Philippines
The Philippines the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon and Mindanao; the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. Bounded by the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Vietnam to the west, Palau to the east, Malaysia and Indonesia to the south; the Philippines' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons, but endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world's greatest biodiversity. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 km2, according to the Philippines Statistical Authority and the WorldBank and, as of 2015, had a population of at least 100 million.
As of January 2018, it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, comprising one of the world's largest diasporas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Malay, Indian and Chinese nations occurred. Various competing maritime states were established under the rule of datus, rajahs and lakans; the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer leading a fleet for the Spanish, in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the first Hispanic settlement in the archipelago was established.
The Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Catholicism becoming the dominant religion. During this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons; as the 19th century gave way to the 20th, the Philippine Revolution followed, which spawned the short-lived First Philippine Republic, followed by the bloody Philippine–American War. The war, as well as the ensuing cholera epidemic, resulted in the deaths of thousands of combatants as well as tens of thousands of civilians. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, when the Philippines was recognized as an independent nation. Since the unitary sovereign state has had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution; the Philippines is a founding member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the East Asia Summit.
It hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank. The Philippines is considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country, which has an economy transitioning from being based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing. Along with East Timor, the Philippines is one of Southeast Asia's predominantly Christian nations; the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte and Samar Felipinas after the then-Prince of Asturias; the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other names such as Islas del Poniente and Magellan's name for the islands San Lázaro were used by the Spanish to refer to the islands; the official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history. During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic.
From the period of the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War until the Commonwealth period, American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands, a translation of the Spanish name. Since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. Philippines has gained currency as the common name since being the name used in Article VI of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, with or without the definite article. Discovery in 2018 of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains in Rizal, Kalinga has pushed back evidence of early hominins in the archipelago to as early as 709,000 years. However, the metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago remains the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date; this distinction belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated.
There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos. F. Landa Jocano theorizes. Wilhelm Solheim's Island Origin Theory postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networks originating in the Sundaland area around
Terrestrial television
Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna. The term terrestrial is more common in Europe and Latin America, while in the United States it is called broadcast or over-the-air television; the term "terrestrial" is used to distinguish this type from the newer technologies of satellite television, in which the television signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead satellite, cable television, in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable. Terrestrial television was the first technology used for television broadcasting, with the first public television broadcast from Schenectady, NY, in January, 1928; the BBC began broadcasting in 1929 and by 1930 many radio stations had a regular schedule of experimental television programmes. However, these early experimental systems had insufficient picture quality to attract the public, due to their mechanical scan technology, television did not become widespread until after World War II with the advent of electronic scan television technology.
The television broadcasting business followed the model of radio networks, with local television stations in cities and towns affiliated with television networks, either commercial or government-controlled, which provided content. Television broadcasts were in black and white until the transition to color television in the 1950s and 60s. There was no other method of television delivery until the 1950s with the beginnings of cable television and community antenna television. CATV was only a re-broadcast of over-the-air signals. With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, viewing of terrestrial television broadcasts has been in decline. A slight increase in use began after the 2009 final conversion to digital terrestrial television broadcasts, which offer HDTV image quality as an alternative to CATV for cord cutters. Following the ST61 conference, UHF frequencies were first used in the UK in 1964 with the introduction of BBC2. In UK, VHF channels were kept on the old 405-line system, while UHF was used for 625-line broadcasts.
Television broadcasting in the 405-line system continued after the introduction of four analogue programmes in the UHF bands until the last 405-line transmitters were switched off on January 6, 1985. VHF Band III was used in other countries around Europe for PAL broadcasts until planned phase out and switchover to digital television; the success of analogue terrestrial television across Europe varied from country to country. Although each country had rights to a certain number of frequencies by virtue of the ST61 plan, not all of them were brought into service. In 1941, the first NTSC standard was introduced by the National Television System Committee; this standard defined a transmission scheme for a black and white picture with 525 lines of vertical resolution at 60 fields per second. In the earl of the first tragic 1950s, this standard was superseded by a backwards-compatible standard for color television; the NTSC standard was being used in the Americas as well as Japan until the introduction of digital terrestrial television.
