1.
Caliber
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In guns, particularly firearms, caliber or calibre is the approximate internal diameter of the barrel, or the diameter of the projectile it fires, in hundredths or sometimes thousandths of an inch. For example, a 45 caliber firearm has a diameter of.45 of an inch. Barrel diameters can also be expressed using metric dimensions, as in 9mm pistol, when the barrel diameter is given in inches, the abbreviation cal can be used. Good performance requires a bullet to closely match the diameter of a barrel to ensure a good seal. While modern cartridges and cartridge firearms are referred to by the cartridge name. Firearm calibers outside the range of 17 to 50 exist, but are rarely encountered. Larger calibers, such as.577.585.600.700, the.950 JDJ is the only known cartridge beyond 79 caliber used in a rifle. Referring to artillery, caliber is used to describe the length as multiples of the bore diameter. A 5-inch 50 calibre gun has a diameter of 5 in. The main guns of the USS Missouri are 1650 caliber, makers of early cartridge arms had to invent methods of naming the cartridges, since no established convention existed then. One of the early established cartridge arms was the Spencer repeating rifle, later various derivatives were created using the same basic cartridge, but with smaller-diameter bullets, these were named by the cartridge diameter at the base and mouth. The original No.56 became the. 56-56, and the smaller versions. 56-52. 56-50, the. 56-52, the most common of the new calibers, used a 50-cal bullet. Optionally, the weight in grains was designated, e. g. 45-70-405. Variations on these methods persist today, with new cartridges such as the.204 Ruger, metric diameters for small arms refer to cartridge dimensions and are expressed with an × between the bore diameter and the length of the cartridge case, for example,7. 62×51 NATO. This indicates that the diameter is 7. 62mm, loaded in a case 51mm long. Similarly, the 6. 5×55 Swedish cartridge has a diameter of 6.5 mm. An exception to rule is the proprietary cartridge used by U. S. maker Lazzeroni. The following table lists commonly used calibers where both metric and imperial are used as equivalents
2.
Cartridge (weaponry)
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Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition. A cartridge without a bullet is called a blank, One that is completely inert is called a dummy. Some artillery ammunition uses the same concept as found in small arms. In other cases, the shell is separate from the propellant charge. In popular use, the bullet is often misused to refer to a complete cartridge. The cartridge case seals a firing chamber in all directions excepting the bore, a firing pin strikes the primer and ignites it. The primer compound deflagrates, it does not detonate, a jet of burning gas from the primer ignites the propellant. Gases from the burning powder pressurize and expand the case to seal it against the chamber wall and these propellant gases push on the bullet base. In response to pressure, the bullet will move in the path of least resistance which is down the bore of the barrel. After the bullet leaves the barrel, the pressure drops to atmospheric pressure. The case, which had been expanded by chamber pressure. This eases removal of the case from the chamber, brass is a commonly used case material because it is resistant to corrosion. A brass case head can be work-hardened to withstand the pressures of cartridges. The neck and body portion of a case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reforming so that it can be reloaded many times. Steel is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in military ammunition. Steel is less expensive than brass, but it is not feasible to reload, Military forces typically consider small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, one-time-use devices. However, case weight affects how much ammunition a soldier can carry, conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the strength of steel in the neck of these cases is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck
3.
Imperial units
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The system of imperial units or the imperial system is the system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, which was later refined and reduced. The Imperial units replaced the Winchester Standards, which were in effect from 1588 to 1825, the system came into official use across the British Empire. The imperial system developed from what were first known as English units, the Weights and Measures Act of 1824 was initially scheduled to go into effect on 1 May 1825. However, the Weights and Measures Act of 1825 pushed back the date to 1 January 1826, the 1824 Act allowed the continued use of pre-imperial units provided that they were customary, widely known, and clearly marked with imperial equivalents. Apothecaries units are mentioned neither in the act of 1824 nor 1825, at the time, apothecaries weights and measures were regulated in England, Wales, and Berwick-upon-Tweed by the London College of Physicians, and in Ireland by the Dublin College of Physicians. In Scotland, apothecaries units were unofficially regulated by the Edinburgh College of Physicians, the three colleges published, at infrequent intervals, pharmacopoeiae, the London and Dublin editions having the force of law. The Medical Act of 1858 transferred to The Crown the right to publish the official pharmacopoeia and to regulate apothecaries weights, Metric equivalents in this article usually assume the latest official definition. Before this date, the most precise measurement of the imperial Standard Yard was 0.914398416 metres, in 1824, the various different gallons in use in the British Empire were replaced by the imperial gallon, a unit close in volume to the ale gallon. It was originally defined as the volume of 10 pounds of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the standing at 30 inches of mercury at a temperature of 62 °F. The Weights and Measures Act of 1985 switched to a gallon of exactly 4.54609 l and these measurements were in use from 1826, when the new imperial gallon was defined, but were officially abolished in the United Kingdom on 1 January 1971. In the USA, though no longer recommended, the system is still used occasionally in medicine. The troy pound was made the unit of mass by the 1824 Act, however, its use was abolished in the UK on 1 January 1879, with only the troy ounce. The Weights and Measures Act 1855 made the pound the primary unit of mass. In all the systems, the unit is the pound. For the yard, the length of a pendulum beating seconds at the latitude of Greenwich at Mean Sea Level in vacuo was defined as 39.01393 inches, the imperial system is one of many systems of English units. Although most of the units are defined in more than one system, some units were used to a much greater extent, or for different purposes. The distinctions between these systems are not drawn precisely. One such distinction is that between these systems and older British/English units/systems or newer additions, the US customary system is historically derived from the English units that were in use at the time of settlement
4.
.303 British
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The.303 British or 7. 7×56mmR, is a. 303-inch calibre rimmed rifle cartridge first developed in Britain as a black-powder round put into service in December 1888 for the Lee–Metford rifle. In 1891 the cartridge was adapted to use smokeless powder and it was the standard British and Commonwealth military cartridge from 1889 until the 1950s when it was replaced by the 7. 62×51mm NATO. The.303 British has 3.64 ml cartridge case capacity, americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈17 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254 mm,5 grooves, Ø lands =7.70 millimetres, Ø grooves =7.92 millimetres, land width =2.12 millimetres and the primer type is Berdan or Boxer. Rulings the.303 British can handle up to 365.00 MPa Pmax piezo pressure, regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that.303 British chambered arms in C. I. P, regulated countries are currently proof tested at 456.00 MPa PE piezo pressure. The SAAMI Maximum Average Pressure for this cartridge is 49,000 psi piezo pressure, the measurement. 303-inch is the nominal size of the bore measured between the lands which follows the older black powder nomenclature. Measured between the grooves, the size of the bore is. 311-inch. Bores for many.303 military surplus rifles are found ranging from around. 309-inch up to. 318-inch. Recommended bullet diameter for standard.303 British cartridges is. 312-inch, the bolt thrust of the.303 British is relatively low compared to many other service rounds used in the early 20th century. The original.303 British service cartridge employed black powder as a propellant, and was adopted for the Lee–Metford rifle, ballistite was a stick-type smokeless powder composed of soluble nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. Unlike Cordite, Riflelite was a powder, and contained no nitroglycerine. After extensive testing, the Committee on Explosives selected Cordite for use in the Mark II.303 British service cartridge, the initial.303 Mark I and Mk II service cartridges employed a 215-grain, round-nosed, copper-nickel full-metal-jacketed bullet with a lead core. After tests determined that the bullet had too thin a jacket when used with cordite. This led to the introduction of the Cartridge S. A. Ball.303 inch Cordite Mark III, similar hollow-point bullets were used in the Mk IV and Mk V loadings, which were put into mass production. The design of the Mk IV hollow-point bullet shifted bullet weight rearwards, improving stability, the remaining stocks were used for target practice. The concern about expanding bullets was brought up at the 1899 Hague Convention by Swiss, the British and American defense was that they should not focus on specific bullet designs, like hollow-points, but instead on rounds that caused superfluous injury. The parties in the end agreed to abstain from using expanding bullets, as a result, the Mark III and other expanding versions of the.303 were not issued during the Second Boer War
5.
