1.
Clapham
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Clapham is a district of south-west London lying mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth but with some areas stretching out into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth. The present day Clapham High Street is an ancient diversion of the Roman military road Stane Street and this followed the line of Clapham Road and then onward along the line of Abbeville Road. Erected by Vitus Ticinius Ascanius according to its inscription, it is estimated to date from the 1st century. The family remained in possession of the land until Jonass great-great grandson Arthur sided against William the Conqueror during the Norman invasion of 1066 and, losing the land, Clapham appears in Domesday Book as Clopeham. It was held by Goisfrid de Mandeville and its assets were 3 hides,6 ploughs,5 acres of meadow. It rendered £7 10s 0d, and was located in Brixton hundred, the parish comprised 4.99 square kilometres. The benefice remains to this day a rectory and in the 19th century was in the patronage of the Atkins family,14. in the early 19th century and so the remaining glebe comprised only 11 acres in 1848. Samuel Pepys spent the last two years of his life in Clapham, living with his friend, protégé at the Admiralty and former servant William Hewer, Clapham Common was also home to Elizabeth Cook, the widow of Captain James Cook the explorer. She lived in a house on the common for years following the death of her husband. Other notable residents of Clapham Common include Palace of Westminster architect Sir Charles Barry, Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg, john Francis Bentley, architect of Westminster Cathedral, lived in the adjacent Old Town. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Clapham Sect were a group of upper class social reformers who lived around the Common. They included William Wilberforce, Henry Thornton and Zachary Macaulay, father of the historian Thomas Macaulay, as well as William Smith, M. P. the Dissenter and they were very prominent in campaigns for the abolition of slavery and child labour, and for prison reform. They also promoted missionary activities in Britains colonies, by contrast, an opponent of Wilberforce, merchant and slave-trader George Hibbert also lived at Clapham Common, worshipping in the same church, Holy Trinity. After the coming of the railways, Clapham developed as a suburb for commuters into central London, and by 1900 it had fallen from favour with the upper classes. Todays Clapham is an area of varied housing, from the large Queen Anne, Regency and Georgian era homes of the Old Town and Clapham Common, to the grids of Victorian housing in the Abbeville area. As in much of London, the area also has its share of council-owned social housing on estates dating from the 1930s and 1960s. In the early 20th century, Clapham was seen as a commuter suburb, often cited as representing ordinary people. By the 1980s, the area had undergone a further transformation, today the area is generally an affluent place, although its professional residents often live relatively close to significant pockets of social housing
2.
M25 motorway
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The M25 or London Orbital Motorway is a 117-mile motorway that encircles almost all of Greater London, England, in the United Kingdom. An ambitious concept to build four concentric ring roads around London was first mooted in the 1960s, further widening is in progress of minor sections with plans for managed motorways in many others. To the east of London the two ends of the M25 are joined to complete a loop by the non-motorway A282 Dartford Crossing of the River Thames between Thurrock and Dartford and this crossing, which consists of twin two-lane tunnels and the four-lane QE2 bridge, is named Canterbury Way. Passage across the bridge or through the tunnels is subject to a toll, in the opposite direction, to the east of the point where the M25 diverges from the main east–west carriageway, that carriageway become the M26 motorway. The radial distance from London varies from 12.5 miles in Potters Bar to 19.5 miles in Byfleet.8 miles, major towns listed as destinations, in various counties, adjoin the M25. North Ockendon is the settlement of Greater London situated outside the M25. In 2004, following a poll, the London Assembly mooted for consultation alignment of the Greater London boundary with the M25. Inside the M25 and outside/beyond the M25 are colloquial, looser alternatives to Greater London sometimes used in haulage, the Communications Act 2003 explicitly uses the M25 as the boundary in requiring a proportion of television programmes to be made outside the London area. Two motorway service areas are on the M25, and two others are accessible from it. Those on the M25 are Clacket Lane between junctions 5 and 6 and Cobham between junctions 9 and 10 and those directly accessible from it are South Mimms off junction 23 and Thurrock off junction 31. Cobham services opened on 13 September 2012, originally, the M25 was unlit except for sections around Heathrow, major interchanges and Junctions 23–30. By 2014 only one significant stretch was still SOX-lit and the units were removed the same year, the motorway passes through five counties. Junctions 1A–5 are in Kent, 6–14 are in Surrey, 15–16 are in Buckinghamshire, 17–25 are in Hertfordshire, policing of the road is carried out by an integrated policing group made up of the Metropolitan, Thames Valley, Essex, Kent, Hertfordshire and Surrey forces. The M25 is one of Europes busiest motorways, in 2003, a maximum of 196,000 vehicles a day were recorded on the motorway just south of London Heathrow Airport between junctions 13 and 14. A precursor of the M25 was the North Orbital Road, the idea of an orbital road around London was first proposed early in the 20th century and then re-examined in Sir Charles Bresseys and Sir Edwin Lutyens The Highway Development Survey,1937. Sir Patrick Abercrombies County of London Plan,1943 and Greater London Plan,1944 proposed a series of five roads encircling the capital, the northern sections of the M25 follow a similar route to the World War II Outer London Defence Ring. Little was done to progress these plans until the 1960s when the Greater London Council developed its London Ringways plan consisting of four rings around the capital. Sections of the two outer rings – Ringway 3 and Ringway 4 – were constructed in the early 1970s and were integrated into the single M25 orbital motorway, but the Ringways plan was hugely controversial owing to the destruction required for the inner two ring roads
3.
A25 road
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The A25 road is one of the two cross-sector non-motorway grade roads in the 2 sector of Great Britain alongside the A27 which is approximately double its length along the south coast. En route, the passes through Reigate, Redhill, Nutfield, Bletchingley, Godstone, Oxted, Westerham, Brasted, Sevenoaks. It passes over six of the seven rivers which drain the vale and land to the south, a short distance beyond Borough Green, at Wrotham Heath, Platt, Kent the A25 ends at a junction with the A20, which continues eastward towards Maidstone. It continues for a distance beyond the traditional Portsmouth Road, since replaced by a bypass which the road does not reach. The east of the route the Victoria County History describes as a road in 1911. Relatively briefly the modern road uses bypasses and straightened cuts, many of the inns along its path were one time staging inns. One of the earliest sections of the M25 motorway runs parallel and to the north of the A25, as such, most of the route is a single carriageway and a very small minority of it is a dual carriageway, the junctions at Guildfold and Redhill. The route has been included in the London-Surrey Cycle Classic alongside the entrances to Hatchlands Park, the east of the county has Reigate Castle along its route. Combe Bank Landscaped Grounds and Squerryes Court are along the route in west Kent, bringing the total of listed English gardens along the route to four
4.
A27 road
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The A27 is a major road in England. It runs from its junction with the A36 at Whiteparish in the county of Wiltshire and it closely parallels the south coast in Hampshire, then passes through West Sussex and terminates at Pevensey in East Sussex. It is one of the westernmost Zone 2 roads in the UK, between Portsmouth and Lewes, it is one of the busiest trunk roads in the UK. In 2002 an offpeak journey between Margate and Southampton via the M25 took 2 hours 30 minutes, and via the route using the A259. The reason why the route is so much slower than the M25 alternative is largely due to a series of bottlenecks on the A27. These include Chichester, Arundel, Worthing and Polegate, the British government announced, in its 2013 spending review, that it would go ahead with improvements to the Chichester bypass. The Highways Agency said that the proposals would be subject to consultation in July 2015. The preferred route would then be announced in September 2015 and the plan would be to start construction in February 2018 with a date of December 2019. However the timescales were then revised, there was a six-week public consultation period during Spring 2016. The proposed construction would commence in March 2019 with a completion date of March 2021. After five options were published and two dropped the government cancelled the project on 28 February 2017, citing lack of support from local authorities as the main reason. A proposed scheme to bypass Lancing and Sompting was dropped in 1988, a proposed scheme to bypass Arundel was dropped in 2003, although the junction at the end of the dual carriageway has been partly made into an underpass. Arundel and Worthing are both areas of traffic congestion during times of peak usage. A bridge over the crossing at Beddingham was completed on 22 August 2008. The original proposal called for a dual carriageway link with a bridge over the crossing. However, the project involved improving the original single carriageway road by providing two lanes westbound and one lane eastbound between the Southerham and Beddingham roundabouts. Despite the limited improvements to the A27, it is substantially quicker to travel from Southampton to Margate via the M25 route compared to the coast route of A259. Because of all the delays along its route, according to West Sussex County Council, further, it is widely considered by businesses on the coast to cost money and inhibit economic performance due to its unreliability and frequent congestion
5.
South Circular Road, London
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Together with the North Circular Road and Woolwich Ferry, it makes a complete ring-road around Central London. The South Circular is largely a sequence of urban streets joined together, requiring several at-grade turns, originally planned as a new-build route across South London, construction of the first section of the South Circular near Eltham began in 1921 to a high-quality specification. The remainder of the road was supposed to be of a standard but it was repeatedly delayed. The South Circular has received sustained criticism for congestion and pollution and is one of the least popular roads in Britain, the South Circular is 20.5 miles long. The majority of the road is single carriageway, one each way. It is a road for its entire length. The South Circular Road starts just south of the terminal where the A2204 Ferry Approach meets the main east-west road through Woolwich. The route continues south to the A2 at a grade separated junction—one of only two on the route—and continues southwesterly as a carriageway, crossing Eltham Road and Sidcup Road. At the junction with Burnt Ash Hill the road becomes single carriageway again. Beyond the common, the South Circular merges with the A3 London to Portsmouth road for two miles, travelling along Wandsworth High Street and passing the old Ram Brewery. The road then crosses the A316 Great Chertsey Road, passing the National Archives, Kew Green and it ends at the Chiswick Roundabout, which is the junction for the M4 and the A406 North Circular Road. The South Circular Road was planned by the Ministry of Transport in the early 20th century as part of a programme of traffic improvements across London. In 1903, a proposal for new approach roads was submitted to the Royal Commission on London Traffic, the Road Board was formed in 1910 to address traffic issues, which led to the London Arterial Road Conferences in 1913–14 that revived the earlier plans. Progress was halted because of the war, but resumed in 1920, in 1925, The Times announced a replacement bridge for the Woolwich Ferry was planned as part of the South Circular project to tie in with the East Ham and Barking Bypass. In 1927, the Governors of Dulwich College formally objected to the road as it would put the Memorial Library right next to a main road and remove part of the college green. Sir Patrick Abercrombie was frustrated by the lack of progress, Plans for an improved South Circular were revisited as part of Abercrombies County of London Plan of 1943, as the southern half of one of several ring roads around the capital. The current recognised route of the South Circular was created by local motoring organisations putting up strategically placed signposts to direct traffic. Sir Richard Sharples, then MP for Sutton and Cheam, felt this was inadequate, the existing South Circular route was recognised as being unsuitable for upgrading and a new motorway, Ringway 2, was planned for construction further south
6.
