1.
3G
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3G, short for third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3. 5G and 3. 75G, also mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones. This ensures it can be applied to voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls. A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every year since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new bands, higher data rates. The first 3G networks were introduced in 1998 and fourth generation 4G networks in 2008, several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability, to meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s. However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3. 5G and 3. 75G, also mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids, several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure, The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA. The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and is offered in China. The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink. The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, the cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream, the above systems and radio interfaces are based on spread spectrum radio transmission technology. It is based on the three times as efficient 8PSK modulation scheme as supplement to the original GMSK modulation scheme, EDGE is still used extensively due to its ease of upgrade from existing 2G GSM infrastructure and cell-phones. However, in practice EDGE is seldom marketed as a 3G system, EDGE was also a mode in the IS-136 TDMA system, today ceased. Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbit/s downstream and 400 kbit/s upstream, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware
2.
Mobile phone
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A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator. Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population. In first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. In 1991, the digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators, ten years later, in 2001, the third generation was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3. 5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access family, allowing UMTS networks to have data transfer speeds. By 2009, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies
3.
GSM
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As of 2014 it has become the de facto global standard for mobile communications – with over 90% market share, operating in over 219 countries and territories. This expanded over time to include communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport via GPRS. Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third-generation UMTS standards followed by fourth-generation LTE Advanced standards, GSM is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. It may also refer to the most common voice codec used, the decision to develop a continental standard eventually resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network which was larger than that in the United States. In February 1987 Europe produced the very first agreed GSM Technical Specification, the MoU drew-in mobile operators from across Europe to pledge to invest in new GSM networks to an ambitious common date. In 1989, the Groupe Spécial Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, in parallel, France and Germany signed a joint development agreement in 1984 and were joined by Italy and the UK in 1986. In 1986 the European Commission proposed reserving the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM, the former Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri made the worlds first GSM call on July 1,1991, calling Kaarina Suonio using a network built by Telenokia and Siemens and operated by Radiolinja. In the following year,1992, saw the sending of the first short messaging service message, work began in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK by 1993 called and DCS1800. Also that year, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became available. In 1995, fax, data and SMS messaging services were launched commercially, in the same year, the GSM Association formed. Pre-paid GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM subscribers passed 100 million in 1998, in 2000 the first commercial GPRS services were launched and the first GPRS-compatible handsets became available for sale. In 2001 the first UMTS network was launched, a 3G technology that is not part of GSM, worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002 the first Multimedia Messaging Service were introduced and the first GSM network in the 800 MHz frequency band became operational, EDGE services first became operational in a network in 2003 and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004. By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the cellular network market. In 2005 the first HSDPA-capable network also became operational, the first HSUPA network launched in 2007. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded three billion in 2008, GSM is a second-generation standard employing time-division multiple-Access spectrum-sharing, issued by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. GSM, for the first time, set a standard for Europe for wireless networks. It was also adopted by many countries outside Europe and this allowed subscribers to use other GSM networks that have roaming agreements with each other
4.
