1.
Clapham
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Clapham is a district of south-west London lying mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth but with some areas stretching out into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth. The present day Clapham High Street is an ancient diversion of the Roman military road Stane Street and this followed the line of Clapham Road and then onward along the line of Abbeville Road. Erected by Vitus Ticinius Ascanius according to its inscription, it is estimated to date from the 1st century. The family remained in possession of the land until Jonass great-great grandson Arthur sided against William the Conqueror during the Norman invasion of 1066 and, losing the land, Clapham appears in Domesday Book as Clopeham. It was held by Goisfrid de Mandeville and its assets were 3 hides,6 ploughs,5 acres of meadow. It rendered £7 10s 0d, and was located in Brixton hundred, the parish comprised 4.99 square kilometres. The benefice remains to this day a rectory and in the 19th century was in the patronage of the Atkins family,14. in the early 19th century and so the remaining glebe comprised only 11 acres in 1848. Samuel Pepys spent the last two years of his life in Clapham, living with his friend, protégé at the Admiralty and former servant William Hewer, Clapham Common was also home to Elizabeth Cook, the widow of Captain James Cook the explorer. She lived in a house on the common for years following the death of her husband. Other notable residents of Clapham Common include Palace of Westminster architect Sir Charles Barry, Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg, john Francis Bentley, architect of Westminster Cathedral, lived in the adjacent Old Town. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Clapham Sect were a group of upper class social reformers who lived around the Common. They included William Wilberforce, Henry Thornton and Zachary Macaulay, father of the historian Thomas Macaulay, as well as William Smith, M. P. the Dissenter and they were very prominent in campaigns for the abolition of slavery and child labour, and for prison reform. They also promoted missionary activities in Britains colonies, by contrast, an opponent of Wilberforce, merchant and slave-trader George Hibbert also lived at Clapham Common, worshipping in the same church, Holy Trinity. After the coming of the railways, Clapham developed as a suburb for commuters into central London, and by 1900 it had fallen from favour with the upper classes. Todays Clapham is an area of varied housing, from the large Queen Anne, Regency and Georgian era homes of the Old Town and Clapham Common, to the grids of Victorian housing in the Abbeville area. As in much of London, the area also has its share of council-owned social housing on estates dating from the 1930s and 1960s. In the early 20th century, Clapham was seen as a commuter suburb, often cited as representing ordinary people. By the 1980s, the area had undergone a further transformation, today the area is generally an affluent place, although its professional residents often live relatively close to significant pockets of social housing
2.
M25 motorway
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The M25 or London Orbital Motorway is a 117-mile motorway that encircles almost all of Greater London, England, in the United Kingdom. An ambitious concept to build four concentric ring roads around London was first mooted in the 1960s, further widening is in progress of minor sections with plans for managed motorways in many others. To the east of London the two ends of the M25 are joined to complete a loop by the non-motorway A282 Dartford Crossing of the River Thames between Thurrock and Dartford and this crossing, which consists of twin two-lane tunnels and the four-lane QE2 bridge, is named Canterbury Way. Passage across the bridge or through the tunnels is subject to a toll, in the opposite direction, to the east of the point where the M25 diverges from the main east–west carriageway, that carriageway become the M26 motorway. The radial distance from London varies from 12.5 miles in Potters Bar to 19.5 miles in Byfleet.8 miles, major towns listed as destinations, in various counties, adjoin the M25. North Ockendon is the settlement of Greater London situated outside the M25. In 2004, following a poll, the London Assembly mooted for consultation alignment of the Greater London boundary with the M25. Inside the M25 and outside/beyond the M25 are colloquial, looser alternatives to Greater London sometimes used in haulage, the Communications Act 2003 explicitly uses the M25 as the boundary in requiring a proportion of television programmes to be made outside the London area. Two motorway service areas are on the M25, and two others are accessible from it. Those on the M25 are Clacket Lane between junctions 5 and 6 and Cobham between junctions 9 and 10 and those directly accessible from it are South Mimms off junction 23 and Thurrock off junction 31. Cobham services opened on 13 September 2012, originally, the M25 was unlit except for sections around Heathrow, major interchanges and Junctions 23–30. By 2014 only one significant stretch was still SOX-lit and the units were removed the same year, the motorway passes through five counties. Junctions 1A–5 are in Kent, 6–14 are in Surrey, 15–16 are in Buckinghamshire, 17–25 are in Hertfordshire, policing of the road is carried out by an integrated policing group made up of the Metropolitan, Thames Valley, Essex, Kent, Hertfordshire and Surrey forces. The M25 is one of Europes busiest motorways, in 2003, a maximum of 196,000 vehicles a day were recorded on the motorway just south of London Heathrow Airport between junctions 13 and 14. A precursor of the M25 was the North Orbital Road, the idea of an orbital road around London was first proposed early in the 20th century and then re-examined in Sir Charles Bresseys and Sir Edwin Lutyens The Highway Development Survey,1937. Sir Patrick Abercrombies County of London Plan,1943 and Greater London Plan,1944 proposed a series of five roads encircling the capital, the northern sections of the M25 follow a similar route to the World War II Outer London Defence Ring. Little was done to progress these plans until the 1960s when the Greater London Council developed its London Ringways plan consisting of four rings around the capital. Sections of the two outer rings – Ringway 3 and Ringway 4 – were constructed in the early 1970s and were integrated into the single M25 orbital motorway, but the Ringways plan was hugely controversial owing to the destruction required for the inner two ring roads
3.