While Mexico have ended all its analogue television broadcasts and the US and Canada have shut down nearly all of their analogue TV stations, the NTSC standard continues to be used in the rest of Latin American countries while testing their DTT platform. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Advanced Television Systems Committee developed the ATSC standard for digital high definition terrestrial transmission; this standard was adopted by many American countries, including the United States, Dominican Republic, Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras. The Pan-American terrestrial television operates on analog channels 2 through 6, 7 through 13, 14 through 51. Unlike with analog transmission, ATSC channel numbers do not correspond to radio frequencies. Instead, a virtual channel is defined as part of the ATSC stream metadata so that a station can transmit on any frequency but still show the same channel number. Additionally, free-to-air television repeaters and signal boosters can be used to rebroadcast a terrestrial television signal using an otherwise unused channel to cover areas with marginal reception.
Analog television channels 2 through 6, 7 through 13, 14 through 51 are only used for LPTV translator stations in the U. S. Channels 52 through 69 are still used by some existing stations, but these channels must be vacated if telecommunications companies notify the stations to vacate that signal spectrum. By convention, broadcast television signals are transmitted with horizontal polarization. Terrestrial television broadcast in Asia started as early as 1939 in Japan through a series of experiments done by NHK Broadcasting Institute of Technology. However, these experiments were interrupted by the beginning of the World War II in the Pacific. On February 1, 1953, NHK began broadcasting. On August 28, 1953, Nippon TV, the first commercial television broadcaster in Asia was launched. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, Alto Broadcasting System, the
Very high frequency
High frequency is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves from 30 to 300 megahertz, with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter. Frequencies below VHF are denoted high frequency, the next higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency. Common uses for radio waves in the VHF band are FM radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, two way land mobile radio systems, long range data communication up to several tens of kilometers with radio modems, amateur radio, marine communications. Air traffic control communications and air navigation systems work at distances of 100 kilometres or more to aircraft at cruising altitude. In the Americas and many other parts of the world, VHF Band I was used for the transmission of analog television; as part of the worldwide transition to digital terrestrial television most countries require broadcasters to air television in the VHF range using digital rather than analog format. Radio waves in the VHF band propagate by line-of-sight and ground-bounce paths.
They do not follow the contour of the Earth as ground waves and so are blocked by hills and mountains, although because they are weakly refracted by the atmosphere they can travel somewhat beyond the visual horizon out to about 160 km. They can penetrate building walls and be received indoors, although in urban areas reflections from buildings cause multipath propagation, which can interfere with television reception. Atmospheric radio noise and interference from electrical equipment is less of a problem in the band than at lower frequencies; the VHF band is the first band at which efficient transmitting antennas are small enough that they can be mounted on vehicles and portable devices, so the band is used for two-way land mobile radio systems, such as walkie-talkies, two way radio communication with aircraft and ships. When conditions are right, VHF waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting due to refraction by temperature gradients in the atmosphere. For analog TV, VHF transmission range is a function of transmitter power, receiver sensitivity, distance to the horizon, since VHF signals propagate under normal conditions as a near line-of-sight phenomenon.
The distance to the radio horizon is extended over the geometric line of sight to the horizon, as radio waves are weakly bent back toward the Earth by the atmosphere. An approximation to calculate the line-of-sight horizon distance is: distance in nautical miles = 1.23 × A f where A f is the height of the antenna in feet distance in kilometers = 12.746 × A m where A m is the height of the antenna in meters. These approximations are only valid for antennas at heights that are small compared to the radius of the Earth, they may not be accurate in mountainous areas, since the landscape may not be transparent enough for radio waves. In engineered communications systems, more complex calculations are required to assess the probable coverage area of a proposed transmitter station; the accuracy of these calculations for digital TV signals is being debated. VHF is the first band at which wavelengths are small enough that efficient transmitting antennas are short enough to mount on vehicles and handheld devices, a quarter wave whip antenna at VHF frequencies is 25 cm to 2.5 meter long.
So the VHF and UHF wavelengths are used for two-way radios in vehicles and handheld transceivers and walkie-talkies. Portable radios use whips or rubber ducky antennas, while base stations use larger fiberglass whips or collinear arrays of vertical dipoles. For directional antennas, the Yagi antenna is the most used as a high gain or "beam" antenna. For television reception, the Yagi is used, as well as the log-periodic antenna due to its wider bandwidth. Helical and turnstile antennas are used for satellite communication since they employ circular polarization. For higher gain, multiple Yagis or helicals can be mounted together to make array antennas. Vertical collinear arrays of dipoles can be used to make high gain omnidirectional antennas, in which more of the antenna's power is radiated in horizontal directions. Television and FM broadcasting stations use collinear arrays of specialized dipole antennas such as batwing antennas. Certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world.