A217 road
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The A217 is a road in Greater London and Surrey in the United Kingdom. The road enters the town and London borough of Wandsworth, the road turns right at a roundabout on to Swandon Way, becoming a primary route for a short stretch, before passing Wandsworth Town railway station. It is briefly called Fairfield St before meeting the A3, the road reverts to non-primary status, and changes name to Garratt Lane, passing Southside shopping centre, before it heads out of Wandsworth and into Earlsfield. It passes the B234 shortly before reaching Earlsfield railway station and it continues through Earlsfield as Garratt Lane and the road passes the B229 before it reaches Streatham Cemetery. In Upper Tooting, it meets Tooting Broadway, a junction with the A24 and tube station, before becoming Mitcham Road. It passes Tooting railway station and this is where the exits the London Borough of Wandsworth. It becomes London Road as it enters the London Borough of Merton and it continues through the one-way system at Mitcham and passes Mitcham tram station before becoming Bishopsford Road. It passes a crossroads with Gander Green Lane and becomes St Dunstans Hill before reaching a junction in Cheam with the A232 and it becomes Belmont Rise and goes past a crossroads with Northey Avenue and the road leaves the suburban area of Belmont, as well as Greater London. At the road enters Surrey, it meets the B2230 again at a roundabout to the south of Belmont before entering the notorious Mad Mile section, the speed limit changes from 40 to 60 mph and returns to 40 mph at the Banstead Crossroads junction with the A2022. In this area the road passes Banstead Downs, and its golf course, to It passes near the large suburban villages of Tadworth and Kingswood, passing several B-roads, including the B2032. It travells beside Banstead Heath before reaching the settlement of Lower Kingswood. After passing a roundabout near Kingswood Manor, the road arrives at the Reigate Hill Interchange, at this point, the A217 becomes a non-primary A-road. It is now named Reigate Hill, in a steep section of the North Downs. The area become more urban at the bottom of the hill and it passes through a level crossing next to Reigate station. It runs concurrently with the A25 through the main system of Reigate town centre. It carries on through the localities of Woodhatch and Doversgreen before going into a rural area. It travels over the River Mole in the hamlet of Sidlow. After a period of farms, the passes the village of Hookwood
7.
A232 road
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The A232 is a road running east-west in two modern counties, across far south London and 3 miles into Surrey. It connects the A24 in Ewell with the A224 Orpington bypass, between Croydon and Ewell the road runs close to a northern part of the Sutton & Mole Valley Lines, impliedly from London. Part of the long-distance, express London Buses route X26 runs along the road between Waddon and Cheam, the most common road type of the route is that of a single carriageway, the remainder a neither large nor small minority of its route is a dual carriageway. In the 1970s the plans for the construction of the M23 motorway north of Hooley had the crossing the A232 Croydon Road in Wallington between Hilliers Lane and Demense Road. It is probable that a junction would have been provided if the motorway had been built. In the late 1970s, when the M23 plan was scaled back to omit the section across Mitcham Common, the A232 starts at a crossroads with the A240 and B2200 on Cheam Road in the Borough of Epsom and Ewell, Surrey. It runs near Nonsuch Park through East Ewell towards Cheam, after passing Ewell East railway station, it runs by a junction with Banstead Road. It then climbs over Howell Hill by the Nonsuch Court Estate before exiting Epsom and Ewell, the A232 enters the London Borough of Sutton just before Herefield Bridge. It becomes Ewell Road and passes the Cheam entrance to Nonsuch Park before passing by Cheam Park, after the crossroads with the A2043 and the B283, it becomes Cheam High Street before crossing the A217 at St Dunstans. It again becomes Cheam Road and it heads into Sutton Town Centre and it goes on the one-way system and becomes Carshalton Road, before becoming Pound Street, then High Street Carshalton. It becomes Acre Lane before coming to a crossroads with the A237 and it then runs as Croydon Road. The road enters the London Borough of Croydon shortly before turning right onto Purley Way and it soon arrives at Fiveways Corner by Waddon railway station and takes a sharp left onto Stafford Road. It briefly is called Epsom Road before becoming Duppas Hill Road and it goes on the Croydon Flyover which goes over the centre of Croydon. Immediately after the flyover, it comes to a roundabout with the A212. The road heads towards West Wickham as Barclay Road, Fairfield Road, Chepstow Road and it comes to a roundabout with the A215. It briefly becoming a dual-carriageway before coming to another roundabout by Upper Shirley Road and it becomes Wickham Road and continues for 1.5 miles before exiting the borough. Just before the roundabout, the road enters the London Borough of Bromley, after the roundabout, it becomes High Street. It comes to a crossroads with the A214 and Wickham Court Road and it carries on as Glebe Way and at a roundabout, it meets the eastern end of the A2022
8.
A240 road
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The A240 is a partially primary status A road in Surrey and Greater London that connects the A217 with the A3 and continues beyond through Surbiton to Kingston upon Thames. The road is 8.5 miles long and is dualled as the Ewell bypass, in conjunction with the A3 it provides an alternative to the congested A24 corridor through Morden and Merton. The A240 runs through three boroughs, the B2221 branches off and after there is a crossroads for Yew Tree Bottom Road, it crosses the Sutton and Mole Valley Epsom Downs branch line immediately before exiting the borough. The road enters the Borough of Epsom and Ewell just before A2022 heads west into Epsom at a roundabout, at the bottom of this incline the elevation reaches 45m OD and the A24 joins from the southwest. After meeting the A24 the gradient slows it runs concurrently with the A24 road as the Ewell Bypass, the bypass shortly afterwards meets the B2200 at the crossroads with the start of the A232. At the next crossroads, the A24 heads off north-east, when meeting the B2200 again, whilst the bypass continues and it becomes Kingston Road at the Beggars Hill Roundabout with Park Avenue West heading east into Stoneleigh. The road then goes under the line near Stoneleigh railway station with the Ewell Court neighbourhood to the west. The road then passes Stoneleigh Park Road traffic lights, for the station, or Bradford Drive. The road bisects a northern spur of West Ewell where it meets the B284, again, the B284 then branches off at the next junction on Worcester Park Road just before non-humped Tolworth Court Bridge over the Hogsmill stream. The A240 then enters the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames in Greater London as it goes over the Hogsmill River, a tributary of the River Thames at Tolworth Court Bridge. It then goes under another railway bridge by Tolworth railway station before crossing the A3 at the Tolworth Junction, a grade separated roundabout, in rush hour, traffic jams from Tolworth junction can stretch to the junction with Thorndon Gardens. The road turns north-by-northwest with the tangent before this bend being a link road the first of three straight roads to central Surbiton. In north Surbiton it winds downhill quickly between has two junctions with roads that form the B3363 to central Surbiton, from then on it heads straight towards the B3365, the link road to the A307 where the road bends to the north. It passes County Hall and Kingston University as the road approaches its end at a roundabout by Kingston College, bus lanes are incorporated in the Greater London section between the junction with the A3 and its terminus at Kingston. Notes Citations SABRE Roads by Ten - A240
9.
A243 road (Great Britain)
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The A243 road in England is a partially primary status A-road that runs from Leatherhead in Surrey to Surbiton in the Royal Borough of Kingston Upon Thames, Greater London. It is primary for most of its length, from Leatherhead to Hook Junction with the A3 before running as a non-primary A-road through Surbiton to its terminus at the A307, although comparatively short it is a busy road connecting a number of other A roads with the M25 motorway. Leatherhead The A243 starts at the Knoll roundabout in Leatherhead with the A24, and it then runs for about half a mile before coming to a large roundabout, that is half of Junction 9 of the M25 motorway. This is the start of the A245 road, the A243 continues and passes the Chessington World of Adventures theme park on the left. The area gradually gets more built up, and it passes Garrison Lane, the road goes into the centre of Chessington and comes to a roundabout with two minor roads, one of which Bridge road, a link road to Chessington North railway station and Epsom. It then goes through Hook, and it passes Hook Parade and it is briefly a dual carriageway approaching the Hook junction with the A3 and the south-east terminus of the A309. Surbiton Now it becomes a non primary A-road and heads towards Surbiton, there are two link roads to the A240, the B364 at the crossroads with Ditton Road where the A243 changes name to Upper Brighton Road, and at a roundabout with the A3210. It then runs for half a mile before going under the line near Surbiton railway station as it becomes Brighton Road. After another half-mile, it terminates at a set of lights with the A307 in Seething Wells
10.
A259 road
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The A259 is a road on the south coast of England passing through Hampshire, West Sussex, East Sussex and part of Kent. The A259 is a busy two-lane road running along the south coast of England, over the border in Kent, it continues through New Romney and Hythe to terminate at Folkestone. The road passes through the town of Winchelsea, Englands first new town, the road has Trunk Road status between Pevensey and Brenzett and formed part of the formerly designated South Coast Trunk Road. This section of A259 is almost entirely single-carriageway, with only a stretch of urban dual carriageway in Bexhill. In June 2008, a 12 miles stretch of the A259 between Hastings and Eastbourne was named as the most dangerous road in the South East of England. This scheme along with many others proposed at the time were shelved in 1996-7 after a number of major protests in the UK. They were also concerned about the effect the scheme would have on several ancient woodlands. The section between Brenzett and Folkestone was de-trunked in 2003 and control reverted to Kent County Council, other development proposals for the road were considered in 2004. It was named as one of the most dangerous road in South East England in 2008, the South East Regional Assembly included the scheme within its Regional Funding Advice package. Although originally estimated at £45 million, the scheme was now expected to cost over £100 million, £33 million was expected to come from developer contributions, but the County Council was unable to obtain them. The Bexhill Hastings Link Road would make a contribution to meeting the need to improve access between the towns and linking Trunk Roads which serve the area. A number of organisations objected to the scheme, in addition they objected to the impact on the Combe Haven valley, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, which would be cut in two by the scheme. The Woodland Trust also objected as the road would seriously impact on the Marline Valley Woods Site of Special Scientific Interest and this sort of woodland is only found on steep sided valleys and are hugely important for wildlife but are highly sensitive to pollution. The road would pass within metres of Church wood and other nationally and locally protected wildlife sites. A public inquiry into the scheme started on 10 November 2009, when the Bexhill to Hastings Link Road was eventually approved then changes also needed to be made to the A21 Baldslow / Queensway. The work was completed late in 2015 at a cost of between £90 and £100 million, A259 Folkestone-Havant — From SABREs Roads By 10. Hastings Alliance Opposition to the Bexhill to Hastings Link Road Road Safety Foundation
11.
A264 road (Great Britain)
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The A264 is an east-west road in southern England that runs from Pembury in west Kent to Five Oaks in West Sussex. There have been a number of changes in this important east-west route which follows the north Sussex border with Kent. Originally the route started in Tunbridge Wells, the Pembury to Tunbridge Wells section being originally the A263, both routes are winding and narrow and both have bridges with single file traffic. West of East Grinstead, it multiplexes with the A22 to Felbridge, the section from the west of Felbridge as far as Three Bridges has been improved and partially rerouted. For many years there was no junction with the M23 and the route went through both Crawley and Horsham, the old route is followed south west to Five Oaks and the A29. Thus, very little of the original A264 now carries that identifier, Pembury Tunbridge Wells East Grinstead Copthorne Crawley Horsham Broadbridge Heath Five Oaks http, //www. sabre-roads. org. uk/roadlists/r10/notes. php. number=A264
12.