A25 road
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The A25 road is one of the two cross-sector non-motorway grade roads in the 2 sector of Great Britain alongside the A27 which is approximately double its length along the south coast. En route, the passes through Reigate, Redhill, Nutfield, Bletchingley, Godstone, Oxted, Westerham, Brasted, Sevenoaks. It passes over six of the seven rivers which drain the vale and land to the south, a short distance beyond Borough Green, at Wrotham Heath, Platt, Kent the A25 ends at a junction with the A20, which continues eastward towards Maidstone. It continues for a distance beyond the traditional Portsmouth Road, since replaced by a bypass which the road does not reach. The east of the route the Victoria County History describes as a road in 1911. Relatively briefly the modern road uses bypasses and straightened cuts, many of the inns along its path were one time staging inns. One of the earliest sections of the M25 motorway runs parallel and to the north of the A25, as such, most of the route is a single carriageway and a very small minority of it is a dual carriageway, the junctions at Guildfold and Redhill. The route has been included in the London-Surrey Cycle Classic alongside the entrances to Hatchlands Park, the east of the county has Reigate Castle along its route. Combe Bank Landscaped Grounds and Squerryes Court are along the route in west Kent, bringing the total of listed English gardens along the route to four
4.
A27 road
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The A27 is a major road in England. It runs from its junction with the A36 at Whiteparish in the county of Wiltshire and it closely parallels the south coast in Hampshire, then passes through West Sussex and terminates at Pevensey in East Sussex. It is one of the westernmost Zone 2 roads in the UK, between Portsmouth and Lewes, it is one of the busiest trunk roads in the UK. In 2002 an offpeak journey between Margate and Southampton via the M25 took 2 hours 30 minutes, and via the route using the A259. The reason why the route is so much slower than the M25 alternative is largely due to a series of bottlenecks on the A27. These include Chichester, Arundel, Worthing and Polegate, the British government announced, in its 2013 spending review, that it would go ahead with improvements to the Chichester bypass. The Highways Agency said that the proposals would be subject to consultation in July 2015. The preferred route would then be announced in September 2015 and the plan would be to start construction in February 2018 with a date of December 2019. However the timescales were then revised, there was a six-week public consultation period during Spring 2016. The proposed construction would commence in March 2019 with a completion date of March 2021. After five options were published and two dropped the government cancelled the project on 28 February 2017, citing lack of support from local authorities as the main reason. A proposed scheme to bypass Lancing and Sompting was dropped in 1988, a proposed scheme to bypass Arundel was dropped in 2003, although the junction at the end of the dual carriageway has been partly made into an underpass. Arundel and Worthing are both areas of traffic congestion during times of peak usage. A bridge over the crossing at Beddingham was completed on 22 August 2008. The original proposal called for a dual carriageway link with a bridge over the crossing. However, the project involved improving the original single carriageway road by providing two lanes westbound and one lane eastbound between the Southerham and Beddingham roundabouts. Despite the limited improvements to the A27, it is substantially quicker to travel from Southampton to Margate via the M25 route compared to the coast route of A259. Because of all the delays along its route, according to West Sussex County Council, further, it is widely considered by businesses on the coast to cost money and inhibit economic performance due to its unreliability and frequent congestion
5.
