1.
Ampara Airport
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Ampara Airport, also known Gal-Oya Airport, is a domestic airport in Gal-Oya in southeastern Sri Lanka. It is also a military airbase known as Sri Lanka Air Force Ampara or SLAF Ampara, the facility is located 4.35 nautical miles northwest of the town of Ampara. It resides at an elevation of 46 metres and has one runway designated 07/25 with a surface measuring 1,097 by 46 metres. An air strip in Gal Oya near Uhana was built in the 1950s by the Gal Oya Development Board, a Sri Lanka Air Force detachment from SLAF Katunayake moved onto the air strip on 19 December 1989. The Regimental Training Center opened at the base in July 2000
2.
Acyclic dependencies principle
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The acyclic dependencies principle is a software design principle that states that the dependency graph of packages or components should have no cycles. This implies that the form a directed acyclic graph. In this UML package diagram, package A depends on packages B and C, package B in turn depends on package D, which depends on package C, which in turn depends on package B. The latter three dependencies create a cycle, which must be broken in order to adhere to the acyclic dependencies principle, software dependencies can either be explicit or implicit. Examples of explicit dependencies includes, Include statements, such as #include in C/C++, using in C#, dependencies stated in the build system. Examples of implicit dependencies includes, Relying on specific behaviour that is not well-defined by the interface exposed, routing of messages over a software bus. In general, its good practice to prefer explicit dependencies whenever possible. This is because explicit dependencies are easier to map and analyze than implicit dependencies and it is in general always possible to break a cyclic dependency chain. The two most common strategies are, Dependency inversion principle Create a new package, and move the common dependencies there
3.
USB On-The-Go
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Use of USB OTG allows those devices to switch back and forth between the roles of host and device. For instance, a phone may read from removable media as the host device. The device controlling the link is called the master or host, standard USB uses a master/slave architecture, a host acts as the master device for the entire bus, and a USB device acts as a slave. If implementing standard USB, devices must assume one role or the other, with computers generally set up as hosts, in the absence of USB OTG, cell phones often implemented slave functionality to allow easy transfer of data to and from computers. Such phones, as slaves, could not readily be connected to printers as they implemented the slave role. USB OTG directly addresses this issue, when a device is plugged into the USB bus, the master device, or host, sets up communications with the device and handles service provisioning. That allows the devices to be greatly simplified compared to the host, for example, the host controls all data transfers over the bus, with the devices capable only of signalling that they require attention. To transfer data between two devices, for example from a phone to a printer, the host first reads the data from one device, then writes it to the other. While the master-slave arrangement works for some devices, many devices can act either as master or as slave depending on what else shares the bus, USB OTG recognizes that a device can perform both master and slave roles, and so subtly changes the terminology. With OTG, a device can be either a host when acting as a link master, the choice between host and peripheral roles is handled entirely by which end of the cable the device is connected to. The device connected to the A end of the cable at start-up, known as the A-device, acts as the default host, while the B end acts as the default peripheral, known as the B-device. After initial startup, setup for the bus operates as it does with the normal USB standard, with the A-device setting up the B-device, however, when the same A-device is plugged into another USB system or a dedicated host becomes available, it can become a slave. Role swapping does not work through a hub, as one device will act as a host. USB OTG is a part of a supplement to the Universal Serial Bus 2.0 specification originally agreed upon in late 2001, the latest version of the supplement also defines behavior for an Embedded Host which has targeted abilities and the same USB Standard-A port used by PCs. SuperSpeed OTG devices, Embedded Hosts and peripherals are supported through the USB OTG, the USB OTG and Embedded Host Supplement to the USB2. It does so by measuring the capacitance on the USB port to determine whether there is another device attached. When a large change in capacitance is detected to indicate device attachment. At the same time, a B-device will generate SRP and wait for the USB bus to become powered, session Request Protocol Allows both communicating devices to control when the links power session is active, in standard USB, only the host is capable of doing so
4.