International Telecommunication Union
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ITU, based in Geneva, Switzerland, is a member of the United Nations Development Group. ITU has been an intergovernmental public-private partnership organization since its inception, ITU was formed in 1865, in Paris, at the International Telegraph Convention, this makes it one of the oldest intergovernmental organizations in the world. ITU became a United Nations specialized agency in 1947, the ITU comprises three sectors, each managing a different aspect of the matters handled by the Union, as well as ITU Telecom. The sectors were created during the restructuring of ITU at its 1992 Plenipotentiary Conference, radiocommunication Established in 1927 as the International Radio Consultative Committee or CCIR, this sector manages the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU-R, Standardization Standardization was the original purpose of ITU since its inception. Established in 1956 as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee or CCITT, in 1993, the CCITT became the ITU-T. Development Established in 1992, this sector helps spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies, ITU Telecom ITU Telecom organizes major events for the worlds ICT community. A permanent General Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, manages the work of the Union. The basic texts of the ITU are adopted by the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference, the ITU is headed by a Secretary-General, who is elected to a four-year term by the member states at the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference. On 23 October 2014 Houlin Zhao was elected 19th Secretary-General of the ITU at the Plenipotentiary Conference in Busan and his four-year mandate started on 1 January 2015, and he was formally inaugurated on 15 January 2015. There are 193 Member States of the ITU, which are all UN member states, the most recent member state to join the ITU is South Sudan, which became a member on 14 July 2011. The Republic of China was blocked from membership by the Peoples Republic of China, palestine was admitted as an observer in 2010. The Summit was held as two conferences in 2003 and 2005 in Geneva and Tunis, respectively, with the aim of bridging the digital divide, in December 2012, the ITU facilitated The World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 in Dubai. WCIT-12 was a conference to address International Telecommunications Regulations, the international rules for telecommunications. The previous conference to update the Regulations was held in Melbourne in 1988, in August 2012, ITU called for a public consultation on a draft document ahead of the conference. Telecommunications ministers from 193 countries attended the conference in Dubai, the current regulatory structure was based on voice telecommunications, when the Internet was still in its infancy. In 1988, telecommunications operated under regulated monopolies in most countries, as the Internet has grown, organizations such as ICANN have come into existence to manage key resources such as Internet addresses and Domain Names. Some outside the United States believe that the United States exerts too much influence over the governance of the Internet, current proposals look to take into account the prevalence of data communications
5.
General Packet Radio Service
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General Packet Radio Service is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications. GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute in response to the earlier CDPD and it is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project. GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with circuit switched data, sometimes billing time is broken down to every third of a minute. Usage above the cap is charged per megabyte, speed limited. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/second, 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as 2. 5G, that is, a technology between the second and third generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access channels in, for example, GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. The GPRS core network allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit IP packets to external networks such as the Internet, the GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem. This is much faster using the ordinary SMS over GSM. GPRS supports the protocols, Internet Protocol. In practice, built-in mobile browsers use IPv4 since IPv6 was not yet popular, in this mode PPP is often not supported by the mobile phone operator but if the mobile is used as a modem to the connected computer, PPP is used to tunnel IP to the phone. This allows an IP address to be assigned dynamically to the mobile equipment and this is typically used for applications like wireless payment terminals, although it has been removed from the standard. When TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more IP addresses allocated, GPRS will store and forward the IP packets to the phone even during handover. The TCP handles any packet loss, devices supporting GPRS are divided into three classes, Class A Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service, using both at the same time. Such devices are known to be available today, Class B Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service, but using only one or the other at a given time. During GSM service, GPRS service is suspended, and then resumed automatically after the GSM service has concluded, most GPRS mobile devices are Class B. Class C Are connected to either GPRS service or GSM service, must be switched manually between one or the other service. A true Class A device may be required to transmit on two different frequencies at the time, and thus will need two radios. To get around this requirement, a GPRS mobile may implement the dual transfer mode feature
6.