Some national uses are detailed below. 50–54 MHz: Amateur Radio 6-meter band. 108–118 MHz: Air navigation beacons VOR and Instrument Landing System localizer. 118–137 MHz: Airband for air traffic control, AM, 121.5 MHz is emergency frequency 144–148 MHz: Amateur Radio 2-meter band. The VHF TV band in Australia was allocated channels 1 to 10-with channels 2, 7 and 9 assigned for the initial services in Sydney and Melbourne, the same channels were assigned in Brisbane and Perth. Other capital cities and regional areas used a combination of these and other frequencies as available; the initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9. By the early 1960s it became apparent that the 10 VHF channels were insufficient to support the growth of television services; this was rectified by the addition of th
Analog television
Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude, frequency or phase of the signal. Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver, thus with analog, a moderately weak signal becomes subject to interference. In contrast, a moderately weak digital signal and a strong digital signal transmit equal picture quality. Analog television can be distributed over a cable network using cable converters. All broadcast. Motivated by the lower bandwidth requirements of compressed digital signals, since the 2000s a digital television transition is proceeding in most countries of the world, with different deadlines for cessation of analog broadcasts; the earliest systems of analog television were mechanical television systems, which used spinning disks with patterns of holes punched into the disc to scan an image.
A similar disk reconstructed the image at the receiver. Synchronization of the receiver disc rotation was handled through sync pulses broadcast with the image information; however these mechanical systems were slow, the images were dim and flickered and the image resolution low. Camera systems used similar spinning discs and required intensely bright illumination of the subject for the light detector to work. Analog television did not begin as an industry until the development of the cathode-ray tube, which uses a focused electron beam to trace lines across a phosphor coated surface; the electron beam could be swept across the screen much faster than any mechanical disc system, allowing for more spaced scan lines and much higher image resolution. Far less maintenance was required of an all-electronic system compared to a spinning disc system. All-electronic systems became popular with households after the Second World War. Broadcasters of analog television encode their signal using different systems.
The official systems of transmission are named: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, K1, L, M and N. These systems determine the number of scan lines, frame rate, channel width, video bandwidth, video-audio separation, so on; the colors in those systems are encoded with one of three color coding schemes: NTSC, PAL, or SECAM, use RF modulation to modulate this signal onto a high frequency or ultra high frequency carrier. Each frame of a television image is composed of lines drawn on the screen; the lines are of varying brightness. The next sequential frame is displayed; the analog television signal contains timing and synchronization information, so that the receiver can reconstruct a two-dimensional moving image from a one-dimensional time-varying signal. The first commercial television systems were black-and-white. A practical television system needs to take luminance, chrominance and audio signals, broadcast them over a radio transmission; the transmission system must include a means of television channel selection.
Analog broadcast television systems come in a variety of frame resolutions. Further differences exist in the modulation of the audio carrier; the monochrome combinations still existing in the 1950s are standardized by the International Telecommunication Union as capital letters A through N. When color television was introduced, the hue and saturation information was added to the monochrome signals in a way that black and white televisions ignore. In this way backwards compatibility was achieved; that concept is true for all analog television standards. There were three standards for the way the additional color information can be encoded and transmitted; the first was the American NTSC color television system. The European/Australian PAL and the French-former Soviet Union SECAM standard were developed and attempt to cure certain defects of the NTSC system. PAL's color encoding is similar to the NTSC systems. SECAM, uses a different modulation approach than PAL or NTSC. In principle, all three color encoding systems can be combined with any scan line/frame rate combination.