TT pistol
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The TT-30 is a Russian semi-automatic pistol. It served until 1952, when it was replaced by the Makarov pistol, in 1930, the Revolutionary Military Council approved a resolution to test new small arms to replace its aging Nagant M1895 revolvers. During these tests, on 7 January 1931, the potential of a designed by Fedor Tokarev was noted. A few weeks later,1,000 TT-30s were ordered for trials. The TT-30 was manufactured between 1930 and 1936, with about 93,000 being produced, but even as the TT-30 was being put into production, design changes were made to simplify manufacturing. This redesigned pistol was the TT-33, most TT-33s were issued to officers. The TT-33 was widely used by Soviet troops during World War II, in other areas the TT-33 differs more from Brownings designs — it employs a much simpler hammer/sear assembly than the M1911. This assembly is removable from the pistol as a modular unit, Soviet engineers made several alterations to make the mechanism easier to produce and maintain, most notably the simplifications of the barrels locking lugs, allowing fewer machining steps. Some models use a captive recoil spring secured to the rod which does depend on the barrel bushing to hold it under tension. The TT-33 is chambered for the 7. 62×25mm Tokarev cartridge, the 7. 62×25mm cartridge is powerful, has an extremely flat trajectory, and is capable of penetrating thick clothing and soft body armor. Able to withstand tremendous abuse, large numbers of the TT-33 were produced during World War II, in modern times the robust TT-33 has been converted to many extremely powerful cartridges including.38 Super and 9×23mm Winchester. Many imported variants have manual safeties added, which vary greatly in placement, the Wehrmacht captured a fair number of TT-33s and issued them to units under the Pistole 615 designation. This was made possible by the fact that Russian 7.62 mm Model 1930 Type P cartridges were nearly identical to the German 7. 63×25mm Mauser cartridge, therefore, German ammunition could be used in captured Russian arms, but not vice versa. Due to much higher pressures, the Russian cartridges should never be used in the German Mauser pistols, such use could be very dangerous. Interarms marketed World War II-surplus Russian-made Tokarevs in Europe and the United States as the Phoenix and they had new wooden grips with a phoenix design on them and were overstamped INTERARMS on the barrel. Later gun laws banned their sale due to their lack of a safety, the TT-33 was eventually replaced by the 8-round, 9×18mm Makarov PM pistol in 1952. Production of the TT-33 in Russia ended in 1954, but copies were made by other countries. At one time or another most communist or Soviet bloc countries made a variation of the TT-33 pistol, the TT pistol was copied in China as the Type 51, Type 54, M20, and TU-90. 62×25mm caliber
6.
Submachine gun
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A submachine gun is a magazine-fed, automatic carbine designed to fire pistol cartridges. The term submachine gun was coined by John T. Thompson, the submachine gun was developed during World War I. At its zenith during World War II, millions of SMGs were made, after the war, new SMG designs appeared frequently. However, by the 1980s, SMG usage decreased, today, submachine guns have been largely replaced by assault rifles, which have a greater effective range and are capable of penetrating the helmets and body armor used by modern infantrymen. Carbine-type automatic weapons firing pistol rounds were developed during the stages of World War I by Italy, Germany. Their improved firepower and portability offered an advantage in trench warfare, in 1915, the Italians introduced the Villar-Perosa aircraft machine gun. It fired pistol-caliber 9mm Glisenti ammunition, but was not a true submachine gun and this odd design was then modified into the Beretta OVP carbine-type submachine gun, which then evolved into the Beretta Model 1918 after the end of World War I. Both the Beretta OVP and the Model 1918 had a wooden stock, a 25-round top-fed box magazine. The Germans initially used heavier versions of the P08 pistol equipped with a larger-capacity snail-drum magazine, by 1918, Bergmann Waffenfabrik had developed the MP18, the first practical submachine gun. This weapon fired the 9×19mm Parabellum round and used the same 32-round snail-drum magazine as the Luger P-08, the MP18 was used in significant numbers by German stormtroopers employing infiltration tactics, achieving some notable successes in the final year of the war. However, these were not enough to prevent Germanys collapse in November 1918, after World War I, the MP18 would evolve into the MP28/II SMG, which incorporated a simple 32-round box magazine, a semi & full auto selector, and other minor improvements. The Thompson submachine gun had been in development at approximately the time as the Bergmann. However, the war ended before prototypes could be shipped to Europe, although it had missed its chance to be the first purpose-designed submachine gun to enter service, it became the basis for later weapons and had the longest active service life of the three. However, the FBI and other U. S. police forces themselves showed no reluctance to use, eventually, the submachine gun was gradually accepted by many military organizations, especially as World War II loomed, with many countries developing their own designs. The Italians were among the first to develop submachine guns during World War I, however, they were slow to produce them during World War II. The Beretta Model 1938 was not available in numbers until 1943. The 38 was made in a series of improved and simplified models all sharing the same basic layout. The Beretta has two triggers, the front for semi-auto and rear for full-auto, most models use standard wooden stocks, although some models were fitted with an MP 40-style under-folding stock and are commonly mistaken for the German SMG
7.
.32 ACP
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.32 ACP, also known as the.32 Automatic is a centerfire pistol cartridge. It is a semi-rimmed, straight-walled cartridge developed by firearms designer John Browning and it was introduced in 1899 by Fabrique Nationale, and is also known as the 7. 65×17mmSR Browning or 7.65 mm Browning Short. John Browning engineered a number of modern semi-automatic pistol mechanisms and cartridges, as his first pistol cartridge, the.32 ACP needed a straight wall for reliable blowback operation as well as a small rim for reliable feeding from a box magazine. The cartridge headspaces on the rim, the cartridge was a success and was adopted by dozens of countries and countless governmental agencies. The popularity of the.32 ACP in the half of the 20th century cannot be overstated—especially in Europe. Firearms expert Geoffrey Boothroyd of the UK informed author Ian Fleming, his countryman, a significant factor in recommending this round was its near universal availability throughout the world in the 1950s. To avoid patent infringement John Pedersen designed the Remington Model 51 so as to not to rely on any other, the.32 ACP has been chambered in more handguns than any other cartridge. Between 1899 and 1909, Fabrique Nationale produced 500,000 guns chambered for.32 ACP, heckler & Koch produced the HK4, their first handgun, in 1967. Twelve thousand HK4 pistols were produced in.32 ACP for the German police, the.32 ACP was intended for blowback semi-automatic pistols which lacked a breech locking mechanism. It was John Pedersen with the Remington Model 51 that delivered a true locked breech for the.32 ACP cartridge, the relatively low power and light bullet of the cartridge allowed Browning to incorporate a practical blowback mechanism in a small pocket-size pistol. It is still used primarily in compact, inexpensive pistols. The.32 ACP is compact and light, while some believe it has marginal stopping power, it has been used effectively by military and police worldwide for the past century. Weapons chambered in it are often valued for their compactness, although.32 ACP handguns were traditionally made of steel, they have been produced in light weight polymers since the 1990s. Their light weight, very low recoil and very good relative to larger caliber pistols make them suitable for concealed carry use. Some popular pistols chambered in.32 ACP are the Walther PP and the Walther PPK as well as the FEG PA-63, which is a clone of the Walther PP. It offers more velocity and energy than the.32 S&W, although of lighter bullet weight, the.32 ACP also compares favorably to the.32 S&W Long in performance. Some European 73 grain.32 ACP loads provides similar performance to the.32 H&R Magnum 77 grain lead flat point and 90 grain lead semiwadcutter, the.32 ACP is one of the most common calibers used in veterinary humane killers, such as the Greener Humane Killer. Given that a.22 LR can penetrate bone, the higher power.32 ACP can easily penetrate a skull with a muzzle-contact shot
8.
Revolver
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A revolver is a repeating handgun that has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing. Revolvers might be regarded as a subset of pistols, or as a subset of handguns. Though the term revolver usually only refers to handguns, other firearms may also have a revolving chamber and these include some models of grenade launchers, shotguns, and rifles. Most revolvers contain five or six rounds in the cylinder, though the original name was revolving gun, the short-hand revolver is universally used. The revolver allows the user to fire multiple rounds without reloading, each time the user cocks the hammer, the cylinder revolves to align the next chamber and round with the hammer and barrel, which gives this type of firearm its name. In a single-action revolver, the user pulls the back with his free hand or thumb. In a double-action revolver, pulling the trigger moves the back, then releases it. Loading and unloading a double-action revolver requires the operator to swing out the cylinder and insert the proper ammunition, the first guns with multichambered cylinders that revolved to feed one barrel were made in the late 16th century in Europe. They were expensive and rare curiosities, not until the 19th century would revolvers become common weapons of industrial production. One of the first was a flintlock revolver patented by Elisha Collier in 1814, the first percussion revolver was made by Lenormand of Paris in 1820 and the first percussion cap revolver was invented by the Italian Francesco Antonio Broccu in 1833. He received a prize of 300 francs for his invention, although he did not patent it, however, in 1835 a similar handgun was patented by Samuel Colt, who would go on to make the first mass-produced revolver. The first cartridge revolvers were produced around 1854 by Eugene Lefaucheux, revolvers soon became standard for nearly all uses. In the early 20th century, semi-automatic pistols were developed, which can hold more rounds, Automatic pistols also have a flat profile, more suitable for concealed carry. Automatic pistols have almost completely replaced revolvers in military and law enforcement use, revolvers still remain popular as back-up and off-duty handguns among American law enforcement officers and security guards. Also, revolvers are still common in the American private sector as defensive, in the development of firearms, an important limiting factor was the time it took to reload the weapon after it was fired. While the user was reloading, the weapon was useless, several approaches to the problem of increasing the rate of fire were developed, the earliest being multi-barrelled weapons which allowed two or more shots without reloading. Later weapons featured multiple barrels revolving along a single axis, the earliest examples of what today is called a revolver were made in Germany in the late 16th century. These weapons featured a barrel with a revolving cylinder holding the powder
9.