A272 road
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The A272 is a road in southeast England. It follows an approximate East-West route from near Heathfield, East Sussex to the city of Winchester, the eastern end of the A272 starts at a junction with the A267,1.5 miles north-west of the village of Cross In Hand, East Sussex. It heads west, crossing the A26 and A22 north of Uckfield and it then bypasses the town of Haywards Heath and continues west, crossing the main London-Brighton A23 road at Bolney. The route continues, crossing the A24 and passing through a number of villages and small towns in West Sussex, such as Billingshurst, Petworth and it then crosses the county boundary into Hampshire and reaches Petersfield. In former years, the A272 continued north-west from Winchester to Stockbridge, today, after 1.3 miles it re-emerges from the A31 to run north to the Winnall Roundabout, Junction 9 of the M3. Here it merges with the A34, passing east and north of Winchester and it then runs NW along the Andover Road, terminating at the A30, an overall length of 85 miles. To the north the B3420 continues across the River Test to Wherwell, the A272s route is predominantly rural, despite being only 40 miles from the centre of London at its nearest point. Most of the time it passes through countryside, villages and small towns, also, it has virtually no dual carriageway sections, and therefore gives the driver an experience which is reminiscent of English country roads as they were 50 or more years ago. Prior to the development of roads, this was difficult for travellers, because of the extensive forest. The more likely route was the Pilgrims Way, which followed the chalk escarpment of the North Downs, the road is the subject of a book by the Dutch author, Pieter Boogaart, A272 - An Ode to a Road. has taken the A272
13.
A2022 road
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The A2022 is a non-primary road in England. As it enters linear Addington Village it runs as Kent Gate Way and it then crosses the tramlink and a roundabout with the A212. It changes name to Little Woodcote Lane, and leaves the suburban landscape as it heads into Little Woodcote in the London Borough of Sutton, passing a wide area of farms. It then comes to two mini-roundabouts with the B278, the first roundabout for the road to Carshalton. It passes wide Oaks Park, Carshalton and comes to a dip at 104 m above sea level as it exits Greater London. The road enters, with gentle curves, an unnamed outlying neighbourhood of Banstead in the Surrey borough of Reigate and Banstead. It reaches a westerly high-point of 152m Ordnance Datum just before entering Banstead and it then descends, before coming to a mini roundabout with the B2219 Bolters Lane. Almost immediately after the roundabout, it comes to the Banstead Crossroads with the A217. On the other side of the Drift Bridge at a roundabout, after about half a mile, it comes to crossroads with Longdown Lane North and South, the South being the B288. It then passes Epsom College, before College Road heads left, also on the road are Epsom College, Croydon High School, John Ruskin College, Croydon RFC and the Wickham Theatre Great Britain road numbering scheme
14.
A2043 road (Great Britain)
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The A2043 is a non-primary A-road that runs from Cheam in the Borough of Sutton to Norbiton near Kingston via North Cheam, Worcester Park, Old Malden and New Malden. The A2043 starts at a crossroads in the centre of Cheam at a crossroads with the A232 and Station Way and it is named The Broadway for a short distance before changing name to Malden Road. After a mile, it comes to a crossroads with the A24 London Road in North Cheam and it changes name to Cheam Common Road. It runs into Worcester Park, and after an S-bend in the road, it becomes Central Road, as it goes under the railway line by Worcester Park railway station, it enters the Royal Borough of Kingston Upon Thames. It enters Old Malden and runs for half a mile passing a T-Junction with the north-east terminus of the B284. It then goes under another railway line, about half a mile from Malden Manor railway station, the road then bends round to the right and passes a set of traffic lights with Sheephouse Way. The road then enters New Malden and arrives at Malden Junction with the A3 and it continues for a short distance before heading left at a roundabout with the B283 High Street and B283 Burlington Road. It changes name to Kingston Road and passes Kingsmeadow, home to Kingstonian F. C, AFC Wimbledon, as well as Kingston Athletic Club, the road then becomes Cambridge Road and after a short distance, it terminates at a T-Junction with the A308
15.
A3 road
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The A3, known as the Portsmouth Road or London Road in sections, is a major road connecting London and Portsmouth passing close to Kingston upon Thames, Guildford, Haslemere and Petersfield. For much of its 67-mile length, it is classified as a trunk road, almost all of the road has been built to dual carriageway standards or wider. Apart from bypass sections in London the road travels in a southwest direction and, after Liss, the other section of such restriction is through Battersea, Clapham and Stockwell towards the northern end reflecting its urban setting and also accommodating bus lanes and parking meter bays. The construction of the Kingston and Guildford bypasses in the 1920s and 1930s made use of narrow gauge railways to move the construction materials. The Esher bypass, between Hook from the first mentioned bypass to the M25, is three lanes with a hard shoulder, from here to Guildford the road has three lanes. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu stressed the urgency of building a Kingston By-pass in 1911 however before the onset of World War I public funds were not secured and were not available in the aftermath. It was opened by the Prime Minister, the Rt Hon Stanley Baldwin MP and it ran for 8.5 miles from the Robin Hood Gate of Richmond Park to the near outskirts of Esher. The opening ceremony concluded with refreshments for 800 guests in marquees near to the northern start/end and its construction immediately attracted developments of housing where access was easiest. The road was once the haunt of highwaymen such as Jerry Abershawe who terrorised the area around Kingston, another particularly dangerous location was in the vicinity of the wooded crest skirting the Devils Punch Bowl, Hindhead, about 8 miles south-west of Guildford. In 2011 the Hindhead Tunnel became the centre of the Hindhead Bypass around the road of the small town. Until 2011 the road through Hindhead was the last single carriageway section of the route, outside London and it continues along Newington Butts, and bounds then enters the London Borough of Lambeth on Kennington Park Road which becomes Clapham Road and Clapham High Street. The A3 then turns west as Clapham Common North Side, along this road it enters the London Borough of Wandsworth after which it runs concurrently with the A205 South Circular and goes through Wandsworth, then the A205 carries on west towards Richmond. The A3 then continues south-west between Richmond Park and Wimbledon Common before beginning to bypass Kingston upon Thames while going through Roehampton Vale. The A3 enters The Royal Borough of Kingston Upon Thames just before Kingston Vale where there is a junction with the A308 for Kingston upon Thames, the speed limit then increases to 50 mph before going under the Coombe Flyover. The A3 then goes on a flyover by Shannon Corner in Raynes Park, before having junctions for New Malden, Tolworth, brief features of a section of road contribute to a traffic pinch-point during peak hours around the Hook underpass. The road reduces from three lanes to two in the underpass, the speed limit at this point reduces from 70 miles per hour to 50 miles per hour, with the first of a handful of GATSO speed enforcement cameras. If returning to London traffic from the A309 also joins just before the underpass, after passing Claygate the motorway-standard section has junctions with the A244 between Esher and Oxshott, then the A245 between Cobham and Hersham. The roads Wisley Interchange with the M25 enables a flyover still with a 70 mph speed limit and it bypasses Wisley, Ockham, Ripley before cutting through the major town itself as a dual carriageway and changing to a 50 mph speed limit
16.
Worthing
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Worthing is a large seaside town in England, with borough status in West Sussex. It is situated at the foot of the South Downs,10 miles west of Brighton, the area around Worthing has been populated for at least 6,000 years and contains Britains greatest concentration of Stone Age flint mines, which are some of the earliest mines in Europe. Lying within the borough, the Iron Age hill fort of Cissbury Ring is one of Britains largest, Worthing means Worth/Worōs people, from the Old English personal name Worth/Worō, and -ingas people of. In the 19th and 20th centuries the area was one of Britains chief market gardening centres, modern Worthing has a large service industry, particularly in financial services. It has three theatres and one of Britains oldest cinemas, writers Oscar Wilde and Harold Pinter lived and worked in the town. From around 4000BC, the South Downs above Worthing was Britains earliest and largest flint-mining area, with four of the UKs 14 known flint mines lying within 7 miles of the centre of Worthing. An excavation at Little High Street dates the earliest remains from Worthing town centre to the Bronze Age, there is also an important Bronze Age hill fort on the western fringes of the modern borough at Highdown Hill. During the Iron Age, one of Britains largest hill forts was built at Cissbury Ring, the area was part of the civitas of the Regni during the Romano-British period. Several of the roads date from this era and lie in a grid layout known as centuriation. A Romano-British farmstead once stood in the centre of the town, in the 5th and 6th centuries, the area became part of the kingdom of Sussex. The place names of the area, including the name Worthing itself, Worthing remained an agricultural and fishing hamlet for centuries until the arrival of wealthy visitors in the 1750s. Princess Amelia stayed in the town in 1798 and the fashionable and wealthy continued to stay in Worthing, the town expanded and elegant developments such as Park Crescent and Liverpool Terrace were begun. The area was a stronghold of smugglers in the 19th century and was the site of rioting by the Skeleton Army in the 1880s, Oscar Wilde holidayed in the town in 1893 and 1894, writing the Importance of Being Earnest during his second visit. The town was home to literary figures in the 20th century. During the Second World War, Worthing was home to several allied military divisions in preparation for the D-Day landings, Worthing became the worlds 229th Transition Town in October 2009. Transition Town Worthing, the exploring the towns transition to life after oil, was established by local residents as a way of planning the towns Energy Descent Action Plan. Worthing means Worth/Weorð/Worōs people, from the Old English personal name Worth, Weorð or Worō, worthen was used as late as 1720. The modern name was first documented in 1297, another village with a similar name near Emmen in Drenthe in the Northeastern part of the Netherlands is Weerdinge
17.
Littlehampton
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It is 51.5 miles south south-west of London,19 miles west of Brighton and 10 miles east of the county town of Chichester. The parish covers an area of 11.35 km2, the suburban area of the town has a population of approx. The conurbation includes other settlements, Wick in the north west, Lyminster to the north, Wick and Toddington, which has a large business park, became part of the town in 1901. Nearby towns include Bognor Regis and Worthing to the east, the town is also the westernmost settlement of the 12th largest urban area in England and Wales, the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, a region encompassing 474,485 people. The South Downs National Park commences 3 miles north of the town, Littlehampton links to Amberley and Arundel by footpaths and railway as well as by roads. A human settlement at Littlehampton can be traced back to prehistoric and Roman times, the settlement is believed to have been a fishing community around this time, appearing on a French map in around 1100 as Hanton. The settlement is believed to have been given to the Abbey of St Martin de Seez in Normandy. The area then passed back to the ownership of successive Earls of Arundel and Dukes of Norfolk, the expansion of port activities led to a new river mouth being cut in 1735, alongside the building of a wooden harbour. At this time it was known as Arundel Port. The towns status as both a port and a holiday resort led to success in the nineteenth century, with a railway line. The population of the town grew tenfold over the century, from 584 in 1801 to 5,954 in 1901, Littlehampton remained as a holiday resort in the twentieth century, becoming known as The Childrens Paradise in the 1920s. In 1967, the town attracted attention by becoming the base for the first ever Blue Peter lifeboat, the world headquarters of The Body Shop is situated towards the north of the town, and is a major employer in the area. A local company, Dando Drilling International Ltd, has been exporting drilling rigs from Littlehampton since 1867, van Heyningen Brothers salad growers was a major employer in the town from 1964 to 2003. Littlehampton lies within the constituency of Bognor Regis and Littlehampton. At a local government level, Littlehampton is part of Littlehampton Town Council, Arun District Council, Littlehampton currently has 10 seats on the district council, spread across five wards - Beach, Brookfield, Ham, River and Wick with Toddington. At the district held in May 2011, the Conservatives won 7 of these 10 seats, Labour 2. On West Sussex county council, the town is represented by two Conservatives and a Liberal Democrat, Littlehampton has one secondary school, The Littlehampton Academy, which opened in 2009, replacing the Littlehampton Community School. For younger children there are five primary schools — Lyminster, River Beach, St. Catherines, White Meadows and Georgian Gardens
18.