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
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Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM. EDGE is considered a pre-3G radio technology and is part of ITUs 3G definition, EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003 – initially by Cingular in the United States. EDGE is standardized also by 3GPP as part of the GSM family, a variant, so called Compact-EDGE, was developed for use in a portion of Digital AMPS network spectrum. EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an Internet connection, Evolved EDGE continues in Release 7 of the 3GPP standard providing reduced latency and more than doubled performance e. g. to complement High-Speed Packet Access. Peak bit-rates of up to 1 Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400 kbit/s can be expected, eDGE/EGPRS is implemented as a bolt-on enhancement for 2. 5G GSM/GPRS networks, making it easier for existing GSM carriers to upgrade to it. EDGE is a superset to GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, EDGE requires no hardware or software changes to be made in GSM core networks. EDGE-compatible transceiver units must be installed and the base station needs to be upgraded to support EDGE. If the operator already has this in place, which is often the case today, today EDGE is supported by all major chip vendors for both GSM and WCDMA/HSPA. In addition to Gaussian minimum-shift keying, EDGE uses higher-order PSK/8 phase shift keying for the five of its nine modulation. EDGE produces a 3-bit word for every change in carrier phase and this effectively triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. It introduces a new technology not found in GPRS, Incremental Redundancy and this increases the probability of correct decoding. EDGE can carry a bandwidth up to 236 kbit/s for 4 timeslots in packet mode and this means it can handle four times as much traffic as standard GPRS. EDGE meets the International Telecommunications Unions requirement for a 3G network and it also enhances the circuit data mode called HSCSD, increasing the data rate of this service. In GPRS, the Coding Schemes CS-1 to CS-4 specify the number of parity bits generated by the cyclic code, in GPRS Coding Schemes CS-1 through CS-3, the convolutional code is of rate 1/2, i. e. each input bit is converted into two coded bits. In Coding Schemes CS-2 and CS-3, the output of the code is punctured to achieve the desired code rate. In GPRS Coding Scheme CS-4, no coding is applied. In EGPRS/EDGE, the Modulation and Coding Schemes MCS-1 to MCS-9 take the place of the Coding Schemes of GPRS, MCS-1 through MCS-4 use GMSK and have performance similar to GPRS, while MCS-5 through MCS-9 use 8PSK. In all EGPRS Modulation and Coding Schemes, a code of rate 1/3 is used
7.
UMTS
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The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard. UMTS uses wideband code division multiple access radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency, UMTS specifies a complete network system, which includes the radio access network, the core network and the authentication of users via SIM cards. The technology described in UMTS is sometimes referred to as Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access or 3GSM. Unlike EDGE and CDMA2000, UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations, UMTS supports maximum theoretical data transfer rates of 42 Mbit/s when Evolved HSPA is implemented in the network. Users in deployed networks can expect a transfer rate of up to 384 kbit/s for Release 99 handsets, since 2006, UMTS networks in many countries have been or are in the process of being upgraded with High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, sometimes known as 3. 5G. Currently, HSDPA enables downlink transfer speeds of up to 21 Mbit/s, work is also progressing on improving the uplink transfer speed with the High-Speed Uplink Packet Access. The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a emphasis on telco-provided mobile applications such as mobile TV. UMTS combines three different terrestrial air interfaces, GSMs Mobile Application Part core, and the GSM family of speech codecs, the air interfaces are called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access. All air interface options are part of ITUs IMT-2000, in the currently most popular variant for cellular mobile telephones, W-CDMA is used. Please note that the terms W-CDMA, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA are misleading, while they suggest covering just a channel access method, they are actually the common names for the whole air interface standards. W-CDMA or WCDMA, along with UMTS-FDD, UTRA-FDD, or IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread is an air interface found in 3G mobile telecommunications networks. W-CDMA uses the DS-CDMA channel access method with a pair of 5 MHz wide channels, in contrast, the competing CDMA2000 system uses one or more available 1.25 MHz channels for each direction of communication. W-CDMA systems are criticized for their large spectrum usage, which delayed deployment in countries that acted relatively slowly in allocating new frequencies specifically for 3G services. The specific frequency bands originally defined by the UMTS standard are 1885–2025 MHz for the mobile-to-base, in the US, 1710–1755 MHz and 2110–2155 MHz are used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used. Some carriers such as T-Mobile use band numbers to identify the UMTS frequencies, in the late 1990s, W-CDMA was developed by NTT DoCoMo as the air interface for their 3G network FOMA. Later NTT DoCoMo submitted the specification to the International Telecommunication Union as a candidate for the international 3G standard known as IMT-2000. The ITU eventually accepted W-CDMA as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, as an alternative to CDMA2000, EDGE, later, W-CDMA was selected as an air interface for UMTS. As NTT DoCoMo did not wait for the finalisation of the 3G Release 99 specification, however, this has been resolved by NTT DoCoMo updating their network
8.