Automatic Data Processing
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ADP, LLC. is an American provider of human resources management software and services. In 1949 Henry Taub founded Automatic Payrolls, Inc. as a payroll processing business with his brother Joe Taub. Frank Lautenberg joined the brothers in the companys infancy, in 1952, Lautenberg became Chairman and CEO of the company. In 1957, the changed its name to Automatic Data Processing, Inc. and began using punched card machines, check printing machines. ADP went public in 1961 with 300 clients,125 employees and revenues of approximately US$400,000, the company established a subsidiary in the United Kingdom in 1965 and acquired the pioneering online computer services company Time Sharing Limited in 1974. Lautenberg continued in his roles as Chairman and CEO until elected to the United States Senate from New Jersey in 1982, from 1985 onward, ADP’s annual revenues exceeded the $1 billion mark, with paychecks processed for about 20% of the U. S. workforce. In the 1990s, ADP began acting as a professional employer organization, around this time, the company acquired Autonom, a German company and the payroll and human resource services company, GSI, headquartered in Paris. In September 1998, ADP acquired UK-based Chessington Computer Centre that supplied administration services to the UK Government, kerridge Computer Co. Ltd. a dealer management systems provider to auto dealers in the UK was acquired in 2006. In 2007, the ADP Brokerage Service Group was spun off to form Broadridge Financial Solutions, on February 27,2017, Automatic Data Processing Inc. confirmed it was closing its office in west Ann Arbor on March 30,2017. At the time, ADP stated that it had around 56,000 employees worldwide, also in early 2017, ADP described itself as the largest provider of HR services in North America, Europe, Latin America and the Pacific Rim. In 2007, the ADP Brokerage Service Group was spun off to form Broadridge Financial Solutions, ADP distributed one share of Broadridge common stock for every four shares of ADP common stock held by shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 23,2007. In 2010, ADP acquired the marketing company Cobalt. BZ Results, winner of the 2006 “Innovative Company of the Year”, was purchased by ADP in 2006, at the time, BZ Results was valued at $125 million. On April 7,2014, ADP announced plans to spin off the Dealer Services division as a standalone company, on August 19,2014, ADP Dealer Services announced that the name of the new company, post-spinoff, would be CDK Global. ADP is sponsor of the ADP National Employment Report as well as the ADP Small Business Report, in 2003,2004, and 2005, ADP was ranked as one of the top 10 companies in North America, having been AAA/Aaa rated by both S&P and Moodys. In 2006, ADP ranked #2 on InformationWeek 500s top 250 Innovators, in 2009, the Aberdeen Group named ADP as one of the top 25 Most Influential Technology Vendors for 2009. In 2010, ADP ranked first on Fortunes list of America’s Most Admired Companies within the Financial Data Services category, in 2010, ADP was awarded the #2 ranking in the Training Top 125 List by Training magazine. ADP ranked 12th in 2009 and 20th in 2008, in 2011, ADP achieved a 100 percent rating in the Corporate Equality Index report
5.
Alpha Delta Phi
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Alpha Delta Phi is a North American Greek-letter secret and social college fraternity. Alpha Delta Phi was founded as a society by Samuel Eells in 1832 at Hamilton College in Clinton. Its more than 50,000 alumni include former presidents and senators of the United States, in 1992, five chapters withdrew from the male-only organization to become co-educational, and formed the Alpha Delta Phi Society, a separate and independent organization. When Samuel Eells arrived on campus at Hamilton College, he found two existing literary societies, the Phoenix and the Philopeuthian, the latter of which he reluctantly joined. Eells proposed to members from both the Phoenix and the Philopeuthian and found a new society of limited membership based on the loftiest of intellectual and moral ideals. On October 29,1832, Eells gathered four other members, the other men were Lorenzo Latham, John Curtiss Underwood, Oliver Andrew Morse and Henry Lemuel Storrs. At that meeting Eells wrote the constitution and he and Latham designed the fraternitys emblem, later in the year, other members were added and the first chapter of the Alpha Delta Phi was in full operation by the beginning of 1833. Alpha Delta Phi was the first fraternity to establish a chapter west of the Appalachian Mountains when it formed a chapter at Miami University in 1835 and this chapter preceded the formation of three national fraternities at Miami University known as the Miami Triad in the years that followed. The Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity is a member of the North-American Interfraternity Conference. A Brother of Alpha Delta Phi, Hamilton W. Mabie, was the first President of the NIC, the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity is today still a member of the NIC, the Alpha Delta Phi Society is not. Alpha Delta Phi is both a fraternity and a literary society. As part of this focus, the Samuel Eells Literary and Educational Foundation sponsors annual literary competitions, in August 2015, the fraternity had 33 chapters and 1 affiliate, the oldest of which is at Hamilton College. Its regional alumni organization, the Midwest Association of Alpha Delta Phi, is more than 125 years old, Alpha Delta Phi also has the third oldest continuously-operating chapter in the North American Fraternity System, which is also the second oldest Alpha chapter, placed at Hamilton College. At Yale University, it was mostly brothers of Alpha Delta Phi who were invited to join the universitys top-ranked senior society Skull, issues with the number of Alpha Delta Phis tapped for Skull and Bones also led to the creation of Yales second society, Scroll and Key. Students at Harvard formed a chapter of Alpha Delta Phi but disaffiliated to form the independent final club, in 1877, the Cornell University chapters alumni group built its first house for the undergraduates, which has been described as the first house in America built solely for fraternity use. Financed by 19th century entrepreneur Martin McVoy, the served the brothers until the turn of the century. The chapter has since moved to a different location on campus - into a house designed by John Russell Pope - but the chapter house, designed and built by William Henry Miller. The chapter is known for its Goat House, a multi-sided, windowless room designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
6.