Nagant M1895
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The Nagant M1895 Revolver is a seven-shot, gas-seal revolver designed and produced by Belgian industrialist Léon Nagant for the Russian Empire. The Nagant M1895 was chambered for a cartridge,7. The Nagant M1895 was adopted as the standard side arm for the Imperial Russian Army and police officers. Production began in Liège, Belgium, however Russia purchased the rights in 1898, and moved production to the Tula Arsenal in Russia. Until 1918 it was produced in two versions, a version for officers, and a cheaper single-action version for the ranks. It continued to be used after the Russian Revolution by the Red Army, the common Russian name for the revolver, наган became synonymous with the concept of the revolver in general and was applied to such weapons regardless of actual make or model. As early 1933 the M1895 had started to be replaced by the Tokarev semi-automatic pistol but was never fully replaced until the Makarov pistol in 1952. It was still produced and used in great numbers during World War II and remained in use with the Russian Railways, postal service, in the Russian Federation, it was only retired from use with postal security service in 2003, and from bailiff security service in 2009. Expensive revolvers such as Korth and Manurhin are hand-fitted, keeping the gap to a minimum, mass-produced revolvers such as Smith & Wesson may have a gap as large as 0.25 mm. The M1895 by contrast, has a mechanism which, as the hammer is cocked, first turns the cylinder and then moves it forward, the cartridge, also unique, plays an important part in sealing the gun to the escape of propellant gases. The bullet is seated, entirely within the cartridge case. The barrel features a conical section at its rear, this accepts the mouth of the cartridge. The Nagant M1895 was made in both single-action and double-action models before and during World War I, they are known colloquially as the “Privates model”, production of the single-action model seems to have stopped after 1918, with some exceptions, including examples made for target competition. Most single-action revolvers were converted to double-action, making original single-action revolvers rather rare. Whether fired in action or double action, the Nagant M1895 has a markedly heavy trigger pull. The M1895 revolver was used extensively by the Russian Imperial Army, in Russian service, it was known for its extreme sturdiness and ability to withstand abuse. As one former Imperial Russian officer stated, if anything went wrong with the M1895 and it was widely employed by the Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka, as well as its Soviet successor agencies, the OGPU and NKVD. Seven Nagant revolvers were used by communist revolutionaries to murder the Russian imperial family, in the police role, it was frequently seen with a cut-down barrel to aid in concealment by plainclothes agents
10.
.32 Long Colt
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The.32 Long Colt is an American centerfire fire revolver cartridge. Introduced by Colts with the New Line revolver in 1873, the.32 Colt was inspired by the.320 Revolver. With a case lengthened by.31 in over the.32 Short Colt, more popular in Europe than North America, Colt was the most prominent American manufacturer which chambered any weapons in.32 Long Colt, most notably the Police Positive
11.
.32 S&W Long
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The.32 S&W Long is a straight-walled, centerfire, rimmed handgun cartridge, based on the earlier.32 S&W cartridge. It was introduced in 1896 for Smith & Wessons first-model Hand Ejector revolver, Colt called it the.32 Colt New Police in revolvers it made chambered for the cartridge. The.32 S&W Long was introduced in 1896 with the companys first hand ejector revolver, the.32 Long is simply a lengthened version of the earlier.32 S&W. The hand ejector design has evolved some, but with its swing out cylinder on a crane, has been the basis for every S&W revolver designed since, in 1896, the cartridge was loaded with black powder. In 1903 the small hand ejector was updated with a new design, the cartridge stayed the same, but was now loaded with smokeless powder to roughly the same chamber pressure. When he was the New York City Police Commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt standardized the use of the Colt New Police revolver. The cartridge was adopted by several other northeastern U. S. police departments. The.32 Long is well known as an accurate cartridge. This reputation led Police Commissioner Roosevelt to select it as an expedient way to increase accuracy with their revolvers in New York City. The Colt company referred to the.32 S&W Long cartridge as the.32 Colts New Police cartridge, concurrent with the conversion of the Colt New Police revolver from.32 Long Colt. The cartridges are identical with the exception that the.32 NP cartridge has been historically loaded with a flat nosed bullet as opposed to the round nose of the.32 S&W Long. In the United States, it is usually older revolvers which are chambered in this caliber, the cartridge has mostly fallen out of use due to smaller revolvers chambered in.38 S&W Special being more effective for self-defense. The sporting variant of the Manurhin MR73, also known as MR32, is chambered in.32 S&W Long. The IOF.32 Revolver manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Organization in India for civilian licence holders is chambered for this cartridge. The.32 S&W Long headspaces on the rim and shares the rim dimensions and case and bullet diameters of the shorter.32 S&W cartridge, the shorter.32 S&W may be fired in handguns chambered for the.32 S&W Long, and the. The.32 S&W Long and.32 Long Colt are not interchangeable, at one time it was widely publicized that these rounds would interchange, but in truth it has never been deemed safe to do so. List of handgun cartridges Table of handgun and rifle cartridges 8 mm caliber S&W Model 30
12.
.32 H&R Magnum
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The.32 H&R Magnum is a rimmed cartridge designed for use in revolvers. It was developed in 1984 as a joint venture between Harrington & Richardson and Federal Cartridge, the.32 H&R Magnum is produced by lengthening the.32 S&W Long case by.155, to 1.075. The.32 H&R Magnum offers substantially more performance than other.32 caliber handgun cartridges, such as the.32 ACP and its higher velocity offers a flat trajectory, while the light weight of the bullets results in low recoil. The older. 32-20 Winchester was extremely popular in the Winchester lever- and Colt single-actions, available at the turn of the century, the.32 H&R offers near duplicate performance. Penetration is also increased compared to the.38 special with bullets of the same weight, max pressure for the.32 H&R Mag is set at 21,000 CUP by SAAMI. The.327 Federal Magnum is based on the.32 H&R Magnum, though the.32 H&R was not designed with a particular task in mind, it is fairly well suited to small game hunting. It is also an acceptable self-defense cartridge and it is not generally considered a good plinking cartridge, due to high cost and poor availability of ammunition, but reloading can mitigate those issues. Many handgun hunters use the.22 Winchester rimfire magnum with great success in hunting small to small-medium game, up to coyote in size. The.32 H&R magnum offers increased stopping power due to its heavier bullets and larger caliber, in 2013, Hornady introduced a.32 H&R magnum Critical Defense cartridge designed for self-defense. It propels an 80 grain FTX, bullet at 1,150 fps muzzle velocity, buffalo Bore offers +P rated cartridges with either a 100 gr JHP or a 130 gr. Longer cartridges are unsafe in short chambers, so more powerful.32 H&R Magnum cartridges should never be loaded into arms designed for the.32 S&W or.32 S&W Long, american Derringer, Bond Arms, and Cobra Firearms offer derringers in.32 H&R Magnum. Thompson Center Arms offered their Contender pistol in it as well, Marlin offers the Model 1894CB lever-action rifle in.32 H&R Magnum. Unlike other Marlin 1894s, the 1894CB loads from the front of the tubular 10-shot magazine, like their Model 39A rimfire rifle, and has a faster, 10% shorter throw lever action
13.