Roads in the United Kingdom
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Roads in the United Kingdom form a network of varied quality and capacity. Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour or by the use of the speed limit symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters, enforcement of UK road speed limits increasingly uses speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, the earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the British Iron Age. The road network was expanded during the Roman occupation, some of these survive and others were lost. New roads were added in the Middle Ages and from the 17th century onwards, certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the competence of the United Kingdom parliament. Although some roads have much older origins, the network was subject to development from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. From then, construction of roads has become controversial with direct action campaigns by environmentalists in opposition. In the UK, vehicles drive on the left and on multi-lane carriageways drivers are expected to keep to the left lane except when overtaking, in Great Britain, the Highway Code applies to drivers. In Northern Ireland, the Highway Code for Northern Ireland applies, UK speed limits are shown in mph. With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a built-up area, unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour applies, other limits are shown in the table. For a road to be classed as a carriageway, the two directions of traffic flow must be physically separated by a central reservation. Roads in the UK are classified as M, A, or B roads, as well as categories of more minor roads, for internal purposes. These numbers follow a zonal system, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major routes are motorways, and are designed to carry long distance traffic. The next category is the A roads, which form the route network. A primary route is defined as, primary destinations are usually cities and large towns, to which, as a result of their size, a high volume of traffic is expected to go
19.
Sutton, London
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Sutton is the principal town of the London Borough of Sutton in South London, England. It lies on the slopes of the North Downs, and has the administrative headquarters of the borough. It is located 10.4 miles south-south west of Charing Cross, an ancient parish, originally in the county of Surrey, Sutton is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having two churches and two acres of meadow at that time. Suttons location on the London to Brighton turnpike from 1755 led to the establishment of coaching inns, when it was connected to central London by rail in 1847, the village began to grow into a town, and there was significant Victorian-era expansion. Suttons expansion and increase in population accelerated in the 20th century as part of the growth of London. It became a borough with neighbouring Cheam in 1934, and has formed part of Greater London since 1965. Sutton has the largest library in the borough, several works of art, four conservation areas. It is home to a number of international companies and the sixth most important shopping area in London. Sutton mainline railway station is the largest in the borough, with frequent services to central London, along with Wimbledon Studios, Sutton is a hub for filming in south-west London. Sutton is home to the Royal Marsden Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, the town has among the lowest levels of crime in Greater London. Sutton is home to a significant number of the boroughs schools, in 2011 Sutton was the top performing borough for GCSE results in England. The placename Sutton is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Sudtone and it is formed from Old English sūth and tūn, meaning the south farm. It was probably in relation to Mitcham and Morden that it was considered southerly, the name was later applied to Sutton Common and the Sutton New Town development in the 19th century. Archaeological finds in the date back over ten thousand years. An implement from the age was discovered close to the junction of Sutton High Street. The Roman road of Stane Street forms part of the boundary of the parish of Sutton. The course of Stane Street through the area is now followed by the modern roads Stonecot Hill and London Road, some sources state the early name as Suthtone or Sudtana instead. Other place names appear in this charter are Bedintone, Cegeham
20.
Dorking
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Dorking /ˈdɔːr. kɪŋ/ is a market town in Surrey, England between Ranmore Common in the North Downs range of hills and Leith Hill in the Greensand Ridge, centred 21 miles from London. Dorking is a commuter and retirement settlement with three stations and a few large offices of multinational companies. Dorking chickens with short five-toed legs are a major breed, the town has a local government headquarters and hosts repeating loops of the FIA-ranked London-Surrey cycle classic elite category event every year. Dorking began to more than an agricultural village as a small staging post on Stane Street. Dorking appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as the Manor of Dorchinges and it was held by William the Conqueror. Its Domesday assets were, one church, three mills worth 15s 4d,16 ploughs,3 acres of meadow, woodland and herbage for 88 hogs and it rendered £18 per year to its feudal system overlords. Subsequent Lords of the Manor included the Dukes of Norfolk, who lived in Dorking until they moved to Arundel, one of them is buried in Dorking churchyard. In 1750, the construction of a road made Dorking a staging post on the route to Brighton. The Bulls Head in South Street had a famous coachman, William Broad, an inn in the centre of Dorking, the White Horse, was developed in the 18th century, previous buildings on this site belonged to the Knights Templar and later the Knights of St John. Dorking held a big wheat and cattle market in the High Street, the poultry market was held in the corner of South Street and round Butter Hill. Here the famous Dorking fowl were sold and this breed, which has five claws instead of the normal four, was a favourite for 19th century tables, including that of Queen Victoria. Dorking lost its stagecoaches when the railways arrived, but then attracted wealthy residents who built houses in and around the town, such as Denbies House. Cotmandene is a 4.78 ha area of land to the east of the town centre. Cricket matches were played on the heath during the 18th century and are recorded in Edward Beavans 1777 poem Box Hill, a painting entitled A Cricket Match on Cotmandene, Dorking by the artist James Canter, dating to around 1770, is now held by the Marylebone Cricket Club. A game resembling rugby was played here. The two sides were unlimited in number, representing the east and west of the town, the goals were the two bridges on the Pipp Brook. The Town Crier kicked off the ball at 2 pm and stopped play at 6 pm, the game was started at the church gates and was rioted up and down the High Street. It ceased in 1897 after complaints by tradesmen and it was stopped under section 72 of the Highway Act 1835
21.
Horsham
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Horsham /ˈhɔːrʃəm/ is a market town on the upper reaches of the River Arun on the fringe of the Weald in Sussex, England. The town is 31 miles south south-west of London,18.5 miles north-west of Brighton and 26 miles north-east of the county town of Chichester, nearby towns include Crawley to the north-east and Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill to the south-east. It is the centre of the Horsham district. The first historical record of Horsham is from AD947, the name may mean either horse home or Horsas home. The town has historically been known for trading in early medieval times, iron and brick making up until the 20th century. Horsham is the largest town in the Horsham District Council area, the second, higher, tier of local government is West Sussex County Council, based in Chichester. It was once part of the county of Surrey in 1758 until a change in boundaries through the parliament act in 1867, in addition there are various Parish Councils. The town is the centre of the constituency of Horsham. Jeremy Quin has served as Member of Parliament for Horsham since 2015, succeeding Francis Maude, Horsham holds the UK record for the heaviest hailstone ever to fall. On 5 September 1958, a hailstone weighing 140g landed in the town and it was similar in size to a tennis ball and impact speeds have been calculated to be 100 m/s. Horsham is 50 metres above sea level, the River Arun rising from ghylls in the St Leonards Forest area, to the east of Horsham, cuts through the south of the town then makes its way through Broadbridge Heath. The Arun is joined by a number of streams flowing down from the north which rise around Rusper, Horsham has grown up around the Carfax. To the south of the Carfax is the Causeway and this street consists of houses erected in the 17th, 18th and early 19th century and is lined with ancient London Plane trees. The Horsham Museum is at the end opposite to the recently developed former headquarters of the R. S. P. C. A. At the south end of the Causeway is the Church of England parish church of St. Mary, Norman in origin, rebuilt in the 13th century, the area immediately to the south of the parish church is known as Normandy. It was formerly an area of cottages and an ancient well. Fifty metres south is the River Arun, on the northern bank is Prewetts Mill and on the south side is the towns cricket field. A short walk along the banks of the Arun in a easterly direction is Chesworth Farm
22.
English Channel
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The English Channel, also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 560 km long and varies in width from 240 km at its widest to 33.3 km in the Strait of Dover and it is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some 75,000 km2. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows, a line joining Isle Vierge to Lands End. The southwestern limit of the North Sea, the IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as a line joining the Walde Lighthouse and Leathercoat Point. The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais, and Leathercoat Point is at the end of St Margarets Bay. The Strait of Dover, at the Channels eastern end, is its narrowest point and it is relatively shallow, with an average depth of about 120 m at its widest part, reducing to a depth of about 45 m between Dover and Calais. Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the watershed of the land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries. It reaches a depth of 180 m in the submerged valley of Hurds Deep,48 km west-northwest of Guernsey. The eastern region along the French coast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine. There are several islands in the Channel, the most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is indented, several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a parallel channel known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel, the time difference of about six hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by resonance. It was never defined as a border and the names were more or less descriptive. It was not considered as the property of a nation, strangely, before the development of the modern nations, British scholars very often referred to it as Gaulish and the French one as British or English. The name English Channel has been used since the early 18th century. In modern Dutch, however, it is known as Het Kanaal, later, it has also been known as the British Channel or the British Sea having been called the Oceanus Britannicus by the 2nd-century geographer Ptolemy. The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450, the Anglo-Saxon texts often call it Sūð-sǣ as opposed to Norð-sǣ
23.
West Sussex
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West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex to the east, Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north, and to the south the English Channel. Chichester in the southwest is the county town and only city in West Sussex, with the largest towns being Crawley, Worthing, West Sussex has a range of scenery, including wealden, downland and coastal. The highest point of the county is Blackdown, at 280 metres and it has a number of stately homes including Goodwood, Petworth House and Uppark and also castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle. Over half the county is protected countryside, offering walking, cycling, although the name Sussex, derived from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is from the Saxon period between AD477 to 1066, the history of human habitation in Sussex goes back to the Old Stone Age. The oldest hominin remains known in Britain were found at Eartham Pit, Sussex has been occupied since those times and has succumbed to various invasions and migrations throughout its long history. Prehistoric monuments include the Devils Jumps, a group of Bronze Age burial mounds, the Romans used the Weald for iron production on an industrial scale. The foundation story is regarded as somewhat of a myth by most historians, the Kingdom of Sussex was absorbed into Wessex as an earldom and became the county of Sussex. With its origins in the kingdom of Sussex, the county of Sussex was traditionally divided into six units known as rapes. By the 16th century, the three western rapes were grouped together informally, having their own separate Quarter Sessions and these were administered by a separate county council from 1888, the county of Sussex being divided for administrative purposes into the administrative counties of East and West Sussex. In 1974, West Sussex was made a ceremonial county with the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1972. At the same time a part of the eastern rape of Lewes was transferred into West Sussex. Until 1834 provision for the poor and destitute in West Sussex was made at parish level, from 1835 until 1948 eleven Poor Law Unions, each catering for several parishes, took on the job. Most settlements in West Sussex are either along the south coast or in Mid Sussex, the town of Crawley is the largest in the county with an estimated population of 106,600. The coastal settlement of Worthing closely follows with a population of 104,600, the seaside resort of Bognor Regis and market town Horsham are both large towns. Chichester, the county town, has a cathedral and city status, much of the coastal town population is part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation. Rustington and Southwater are the next largest settlements in the county, there are several more towns in West Sussex, although they are of similar size to other villages. The smaller towns of the county are Arundel, Midhurst, Petworth, Selsey, the larger villages are Billingshurst, Copthorne, Crawley Down, Cuckfield, Henfield, Hassocks, Hurstpierpoint, Lindfield, Pulborough and Storrington. The current total population of the county makes up 1. 53% of Englands population, West Sussex is bordered by Hampshire to the west, Surrey to the north and East Sussex to the east
24.