Alpha Delta Pi
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Alpha Delta Pi is a National Panhellenic sorority founded on May 15,1851 at Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia. Alpha Delta Pi is known for being the first secret society for women at Wesleyan Female College. Alpha Delta Pi, nicknamed ADPi, was founded as the first girls sorority on May 15,1851 at Wesleyan Female College in Macon and it was first named the Adelphean Society, a secret society focused on fellowship and scholarship for girls. Alpha Delta Pi was the first secret society for women, the sorority was founded on the principles of scholarship, leadership, service to others, and sisterhood. These principles still guide the policies and programs of the sorority today, the open motto of ADPi is We Live for Each Other, and its colors are azure blue and white. The official flower is the violet, however, since woodland violets are found in the wild and not available for purchase. The mascot for Alpha Delta Pi is a lion with the nickname of Alphie, Alpha Delta Pi currently has 155 chapters in the United States and Canada, with the majority concentrated in the southern United States, and over 140 alumnae associations. Their Executive Office is located in Atlanta, Georgia and its national philanthropy is the Ronald McDonald House Charities. Alpha Delta Pi was founded by six women, Eugenia Tucker Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Williams Mitchell, Sophronia Woodruff Dews, Octavia Andrew Rush, Mary Evans Glass, Wesleyan College, the first college for women in the world, was chartered to grant degrees to women. Young women fortunate enough to receive an education were from progressive. A typical day for a Wesleyan student was highly regulated, there was a precise schedule for waking, eating, attending classes, taking fresh air and exercising, studying, attending chapel and sleeping. They had few personal liberties and little time for thinking and socializing. Alpha Delta Pi is a member of the National Panhellenic Conference, the symbols of Alpha Delta Pi are, Badge - The first diamond-shaped badge was worn by the Adelpheans in 1852. Stars were not included on this first badge, but it did have a monogram of the Wesleyan pin attached to the badge by a link chain, in 1854, the stars were added, but it was not until 1874 that the stars and the clasped hands were raised. This design remained with only slight modifications until 1906 when, at Alpha Delta Pis first convention and her design was a smaller gold badge with a black enamel center which pictured the clasped hands, the two stars, and the Greek letters, Alpha Delta Phi. This design was adopted by the convention and is the same pin we have today, Alpha Badge - New Member Badge, New members wear a gold pin with a lion atop the Greek letters ΒΥΑ. Mascot - The lion is the mascot of Alpha Delta Pi, Official Colors - Azure blue and white are the official colors of Alpha Delta Pi. Blue is symbolic of friendship, the basic spirit upon which Alpha Delta Pi was founded, white symbolizes sincerity and truth, two of the qualities in which Alpha Delta Pi looks for in its members
7.
Alessandro Del Piero
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Alessandro Alex Del Piero Ufficiale OMRI is an Italian former professional footballer who mainly played as a deep-lying forward, although he was capable of playing in several offensive positions. In 2015, he worked as a pundit for Sky Sport Italia. After beginning his career with Italian club Padova in Serie B in 1991, he moved to Juventus F. C. in 1993, where he played for 19 seasons, and holds the club records for most goals and appearances. After leaving the club in 2012, he spent two seasons with Australian side Sydney FC, he retired after a season with Delhi Dynamos FC in the Indian Super League. Del Piero has scored in every competition in which he has participated, in 2004, he was named in the FIFA100, a list of the 125 greatest living footballers selected by Pelé as a part of FIFAs centenary celebrations. In the same year, he was voted into the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. Along with six awards in Italy for gentlemanly conduct, he has won the Golden Foot award. Born in Conegliano, Veneto, Del Piero is the son of Gino, an electrician, and Bruna and he regularly played football in the backyard with two friends, Nelso and Pierpaolo, as a child. All three dreamed of becoming footballers, but only Alessandro would eventually manage to do so, Alessandros older brother, Stefano, briefly played professional football for Sampdoria before an injury curtailed his career, he later worked as Alessandros agent. The family lived in the hamlet of Saccon, a home in San Vendemiano. While growing up, Del Pieros family did not have money for travelling abroad. While playing for the youth team of San Vendemiano, Del Piero used to feature as a goalkeeper. His mother thought it would be better for him to play in this role as he would not sweat, and the possibility of him getting injured was less likely. His brother Stefano commented to their mother that, due to his skill, Alessandro was more suited to playing in an offensive position. Del Piero began his rise to professional football in 1981, in the ranks of San Vendemiano, in 1988, Del Piero was first spotted by scouts, and he left home at the young age of 13 to play with the youth side of Padova. The following season, on 22 November 1992, he scored his first professional goal in a 5–0 victory over Ternana, in 1993, thanks to Giampiero Boniperti, Del Piero was bought by Juventus for five billion lire, with an overlap of 150 million lire per season. In 1993, Del Piero transferred to Juventus and played for the Torinese club for 19 seasons until being released in the summer of 2012, on his full debut for Juventus, he netted a hat-trick against Parma. Del Piero scored 8 goals in Serie A that season, including a match-winning chipped volley against Fiorentina, during this time, Del Piero earned the nickname Pinturicchio, due to the similarity between his own technical and tactical characteristics, and Baggios creative style of play
8.