.327 Federal Magnum
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The.327 Federal Magnum is actually a super magnum having replaced the.32 H&R Magnum as the pinnacle of power in this diameter revolver cartridge. First introduced by Federal Cartridge company, the.327 Federal Magnum is an attempt to improve on the.32 H&R Magnum introduced in 1984. Like the.32 H&R Magnum, the.327 Federal Magnum is a lengthened, magnum version of the original.32 S&W cartridge, which dates back to 1878. The.32 S&W was a powder cartridge developed by the Union Metallic Cartridge Company with a case length of 0.61 in. In 1896, the.32 S&W Long was introduced, which had a length of 0.920 in. The introduction of the.32 H&R Magnum nearly a century later increased the length to 1.075 in and increased pressures from 15,000 psi to 21,000 CUP. However, the.32 H&R Magnum cartridge failed to attract much interest from gun owners, while felt recoil exceeds that of the.32 H&R magnum, revolvers in.327 Federal Magnum are much easier to control than equivalent models chambered in.357 Magnum. Comparing the two calibers, Chuck Hawks says, There is no doubt that, for most shooters, the.357 Mag. produces uncomfortable recoil and muzzle blast. ATK recoil figures for the.327 Mag. show free recoil energies of 3.08 ft·lbf. for the 85 grain JHP factory load,5.62 ft·lbf for the 115 grain JHP load and 5.58 ft·lbf for the 100 grain SP load. For comparison, ATK figures are 1.46 ft·lbf for the 85 grain.32 H&R Mag. load and 7.22 ft·lbf for the 125 grain.357 Mag. load. Revolvers in.327 Federal Magnum were initially offered by Charter Arms, Taurus, Ruger, the stainless steel Ruger SP101 was originally selected as the development platform for the new cartridge. Freedom Arms made a design, as did U. S. Fire Arms with its 8-shot Sparrowhawk, Ruger offered the double-action 6-shot SP101 and 7-shot GP100, and the full-sized single-action 8-shot Blackhawk, revolvers chambered in.327 Federal Magnum. A version of the Ruger SP101 with a 3 1/16 barrel chambered in the.327 Federal Magnum was released in January 2008, Ruger, U. S. Firearms, and Freedom Arms discontinued these models by the end of 2013. Smith & Wessons Model 632 has also been discontinued, in late 2014, Ruger introduced the smaller-framed Ruger Single-Seven, a 7-shot single-action.327 Federal Magnum revolver based on the Single-Six. In March,2015, Ruger re-introduced the SP101 in.327 Federal Magnum, the current version of the SP101 features fully adjustable sights and a longer 4.2 barrel. In September 2015, Ruger also introduced the LCR in.327 Federal Magnum, in early 2017, Henry Repeating Arms announced production of four new lever-action long guns, with shipping scheduled to begin in March. Firearms author Chuck Hawks suggests that lever-action carbines in.327 Mag, another similar cartridge is the.30 Carbine, which has been offered in Rugers single-action Blackhawk revolver line since 1968
14.
.300 AAC Blackout
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300 AAC Blackout, SAAMI short name 300 BLK, also known as 7. 62×35mm is a rifle cartridge developed in the United States by Advanced Armament Corporation for use in the M4 carbine. Its purpose is to achieve ballistics similar to the 7. 62×39mm Soviet cartridge in an AR-15 while using standard AR-15 magazines at their normal capacity. Care should be not to use 300 BLK ammunition in a rifle chambered for. 223/5.56 or 7. 62×40mm Wilson Tactical. In an effort to satisfy this need, the 300 AAC Blackout was developed and it can be seen as a SAAMI-certified version of Jones Wildcat.300 Whisper. Meeting these goals allowed the development team to many of the perceived drawbacks inherent to other large caliber cartridges when used in the M4. Colt Firearms and other makers had previously chambered AR-pattern rifles and carbines in various.30 caliber rounds. Rounds such as the 6.8 SPC and 6.5 Grendel had similar part-interchangeability issues,300 AAC BLACKOUT was approved by SAAMI on January 17,2011. On October 23,2011, SSG Daniel Horner of the USAMU used 300 AAC Blackout to win his 4th USPSA Multi Gun National Championship. In July 2015, the Netherlands Defense Material Organization issued a tender for 195 carbines chambered in 300 BLK on behalf of the Dutch Maritime Special Operations Force, plans are to purchase ball, subsonic and lead-free frangible cartridges representing the first formal military adoption of the 300 BLK. Maximum estimated Combat effective range = *460 meters 125 grain supersonic, maximum effective range tested =800 Meters. The Barnes 110 TAC-TX expands out to 300 Meters from a 9 barrel and is a Law Enforcement and military round with barrier blind capability. 200 meters 220 grain subsonic The 300 AAC Blackout was designed to achieve energies similar to the 7. 62×39mm Soviet in an AR-15 while using standard AR magazines at their full capacity. The 7.62 Soviets cartridge taper prevented reliable feeding in AR magazines, from the 14.5 in barrel of the M4 Carbine, the M8555. 56×45mm round has an effective point target range of 500 meters. The bullet has significant drop, drift, and energy loss at that distance, from a 16 in barrel, a 125 gr 300 BLK round has a lower velocity and similar bullet drop and drift at shorter distances. However, it has the amount of energy at 700 meters that the M855 has at 500 meters. In terms of hit probability, the Blackout has a range of 460 meters. From a 9 in barrel, the 125 gr BLK round has the same energy as the M855 from the M4. In comparison with 7. 62×39mm rounds,300 BLK rounds with varying loads have a ballistic coefficient
15.
M4 carbine
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The M4 carbine is a shorter and lighter variant of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is a 5. 56×45mm NATO, air-cooled, direct impingement gas-operated, magazine-fed carbine and it has a 14.5 in barrel and a telescoping stock. The M4 carbine is used by the United States Armed Forces and is replacing the M16 rifle in most United States Army. The M4 is also capable of mounting the M203 and M320 grenade launchers, the distinctive step in its barrel is for mounting the M203 with the standard hardware. The M4 is capable of firing in semi-automatic and three-round burst modes, while the M4A1 is capable of firing in semi-auto, following the adoption of the M16 rifle, carbine variants were also adopted for close quarters operations. The CAR-15 family of weapons served through the Vietnam War, nevertheless, as a short-range weapon it is quite adequate and thus, its caliber, is classed as a submachine gun. In 1988, Colt began work on a new design called the XM4 combining the best features of the Colt Commando. The XM4 was given a longer 14. 5-inch barrel with the M16A2s 1,7 inch rifle twist, the extended barrel improved the XM4s ballistics, reduced muzzle blast and gave the XM4 the ability to mount a bayonet and the M203 grenade launcher. The XM4 was also given the M16A2s improved rear sight and cartridge deflector, in 1994, the U. S. military officially accepted the XM4 into service as the M4 carbine to replace M16A2s in certain roles. The United States Marine Corps has ordered its officers and staff non-commissioned officers to carry the M4 carbine instead of the M9 handgun and this is in keeping with the Marine Corps doctrine, Every Marine a rifleman. The Marine Corps, however, chose the full-sized M16A4 over the M4 as its infantry rifle. United States Navy corpsmen E5 and below are also issued M4s instead of the M9, as of 2013, the U. S. Marine Corps had 80,000 M4 carbines in their inventory. By July 2015, major Marine Corps commands were endorsing switching to the M4 over the M16A4 as the infantry rifle. Approval of the change would move the M16 to support personnel, in October 2015, Commandant Robert Neller formally approved of making the M4 carbine the primary weapon for all infantry battalions, security forces, and supporting schools in the U. S. Marine Corps. The switch is to begin in early 2016 and be completed by September 2016, on 1 July 2009, the U. S. Army took complete ownership of the M4 design. This allowed companies other than Colt to compete with their own M4 designs, the Army planned on fielding the last of its M4 requirement in 2010. On 30 October 2009, Army weapons officials proposed a series of changes to the M4 to Congress, requested changes included an electronic round counter that records the number of shots fired, a heavier barrel, and possibly replacing the direct impingement system with a gas piston system. The benefits of this, however, have come under scrutiny from both the military and civilian firearms community. S
16.
STANAG magazine
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A STANAG magazine or NATO magazine is a type of detachable firearm magazine proposed by NATO in October 1980. The U. S. M16 rifle magazine was proposed for standardization, many NATO members, but not all, subsequently developed or purchased rifles with the ability to accept this type of magazine. However the standard was never ratified, in due to German and French work on proprietary magazines respectively for the Heckler & Koch G11 and FAMAS. The STANAG magazine concept is only an interface, dimensional and controls requirement, therefore, it not only allows one type of magazine to interface with various weapon systems, but also allows STANAG magazines to be made in various configurations and capacities. The standard capacities of STANAG-compatible magazines are 20 or 30 rounds of 5. 56×45mm NATO ammunition, there are also 5-, 10-, 40- and 50-round box magazines, as well as 60- and 100-round casket magazines, 90-round snail-drum magazines, and 100-round drum magazines. There has also been a 150-round drum magazine produced, the STANAG magazine, while relatively compact compared to other types of 5. Because STANAG4179 is only a standard, production quality from manufacturer to manufacturer is not uniform. As a result, in March 2009, the U. S. military began to accept delivery of improved STANAG magazines, to increase reliability, these magazines incorporate heavier, more corrosion resistant springs and new tan-colored anti-tilt followers. In addition, many commercial magazine manufacturers now offer improved STANAG-compatible magazines and these magazines are made from high-grade stainless steel bodies, rust- and set-resistant chrome-silicon springs, and anti-tilt followers. There are also highly reliable polymer magazines, some with view windows, ARDEC began development of a new magazine design in July 2013 to address feeding issues of older designs with the new M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round. It was first made public in 2014 and completed development in mid-2016 as the Enhanced Performance Magazine, the RAM-LINE 30-round COMBO MAG is a uniquely notable STANAG magazine. These commercial translucent plastic magazines can be used in both AR-15 type rifles and Ruger Mini-14 type rifles
17.