Surrey
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Surrey is a county in the south east of England. It shares borders with Kent to the east, East Sussex to the south-east, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west and south-west, Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames, administered as part of Greater London since 1965. With a resident population of 1.1 million, Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region, after Kent, the London boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark, Wandsworth, and parts of Lewisham and Bromley were in Surrey until 1889. The boroughs of Croydon, Kingston upon Thames, Merton, Sutton and Richmond upon Thames south of the River Thames were part of Surrey until 1965, when they too were absorbed into Greater London. In the same year, the county was extended north of the Thames by the addition of Spelthorne, due to this expansion, modern Surrey also borders on the London boroughs of Hounslow and Hillingdon. It has the highest GDP per capita of any English county, Surrey is divided in two by the chalk ridge of the North Downs, running east-west. To the north of the Downs the land is mostly flat, the geology of this area is dominated by London Clay in the east, Bagshot Sands in the west and alluvial deposits along the rivers. Much of Surrey is in the Metropolitan Green Belt and it contains a good deal of mature woodland. Among its many notable beauty spots are Box Hill, Leith Hill, Frensham Ponds, Newlands Corner and Puttenham & Crooksbury Commons. Surrey is the most wooded county in England, with 22. 4% coverage compared to an average of 11. 8%. Box Hill has the oldest untouched area of woodland in the UK. Surrey also contains Englands principal concentration of lowland heath, on soils in the west of the county. Agriculture not being intensive, there are many commons and access lands, together with a network of footpaths and bridleways including the North Downs Way. Accordingly, Surrey provides much in the way of leisure activities. The highest elevation in Surrey is Leith Hill near Dorking and it is either 293,294 or 295 metres above sea level and is the second highest point in southeastern England after Walbury Hill 297 metres in West Berkshire. Surrey has a population of approximately 1.1 million people and its largest town is Guildford, with a population of 66,773, Woking comes a close second with 62,796. They are followed by Ewell with 39,994 people and Camberley with 30,155, towns of between 25,000 and 30,000 inhabitants are Ashford, Epsom, Farnham, Staines and Redhill. Guildford is the county town, although the county administration was moved to Newington in 1791
25.
Stane Street (Chichester)
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Stane Street shows clearly the engineering principles that the Romans used when building roads. The direct survey line was followed only for the northernmost 12.5 km from London to Ewell, at no point does the road lie more than six miles from the direct line from London Bridge to Chichester. Today the Roman road is easily traceable on modern maps, much of the route is followed by the A3, A24, A29 and A285, although most of the course through the modern county of Surrey has either been completely abandoned or is followed only by bridlepaths. Stane is simply an old spelling of stone which was used to differentiate paved Roman roads from muddy native trackways. The name of the road is first recorded as Stanstret in both the 1270 Feet of Fines and the 1279 Assizes Rolls of Ockley and it is also referred to by the modern spelling as Stone Street as far back as medieval sources. There is no surviving record of the roads original Roman name, a number of first-century pottery fragments and coins have been found along the road, including Samian ware of Claudian date at Pulborough. The earliest coins found are of Claudius, with others of Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian and this is consistent with the road being in use by 60 to 70 AD, possibly earlier. The direct line from London Bridge to Chichester passes over the North Downs at Ranmore, the Greensand Ridge at Holmbury St Mary and over the South Downs near Goodwood Racecourse. The geology of the region was considered and the road leaves the direct line at Ewell to move onto the well-drained chalk of the North Downs. In order to accommodate and exploit the complex topology of the region, each limb could be surveyed separately using local vantage points. The Roman surveying technique is demonstrated by the longest of the four limbs from South Holmwood to North Heath. The line that the road runs between two prominent hill tops, Borough Hill on the South Downs and Brockham Warren on the North Downs. South of North Heath the road turns by an angle of 7 degrees to head towards the crossing of the River Arun at Pulborough, North of South Holmwood, the road turns by a further 7 degrees to the north to approach Dorking. The average width of the road is 7.4 metres. This is wider than the average 6.51 metres or 22 pedes for Roman roads in Britain, the overall width between the outer ditches, which can still be seen on aerial photographs taken over the South Downs, is 25.6 metres or 86 pedes. The actual width of metalling varies from place to place, the metalling was generally about 30 centimetres thick at the centre with a pronounced camber. Near to the Alfoldean station the metalling was constructed from slag in a solid 30 cm thick mass. There are two known posting stations or mansiones along Stane Street, where official messengers could change horses and these are at Alfoldean and Hardham
26.
Northern line
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The Northern line is a London Underground line, coloured black on the Tube map. The section between Stockwell and Borough opened in 1890, and is the oldest section of deep-level tube line on the network, for most of its length it is a deep-level tube line. There were about 252,310,000 passenger journeys in 2011/12 on the Northern line, making it the second-busiest line on the Underground. Despite its name, it does not serve the northernmost stations on the network, though it does serve the southernmost station, there are 50 stations on the line, of which 36 have platforms below ground. An extension in the 1920s used a route planned by a fourth company. Abandoned plans from the 1920s to extend the line further southwards, from the 1930s to the 1970s, the tracks of a seventh company were also managed as a branch of the Northern line. The C&SLR, Londons first deep-level tube railway, was built under the supervision of James Henry Greathead and it was the first of the Undergrounds lines to be constructed by boring deep below the surface and the first to be operated by electric traction. The railway opened in November 1890 from Stockwell to a station at King William Street. This was inconveniently placed and unable to cope with the traffic so, in 1900. By 1907 the C&SLR had been extended at both ends to run from Clapham Common to Euston. The CCE&HR was opened in 1907 and ran from Charing Cross via Euston and Camden Town to Golders Green and it was extended south by one stop to Embankment in 1914 to form an interchange with the Bakerloo and District lines. In 1913 the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, owner of the CCE&HR, took over the C&SLR, during the early 1920s, a series of works was carried out to connect the C&SLR and CCE&HR tunnels to enable an integrated service to be operated. The first of new tunnels, between the C&SLRs Euston station and the CCE&HRs station at Camden Town, had originally been planned in 1912 but had been delayed by World War I. The second connection linked the CCE&HRs Embankment and C&SLRs Kennington stations and provided a new station at Waterloo to connect to the main line station there. The smaller-diameter tunnels of the C&SLR were expanded to match the diameter of the CCE&HR. In conjunction with the works to integrate the two lines, two extensions were undertaken, northwards to Edgware in Middlesex and southwards to Morden in Surrey. The Edgware extension used plans dating back to 1901 for the Edgware and it extended the CCE&HR line from its terminus at Golders Green to Edgware in two stages, to Hendon Central in 1923 and to Edgware in 1924. The line crossed open countryside and ran on the surface, apart from a tunnel north of Hendon Central
27.
Colliers Wood
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Colliers Wood is an area in south west London, England, in the London Borough of Merton. It is a residential area, but has a busy high street. There are two shopping areas, the Tandem Centre and the Priory Retail Park, as well as a large supermarket complex built in 1989 on the site of an old print works. The Colliers Wood ward had a population of 10,712 in 2011, Colliers Wood Station is served by the London Undergrounds Northern line. Colliers Wood has three parks, a ground, the National Trust-owned Wandle Park, which covers an area of approximately 11 acres. Colliers Wood United F. C. is a football club founded in Colliers Wood. Colliers Wood shares its postcode district with Wimbledon, in 2006, local resident and ex-resident of Slough Keith Spears, having seen the BBC TV series Making Slough Happy, started the Making Colliers Wood Happy. Initiative as a way of building community spirit to counteract the decline in neighbourliness in suburban areas, Colliers Wood takes its name from a wood that stood to the east of Colliers Wood High Street, approximately where Warren, Marlborough and Birdhurst Roads are now. Contemporary Ordnance Survey maps show that this wood remained at least until the 1870s but had been cleared for development by the mid-1890s, the twelfth-century ruins of Merton Priory were considered by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport as a possible British candidate for World Heritage status. Henry VI, the king of England to be crowned outside of Westminster Abbey in the last thousand years. Among those educated at the priory were Thomas Becket and Nicholas Breakspear, close to Merton Priory is the market and heritage centre at Merton Abbey Mills, which is on the bank of the River Wandle. The Wandle was reputed to have more mills per mile than any river in the world. William Morris, at the forefront of the Arts and Crafts Movement, relocated his dyeworks to Merton Abbey Mills, after determining that the water of the Wandle was suitable for dyeing. The complex, on 7 acres, included buildings and a dyeworks, and the various buildings were soon adapted for stained-glass production, textile printing. The site is now occupied by a large shared Sainsbury/M&S supermarket complex, the worlds first public railway, the Surrey Iron Railway, passed through Colliers Wood on its route from Croydon to Wandsworth, between 1803 and 1846. White British is the largest ethnic group as of the 2011 census at 38%, Colliers Wood is dominated by the Colliers Wood Tower. Originally named the Lyon Tower, it was occupied as the headquarters of property company Ronald Lyon Holdings but has also been known as The Vortex. When being built, the reached the third storey before an error in construction was discovered
28.