Adrian Peterson
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Adrian Lewis Peterson is an American football running back who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings seventh overall in the 2007 NFL Draft and he played college football at Oklahoma. Peterson set the NCAA freshman rushing record with 1,925 yards as a freshman during the 2004 season. As a unanimous first-team All-American, he became the first freshman to finish as the runner-up in the Heisman Trophy balloting, Peterson finished his college football career as the Sooners third all-time leading rusher. Following his first professional season, in which he set an NFL record for most rushing yards in a single game, Peterson was named the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year. He was then awarded the MVP award for his performance in the Pro Bowl, in 2010, he became the fifth fastest player to run for 5,000 yards, doing so in his 51st game. Peterson amassed 2,314 all-purpose yards from scrimmage in 2012, for his efforts, he received the NFL MVP Award and the AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award for the 2012 NFL season. Peterson also achieved the No.1 spot on the NFL Networks Top 100 Players of 2013, during the 2013 season, Peterson became the third fastest player to reach 10,000 rushing yards in NFL history. In April 2015, Peterson was reinstated to the league, Peterson was born in Palestine, Texas, to Bonita Brown and Nelson Peterson, who were also star athletes in college. His father was a guard for Idaho, but his dream of a National Basketball Association career was derailed when a gun that his brother was cleaning discharged into his leg. His mother, a three-time Texas state champion at Westwood High School, attended the University of Houston on a scholarship as a sprinter. Petersons best friend was his older brother Brian, Petersons father nicknamed him All Day, because his father said he could go all day. At age 7, Peterson saw his 9-year-old brother Brian killed by a driver as he rode his bicycle. It was around that time that Peterson began to deal with his pain through sports and he was the star of his youth football teams coached by Rick Nally. Coach Nally stated that at early age, we would watch AD play in the NFL one day. His father Nelson participated as an Assistant Coach, Peterson played in the popular East Texas, Anderson County Youth Football Program. When Peterson was 13, his father was arrested for laundering money for a cocaine ring. Peterson was a standout in football, basketball, and track at Palestine High School
9.
Arab Democratic Party (Lebanon)
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The Arab Democratic Party – ADP or Parti Démocratique Arabe in French, is a Lebanese party, based in Tripoli. Its current leader is Rifaat Eid, the ADP raised in July 1981 with Syrian support its own militia, the Arab Red Knights – ARK or Red Knights for short. Trained by Rifa’at’s Defense Companies, they were known as the ‘Pink Panthers’ due to their green-. The National Fuel Company headed jointly by businessmen Maan Karami and Haj Muhammad Awadah, run in the behalf of the ADP and LCP a profitable fuel smuggling ring that stretched to the Beqaa Valley. After the end of the strife in October 1990, the ADP was disarmed. Prior to this, no Alawite had been elected to the Lebanese parliament, the Party seems to have revised its traditional pro-Syrian stance in the 1990s, in favour of a moderate, cautious neutralist posture in the current sphere of Lebanon’s internal politics. In 2005 it was rumoured that Rifaat al-Assad was reviving the Red Knights militia in Tripoli and it rearmed during the 2007 Lebanon conflict, after it was revealed that the Islamist group Fatah al-Islam had planned to attack the Alawis of Tripoli. It was active during the 2008 Lebanon conflict, now led by Ali Eids son Rifaat, as many as 9.000 Alawis fled their homes during the conflict. Despite years of freedom in operating a militia throughout Tripoli, the Lebanese Army later severely cracked down on the militia starting in April 2014 and this forced most militants to surrender to security forces and the groups leaders/commanders to free from the possibility of life in prison. During the Syrian civil war, spillover from that conflict has led to tensions between the ADP and surrounding Sunni militants. On 29 March 2014, Rifaat and Ali Eid Left Lebanon to Syria, abu Ghayda’s warrants are based on articles in the Penal Code that could lead to the death penalty. Lebanese Civil War List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain, Tome 2 1943-1990, Fayard, ISBN 978-2-213-61521-9 Edgar OBallance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. – Moustafa El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1, The Gun Trucks, Blue Steel books, ISBN 9953-0-1256-8 Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival, the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder, Westview Press,1990. Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation, Lebanon at War, London, ISBN 0-19-280130-9 Samer Kassis,30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut, Elite Group,2003
10.