High Speed Packet Access
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A further improved 3GPP standard, Evolved High Speed Packet Access, was released late in 2008 with subsequent worldwide adoption beginning in 2010. The newer standard allows bit-rates to reach as high as 337 Mbit/s in the downlink and 34 Mbit/s in the uplink, however, these speeds are rarely achieved in practice. The first HSPA specifications supported increased peak data rates of up to 14 Mbit/s in the downlink and 5.76 Mbit/s in the uplink. It also reduced latency and provided up to five times more capacity in the downlink. HSDPA has been introduced with 3GPP Release 5, which accompanies a improvement on the uplink providing a new bearer of 384 kbit/s. The previous maximum bearer was 128 kbit/s, as well as improving data rates, HSDPA also decreases latency and so the round trip time for applications. HSPA+ introduced in 3GPP Release 7 further increases data rates by adding 64QAM modulation, MIMO and Dual-Cell HSDPA operation, even higher speeds of up to 337.5 Mbit/s are possible with Release 11 of the 3GPP standards. The first phase of HSDPA has been specified in the 3GPP release 5, phase one introduces new basic functions and is aimed to achieve peak data rates of 14.0 Mbit/s with significantly reduced latency. The improvement in speed and latency reduces the cost per bit, further new features are the High Speed Downlink Shared Channels, the adaptive modulation QPSK and 16QAM and the High Speed Medium Access protocol in base station. The upgrade to HSDPA is often just an update for WCDMA networks. In general voice calls are prioritized over data transfer. The following table is derived from table 5. 1a of the release 11 of 3GPP TS25.306 and shows maximum data rates of different device classes and by what combination of features they are achieved. The per-cell per-stream data rate is limited by the Maximum number of bits of an HS-DSCH transport block received within an HS-DSCH TTI, so for example Cat 10 can decode 27952 bits/2 ms =13.976 MBit/s. Categories 1-4 and 11 have inter-TTI intervals of 2 or 3, Dual-Cell and MIMO 2x2 each multiply the maximum data rate by 2, because multiple independent transport blocks are transmitted over different carriers or spatial streams, respectively. The data rates given in the table are rounded to one decimal point, further UE categories were defined from 3GGP Release 7 onwards as Evolved HSPA and are listed in Evolved HSDPA UE Categories. Notes, As of 28 August 2009,250 HSDPA networks have commercially launched mobile services in 109 countries. 169 HSDPA networks support 3.6 Mbit/s peak downlink data throughput, a growing number are delivering 21 Mbit/s peak data downlink and 28 Mbit/s. CDMA2000-EVDO networks had the lead on performance, and Japanese providers were highly successful benchmarks for it
9.
LTE (telecommunication)
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In telecommunication, Long-Term Evolution is a standard for high-speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed using a different radio interface together with core network improvements, the standard is developed by the 3GPP and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is the path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The different LTE frequencies and bands used in different countries mean that only multi-band phones are able to use LTE in all countries where it is supported. LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not meet the criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series. The requirements were set forth by the ITU-R organization in the IMT Advanced specification. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be considered IMT-Advanced, to differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined them as True 4G. LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and is a trademark owned by ETSI for the wireless data communications technology. However, other nations and companies do play an role in the LTE project. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of data networks using new DSP techniques. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the architecture to an IP-based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared to the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, LTE was first proposed by NTT DoCoMo of Japan in 2004, and studies on the new standard officially commenced in 2005. Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called UMB and WiMAX, the evolution of LTE is LTE Advanced, which was standardized in March 2011. Services are expected to commence in 2013, additional evolution known as LTE Advanced Pro have been approved in year 2015. The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s, LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz, the simpler architecture results in lower operating costs. In 2004, NTT DoCoMo of Japan proposes LTE as the international standard, in September 2006, Siemens Networks showed in collaboration with Nomor Research the first live emulation of an LTE network to the media and investors. As live applications two users streaming an HDTV video in the downlink and playing a game in the uplink have been demonstrated
10.