Morden
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Morden is a district in the London Borough of Merton. It is located approximately 8 miles South-southwest of central London between Merton Park and Wimbledon, Mitcham, Sutton and Worcester Park, Morden had a population of 48,233 in 2011. Morden might get its name either from the British language words Mawr and Dun, small Roman artifacts, mainly coins and pottery, have been found at various locations within the area although there is no evidence of any settlement. In 1086, the Domesday Book recorded the manor as Mordone and it was held by Westminster Abbey and its assets were,3 hides,1 mill worth £2 and 7 ploughs. Fourteen people were recorded as living in the area, the manor and village remained abbey property until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in Henry VIIIs reign when the manor was sold to Lionel Ducket and Edward Whitchurch. Together, they sold it on the year to Sir Richard Garth who became Lord of the Manor. The Garth family owned the land and maintained their connection with the parish for the four centuries. The prominence of the Garth family is recorded locally in the name of Garth Road, Lower Morden, the two lions included in the present civic arms of the London Borough of Merton are adopted from the arms of Sir Richard. While the population of Wimbledon grew hugely from 1,591 in 1801 to 41,652 in 1901, the population of Morden was 512 in 1801 and, one hundred years later, had grown to just 960. In 1871, the area of the parish of Morden was 1,474.926 acres with the village clustered around St Lawrence’s church at the top of the hill on the road from London to Epsom. Approximately half a mile to the west of the main village, close to the church were the George Inn, a 17th-century coaching inn, the estate of Morden Park and a school. The other main public house in the village was the Crown Inn, the rest of what is now the commercial centre of Morden was fields. By 1898, the works had gone and there was a brickworks on the site of Mostyn Gardens in Martin Way. Under the Local Government Act,1894, the parish of Morden formed part of the Croydon Rural District of Surrey, Morden was merged with the Merton Urban District, in 1913, to form the Merton and Morden Urban District. Away from the new centre of Morden, the existing rural roads were widened and rebuilt. Further transport improvements came with the construction of a new Southern Railway branch line from Wimbledon to Sutton via stations at South Merton, the new line opened in January 1930. As a result of the new links, the population of Morden increased rapidly from 1,355 in 1921 to 12,618 in 1931. In the next fifteen years, the continued to grow
29.
London Borough of Lambeth
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Lambeth is a London borough in south London, England, which forms part of Inner London. Its name was recorded in 1062 as Lambehitha and in 1255 as Lambeth, Lambeth was part of the large, ancient parish of Lambeth St Mary, the site of the archepiscopal Lambeth Palace, in the hundred of Brixton in the county of Surrey. It was an elongated north-south parish with 2 miles of River Thames frontage opposite the cities of London, Lambeth became part of the Metropolitan Police District in 1829. It remained a parish for Poor Law purposes after the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, until 1889, Surrey included the present-day London borough of Lambeth. Young was commissioned to make recommendations to the government on the shape of the future London boroughs. However, Wandsworths suggestion to merge Lambeth with the Metropolitan Borough of Battersea was rejected by both councils involved, in 1979, the administration of Edward Knight organised the boroughs first public demonstration against the Thatcher government. In 1985 Knights Labour administration was subjected to rate-capping, with its budget restricted by the government, Knight and most of the Labour councillors protested by refusing to propose budgets. As a result of the protest,32 councillors were ordered to repay interest lost by the due to budgeting delays and were disqualified from office. In 1991, Joan Twelves administration failed to collect the poll tax, the following year, Twelves and 12 other councillors were suspended from the local Labour Party by regional officials for advocating non-payment of the poll tax and other radical ideas. Twelves equally-militant deputy leader at this time was John Harrison, from 1978 to 2002 the council comprised 64 members, elected from 20 three-member and two two-member wards. Before this, the council had 60 members elected from 20 three-member wards, just before the 2010 election, its political balance was 37 Labour members,18 Liberal Democrats, seven Conservatives and one Green, giving Labour an eleven-member majority. In the 2010 Lambeth Council election, Labour gained seats and the Liberal Democrats, Conservatives, in 2014 the Liberal Democrats lost their seats, Conservatives were reduced to three and the Greens to one. Labour, gaining seats from the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, had 59 seats, in the 2016 European Union referendum, Lambeth at 78. 62% had the highest share of Remain vote in the United Kingdom, second to Gibraltars 95. 9%. Lambeth is a long, thin borough, about 3 miles wide and 7 miles long, Brixton is its civic centre, and there are other town centres. The largest shopping areas are Streatham, Brixton, Vauxhall, Clapham, in the northern part of the borough are the central London districts of the South Bank, Vauxhall and Lambeth, in the south are the suburbs of Gipsy Hill, Streatham, West Dulwich and West Norwood. Vauxhall and South Lambeth are central districts in the process of redevelopment with high-density business, Streatham is between suburban London and inner-city Brixton, with the suburban and developed areas of Streatham, Streatham Hill and Streatham Vale. Despite the boroughs population density, Lambeth has open spaces, along and around the South Bank, a tourist area has developed around the former Greater London Council headquarters of County Hall and the Southbank Centre and National Theatre. Also on the river is the London Eye and Shell Centre, nearby is St Thomas Hospital, Lambeth Palace and the Florence Nightingale Museum
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Inner London
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Inner London is the name for the group of London boroughs which form the interior part of Greater London and are surrounded by Outer London. With its origins in the Bills of mortality, it became fixed as an area for statistics in 1847 and was used as an area of government from 1855 to 1965. It now has two common definitions, Inner London is smaller than Outer London both in terms of population and area, but the density of population is more than double that of Outer London. Inner London is officially the wealthiest area in Europe with the most expensive street in Europe, many of the worlds wealthiest people live in Inner London, but there is also widespread poverty. Central London is located at the core of Inner London, the area that is now Inner London was defined by the Registrar General as a collection of parishes called London and appeared in the 1851 Census. The area become fixed in 1847 with the addition of Lewisham Poor Law Union, in 1855 the Registrar General area, with the addition of Penge, was used to define the district of the Metropolitan Board of Works. The Metropolis was also described as Inner London from the 1881 Census, in 1889 this area became the County of London. The area was adjusted in 1900 when Penge was transferred to Kent, the Inner London boroughs were defined by the London Government Act 1963. The Inner London boroughs occupied the area as the County of London that was abolished as they were created. North Woolwich was an anomaly as it was part of the County of London, the inner borough councils became local education authorities on 1 April 1990. The statutory definition is used as part of the grant settlement used to finance local government, Newham London Borough Council campaigns for recognition as an Inner London borough council for central government grants, as this would have financial benefits for the borough. It is not currently considered an Inner London borough as, with the exception of North Woolwich, it did not form part of the County of London. The statutory Inner London boroughs are, The City of London was not designated as an Inner London borough, the Office for National Statistics and Eurostat define Inner London differently, explicitly including the City of London, adding Haringey and Newham, but excluding Greenwich. The land area is 319 km2 and the population in 2011 was 3,231,901, figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are ONS midyear estimates, after centuries of increase, the population of Inner London reached a peak of 4,998,237 in 1911. The population of Inner London then began a decline as the population continued to increase in Outer London. By 1951 the population of Greater London as a whole was in decline, subsequently, the trend reversed and the population of Inner London recovered to 3,231,901 in 2011, some 1,766,336 short of the 1911 peak. For the purposes of the London Plan planning document produced by the Mayor of London, Inner London consists of the City of London, all the statutory Inner London boroughs, the area covered by the London postal district is sometimes referred to as Inner London
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Clapham South tube station
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Clapham South is a station on London Undergrounds Northern line between Clapham Common and Balham. The station is located at the corner of Balham Hill and Nightingale Lane and it is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Travelcard Zone 3. The station was designed by Charles Holden and was opened on 13 September 1926 as the first station of the Morden extension of the City & South London Railway, other proposed names for the station prior to opening were Balham North and Nightingale Lane. The apartments above the station, named Westbury Court, were an addition to the architecture. The parade of shops along Balham Hill was extended as part of the development using the same style as the original three closest to the station. Clapham South tube station is at the edge of Clapham Common. It is one of eight London Underground stations with a deep-level air-raid shelter underneath it, in 1948, the deep shelter was used as temporary accommodation for immigrants from the West Indies. The MV Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury in 1948 carrying 492 immigrants, London had a severe labour shortage after the war and the Colonial Office had sought to recruit a labour force from Jamaica. An advertisement had appeared in Jamaicas Daily Gleaner on 13 April 1948 offering transport to the UK, as there was no accommodation for the new arrivals, the Colonial Office housed them temporarily in the deep-level shelter at Clapham South. The station is served by London Buses routes 50,155,249,355, G1,690, London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Clapham South station,1926 Station with recently built apartments,1936 Entrance to deep level shelter,1942 CharlesHolden. com Early photograph of station
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Balham
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Balham /ˈbæləm/ is a neighbourhood of south London, England in the London Borough of Wandsworth. The settlement appears in the Domesday Book as Belgeham, bal refers to rounded enclosure and ham to a homestead, village or river enclosure. It was held by Geoffrey Orlateile and its Domesday Assets were, 1½ ploughs,8 acres of meadow. The Balham area has settled since Saxon times. Balham Hill and Balham High Road follow the line of the Roman road Stane Street to Chichester –, Balham is recorded in several maps in the 1600s as Ballam or Balham Hill or Balham Manor. The village was within the parish of Streatham, on 14 October 1940 Balham tube station was badly damaged by air raids on London during World War II. People took shelter in the station during the raids. A bomb fell in the High Road and through the roof of the Underground station below, bursting water and gas mains and this particular incident was featured in Atonement, a 2001 novel by Ian McEwan. An image of the aftermath is of the No.88 bus which had fallen into the bomb crater, Balham is in Wandsworth and encompasses the A24 north of Tooting Bec and the roads radiating off it. The southern part of Balham, towards Tooting Bec, near the 1930s block of Art Deco flats called Du Cane Court, the Heaver Estate lies to the south of Balham in Tooting. The Estate mainly comprises substantial houses, was built in the grounds of the old Bedford Hill House and was the work of local Victorian builder, other nearby areas include Tooting, Streatham, Brixton, Battersea, Wandsworth Common, Clapham South or the southern part of Clapham Park. Balhams town centre has a variety of bars, restaurants and shops including major chains, there are also local services, including independent stores, coffee houses and brasseries. There are two car parks serving the vicinity, one behind the Sainsburys and one in front of Waitrose, Balham is diverse both in terms of economic and cultural demographics with an increasingly professional middle class population. The Polish population in Balham has hugely increased since 2006, though Balham has been one of the centres of the community in London since World War II, the White Eagle Club is a thriving Polish community centre, and its traditional Saturday night dance draws people from across London. Opposite the White Eagle is The Polish Roman Catholic Church of Christ the King, the Irish, Portuguese, Somali, Pakistani and Brazilian communities are also well represented. The Bedford is a pub venue for music and comedy on Bedford Hill. Performers at the Banana Cabaret have included Stephen K Amos, Omid Djalili, Harry Hill, Eddie Izzard, Al Murray and Catherine Tate. The pub has won awards including the Publican Music Pub of the Year 2002, the Morning Advertiser Pub of the Year 2004
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London Borough of Wandsworth