SKS
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The SKS is a Soviet semi-automatic carbine chambered for the 7. 62×39mm round, designed in 1943 by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov. Its complete designation, SKS-45, is an initialism for Samozaryadnyj Karabin sistemy Simonova,1945, the SKS-45 was manufactured at Tula Arsenal from 1949-1958 and at Izhevsk Arsenal in just 1953 and 1954, resulting in a total Soviet production of about 2.7 million carbines. In the early 1950s, the Soviets took the SKS carbine out of service and replaced it with the AK-47, however. It is still used as a ceremonial firearm today, the SKS was widely exported, and was also licensed for production by then Eastern Bloc nations, Romania and East Germany, as well as China, where it was designated the Type 56 Carbine. The East German version was known as the Karabiner S, the Albanian as the Model 561, the SKS is popular on the civilian surplus market as a hunting and marksmanship semi-automatic rifle in many countries, including the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Its age and numbers make it inexpensive to purchase. The SKS was the second firearm to be chambered for the 7. 62×39mm M43 round, the SKS has a conventional layout, with a wooden stock and rifle grip. It is a rifle that has a spring-loaded bolt carrier. The bolt is locked to contain the pressure of ignition at the moment of firing by tilting downwards at its rear and being held by a lug pressed into the receiver. At the moment of firing, the carrier is pushed rearwards, which causes it to lift the bolt, unlocking it. This allows the case to be ejected and a new round from the magazine to be carried into the chamber. As a result, it has a higher muzzle velocity than those arms that replaced it. The SKSs ten-round internal box magazine can be loaded either by hand or from a stripper clip, cartridges stored in the magazine can be removed by pulling back on a latch located forward of the trigger guard. In typical military use the clips are disposable. If necessary they can be reloaded multiple times and reused, because of this design, care must be taken during cleaning to ensure that the firing pin can freely move and does not stick in the forward position within the bolt. SKS firing pins that are stuck in the position have been known to cause accidental slamfires. This behavior is likely with the hard primer military-spec ammo for which the SKS was designed. For collectors, slamfires are more likely when the still has remnants of Cosmoline embedded in it that retard firing pin movement
18.
AK-47
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The AK-47, or AK as it is officially known is a selective-fire, gas-operated 7. 62×39 mm assault rifle, developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is officially known in the Soviet documentation as Avtomat Kalashnikova, Design work on the AK-47 began in the last year of World War II. In 1946, the AK-47 was presented for military trials, and in 1948. An early development of the design was the AKS, which was equipped with a metal shoulder stock. In the spring of 1949, the AK-47 was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces, as of 2004, Of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s. During World War II, the Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle used by German forces made an impression on their Soviet counterparts. The select-fire rifle was chambered for a new cartridge, the 7. 92×33mm Kurz. On 15 July 1943, a model of the Sturmgewehr was demonstrated before the Peoples Commissariat of Arms of the USSR. The Soviets soon developed the 7. 62×39mm M43 cartridge, the semi-automatic SKS carbine, shortly after World War II, the Soviets developed the AK-47 assault rifle, which would quickly replace the SKS in Soviet service. Mikhail Kalashnikov began his career as a designer in 1941, while recuperating from a shoulder wound. I was a soldier, and I created a gun for a soldier. It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova, the weapon of Kalashnikov—AK—and it carried the date of its first manufacture,1947. The AK-47 is best described as a hybrid of previous rifle technology innovations, Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 and the German StG44. Kalashnikovs team had access to weapons and had no need to reinvent the wheel. Kalashnikov himself observed, A lot of Russian Army soldiers ask me how one can become a constructor, each designer seems to have his own paths, his own successes and failures. But one thing is clear, before attempting to create something new, I myself have had many experiences confirming this to be so. There are claims about Kalashnikov copying other designs, like Bulkins TKB-415 or Simonovs AVS-31, Kalashnikov started work on a submachine gun design in 1942 and with a light machine gun in 1943. Early in 1944, Kalashnikov was given some M19437. 62×39mm cartridges and it was suggested to him that this new weapon might well lead to greater things, and he undertook work on the new rifle
19.
AKM
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The AKM is a 7. 62mm assault rifle designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is a modernized variant of the AK-47 rifle developed in the 1940s. The production of these Soviet rifles was carried out at both the Tula Arms Plant and Izhmash and it was officially replaced in Soviet frontline service by the AK-74 in the late 1970s, but remains in use worldwide. The AKM is a rifle using the 7. 62×39mm Soviet intermediate cartridge. It is gas operated with a rotating bolt, the AKM is capable of selective fire, firing either single shots or automatic at a cyclic rate of 600 rounds/min. Despite being replaced in the late 1970s by the AK-74 the AKM is still in service in some Russian Army reserve and second-line units, notably, the AK-47s milled steel receiver was replaced by a U-shaped steel stamping. As a result of modifications, the AKM’s weight was reduced by ≈1 kg. The AKM’s receiver, compared to the AK-47, is stamped from a smooth 1.0 mm sheet of steel, to the U-shaped stamped sheet metal receiver housing a rear stock trunnion and forward barrel trunnion are fastened using rivets. The receiver housing also features a rigid tubular cross-section support that adds structural strength, guide rails that assist the bolt carrier’s movement which also incorporates the ejector are installed inside the receiver through spot welding. As a weight-saving measure, the receiver cover is of thinner gauge metal than that of the AK-47. In order to strength and durability it employs both longitudinal and latitudinal reinforcing ribs. The forward barrel trunnion has a socket for the barrel. The AKM’s barrel is installed in the forward trunnion and pinned, additionally the barrel has horizontal guide slots that help align and secure the handguards in place. The muzzle brake is threaded on to the end of the barrel with a left-hand thread, not all AKMs had slant muzzle brakes, some were also fitted with the older muzzle nut which came from the AK-47. Most AKMs with muzzle nuts were older production weapons, the AKMs slant brake can also be used on the AK-47, which had a simple nut to cover the threads. The gas block in the AKM does not have a cleaning rod capture or sling loop but is fitted with an integrated bayonet support collar that has a cleaning rod guide hole. The forward sling loop was relocated to the front handguard retainer cap, the handguard retainer also has notches that determine the position of the handguards on the barrel. The AKM’s laminated wood handguards have lateral grooves that help grip the rifle
20.
Assault rifle
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An assault rifle is a selective-fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles were first used during World War II, examples include the StG44, AK-47 and the M16 rifle. However, other sources dispute that Hitler had much to do with coining the new name besides signing the production order, the StG44 is generally considered the first selective fire military rifle to popularize the assault rifle concept. Today, the assault rifle is used to define firearms sharing the same basic characteristics as the StG44. The U. S. Army defines assault rifles as short, compact, in a strict definition, a firearm must have at least the following characteristics to be considered an assault rifle, It must be capable of selective fire. It must have a cartridge, more power than a pistol. Its ammunition must be supplied from a box magazine. It must have a range of at least 300 metres. Rifles that meet most of these criteria, but not all, are not assault rifles. For example, Select-fire M2 Carbines are not assault rifles, their range is only 200 yards. Select-fire rifles such as the FN FAL battle rifle are not assault rifles, semi-automatic-only rifles like variants of the Colt AR-15 are not assault rifles, they do not have select-fire capabilities. Semi-auto rifles with fixed magazines like the SKS are not assault rifles, selective fire rifles like the Fedorov Avtomat which in hindsight could be classified as prototypical assault rifles. However,6. 5x50mm Arisaka is still very much a full-powered rifle cartridge and they would soon develop a select-fire intermediate powered rifle combining the firepower of a submachine gun with the range and accuracy of a rifle. The result was the Sturmgewehr 44, which the Germans produced in large numbers and it fired a new and revolutionary intermediate powered cartridge, the 7. 92×33mm Kurz. This new cartridge was developed by shortening the standard 7. 92×57mm Mauser round and giving it a lighter 125-grain bullet, a smaller lighter cartridge also allowed soldiers to carry more ammunition to support the higher consumption rate of automatic fire. The Sturmgewehr 44 features an inexpensive, easy-to-make, stamped steel design and this weapon was the prototype of all successful automatic rifles. The barrel and overall length were shorter than a traditional rifle, on July 15,1943, a Sturmgewehr was demonstrated before the Peoples Commissariat of Arms of the USSR. The Soviets soon developed the 7. 62×39mm M43 cartridge, the semi-automatic SKS carbine, shortly after World War II, the Soviets developed the AK-47 assault rifle, which would quickly replace the SKS in Soviet service
21.