4G
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4G is the fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced, potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television. The first-release Long Term Evolution standard has been deployed in Oslo, Norway. It has, however, been debated whether first-release versions should be considered 4G, since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. According to operators, a generation of the network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology, as opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol based communication such as IP telephony. The peak bit rate is improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output communications. New mobile generations have appeared about ten years since the first move from 1981 analog to digital transmission in 1992. In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems, in 2008, ITU -R specified the IMT - Advanced requirements for 4G systems. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet, the fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream. This article refers to 4G using IMT-Advanced, as defined by ITU-R, an IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following requirements, Be based on an all-IP packet switched network. Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access, be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell. Use scaleable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz. Rumney, IMT-Advanced, 4G Wireless Takes Shape in an Olympic Year. Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15-bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6. 75-bit/s/Hz in the up link, system spectral efficiency is, in indoor cases, 3-bit/s/Hz/cell for downlink and 2. 25-bit/s/Hz/cell for up link. In September 2009, the proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union as 4G candidates. Basically all proposals are based on two technologies, LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP802. The latters standard versions were ratified in spring 2011, but are far from being implemented. The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008, LTE Advanced was to be standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be based on the existing LTE specification Release 10, a summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report
11.
IP Multimedia Subsystem
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The IP Multimedia Subsystem or IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem is an architectural framework for delivering IP multimedia services. Historically, mobile phones have provided voice call services over a switched-circuit-style network, alternative methods of delivering voice or other multimedia services over IP have become available on smartphones, but they have not become standardized across the industry. IMS is a framework to provide such standardization. IMS was originally designed by the wireless standards body 3rd Generation Partnership Project and its original formulation represented an approach to delivering Internet services over GPRS. This vision was later updated by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and ETSI TISPAN by requiring support of other than GPRS, such as Wireless LAN, CDMA2000. To ease the integration with the Internet, IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible and this is done by having a horizontal control layer that isolates the access network from the service layer. From a logical perspective, services need not have their own control functions. However, in implementation this does not necessarily map into greater reduced cost, alternative and overlapping technologies for access and provisioning of services across wired and wireless networks include combinations of Generic Access Network, soft switches and naked SIP. Since it is becoming easier to access content and contacts using mechanisms outside the control of traditional wireless/fixed operators. Examples of global standards based on IMS are MMTel which is the basis for Voice over LTE, IMS was originally defined by an industry forum called 3G. IP, formed in 1999. 3G. IP developed the initial IMS architecture, which was brought to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project and it first appeared in Release 5, when SIP-based multimedia was added. Support for the older GSM and GPRS networks was also provided, 3GPP2 based their CDMA2000 Multimedia Domain on 3GPP IMS, adding support for CDMA2000. AGCF works as a bridge interconnecting the IMS networks and the Megaco/H.248 networks, Megaco/H.248 networks offers the possibility to connect terminals of the old legacy networks to the new generation of networks based on IP networks. AGCF acts a SIP User agent towards the IMS and performs the role of P-CSCF, SIP User Agent functionality is included in the AGCF, and not on the customer device but in the network itself. 3GPP release 8 added support for LTE / SAE, multimedia session continuity, enhanced emergency sessions, 3GPP release 9 added support for IMS emergency calls over GPRS and EPS, enhancements to multimedia telephony, IMS media plane security, enhancements to services centralization and continuity. 3GPP release 10 added support for inter device transfer, enhancements to the radio voice call continuity. 3GPP release 11 added USSD simulation service, network-provided location information for IMS, SMS submit and delivery without MSISDN in IMS, each of the functions in the diagram is explained below. The IP multimedia core network subsystem is a collection of different functions, linked by standardized interfaces, a function is not a node, An implementer is free to combine two functions in one node, or to split a single function into two or more nodes
12.