South Circular Road, London
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Together with the North Circular Road and Woolwich Ferry, it makes a complete ring-road around Central London. The South Circular is largely a sequence of urban streets joined together, requiring several at-grade turns, originally planned as a new-build route across South London, construction of the first section of the South Circular near Eltham began in 1921 to a high-quality specification. The remainder of the road was supposed to be of a standard but it was repeatedly delayed. The South Circular has received sustained criticism for congestion and pollution and is one of the least popular roads in Britain, the South Circular is 20.5 miles long. The majority of the road is single carriageway, one each way. It is a road for its entire length. The South Circular Road starts just south of the terminal where the A2204 Ferry Approach meets the main east-west road through Woolwich. The route continues south to the A2 at a grade separated junction—one of only two on the route—and continues southwesterly as a carriageway, crossing Eltham Road and Sidcup Road. At the junction with Burnt Ash Hill the road becomes single carriageway again. Beyond the common, the South Circular merges with the A3 London to Portsmouth road for two miles, travelling along Wandsworth High Street and passing the old Ram Brewery. The road then crosses the A316 Great Chertsey Road, passing the National Archives, Kew Green and it ends at the Chiswick Roundabout, which is the junction for the M4 and the A406 North Circular Road. The South Circular Road was planned by the Ministry of Transport in the early 20th century as part of a programme of traffic improvements across London. In 1903, a proposal for new approach roads was submitted to the Royal Commission on London Traffic, the Road Board was formed in 1910 to address traffic issues, which led to the London Arterial Road Conferences in 1913–14 that revived the earlier plans. Progress was halted because of the war, but resumed in 1920, in 1925, The Times announced a replacement bridge for the Woolwich Ferry was planned as part of the South Circular project to tie in with the East Ham and Barking Bypass. In 1927, the Governors of Dulwich College formally objected to the road as it would put the Memorial Library right next to a main road and remove part of the college green. Sir Patrick Abercrombie was frustrated by the lack of progress, Plans for an improved South Circular were revisited as part of Abercrombies County of London Plan of 1943, as the southern half of one of several ring roads around the capital. The current recognised route of the South Circular was created by local motoring organisations putting up strategically placed signposts to direct traffic. Sir Richard Sharples, then MP for Sutton and Cheam, felt this was inadequate, the existing South Circular route was recognised as being unsuitable for upgrading and a new motorway, Ringway 2, was planned for construction further south
6.
A217 road
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The A217 is a road in Greater London and Surrey in the United Kingdom. The road enters the town and London borough of Wandsworth, the road turns right at a roundabout on to Swandon Way, becoming a primary route for a short stretch, before passing Wandsworth Town railway station. It is briefly called Fairfield St before meeting the A3, the road reverts to non-primary status, and changes name to Garratt Lane, passing Southside shopping centre, before it heads out of Wandsworth and into Earlsfield. It passes the B234 shortly before reaching Earlsfield railway station and it continues through Earlsfield as Garratt Lane and the road passes the B229 before it reaches Streatham Cemetery. In Upper Tooting, it meets Tooting Broadway, a junction with the A24 and tube station, before becoming Mitcham Road. It passes Tooting railway station and this is where the exits the London Borough of Wandsworth. It becomes London Road as it enters the London Borough of Merton and it continues through the one-way system at Mitcham and passes Mitcham tram station before becoming Bishopsford Road. It passes a crossroads with Gander Green Lane and becomes St Dunstans Hill before reaching a junction in Cheam with the A232 and it becomes Belmont Rise and goes past a crossroads with Northey Avenue and the road leaves the suburban area of Belmont, as well as Greater London. At the road enters Surrey, it meets the B2230 again at a roundabout to the south of Belmont before entering the notorious Mad Mile section, the speed limit changes from 40 to 60 mph and returns to 40 mph at the Banstead Crossroads junction with the A2022. In this area the road passes Banstead Downs, and its golf course, to It passes near the large suburban villages of Tadworth and Kingswood, passing several B-roads, including the B2032. It travells beside Banstead Heath before reaching the settlement of Lower Kingswood. After passing a roundabout near Kingswood Manor, the road arrives at the Reigate Hill Interchange, at this point, the A217 becomes a non-primary A-road. It is now named Reigate Hill, in a steep section of the North Downs. The area become more urban at the bottom of the hill and it passes through a level crossing next to Reigate station. It runs concurrently with the A25 through the main system of Reigate town centre. It carries on through the localities of Woodhatch and Doversgreen before going into a rural area. It travels over the River Mole in the hamlet of Sidlow. After a period of farms, the passes the village of Hookwood
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M25 motorway
A25 road
A27 road
A29 road
A205 road
A214 road
A217 road
A218 road
A219 road
A232 road
A238 road
A239 road
A240 road
A243 road
A245 road
A246 road
A259 road
A264 road
A272 road
A280 road
A281 road
A283 road
A2003 road
A2022 road
A2031 road
A2032 road
A2043 road
A3 road