Therefore, in order to describe a given signal it's necessary to quote the color system and the broadcast standard as a capital letter. For example, the United States, Canada and South Korea use NTSC-M, Japan uses NTSC-J, the UK uses PAL-I, France uses SECAM-L, much of Western Europe and Australia use PAL-B/G, most of Eastern Europe uses SECAM-D/K or PAL-D/K and so on. However, not all of these possible combinations exist. NTSC is only used with system M though there were experiments with NTSC-A in the UK and NTSC-N in part of South America. PAL is used with a variety of 625-line standards but with the North American 525-line standard, accordingly n
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation is a Philippine-based media company and VHF television network of the Government Communications Group under the Presidential Communications Operations Office. IBC, along with sister media companies People's Television Network and Philippine Broadcasting Service, forms the media arm of the PCOO, its studios and broadcast facilities are located at the IBC 13 Compound, Lot 3-B, Capitol Hills Drive cor. Zuzuarregui Street, Barangay Matandang Balara, Quezon City. Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation was established in October 1959 when DZTV Channel 13 in Manila went its test broadcast. On March 1, 1960 at 6:30pm, DZTV-TV 13 was launched and it became as the third television station in the country, its original location was at the corner of P. Guevarra St. in San Juan City from 1960 to 1978. American businessman Dick Baldwin was the station's first owner and programming consisted of foreign programs from CBS and a few local shows. Andrés Soriano, Sr. of San Miguel Corporation, would acquire the network in 1962.
Soriano was a majority owner of the Radio Mindanao Network and the Philippine Herald newspaper. Soriano's combined media interests formed the first tri-media organization in the Philippines; as the de facto television arm of the RMN, it partnered with the RMN radio stations for coverages of the general elections of 1969 and 1971. The station had relay transmitters to bring its programs to viewers in Cebu and Davao, with plans to open more in other cities. In between 1970 and 1972, IBC launched its color transmission system named "Vinta Color" named after the vintas from Zamboanga, becoming the third network in the Philippines to convert to all-color broadcasts, after ABS-CBN and RPN. In September 1972, then-President Ferdinand Marcos declared a martial law at the entire country, resulting IBC and other television networks was forced to shutdown by the government; however a few months IBC allowed by the government to return on the air. ABS-CBN veteran Ben Aniceto became the station manager of DZTV Channel 13 from 1973 to 1976.
On February 1, 1975, during the martial law era and the dicratorship of Ferdinand Marcos, due to a constitutional limitation prohibiting the ownership of media by non-Filipinos or corporations not 100% Filipino owned, the network was acquired by a Marcos crony named Roberto Benedicto and was renamed Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation. IBC would launch an FM station DWKB-FM the same year. Marking the relaunch, the network debuted its vinta logo. In 1976, IBC metamorphosed into one of the country's most viewed TV network with its primetime lineup and full length local and foreign films aired on this channel; this catapulted IBC in the number one slot among the four rival networks and emphasized itself as the birthplace of the golden age of Philippine television, with many top series headlined by hit stars on radio, TV and film. Among its top-rated shows were a film series of Tarzan that starred Johnny Weissmuller, showbiz talk shows See-True and Seeing Stars hosted by Inday Badiday and Joe Quirino and comedy shows Iskul Bukol, Chicks to Chicks, T.
O. D. A. S.. Through the blood and sweat of its employees and the income generated from its programs, the network built and moved to its present home at the modern Broadcast City, together with its affiliated networks RPN and BBC in July 1978; the complex was a 55,000 square metre tract located at Capitol Hills, Quezon City At the same time, IBC moved its transmitter to San Francisco Del Monte, Quezon City to replace the old transmitter in San Juan. By 1985, however, IBC would become second to RPN, albeit with many great local and foreign programs that were popular among viewers. After the People Power Revolution which ousted the dictator Ferdinand Marcos and install Corazon Aquino as the new president of the Phillippines, IBC, with 20 television stations that time, was sequestered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government for being part of the crony capitalism under the Marcos regime. A board of administrators was created to run the station. All of the stocks and assets of IBC, its sister networks RPN-9 and BBC-2 were sequestered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government.
When it became a state channel a new logo debuted featuring IBC and 13 on separate circles, a revamp of an earlier logo which debuted in 1980. The new slogan "Basta Pinoy sa Trese" was in a circle to commemorate the People Power Revolution. President Corazon Aquino turned over IBC and RPN to the Government Communications Group and awarded BBC through an executive order to ABS-CBN; when BBC closed down, both IBC and RPN absorbed majority of its displaced employees, thus doubled the operating expenses of the network. Cost of programs went up three-fold. Line-produced shows and co-production ventures with some big film companies like Viva and Seiko were favored, aside from their station-produced programs; the top rated shows of IBC were pirated by rival networks, however it scored a victory when it acquired the ABS-CBN program "Loveliness" in 1988, starring Alma Moreno. Cost of programs, talent fees and TV rights increased tremendously. IBC could no longer afford to produce its own shows, save for its news and current affairs programming and special events.