CdmaOne
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Interim Standard 95 was the first ever CDMA-based digital cellular technology. It was developed by Qualcomm and later adopted as a standard by the Telecommunications Industry Association in TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in 1995, the proprietary name for IS-95 is cdmaOne. It is a 2G mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA, an access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data. CDMA or code division multiple access is a radio system that transmits streams of bits. CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies, unlike TDMA time division multiple access, a competing system used in 2G GSM, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of active radios. In North America, the technology competed with Digital AMPS and it is now being supplanted by IS-2000, a later CDMA-based standard. CdmaOnes technical history is reflective of both its birth as a Qualcomm internal project, and the world of then-unproven competing digital cellular standards under which it was developed, the term IS-95 generically applies to the earlier set of protocol revisions, namely P_REVs one through five. P_REV=1 was developed under an ANSI standards process with documentation reference J-STD-008, J-STD-008, published in 1995, was only defined for the then-new North American PCS band. The term IS-95 properly refers to P_REV=1, developed under the Telecommunications Industry Association standards process, IS-95 offered interoperation with the analog cellular network. For digital operation, IS-95 and J-STD-008 have most technical details in common, the immature style and structure of both documents are highly reflective of the standardizing of Qualcomms internal project. P_REV=2 is termed Interim Standard 95A, IS-95A was developed for Band Class 0 only, as in incremental improvement over IS-95 in the TIA standards process. P_REV=3 is termed Technical Services Bulletin 74, tSB-74 was the next incremental improvement over IS-95A in the TIA standards process. P_REV=4 is termed Interim Standard 95B Phase I, and P_REV=5 is termed Interim Standard 95B Phase II, p_REV=4 was by far the most popular variant of IS-95, with P_REV=5 only seeing minimal uptake in South Korea. P_REV=6 and beyond fall under the CDMA2000 umbrella, besides technical improvements, the IS-2000 documents are much more mature in terms of layout and content. They also provide backwards-compatibility to IS-95, the IS-95 standards describe an air interface, a set of protocols used between mobile units and the network. IS-95 defines the transmission of signals in both the forward and reverse directions, in the forward direction, radio signals are transmitted by base stations. Every BTS is synchronized with a GPS receiver so transmissions are tightly controlled in time, all forward transmissions are QPSK with a chip rate of 1,228,800 per second. Each signal is spread with a Walsh code of length 64, for the reverse direction, radio signals are transmitted by the mobile
13.
CDMA2000
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CDMA2000 is a family of 3G mobile technology standards for sending voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites. It is developed by 3GPP2 as a successor to second-generation cdmaOne set of standards and used especially in North America. CDMA2000 compares to UMTS, a set of 3G standards, which is developed by 3GPP and used in Europe, Japan. The name CDMA2000 denotes a family of standards that represent the successive and these are, Voice, CDMA2000 1xRTT, 1X Advanced Data, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, Release 0, Revision A, Revision B, Ultra Mobile Broadband All are approved radio interfaces for the ITUs IMT-2000. In the United States, CDMA2000 is a trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association. CDMA2000 1X, also known as 1x and 1xRTT, is the core CDMA2000 wireless air interface standard, the designation 1x, meaning 1 times Radio Transmission Technology, indicates the same radio frequency bandwidth as IS-95, a duplex pair of 1.25 MHz radio channels. 1xRTT almost doubles the capacity of IS-95 by adding 64 more traffic channels to the forward link, the 1X standard supports packet data speeds of up to 153 kbit/s with real world data transmission averaging 80–100 kbit/s in most commercial applications. IMT-2000 also made changes to the link layer for greater use of data services, including medium and link access control protocols. The IS-95 data link layer only provided best efforts delivery for data, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, often abbreviated as EV-DO or EV, is a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques including code division multiple access as well as time division multiple access to both individual users throughput and the overall system throughput. 1X Advanced is the evolution of CDMA2000 1X and it provides up to four times the capacity and 70% more coverage compared to 1X. The CDMA Development Group states that, as of April 2014, the intended 4G successor to CDMA2000 was UMB, however, in November 2008, Qualcomm announced it was ending development of the technology, favoring LTE instead
14.