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The London Borough of Wandsworth /ˈwɒndzwɜːrθ/ is a London borough in England, and forms part of Inner London. The local authority is Wandsworth London Borough Council, until 1889, the current area of Wandsworth was part of the county of Surrey. In 1855 the Wandsworth District of the Metropolis was formed comprising the parishes of Battersea, Clapham, Putney, Streatham, Tooting Graveney, Battersea was removed from the district in 1888. In 1900 the remaining became the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth. According to the 2011 census Wandsworth has a population of 306,995, in 2001 78% of the population was White,9. 6% Black and 6. 9% South Asian. Clapham Junction railway station is in Battersea, rather than Clapham in the borough, there are many new or refurbished buildings along the boroughs prosperous riverside including the large Chelsea Bridge Wharf. The Peace Pagoda, one of such international Pagodas is in Battersea Park. The London Heliport, Londons main and busiest heliport is just beyond Battersea Park, in terms of size South Thames College, Southside Shopping Centre, Wandsworth and The Exchange Shopping Centre, Putney are among the largest secular structures. In Old Battersea two fine masonry mansions survived The Blitz, Old Battersea House and Downshire House — both hold rare Grade II* status, the first Mayor of Wandsworth was John Lidiard, elected by the first Wandsworth Borough Council in November 1900. Lidiards initials are highlighted in the diamonds in the centre of the Mayors chain of office, the second Mayor was Sir William Lancaster. The current Mayor is Cllr Richard Field, the Armorial bearings retain many of the features of the arms of the former Metropolitan Borough of Battersea and Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth. The fess, or crossing, of the shield is chequered blue and gold representing the arms of William de Warren, each gold square bears a teardrop representing the tears of the French Huguenots, many of whom settled in Wandsworth from 1685. The ship at the top may refer to the Wendels, a tribe of sea-raiders from the Continent who supposedly gave their name to the district, the four shields and oars on the ship represent the four parishes of Battersea, Putney, Tooting and Wandsworth. Wandsworth is administered by 60 councillors,3 apiece from 20 wards, since the 2014 election,41 of these councillors are Conservative and 19 are Labour. The Conservatives have had a majority on the council since 1978 and provide all nine members of the Cabinet. This last station is served from London Victoria by Southern as are Balham, Battersea Park. The western terminus for the East London Line also is at Clapham Junction that has services to Highbury, there is also a limited 1 train a day parliamentary train service that instead of terminating at Clapham Junction, it instead terminates at Battersea Park. London Underground services are provided on the District line to East Putney and Southfields and on the Northern line to Balham, Clapham South, Tooting Bec, Wandsworth has the notable Elliott School, a specialist Language College, and former school of Pierce Brosnan
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Tooting Bec tube station
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Tooting Bec, originally Trinity Road, is a London Underground station in Tooting, South London. The station is on the Northern line, between Balham and Tooting Broadway stations and it is located on the junction of Trinity Road, Upper Tooting Road, Balham High Road, Tooting Bec Road and Stapleton Road. The station is in Travelcard Zone 3, the station was designed by Charles Holden and opened on 13 September 1926 as part of the Morden extension of the City & South London Railway, which is now part of the Northern line. Originally known as Trinity Road, it was given its present name on 1 October 1950, all the stations have now had the original motif replaced along with the flag-pole-mounted roundels that had been removed in the 1950s. On the platforms the station has two examples of clocks from the Self Winding Clock Company of New York City, London Buses routes 155,219,249,319 and 355 and night route N155 serve the station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Main station building,1927 Satellite station building,1926 Satellite station building,1936
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Tooting Broadway tube station
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Tooting Broadway is a London Underground station in Tooting in the London Borough of Wandsworth, South London. The station is on the Northern line, between Tooting Bec and Colliers Wood stations and is in Travelcard Zone 3 and it is located on the corner of Tooting High Street and Mitcham Road. The station was opened on 13 September 1926 as part of the Morden extension of the City & South London Railway south from Clapham Common, along with the other stations on the Morden extension, the building was designed by architect Charles Holden. They were Holdens first major project for the Underground, the central panel of the screen contains a large version of the roundel. The station is a Grade II listed building, the station has a ticket hall, three escalators,8 gates, a photo booth, cash machines, three payphones and 7 Help Points. and access to the station is only via the escalators. There is also a Wifi service at the station, the station also has electronic whiteboards in the ticket hall and features a post-office style queuing for tickets. Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 2–4 minutes between 06,17 and 00,01 in both directions. Southbound trains can terminate at Tooting Broadway on occasion rather than continue on to the end of the line at Morden, in 2013 it was announced that Transport for London had plans for Crossrail 2 and would stop at Tooting Broadway. Even during a consultation during 2014 the station remained on the route until October 2015 when it was dropped in favour of a new route via Balham. London Bus routes 44,57,77,127,131,155,219,264,270,280,333,355,493 and G1 and night routes N44, in addition, bus routes 57 and 264 provide a 24-hour bus service. Tooting Broadway station features in the credits of series 1,2 and 3 of the BBC comedy Citizen Smith. The station is referenced in the title of the Kitchens of Distinctions song On Tooting Broadway Station from their third album The Death of Cool, London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Construction of station showing escalator shaft,1926 Tooting Broadway station,1927 Tooting Broadway station,1988
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London Borough of Merton
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The London Borough of Merton /ˈmɜːrtən/ is a borough in south-west London, England. The main commercial centres in Merton are Mitcham, Morden and Wimbledon, other smaller centres include Raynes Park, Colliers Wood, South Wimbledon, Wimbledon Park and Pollards Hill. The borough is the host of the Wimbledon tournament, one of tenniss Grand Slam competitions, the borough derives its name from the historic parish of Merton which was centred on the area now known as South Wimbledon. Merton was chosen as a compromise, following a dispute between Wimbledon and Mitcham over the new boroughs name. The local authority is Merton London Borough Council, Colliers Wood Lower Morden Merton Park Mitcham Mitcham Common Morden Morden Park Motspur Park New Malden Norbury Pollards Hill Raynes Park St. This followed four years as a minority administration, at the same time, it elects a deputy mayor to serve alongside the mayor. Since 1978, each Mayor must also be an elected councillor, a lot of filming for former ITV police drama The Bill took place in Merton, particularly in the districts of Mitcham and Colliers Wood. The set of Sun Hill police station was located in the Borough. The main local newspaper in Merton is the Wimbledon Guardian with two editions, Wimbledon along with Mitcham and Morden, the main difference between the papers is the front page. The Wimbledon Post is another newspaper published weekly. Both newspapers are available free, though there is a charge if bought from a newsagent, Square Enix Europe has its head office in Wimbledon Bridge House in Wimbledon. Eidos Interactive, a subsidiary of Square Enix, also shares the same head office, Merton is served by a wide range of National Rail stations across the borough, as well as the southern tip of London Undergrounds Northern line and the District line on the Wimbledon branch. The borough is served by several London Tramlink stops from Wimbledon. In 2001, the census recorded that 25% of the population of the borough was from an ethnic minority, the highest ethnic populations were recorded in wards in the east of the borough. The percentage of population from ethnic minorities is predicted to rise across the borough within the next decade, the most affluent wards were in the north and west of the borough. Comparative crime rates appear to be unrelated to the ranking of wards. Merton currently operates a Police Cadet scheme under the Metropolitan Police Service, the borough gained a football team in 1889 when Wimbledon Old Centrals were founded, and were soon a member of the local football leagues. The club later adopted the title Wimbledon FC and moved into a new stadium at Plough Lane in 1912, as the 20th century wore on, the club enjoyed considerable success in non league football
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Haydons Road railway station
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Haydons Road railway station is in north-east of the London Borough of Merton in South London. The station is served by Thameslink trains and by a number of Southern services during the morning and evening peak. It is on the Sutton Loop Line and is in Travelcard Zone 3 and it was opened, originally as Haydens Lane, by the Tooting, Merton & Wimbledon Railway on 1 October 1868. The ticket office is on the up side of the station, until the advent of Thameslink it was served by the London Bridge loop trains via Wimbledon. The typical off-peak service from the station is 2 trains per hour to Luton via London and 2 trains per hour to Sutton via Wimbledon, additionally, Southern runs between 3 and 5 services per day between Wimbledon and London Bridge. London Buses routes 156,200,493 and Night bus route N87 serve the station, train times and station information for Haydons Road railway station from National Rail
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Tooting railway station
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Tooting is a railway station serving Tooting in South London, it is within Travelcard Zone 3. Although Tooting is in the London Borough of Wandsworth, the station is located just across the boundary in the neighbouring London Borough of Merton. The station is served by Thameslink and Southern trains, and is on the Sutton Loop Line, the station opened in 1894 as Tooting Junction, replacing an earlier station of the same name which was located a few hundred yards west which had opened in 1868. It was renamed Tooting in 1938, following the closure of the line from Tooting to Merton Park to passenger traffic in 1929. The typical off-peak service from the station is 2 trains per hour to St Albans via Herne Hill and London Blackfriars and 2 trains per hour to Sutton via Wimbledon, additionally, Southern runs between 3 and 5 services per day between Wimbledon and London Bridge. London Buses routes 44,77,264,270,280 and 355, train times and station information for Tooting railway station from National Rail
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Colliers Wood tube station
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Colliers Wood is a London Underground station in South London. The station is on the Northern line, between Tooting Broadway and South Wimbledon stations and it is located at the corner of Merton High Street and Christchurch Road. The station is in Travelcard Zone 3, the station was opened on 13 September 1926 as part of the Morden extension of the City & South London Railway south from Clapham Common. Along with the stations on the Morden extension, the building was designed by architect Charles Holden. They were Holdens first major project for the Underground, the central panel of the screen contains a large version of the roundel. The station is a Grade II listed building, the station is close to Merton Bus garage which opened in 1913. The public house across the road is named The Charles Holden in honour of the stations architect, London Bus routes 57,131,152,200,219,470 and night route N155 serves the station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Construction of escalators at Colliers Wood,1926 Colliers Wood station,1927 View along Platform,1934 Colliers Wood station,2001
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River Wandle
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The River Wandle is a river in south-east England. The names of the river and of Wandsworth are thought to have derived from the Old English Wendlesworth meaning Wendles Settlement, the river runs through southwest London and is about 9 miles long. It passes through the London Boroughs of Croydon, Sutton, Merton, much of the River is accessible using the Wandle Trail. Rain falls on the North Downs, filters through the chalk, at the top of the catchment the river is mostly culverted. A second main source, also at about 115 feet AOD is formed at Carshalton Ponds, other sources include the Norbury Brook/River Graveney tributary which rises near the Lower Addiscombe Road in Croydon and flows through the London Boroughs of Croydon, Lambeth and Merton. Two seasonal streams, the Coulsdon Bourne and the Caterham Bourne and they join together at Purley, run in a culvert north along the Brighton Road and join the River Wandle at the site of the, now defunct, Swan and Sugarloaf pub in South Croydon. In the late pleistocene, the river probably sprang from the north of the Vale of Holmesdale across the North Downs through the Merstham Gap, a wind gap. In more recent times, rainwater falling on the Down percolates through the chalk and reappears as springs in central Croydon, Beddington, and Carshalton. The occasional stream, known as the Bourne, which runs through the Caterham valley is a source of the River Wandle, a series of ditches and culverts channels the water from Purley to Croydon. For many centuries the River Wandle rose from a spring near the Swan and it ran northwards along Southbridge Road and upon reaching Old Town it was 20 ft across and began to divide into smaller channels. The grounds of the Old Palace and Scarbrook Hill had several springs, ponds, streams and canals where fish swam, the river then flowed through Pitlake and on through two marshy fields — Froggs Mead and Stubbs Mead — drained to form Wandle Park in 1890. Local springs were used to form a lake in the park, but frequent drying up problems led to the lake being filled in. In 2012, the Wandle was restored to the surface in Wandle Park, a tributary starts in Thornton Heath as the Norbury Brook. This flows north then west to become the River Graveney and joins the Wandle near Summerstown, shortly before reaching the Thames the navigable Bell Lane Creek splits from the river, rejoining close to the confluence. Carshalton Village is home to Honeywood Museum, which includes displays, the river has been well-used since Roman times and was heavily industrialised in the 17th and 18th centuries, and was declared one of the most polluted rivers in England. The main industries then were tobacco and textiles, the river was used to power 68 water wheels, of which only a few survive, such as at Merton Abbey Mills. The Liberty print works and Merton Board Mills once dominated the riverscape in what is now the London Borough of Merton. The concentration of industry in this area resulted in the stretch of the river running between Windsor Avenue and Colliers Wood High Street being diverted during the 18th century