RPK
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The RPK is a 7. 62×39mm light machine gun of Soviet design, developed by Mikhail Kalashnikov in the late 1950s, parallel with the AKM assault rifle. It was created as part of a designed to standardize the small arms inventory of the Red Army. The RPK continues to be used by the forces of countries of the former Soviet Union. The RPK was also manufactured in Bulgaria and Romania, the RPK functions identically to the AK-47. It also uses the same 7. 62×39mm ammunition, most notably, the RPK has a heavier and longer barrel than an AKM. This allows the RPK to fire for extended periods of time without loss in accuracy due to the barrel heating up. The chrome-lined barrel is fixed to the receiver, and cannot be replaced in the field. It is fitted with a new front sight base, gas block, the barrel also features a folding bipod, mounted near the muzzle, and a front sight base with a lug that limits the bipods rotation around the axis of barrel. The barrels muzzle is threaded, enabling the use of devices such as flash hiders, compensators. When a muzzle device is not being used, the threads on the muzzle can be covered by a thread protector, the barrel is pinned to the receiver in a modified trunnion, reinforced by ribbing, and is slightly wider than the trunnion used on standard AKM type rifles. Symmetrical bulges on both sides of the front trunnion ensure proper fit inside the receiver, the RPK also has a slightly longer receiver, by about 20mm or less. This was done to decrease the rate slightly, but it is not significant enough to lower it any less than 600 RPM. The RPKs U-shaped receiver is stamped from a smooth 1.5 mm sheet of steel, interchangeability of parts between the RPK and AKM is moderate. The RPK uses a modified AKM recoil spring assembly and it consists of a rear spring guide rod from the AK, and a new forward flat guide rod and coil spring. The RPK uses a standard AKM pistol grip, the weapon can use standard AKM detachable box magazines, but is most commonly used with a 40-round box magazine, or a 75-round drum magazine. The weapons rear sight leaf is elevation adjustable, and graduated for ranges of 100 to 1,000 meters, the rear sight leaf also features a windage adjustment knob, unique to the RPK series of rifles. Supplied with the RPK are, spare magazines, a rod, cleaning kit. An RPK with a wooden stock was intended primarily for the air assault infantry
22.
RPD machine gun
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The RPD is a 7. 62mm light machine gun developed in the Soviet Union by Vasily Degtyaryov for the intermediate 7. 62×39mm M43 cartridge. It was created as a replacement for the DP machine gun chambered for the 7. 62×54mmR round and it is a precursor of most squad automatic weapons. It was succeeded in Soviet service by the RPK, work on the weapon commenced in 1943. Three prominent Soviet engineers were asked to submit their own designs, Vasily Degtyaryov, Sergei Simonov, although the RPD was ready for mass production during the final stages of World War II, large scale delivery of the weapon did not begin until 1953. During the Vietnam War, the RPD served the Vietcong as their light machine gun. After the introduction of the Kalashnikov-pattern support weapons, such as the RPK and PK machine guns in the 1960s, however, the RPD remains in active service in many African and Asian nations. Apart from the former Soviet Union, the weapon was manufactured in China, Egypt, North Korea and, since 1956, the movement of these flaps and the resulting locking and unlocking action is controlled by carefully angled surfaces on the bolt carrier assembly. The weapon fires from an open bolt, the bolt is equipped with a spring-loaded casing extraction system and a fixed insert inside the receiver housing which passes between the feed horns of the bolt serves as the ejector. Spent cartridge casings are ejected downward through an opening in the carrier and receiver. The RPD has a manually operated lever-type safety mechanism that secures the weapon against accidental firing by blocking the bolt catch when engaged, unlike Degtyarovs earlier firearm patents, the RPDs return spring is located inside the butt. Like many other rugged Russian-made firearms, the chamber and bore are chrome-lined, greatly decreasing the risk of corrosion, the weapon has a non-removable barrel with a 3-position gas adjustment valve used to control the performance of the gas system. It is also equipped with an integral bipod, wooden shoulder stock, foregrip. The firearm strips down into the major groups, the receiver and barrel, bolt, bolt carrier, feed tray and feed cover, the recoil mechanism. The machine gun feeds from the side from a segmented. Two combined belts, containing a total of 100 rounds, are stored in a container resembling a drum that is attached to the base of the receiver. Instead of the drum, the gun can be fed by a loose belt, the feed system is operated by a roller connected to the reciprocating bolt carrier assembly and the belt is pulled during the rearward motion of the bolt carrier. The noteworthy flaw in the magazines design is its unreliability in dirty conditions, it can become clogged with filth. The RPD is equipped with a set of iron sights
23.
Vz. 52 rifle
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The vz.52 rifle is a self-loading rifle developed shortly after the Second World War in Czechoslovakia. Its full name is 7. 62mm samonabíjecí puška vzor 52, vz.52 is an abbreviation for vzor 52, meaning model 52. It fires the unique 7. 62×45mm cartridge and it is considered both reliable and accurate. The first 5000 vz.52 rifles were made by Považské strojárne in Považská Bystrica, the vz.52 is a shoulder-fired semi-automatic rifle with a tilting-bolt locking mechanism powered by an annular short-stroke gas piston system. The bolt is locked by two lugs that recess into slots machined into the receiver, the barrel is press-fit and pinned into the receiver. The manual safety switch is placed inside of the guard and is manipulated by the shooters index finger. The trigger mechanism closely resembles that used in the American M1 Garand semi-automatic rifle, the cocking handle is integrated into the bolt carrier and is located on the right side of the rifle, this arrangement enables the shooter to reload the rifle without disturbing his aim. The rifle is equipped with iron sights with a hooded front post and V-notch rear sight placed on a sliding tangent. The rifle can also accept day and night-time optics that interface with an optional, the rifle has an integral blade bayonet which folds into a recess carved into the stock on the right side. The vz.52 feeds from a box magazine with a 10-round cartridge capacity. For this purpose, a stripper clip guide is milled into the front face of the bolt carrier and this is the primary method of reloading the rifle as infantrymen were only issued 2 magazines per rifle. It ejects cartridge cases vigorously forward and to the left, 52/57 is identical except for its barrel and its magazines. It is considerably less common and are found in better condition due to the vz. The vz.52 magazines can be used with the vz, 52/57, but they do not feed as reliably. All of the vz.52 series were replaced in Czechoslovak service by the vz. 58, but the earlier rifles found their way to Soviet allies during the Cold War, the Czech Castle guard uses chrome-finished, deactivated vz.52 rifles with darkened wood stocks as ceremonial weapons. Cuba Czechoslovakia Egypt Indonesia, service with the KorMar, nicaragua Nigeria Syria Yemen Zimbabwe SKS Buddy Hinton Collection Modern Firearms VZ-52
24.
.308 Winchester
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The.308 Winchester is a rimless, bottlenecked rifle cartridge and is the commercial cartridge from which the 7. 62×51mm NATO round was derived. The.308 Winchester was introduced in 1952, two prior to the NATO adoption of the 7. 62×51mm NATO T65. Winchester branded the cartridge and introduced it to the hunting market as the.308 Winchester. Winchesters Model 70 and Model 88 rifles were chambered for the new cartridge. Since then, the.308 Winchester has become the most popular short-action and it is also commonly used for civilian hunting, target shooting, Metallic Silhouette, bench rest target shooting, palma, metal matches and military sniping, and police sharpshooting. The relatively short case makes the.308 Winchester especially well-adapted for short-action rifles, when loaded with a bullet that expands, tumbles, or fragments in tissue, this cartridge is capable of high terminal performance. Their interchange is, however, considered safe by the Sporting Arms, the.308 Winchester has 3.64 ml cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, all dimensions in millimeters and inches. Americans would define the angle at alpha/2 =20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305 mm,4 grooves, Ø lands =7.62 mm, Ø grooves =7.82 mm, land width =4.47 mm and the primer type is large rifle. Rulings the.308 Winchester can handle up to 415.00 MPa Pmax piezo pressure, regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C. I. P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that.308 Winchester chambered arms in C. I. P, regulated countries are currently proof tested at 519.00 MPa PE piezo pressure. North American SAAMI maximum pressure for the 308 Winchester is 62,000 PSI, the.308 Winchester is one of the most popular hunting cartridges in the United States, and possibly the world. It has gained popularity in countries as an exceptional cartridge for game in the medium- to large-sized class. In North America it is used extensively on whitetail deer, pronghorn, clay Harvey, an American gun writer, says it is usable on moose and elk. Layne Simpson, an American who has hunted in Sweden, says he is surprised how many hunters there use the cartridge, craig Boddington was told by a Norma Precision executive that the.308 is one of Normas best-selling calibers. In Africa the.308 Win is one of the most popular calibers among Bushveld hunters and is used on anything from duiker right up to the massive eland. The.308 Winchester has slightly more drop at range than the. 30-06 Springfield
25.
