regiment was redesignated 10 November 1885 as the 1st Regiment of Infantry with headquarters at Santa Fe, location of Headquarters was changed 16 August 1886 to Albuquerque. The 1st Cavalry Battalion was reorganized and redesignated 14 September 1883 as the 3rd Battalion, the unit was expanded, reorganized and redesignated 10 November 1885 as the 2nd Regiment of Cavalry. The 1st Regiment of Infantry and elements of the 2nd Regiment of Cavalry were consolidated 24 December 1890, 1st Regiment of Infantry was consolidated in 1909 with Troop A and consolidated unit designated as the 1st Regiment of Infantry. The 143rd and 144th Machine Gun Battalions demobilized 30 April 1919 at Camp Grant and it was expanded, reorganized and redesignated 3 December 1920 as the 1st Cavalry. It was redesignated 2 May 1922 as the 111th Cavalry, Headquarters federally recognized 4 May 1924 at Santa Fe. Assigned 5 November 1923 to the 23rd Cavalry Division, relieved 15 March 1929 from assignment to the 23rd Cavalry Division. The unit was converted and redesignated 26 April 1940 as the 207th Coast Artillery Regiment, redesignated 200th Coast Artillery 1 July 1940. In August 1941, the 200th was given notice that it had selected for an overseas assignment of great importance. At about 0300 hours on 8 December 1941, the 200th went on alert when the night radio crew picked up commercial broadcasts telling of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor. It was inducted into federal service 6 January 1941 at home stations in New Mexico, the 200th doubled in size to 1800 while at Fort Bliss preparing for overseas deployment. The Arkansas 206th and the 200th competed for position deployment to either the Philippines or Alaska, the 200th, whose personnel virtually all spoke fluent Spanish were chosen to go to the Philippines in the summer of 1941, and arrived there in September 1941
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202nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment
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The 202nd Air Defense Artillery is an antiaircraft regiment of the Illinois Army National Guard. On 19 March 1921, the 6th Illinois Infantry was converted to the 1st Artillery, on 13 December 1921, redesignated as Provisional Battalion, 202nd Artillery with six companies. Redesignated to the 202nd Artillery Regiment, Coast Artillery Corps and on 26 August 1924, again, mustered into federal service on 16 September 1940 in Chicago. Arrived at Fort Bliss on September 20–21,1940, 3rd Battalion Activated 15 June 1942 at Bremerton, Washington. This was the consolidation, which brought all the colors and honors of the old 202nd Coast Artillery together under the command of the 202nd Antiaircraft Artillery Group in Chicago. The 396th AAA Automatic Weapons Battalion, meanwhile, became the 693rd AAA Automatic Weapons Battalion, in Chicago on 13 December 1946, Then on 12 May 1949 and this time it became the 133rd AAA Automatic Weapons Battalion. On 28 February 1954, the 133rd and the 698th AAA Battalions were consolidated and re-designated the 698th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, four years later, the battalion was modernized and re-designated a missile battalion. The 242nd was inactivated and disbanded in June 1944 at Camp Van Dorn Mississippi, two years later, it was reorganized as the 698th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion. On 1 May 1951, it was ordered to duty in Chicago to release Active Army units. C Battery joined the other three firing batteries, under the control of the 45th Artillery Brigade, two months later. It consolidated on 1 April 1963 with Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 202d Artillery Group, and the consolidated unit was designated as the 202d Artillery. It reorganized on 8 October 1963 to consist of the 1st Missile Battalion, on 1 January 1966 to consist of the 1st Battalion and its Federal recognition was withdrawn on 30 September 1974. Batteries E and F, 1st Battalion, 202nd Air Defense Artillery, were assigned during the 1990s to the 45th Infantry Brigade. Soldiers from the 1st Battalion, 202nd Air Defense Artillery, deployed to Iceland to take part in the 2001 Northern Viking exercise, attached below the shield a scroll inscribed “ARTE ET ARMIS” in Blue letters. On a wreath Or and Azure, upon a field the blockhouse of old Fort Dearborn of the first. The motto translates to “By Skill and Arms. ”Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved for the 202d Coast Artillery on 31 October 1925. It was redesignated for the 768th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 31 July 1951 and it was redesignated for the 768th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on 19 February 1957. The insignia was redesignated for the 202d Artillery Regiment on 6 January 1961 and it was redesignated for the 202d Air Defense Artillery Regiment on 6 July 1972
United States
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document "24th Field Artillery Regiment".