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Morden Hall Park
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Morden Hall Park is a National Trust park located on the banks of the River Wandle in Morden, south London. It covers over 50ha of parkland with the River Wandle meandering through it spanned by numerous foot bridges. The estate contains Morden Hall itself, Morden Cottage, an old Snuff Mill, and many old buildings, some of which are now a garden centre. The rose garden has over 2000 roses, the estate land was originally owned by Westminster Abbey. There is evidence of an earlier manor-house, but the Hall dates back to the 1770s and contains a variety of landscapes, including the parkland of the Deer Park, meadow. A number of buildings are located in the park, including the Hall itself. The Hall was owned and occupied by the Garth family for generations and it was occupied, as a school, for young gentlemen about 1840, until it was sold by Sir Richard Garth to a tobacco merchant Gilliat Hatfeild in the 1870s. The Hall was a hospital during the First World War. Gilliat Hatfeilds son, Gilliat Edward Hatfeild, left the core of the estate to the National Trust, the Hall is now empty, after Whitbread plc decided that the building/location did not fit in with the business plan they had for their Beefeater chain. They still own the lease and continue to pay rent, according to the lease contract. At least two attempts to sub-lease the property have failed, after limited success, Gilliat Edward Hatfeild lived at the nearby Morden Cottage which he considered better suited to his life as a bachelor. The formal garden of the cottage is surrounded by a collection of ornamental trees. The main entrance to the park is a walk from Morden town centre. The Snuff Mill and Riverside Café are adjacent to the main entrance, the Tramlink light rail line from Wimbledon to Croydon, Elmers End and New Addington runs through the northern part of the park, and Phipps Bridge and Morden Road tram stops give access to the park. They are respectively 0.3 mi and 0.6 mi walk through the park to the Snuff Mill, Morden tube station and Morden South railway station are respectively 0.4 mi and 0.9 mi walk through the town centre from the main entrance. Accessed April 2008 Parishes, Morden, A History of the County of Surrey, Volume 4, british Pathe News Archive Partially silent 1948 newsreel of film industry party held at Morden Hall
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Morden tube station
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Morden is a London Underground station in Morden in the London Borough of Merton. The station is the terminus for the Northern line and is the most southerly station on the Underground network. The next station north is South Wimbledon, the station is located on London Road, and is in Travelcard Zone 4. Nearby are Morden Hall Park, the Baitul Futuh Mosque and Morden Park, the station was one of the first modernist designs produced for the London Underground by Charles Holden. Its opening in 1926 contributed to the development of new suburbs in what was then a rural part of Surrey with the population of the parish increasing nine-fold in the decade 1921–1931. One of the projects that had been postponed was the Wimbledon and Sutton Railway, the C&SLR would connect to the W&SR route south of Morden station and run trains to Sutton and the District Railway would run trains between Wimbledon and Sutton. Under these proposals, the station on the C&SLR extension would have been named North Morden, the proposals also included a depot at Morden for use by both District Railway and C&SLR trains. The Southern Railway objected to this encroachment into its area of operation, the UERL and SR reached an agreement in July 1923 that enabled the C&SLR to extend as far as Morden in exchange for the UERL giving up its rights over the W&SR route. Once the station was opened, the UERL established Morden, the southernmost on the system, as the hub for bus routes heading further into suburban south London. These routes had a significant impact on the Southern Railways main line operations in the area, the UERL though was able to demonstrate that its passenger numbers on its buses to Sutton station were actually more than double those for Morden. Across the road from the station, the UERL opened its own petrol station, the opening of the C&SLR and the Wimbledon to Sutton line led to rapid construction of suburban housing throughout the area. The population of the parish of Morden, previously the most rural of the areas through which the lines passed, increased from 1,355 in 1921 to 12,618 in 1931 and 35,417 in 1951. Construction of the C&SLR extension was carried out and Morden station was opened on 13 September 1926. The stations on the Morden extension were Holdens first major project for the Underground and he was selected by Frank Pick, general manager of the UERL, to design the stations after he was dissatisfied with designs produced by the UERLs own architect, Stanley Heaps. We are going to discard entirely all ornament and we are going to build in reinforced concrete. The station will be simply a hole in the wall, everything being sacrificed to the doorway and we are going to represent the DIA gone mad, and in order that I may go mad in good company I have got Holden to see that we do it properly. The central panel of the screen contains a version of the roundel. The ticket hall beyond is octagonal with a roof light of the same shape
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Morden South railway station
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Morden South railway station is in Morden in the London Borough of Merton. The station is served by Thameslink trains on the Sutton Loop Line and it is in Travelcard Zone 4. The station is close to the Bait-ul-Futuh Mosque. Parliamentary approval for a line from Wimbledon to Sutton had been obtained by the Wimbledon and Sutton Railway in 1910, from the W&SRs inception, the District Railway was a shareholder of the company and had rights to run trains over the line when built. In the 1920s, the London Electric Railway planned, through its ownership of the DR, to use part of the route for an extension of the City and South London Railway to Sutton. The SR objected and an agreement was reached that enabled the C&SLR to extend as far as Morden in exchange for the LER giving up its rights over the W&SR route, the SR subsequently built the line, one of the last to be built in the London area. The station opened on 5 January 1930 when full services on the line were extended from South Merton, formerly, a siding served an Express Dairies bottling plant adjacent to the station. Until closure in 1992 milk trains delivered milk to the plant for bottling, the station staff were responsible for handling the switching points to enable these trains to depart from the main line. Shunting was latterly undertaken by Hunslet Engine Company Yardmaster locomotive No. HE5308/60 named David, the bottling plant closed in 1992. London Buses routes 80,93 and 154 serve the station, the typical off-peak service from the station is 2 trains per hour to Wimbledon and 2 trains per hour to Sutton
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Morden Park
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Morden Park is an area within the district of Morden in the London Borough of Merton, and includes the Park itself, an area of green space in an otherwise dense cluster of 1930s suburban housing. By the mid-1780s the estate was in the possession of the Polhill family, one member of the family, Edward Polhill, bequeathed £1,000 in 1826 to the parish church for the benefit of the Sunday school. Between the 1880s and the 1910s the estate was occupied by banker John Wormald, at the bottom of the hill in the direction of Lower Morden runs a small brook. In the park, surrounded by trees, is a circular mound. This has been identified as a burial mound from the Iron Age. Between 1960 and the mid-1990s a cycle speedway track sat alongside the mound, the track has since been demolished but its still possible to find signs of the tracks existence. A local Aero Modelling Club used the area South of the Mound on Sunday Mornings for flying practice, Morden Park House remains and, after many years of neglect and semi-dereliction, has recently been restored and is now the local register office and a venue for wedding ceremonies. The entrance to the Park, from London Road is now dominated by South Thames College and this was built on the site of a Pig Farm which was destroyed by fire at some point in the late 40s or early 50s. The derelict sties remained in place for years until the early 60s when clearing began for the College. During this period many bones could be found amongst the rubble, children from the Council Estate opposite the entrance at Hatfield Mead used this area as an adventure playground for many years. At this period a Gatehouse was prominent at the entry, facilities in Morden Park include a pitch and putt golf course and Morden Park Swimming Pool which was opened in the late 1967 on the site of the old houses gardens. South Thames College is adjacent to the park and occupies the site of the farm. Morden Park also hosts the annual Morden Park Holiday Club event for children to attend for a week during their holidays from school. This event is organised by the churches in the surrounding area, when full there would be more than 300 people playing at any one time and at hand-over times between games there may be as many as 600 people on the playing fields, and more in the licensed bar. Local residents joined with members of Morden parish churches and Baitul Futuh mosque to discuss how they could work together to save the field, there were large football and cricket games organised and some colourful arts and crafts activities. This Campaign has been running since May 2008 and has a wide support, including many local Councillors
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London Borough of Sutton
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The London Borough of Sutton is a London borough in South West London, England and forms part of Outer London. It covers an area of 43 km2 and is the 80th largest local authority in England by population and it is one of the southernmost boroughs of London. It is south of the London Borough of Merton, west of the London Borough of Croydon, the local authority is Sutton London Borough Council. Its principal town is the eponymous Sutton, the Borough has some of the schools with the best results in the country. A Trust for London and New Policy Institute report noted that Sutton had the highest rate in London of pupils achieving 5 A* – C GCSEs, in December 2014 Sutton was described by a senior Government official as the most normal place in Britain. In connection with this, the leader of Sutton Council described the borough as quietly brilliant, low levels of recorded crime are a feature of the borough, being among the lowest in London. An Ipsos MORI poll in 2014 found that 97% of residents felt safe in the borough during the day, and 71% felt safe at night, a higher figure than in 2011. The 2014 Family Hotspots Report, on the best places in England and Wales for families to live, the areas were identified as postcodes SM1, SM2 and SM3. A Rightmove study in 2015 found that Sutton was the fourth happiest borough in which to live out of 33 in London and it achieved the same placing in the 2016 survey. In 2014, a survey by eMoov found Sutton to be the easiest place in the country in which to sell a property, the London Borough of Sutton was one of the four vanguard areas selected in 2010 for the Big Society initiative. The borough includes the areas, The London Borough of Sutton was once made up of rural villages, the village feel persists, and places in the borough such as Carshalton, Cheam and Belmont continue to be referred to as villages. The historic development of the borough is reflected in the number of areas designated as conservation areas and as areas of special local character. Descriptions of a selection of the cultural institutions and attractions are set out below. There were frequent productions at The Charles Cryer Studio Theatre, which is situated on the High Street in Carshalton Village and it was opened by His Royal Highness Prince Edward in 1991. As well as drama and musicals, productions included comedy and dance, with material ranging from Shakespeare to Chekov to panto and childrens favourites, the theatres aim was to balance popularity with quality. The theatre also served as a venue for local bands. The theatre is named after the man who led the campaign to open the Secombe Theatre, Sutton, in August 2016 Sutton Theatres Trust, which owned the theatre, went into administration and it closed permanently. The Secombe Theatre is in Cheam Road, adjacent to the Holiday Inn Hotel, the theatre was opened by Sir Harry, who lived in Sutton for over 30 years of his life
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