Dragunov sniper rifle
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The Dragunov sniper rifle is a semi-automatic sniper/designated marksman rifle chambered in 7. 62×54mmR and developed in the Soviet Union. For that reason, it was originally named Самозарядная Винтовка системы Драгунова образца1963 года Self-Loading Rifle, System of Dragunov and it was selected as the winner of a contest that included three competing designs, by Sergei Simonov, Aleksandr Konstantinov and Yevgeny Dragunov. Extensive field testing of the rifles conducted in a range of environmental conditions resulted in Dragunov’s proposal being accepted into service in 1963. An initial pre-production batch consisting of 200 rifles was assembled for evaluation purposes, since then, the Dragunov has become the standard squad support weapon of several countries, including those of the former Warsaw Pact. Licensed production of the rifle was established in China and Iran, the Dragunov is a semi-automatic, gas-operated rifle with a short-stroke gas-piston system. The barrel breech is locked through a rotating bolt and uses three locking lugs to engage corresponding locking recesses in the barrel extension, the rifle has a manual, two-position gas regulator. A gas regulator meters the portion of the gases fed into the action in order to cycle the weapon. The gas regulator can be set with the help of the rim of a cartridge, the normal position #1 leaves a gas escape port opened in the form of a hole that lets some combustion gas escape during cycling. Position #2 closes the gas port and directs extra combustion gas to the piston increasing the recoil velocity of the gas-piston system. It is used for when the rifle does not reliably cycle due to carbon fouling build-up in the gas port, when shooting in extreme cold or high altitude or using low powered ammunition. After discharging the last cartridge from the magazine, the bolt carrier, the rifle has a hammer-type striking mechanism and a manual lever safety selector. The firing pin is a type and, as a result. Thus, military-grade ammunition with primers confirmed to be seated is recommended for the Dragunov. This appears to have solved the slam fire issue, the rifles receiver is machined to provide additional accuracy and torsional strength. The Dragunovs receiver bears a number of similarities to the AK action, such as the large dust cover, iron sights and lever safety selector and these cosmetic similarities can lead to mis-categorization of the Dragunov as an AK variant. The barrel profile is relatively thin to save weight and is ended with a flash suppressor. The barrel’s bore is chrome-lined for increased resistance, and features 4 right-hand grooves. It is not rifled over its length but partly over a length of 547 mm
26.
PK machine gun
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The PK, is a 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun designed in the Soviet Union and currently in production in Russia. The original PK machine gun was introduced in 1961 and then the improved PKM in 1969 to replace the SGM and it remains in use as a front-line infantry and vehicle-mounted weapon with Russias armed forces. The PK has been exported extensively and produced in other countries under license. The Main Artillery Directorate of the Soviet Union adopted specification requirements for a 7.62 mm general-purpose company- and battalion-level machine gun, in 1958 a machine gun prototype, developed by G. I. Nikitin and Yuri M. Sokolov, successfully passed field tests, when the Nikitin-Sokolov machine gun was almost completed, a team of Izhevsk Mechanical Plant designers, headed by M. T. Kalashnikov, and further consisting of M. T, pushchin, A. D. Kryakushin, as well as Startsev, Kamzolov, Koryakovtsev, Yuferev, joined the competition. Their machine gun prototype was based on the well-proven gas-operated rotary-bolt design of the Kalashnikov-pattern arms, the Main Missiles and Artillery Directorate and the Ministry of the Defence Industry preferred the Kalashnikov design. The Kalashnikov design was found to be reliable and cheaper to manufacture than the design of Grigory Nikitin. The PK/PKS was put into production at the Kovrov Mechanical Plant and used the tripod mount, nikitins and Sokolovs machine gun design was later used in the 12.7 mm NSV heavy machine gun that was put into production in 1971. The original PK was a development of Kalashnikovs AKM assault rifle, the PK uses the 7. 62×54mmR Eastern Bloc standard cartridge that produces significantly more bolt thrust when compared to the Eastern Bloc 7. 62×39mm and 5. 45×39mm intermediate cartridges. The bolt and carrier design are similar to the AK-47 and other modernized Kalashnikov-pattern weapons, the bolt and bolt carrier are however oriented upside down compared to the AKM, with the piston and gas system being underneath the barrel. The rimmed 7. 62×54mmR cartridges are set in an ammunition belt. The belt is mounted from the side into the feedway of the PK machine gun. The PK uses a charging handle on the right side of the receiver to charge the gun. The breech is locked by a bolt, with two locking lugs engaging locking recesses in the receiver. The gas piston is hinged lo the bolt assembly. The protruding rear part of the carrier assembly features spiral shaped cuts. The mainspring is accommodated in the carrier assembly slide channel
27.
.30-06 Springfield
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The.30 refers to the caliber of the bullet, and the 06 refers to the year the cartridge was adopted—1906. It replaced the. 30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and. 30-40 Krag cartridges and it remains a very popular sporting round, with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers. In the early 1890s, the U. S. military adopted the smokeless powder. 30-40 Krag rimmed cartridge, the 1894 version of that cartridge used a 220-grain round-nose bullet. Around 1901, the U. S. started developing an experimental rimless cartridge for a Mauser action with box magazine and that led to the 1903. 30-03 rimless service round that used the same 220-grain round-nose bullet as the Krag. The. 30-03 achieved a velocity of 2,300 ft/s. Consequently, the round-nosed U. S. 30-03 service cartridge was falling behind. For these reasons, the U. S. military developed a new, lighter, cartridge in 1906, the cartridge was loaded with Military Rifle 21 propellant, and its maximum range was claimed to be 4,700 yd. The M1903 Springfield rifle, which had been introduced alongside the. 30-03 cartridge, was modified to accept the new. 30-06 Springfield cartridge. Modifications to the rifle included shortening the barrel at its breech and resizing the chamber, other changes to the rifle included elimination of the troublesome rod bayonet of the earlier Springfield rifles. The M1906 maximum range was originally overstated, when the M1906 cartridge was developed, the range tests had been done to only 1,800 yards, distances beyond that were estimated, but the estimate for extreme range was wrong by almost 40 percent. The range discrepancy became evident during World War I, before the widespread employment of light mortars and artillery, long-range machine gun barrage or indirect fires were considered important in U. S. infantry tactics. When the US entered World War I, it did not have machine guns, so it acquired British. When those weapons were replaced with US machine guns firing the M1906 round. Firing tests performed around 1918 at Borden Brook Reservoir, Miami, patrone was inroduced in 1914 and used a 197. 5-grain s. S. - schweres Spitzgeschoß boat-tail bullet which had a maximum range of approximately 5,140 yd. Its maximum range was approximately 5,500 yd. Additionally, wartime surplus totaled over 2 billion rounds of ammunition. Army regulations called for training use of the oldest ammunition first, as a result, the older. 30-06 ammunition was expended for training, stocks of.30 M1 Ball ammunition were allowed to slowly grow until all of the older M1906 ammunition had been fired. By 1936, it was discovered that the range of the.30 M1 Ball ammunition with its boat-tailed spitzer bullets was beyond the safety limitations of many ranges. An emergency order was made to manufacture quantities of ammunition that matched the ballistics of the earlier M1906 cartridge as soon as possible
28.