ETSI
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ETSI produces globally-applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies, including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies. ETSI was created by CEPT in 1988 and is recognized by the European Commission. Based in Sophia Antipolis, ETSI is officially responsible for standardization of Information and Communication Technologies within Europe, ETSI publishes between 2,000 and 2,500 standards every year. Since its establishment in 1988, it produced over 30,000, ETSI inspired the creation of, and is a partner in, 3GPP and oneM2M. The work of a single Technical Committee may be represented in several clusters, clusters facilitate easy identification of an area of interest based on business relevance or application domain rather than purely on specific technical work areas. In 2013, ETSIs budget exceeded €23 million, with coming from members, commercial activities like sale of documents, plug-tests and fora hosting, contract work. ETSI is a partner organization of the Global Standards Collaboration initiative. Nearly a third of ETSIs members are Small and Medium Enterprises, a list of current members can be found here. ETSI Standard, Used when the document contains normative requirements and it is necessary to submit the document to the whole ETSI membership for approval. ETSI Guide, Used when the document contains guidance on handling of technical standardization activities, special Report, Used for various purposes, including giving public availability to information not produced within a technical committee. ETSI SRs are also used for documents, e. g. documents that are dynamically generated by a query to a database via the web. An SR is published by the committee in which it was produced. ETSI Technical Report, Used when the document contains mainly informative elements, ETSI Group Specification, Used by Industry Specification Groups according to the decision making procedures defined in the groups Terms of Reference. This deliverable type is approved and adopted by the Industry Specification Group that drafted it and this list is gathered from the European Telecommunications Standards Institute website. All technical committees, working and industry groups are accessible via the ETSI Portal Embedded Common Interface ETSI Official Website ETSI Portal Small Business Standards aisbl
15.
Sophia Antipolis
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Sophia Antipolis is a leading European technology park. Much of the park falls within the commune of Valbonne, which lies northwest of Antibes, created in 1970-1984, it houses primarily companies in the fields of computing, electronics, pharmacology and biotechnology. Several institutions of learning are also located here, along with the European headquarters of W3C. In the early years, one of the challenges of Sophia Antipolis was to relate people. The Human Factor is what was to distinguish the Science and Technology Park in the world as a landmark of science, invention, innovation and it was to focus on building an international environment, creating an international community. This means taking into account and improving tenant interaction, networking, the concept was that bringing together people from different intellectual horizons and making them meet, would bring added value and generate innovation. Many professional clubs were thus launched, The Sophia business angels club, many of the roads within the technology park have Greek names. There is a giant sculptured Greek urn as a centre-piece on one of the roundabouts, the residential community of Garbejaire is located within the technology park. There is a park with a play area for children. There is also a large communal corporate dining facility that is shared by several companies on the periphery of Garbejaire, several bus routes run through the technology park. There is a bus station with a ticket office. The company who runs the lines is called Envibus. fr, one of the bus routes to Antibes goes directly to Antibes railway station which provides access to the Riviera coastal railway. The station is served by trains to Nice and Monaco or westbound to Toulon. The nearest international airport is in Nice, there is a large national park around the technology park and several large villages on the outskirts of this park. Wild boar live within the park and occasionally walk through the technology park, there is a large community of small bats that become active as soon as it starts to get dark. It is possible to attract the attention of the bats which respond to mimicry, cotedAzur Directory of Organizations for Sophia Antipolis Sophia Antipolis Foundation Sophia Antipolis Economic Development Sophia Antipolis Urban Community Centre International de Valbonne
16.
Nortel
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It was founded in Montreal, Quebec in 1895 as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company. At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the valuation of all the companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Nortel had filed for protection from its creditors in the United States, Canada, in June 2009, the company announced it would cease operations and sell off all of its business units. The period of protection was extended to February 2,2013. As part of the proceedings in the United States, Nortel Networks Inc. publishes monthly operating reports outlining cash receipts and disbursements. By 2016 Nortel had sold billions of dollars worth of assets and he later refined its design at Brantford after producing his first working prototype in Boston. In addition to phones, four years later, the department started manufacturing its first switchboard, the small manufacturing department expanded yearly with the growth and popularity of the telephone to 50 employees in 1888. By 1890 it had transformed into its own branch of operations with 200 employees. As the manufacturing branch expanded, its production ability increased beyond the demand for phones and this was a problem because the Bell Telephone Company of Canadas charter would not allow them to build other products. This company was incorporated as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited, Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited was incorporated on 7 December 1895, by the following corporate members, Charles Fleetford Sise Sr. McFarlane, manager, all of the city and district of Montreal, the initial stock capital was $50,000 at $100 per share, with 93 percent held by the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and the remainder held by the seven corporate members above. The first general meeting was held on March 24,1896. In December 1899, The Bell Telephone Company of Canada bought a company for $500,000. Northern Electric and Manufacturing further expanded its line in 1900. In 1911 the Wire and Cable company changed its name to the Imperial Wire, the construction of a new manufacturing plant started in 1913 at Shearer Street in Montreal, Canada, as preparations began for the two manufacturing companies integration. This facility at Shearer Street was the manufacturing centre until the mid-1950s. Edward Fleetford Sise was the president and his brother Paul Fleetford Sise was the vice-president, during the First World War Northern Electric manufactured the Portable Commutator, a one-wire telegraphic switchboard for military operations in the field. In 1922, Northern started to produce, for $5, the Peanut vacuum tube, the use of alternating current was still under development during this time
17.