In 1987, IBC was renamed as E13 and adopted a new slogan, "Life Begins" at 13, noted for the butterfly logo in the form of t
Ultra high frequency
Ultra high frequency is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz and 3 gigahertz known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter. Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the super-high frequency or microwave frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate by line of sight, they are used for television broadcasting, cell phones, satellite communication including GPS, personal radio services including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, walkie-talkies, cordless phones, numerous other applications. The IEEE defines the UHF radar band as frequencies between 1 GHz. Two other IEEE radar bands overlap the ITU UHF band: the L band between 1 and 2 GHz and the S band between 2 and 4 GHz. Radio waves in the UHF band travel entirely by line-of-sight propagation and ground reflection. UHF radio waves are blocked by hills and cannot travel far beyond the horizon, but can penetrate foliage and buildings for indoor reception.
Since the wavelengths of UHF waves are comparable to the size of buildings, trees and other common objects and diffraction from these objects can cause fading due to multipath propagation in built-up urban areas. Atmospheric moisture reduces, or attenuates, the strength of UHF signals over long distances, the attenuation increases with frequency. UHF TV signals are more degraded by moisture than lower bands, such as VHF TV signals. Since UHF transmission is limited by the visual horizon to 30–40 miles and to shorter distances by local terrain, it allows the same frequency channels to be reused by other users in neighboring geographic areas. Public safety, business communications and personal radio services such as GMRS, PMR446, UHF CB are found on UHF frequencies as well as IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs. The adopted GSM and UMTS cellular networks use UHF cellular frequencies. Radio repeaters are used to retransmit UHF signals when a distance greater than the line of sight is required; when conditions are right, UHF radio waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting as the atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day.
The length of an antenna is related to the length of the radio waves used. Due to the short wavelengths, UHF antennas are conveniently short. UHF wavelengths are short enough that efficient transmitting antennas are small enough to mount on handheld and mobile devices, so these frequencies are used for two way land mobile radio systems, such as walkie-talkies, two way radios in vehicles, for portable wireless devices. Omnidirectional UHF antennas used on mobile devices are short whips, sleeve dipoles, rubber ducky antennas or the planar inverted F antenna used in cellphones. Higher gain omnidirectional UHF antennas can be made of collinear arrays of dipoles and are used for mobile base stations and cellular base station antennas; the short wavelengths allow high gain antennas to be conveniently small. High gain antennas for point-to-point communication links and UHF television reception are Yagi, log periodic, corner reflectors, or reflective array antennas. At the top end of the band slot antennas and parabolic dishes become practical.
For satellite communication and turnstile antennas are used since satellites employ circular polarization, not sensitive to the relative orientation of the transmitting and receiving antennas. For television broadcasting specialized vertical radiators that are modifications of the slot antenna or reflective array antenna are used: the slotted cylinder, zig-zag, panel antennas. UHF television broadcasting fulfilled the demand for additional over-the-air television channels in urban areas. Today, much of the bandwidth has been reallocated to land mobile, trunked radio and mobile telephone use. UHF channels are still used for digital television. UHF spectrum is used worldwide for land mobile radio systems for commercial, public safety, military purposes. Many personal radio services use frequencies allocated in the UHF band, although exact frequencies in use differ between countries. Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks in UHF/VHF range; this allows mobile phones and mobile computing devices to be connected to the public switched telephone network and public Internet.
UHF radars are said to be effective at tracking stealth fighters, if not stealth bombers. UHF citizens band: 476–477 MHz Television broadcasting uses UHF channels between 503 and 694 MHz Fixed point-to-point Link 450.4875 - 451.5125 MHz Land mobile service 457.50625 - 459.9875 MHz Mobile satellite service: 406.0000 - 406.1000 MHz Segment and Service examples: Land mobile for private, Australian and Territory Government, Rail industry and Mobile-Satellite 430–450 MHz: Amateur radio 470–806 MHz: Terrestrial television 1452–1492 MHz: Digital Audio Broadcasting Many other frequency assignments for Canada and Mexico are similar to their US counterparts 380–399.9 MHz: Terrestrial Trunked Radio service for emergency use 430–440 MHz: Amateur ra
Nine Media Corporation
Nine Media Corporation is a Filipino-based media company. A wholly owned subsidiary of Solar Entertainment Corporation, a multimedia television and film company of the Tieng family, it is now owned by the ALC Group of Companies of the late Amb. Antonio Cabangon Chua. Nine Media is an affiliate of Aliw Broadcasting Corporation, its headquarters are located at the Ground Floor of the Worldwide Corporate Center, Epifanio de los Santos Avenue corner Shaw Boulevard, Mandaluyong City, sharing with its former parent Solar Entertainment. It owns and operates its sole television property CNN Philippines, as well as the 34% controlling share of former state-owned media giant Radio Philippines Network; the company is named after its flagship television station in Metro Manila. Solar Entertainment launched Solar TV in the early 2000s, renamed to Solar USA and to USA. USA was split into two channels, Jack TV and Crime/Suspense, in 2005. Solar TV launched last November 29, 2009 on Radio Philippines Network owned by the Philippine Government Communications Group, at 11:00am.