.30 Carbine
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The.30 Carbine is the cartridge used in the M1 Carbine introduced in the 1940s. It is a rifle round designed to be fired from the M1 carbines 18-inch barrel. The propellant was much newer, though, taking advantage of chemistry advances, as a result, the.30 Carbine is approximately 27% more powerful than its parent cartridge. The.30 Carbines relatively straight case and the nose of its bullet led some to believe it was designed for use in pistols. At first, Winchester was tasked with developing the cartridge but did not submit a carbine design, other firms and individual designers submitted several carbine designs, but most prototypes were either unreliable or grossly off the target weight of five pounds. The M1 Carbine was issued to officers, machine gun, artillery and tank crews, paratroopers. The weapon was issued with a 15-round detachable magazine. The Carbine and cartridge were not intended to serve as an infantry weapon. The M2 Carbine was introduced late in World War II with a switch allowing optional fully automatic fire at a rather high rate. The M1 and M2 Carbines continued in service during the Korean War, a postwar U. S. Army evaluation reported that here are practically no data bearing on the accuracy of the carbine at ranges in excess of 50 yards. The record contains a few examples of carbine-aimed fire felling an enemy soldier at this distance or perhaps a little more, but they are so few in number that no general conclusion can be drawn from them. Where carbine fire had proved killing effect, approximately 95 percent of the time the target was dropped at less than 50 yards, by experience, they would come to handle it semiautomatically, but it took prolonged battle hardening to bring about this adjustment in the human equation. With these requirements in hand, Winchesters Edwin Pugsley chose to design the cartridge with a.30 caliber, 100–120 grain bullet at a velocity of 2,000 feet per second. The first cartridges were made by turning down rims on. 32SL cases, the first 100,000 cartridges manufactured were headstamped.30 SL. The popularity of the M1 Carbine for collecting, sporting, for hunting, it is considered a small/medium-game cartridge, of marginal power for deer-size game. Even in long-barreled carbines, military-style full metal jacket projectiles do not expand as easily as soft or hollow point, in addition, the high sectional density of the projectile causes the bullet to overpenetrate. With millions of surplus M1 Carbines still owned by civilians, the continues to be used for these purposes into the present day. A number of handguns have been chambered for.30 Carbine ammunition, in 1944, Smith & Wesson developed a hand-ejector revolver to fire.30 Carbine
29.
M1 carbine
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The M1 carbine is a lightweight, easy to use.30 caliber semi-automatic carbine that was a standard firearm for the U. S. military during World War II, the Korean War and well into the Vietnam War. The M1 carbine was produced in variants and was widely used by not only the U. S. military. It has also been a civilian firearm. The M2 carbine is the version of the M1 carbine capable of firing in both semi-automatic and full-automatic. The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine with an infrared scope system. Despite its name and similar appearance, the M1 carbine is not a version of the M1 Garand rifle. It is a different firearm and it fires a different type of ammunition. It was simply called a carbine because it is smaller and lighter than the Garand. On July 1,1925, the U. S. Army began using the current naming system where the M is the designation for Model, therefore, the M1 rifle was the first rifle developed under this system. The M1 carbine was the first carbine developed under this system, the M2 carbine was the second carbine developed under the system, etc. Prior to World War II, U. S. Army Ordnance received reports that the full-size M1 rifle was too heavy and cumbersome for most support troops to carry. During prewar and early war field exercises, it was found that the M1 Garand impeded these soldiers mobility, as a rifle would frequently catch on brush, bang the helmet. Many soldiers found the rifle slid off the shoulder unless slung diagonally across the back, additionally, Germanys use of glider-borne and paratroop forces to launch surprise attacks behind the front lines, generated a request for a new compact infantry weapon to equip support troops. This request called for a compact, lightweight defensive weapon with greater range, accuracy and firepower than handguns, while weighing half as much as the Thompson submachine gun or the M1 rifle. The U. S. Army decided that a carbine would adequately fulfill all of these requirements, Paratroopers were also added to the list of intended users and a folding-stock version would also be developed. In 1938, the Chief of Infantry requested that the Ordnance Department develop a rifle or carbine. This led to a competition in 1941 by major U. S. firearm companies, Winchester at first did not submit a carbine design, as it was occupied in developing the. 30-06 Winchester M2 Military Rifle. The rifle originated as a design by Jonathan Ed Browning, brother of the famous firearm designer John Browning. 30-06 M2 rifle, Williams incorporated his short-stroke piston in the existing design
30.
Type 99 rifle
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The Type 99 rifle Arisaka or Type 99 short rifle was a bolt-action rifle of the Arisaka design used by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The Imperial Japanese Army developed the Type 99 based on the Type 38 rifle, the Type 99 was produced at nine different arsenals. Seven arsenals were located in Japan, with the two located at Mukden in China and Jinsen in Korea. The IJA had intended to replace the Type 38 with the Type 99 by the end of the war. However, the outbreak of the Pacific war never allowed the army to replace the Type 38. As the war progressed, more and more cost saving steps were introduced in order to speed up production, late war rifles are often called Last Ditch or Substitute Standard due to their crudeness of finish. They are generally as crude as the 1945 dated Mauser K98k of Germany, the Type 99 was produced in four versions, the regular issue Type 99 Short Rifle, the Type 99 Long Rifle and takedown Type 2 Paratroop Rifle and the Type 99 Sniper Rifle. The standard rifle also came with a wire monopod and a sighting device. The Type 99 was the first mass-produced infantry rifle to have a chrome lined bore to ease cleaning, all of these features were abandoned by mid-war. Apparently intended for the South Korean gendarmerie, few rifles appear to have issued at the end of the war in 1953. These rifles were fitted with a magazine well and had a small notch cut in the top of the receiver to accommodate the. 30-06 rounds 1/3 inch greater length. Accuracy suffered, due to the difference in cartridges, rifling rate and characteristics, conversions to both. 30-06 and 7.62 NATO have also been performed by civilians, often along with sporterising modifications. After 1946, the Republic of China re-chambered large numbers of Type 99 rifles to fire the 8×57 IS cartridge, Indonesian forces used a large number of Type 99 rifles in the fighting against the Dutch during the Indonesian National Revolution. The Royal Thai Army received Japanese rifles of all types after 1945, to gain the superior hitting power of the larger 7. 7mm cartridge, several caliber 6. 5mm Type 38 rifles were modified for the new round. Although the tests proved satisfactory, the army decided that the recoil and larger chambering for the 7. 7mm cartridge. It featured a quick-release bolt and antiaircraft sights, as well as a sliding bolt cover, the bolt cover, in particular, was highly problematic. Many soldiers simply discarded them due to excessive rattling, the Type 99 is one of the strongest military bolt rifles ever made, but many late-war rifles used lower quality parts, and a complete lack of finish, as well as shortcuts taken to ease production. Such late war rifles may be unsafe to fire, unlike its predecessors, however, a disadvantage of the Type 99 was its increased recoil due to the lighter weight combined with a heavier cartridge
31.
Mauser
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Mauser, begun as Königliche Waffen Schmieden, is a German arms manufacturer. Their line of rifles and semi-automatic pistols have been produced since the 1870s for the German armed forces. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Mauser designs were also exported and licensed to a number of countries which adopted them as military. The Mauser Model 98 in particular was adopted and copied. Founded as Königliche Waffen Schmieden on July 31,1811 by Frederick I, originally located partly at Ludwigsburg and partly in Christophsthal, the factory was transferred to Oberndorf in the former Augustine Cloister. Andreas Mauser was the master gunsmith there, of his seven sons who worked with him there Peter Paul Mauser showed an outstanding ability to develop methods of operation that were faster and more efficient. His older brother Wilhelm assumed many of his fathers duties as he became ill, Peter Paul Mauser, often referred to as Paul Mauser, was born on 27 June 1838, in Oberndorf am Neckar, Württemberg. His brother Wilhelm was four years older, a brother, Franz Mauser, traveled to America in 1853 with his sister and worked at E. Remington & Sons. Peter Paul was conscripted in 1859 as an artilleryman at the Ludwigsburg arsenal, by December of 1859 he has so impressed his superiors that he was placed on inactive military service and assigned to the royal factory at Oberndorf. Paul engaged his older brother Wilhelm in working on a new gun system in their time after work. Paul was the engineer and designer but Wilhelm took on the task of manager for their interests with the Oberndorf factory, Pauls first invention was a cannon and its ammunition. His ability to both the gun and the ammunition for it was followed during his entire career and made him unique in this ability. Following the success of the Dreyse needle gun Paul turned his energies to improving on that design, Paul and Wilhelm had separated due to differences during this time. After Paul developed a new turning bolt design Wilhelm was impressed enough to rejoin the business and succeeded in obtaining the financing to purchase machinery, locally the Dreyse Needle gun had just been adopted so the brother turned to the Austrian Ambassador to try and sell their gun. He forwarded their new gun to Vienna for testing and it was here that American Norris of the Remington company saw the new Mauser rifle design. In 1867 Norris hired the Mauser brother to go to Luttich to work on a new design and he also stipulated that patents were to be taken out in his name and that a royalty would be paid to the Mauser brothers for rifles sold. Norris was convinced that he could sell the design to the French to convert their Chassepot rifles, the Norris-Mauser patent was taken out in the United States. Remington was outraged at the behavior of Norris and never made an effort to sell the new rifle, based on the Dreyse needle gun, he developed a rifle with a turn-bolt mechanism that cocked the gun as it was manipulated by the user