AT&T Mobility
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AT&T Mobility is the second largest wireless telecommunications provider in the United States and Puerto Rico behind Verizon Wireless. Cingular became wholly owned by AT&T in December 2006 as a result of AT&Ts acquisition of BellSouth, in January 2007, Cingular confirmed it would re-brand itself under the AT&T name. The transition concluded in late June, just prior to the rollout of the Apple iPhone, on March 20,2011, AT&T Mobility announced its intention to acquire T-Mobile USA from Deutsche Telekom for $39 billion. If it had received government and regulatory approval, AT&T would have had more than 130 million subscribers, in December 2011, in the face of both governmental and widespread consumer opposition, AT&T withdrew their offer to complete the merger. Beginning in July 2007, AT&T allows its AT&T Unity plan users to have Rollover, AT&T also launched video share in 2007, in which a mobile caller can stream live video from one phone to another over the 3G network with video share capable phones. This allows one mobile phone user to view video from another users camera through the phone in real time. AT&T also had A-list, similar to former competitor Alltels program launched on April 20,2006 branded My Circle, AT&T rolled out the A-list program on September 20,2009. Customers with individual Nation plans of $59, FamilyTalk customers with plans of $89.99 or more could select up to ten numbers which any person in the FamilyTalk plan can call as much as they want. Effective September 1,2011, the A-List feature is no longer available to new consumer, existing customers who had A-List on their account prior to September 1,2011, are able to keep the feature as long as they stay on a qualifying rate plan. As of October 25,2013 AT&T no longer offers Nation Plans or Family Talk Plans to its new customers. New customers are now required to have one of AT&T Mobile Share Value plans which include unlimited Talk, Text, as of January 8,2016 AT&T no longer offers 2 year contracts for subsidized smart phones to its consumer customers. Customers who currently have 2 year contracts are grandfathered, until they upgrade to a new device they will have to choose from AT&Ts NEXT installment plans for smartphones, AT&T has also reintroduced unlimited data plans for its customers who also have either AT&T U-verse or AT&Ts newly acquired DirecTV. Unlimited data plans may be speed throttled after 22 GB of data have been used, with the inclusion of these new plans AT&T has also introduced a free roaming in Mexico feature for its postpaid customers. Within AT&Ts 21-state landline footprint, other AT&T services are offered at the AT&T retail stores, including signing up for home phone, internet, a large number of AT&T Mobility employees are unionized, belonging to the Communications Workers of America. The CWA represented roughly 15,000 of the previous 20,000 formerly AT&T Wireless employees as of early 2006, as of the end of 2009, the CWA website claims roughly 40,000 workers of AT&T Mobility are represented by the union. Cingular Wireless was founded in 2000 as a joint venture of SBC Communications, the joint venture created the nations second-largest carrier. Cingular grew out of a conglomeration of more than 100 companies, Cingulars lineage can be traced back to Advanced Mobile Phone Service, which was a subsidiary of AT&T created in 1978 to provide cellular service nationwide. AMPS was divided among the Regional Bell Operating Companies as part of the Bell System divestiture, with the exception of Pacific Bell and BellSouth Mobility DCS, the digital network consisted of D-AMPS technology