Its programming grid includes American programs, local sports and lifestyle content. On October 31, 2010, it changed some of its programming content to English/Tagalog. Solar TV morphed as Solar Television Network, Inc. in January 5, 2010 as the corporate television arm of Solar Entertainment Corporation, serving as blocktimer of Solar Entertainment's channels to free-to-air broadcasting networks. STVNI represents Solar Entertainment to acquire 34% of RPN's shares from the Philippine government as part of RPN/IBC privatization in 2011; the new company launched an all talk/news channel Talk TV on March 2, 2011, co-owned by Solar TV itself and SBN while ETC replaced Solar TV on RPN. Talk TV would change its name to Solar News Channel on October 30, 2012. In the last quarter of 2011, Solar TV launched its own news division Solar News; the programs produced by the new division were manned by former ANC personalities including Jing Magsaysay, Pia Hontiveros, Nancy Irlanda, Claire Celdran and Mai Rodriguez.
In November 2013, San Miguel Corp. President and COO Ramon S. Ang tried to acquire the majority stake of STVNI from the Tiengs. Despite the new development, he would settle instead for a minority share of STVNI in September 2014. In the third quarter of 2014, Solar Entertainment chair Wilson Tieng announced that the ALC Group of Companies of former Ambassador Antonio Cabangon-Chua, took over STVNI, as well as its majority stake on RPN. Tieng and Robert Rivera were both resigned as president, respectively; the selloff of STVNI was caused by Solar Entertainment's loss of revenue after investing in RPN. Solar TV reflected the change of ownership by reverting all non-SNC channels and assets back to Solar Entertainment, followed by shedding off the Solar branding in all SNC's programs; the transfer was completed when SNC was rebranded into 9TV on August 23, 2014. On October 14, 2014, Solar TV Network was renamed as Nine Media Corporation, following the agreement between the latter and the Turner Broadcasting System to use the branding of CNN into its free TV assets of RPN as CNN Philippines, replacing 9TV, considered as a transitional brand.
CNN Philippines was launched on March 16, 2015. In September 2015, Nine Media Corporation President and CEO Reggie Galura stepped down from his position, replaced by Jorge San Agustin as Officer in Charge of the network temporary. One year on October 9, 2016, CNN Philippines Managing Editor Armie Jarin-Bennett was appointed as President and CEO of Nine Media Corporation replacing Jorge San Agustin. Solar Entertainment Corp. and Solar TV, prior to the latter's acquisition by ALC Group of Companies in 2014, are two separate business entities: SEC is owned by the Tieng brothers and operates 10 TV networks - ETC, 2nd Avenue, JackTV, JackCITY, Solar Sports, Basketball TV, NBA Premium, Shop TV, The Game Channel and My Movie Channel. It has acivities in film distribution. STV, which presently runs Solar News Channel, is an incorporation wherein both William Tieng and Wilson Tieng are members of the Board of Directors. Since 2014, Nine Media Corporation is being owned by ALC Group of Companies through its investment unit JRLT-JHI Corporation.
While Antonio Cabangon-Chua was sitted as its chairman until his passing in 2016, JRLT-JHI is being owned by his children and relatives: Ferdinand Chua, Rowena Lumague, Candy Co, Jose Wingkee Jr, Aida Anora. While businessman Ramon Ang owns a minority share in Nine Media, SEC documents does not shows any Ang's shares with the company. Instead, Ang makes investments through advertisements and paid programming from the San Miguel Group to sole property CNN Philippines. CNN Philippines - Radio Philippines Network 2nd Avenue - ETC - ETC Productions 9TV - CHASE - C/S - C/S 9 - Jack City - Solar News Channel - (34% joint venture with RPN 9: De