East Syrian Rite
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The East Syrian Rite, also called Syro-Oriental Rite, Assyrian Rite, or Persian Rite, is a Christian liturgy originated in Edessa, Mesopotamia. The latter two churches are Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the See of Rome, the Syrian and Mesopotamian Catholics are now commonly called Chaldeans. The term Chaldean, which in Syriac generally meant magician or astrologer, denoted in Latin and other European languages Syrian nationality, for Aramaic, it especially refers to that form which is found in certain chapters of Daniel. In recent times they have called, chiefly by the Anglicans, the Assyrian Church. Brightman, in his Liturgies Eastern and Western, includes Chaldean and Malabar Catholics, the Chaldean rite originally grew out of the Jerusalem–Antioch liturgy. The liturgy of the Church of the East is attributed to two, but it is said to have been revised by the Patriarch Yeshuyab III in about 650. Some, however, consider this liturgy to be a development of the Antiochian, after the First Council of Ephesus -- the third Ecumenical Council -- the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, which had hitherto been governed by a catholicos, refused to condemn Nestorius. Therefore, As part of the Nestorian Schism, the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon cut itself off from Orthodox Christianity, however, At the end of the fourteenth century due to the conquests of Tamerlane and his destruction of Christian settlements across Asia. These remaining communities were later whittled away at in other events, due to these events, the Church of the East was turned into a small community of around 50,000 people in the Hakkari Mountains under the headship of the Shiumn line. There are three Anaphorae, those of the Holy Apostles, Mar Nestorius, and Mar Theodore the Interpreter, the first is the most popularly and extensively used. The third is used from Advent to Palm Sunday, the same pro-anaphoral part serves for all three. The Eucharistic Liturgy is preceded by a preparation, or Office of the Prothesis, the real leavening, however, is done by means of fermented dough from the preparation of the last Eucharistic Liturgy. The Chaldean and Syro-Malabar Catholics now use unleavened bread, the Liturgy itself is introduced by the first verse of the Gloria in Excelsis and the Lords prayer, with farcings, consisting of a form of the Sanctus. Then follow, The Introit Psalm, called Marmitha, with a prayer, varying for Sundays and greater feasts and for Memorials. In the Malabar Rite, Pss. xiv, cl, and cxvi are said in alternate verses by priests, the Antiphon of the Sanctuary, variable, with a similarly varying prayer. The Lakhumara, an antiphon beginning To Thee, Lord, which occurs in other services also preceded by a similarly varying prayer, in the Eastern Rite at low Mass the elements are put on the altar before the incensing. There are four or five Lections, the Law and the Prophecy, from the Old Testament, the Lection from the Acts, the Epistle, always from St. Paul, some days have all five lections, some four, some only three. All have an Epistle and a Gospel, but, generally, when there is a Lection from Law there is none from the Acts, sometimes there is none from either Law or Acts
11.
Syrian-Assyrians
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Syrian Assyrians or Assyrians in Syria are people of Assyrian descent living in the country of Syria, who make up around 4–5% of its population. The Assyrians in the Khabur valley, belong mostly to the Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox Church, traces of the long era of Assyrian settlement can be seen at numerous archaeological sites across the region. Important Assyrian cities in the region in ancient times included, Til-Barsip, Carchemish, Guzana, Shubat-Enlil, however, settlement in the northeastern areas often proved unsustainable in the long-term, leading to numerous episodes of population exodus. In addition to experiencing such destabilising factors such as climate shifts and over-cultivation of land, following the Mongol and Timurid invasions and subsequent massacre of Assyrians, it was left with only a scant permanent population. When Turkey conducted ethnic cleasing against its Christian populations, Kurds were responsible for most of the atrocities against Assyrians, at the onset of the 20th century, Kurds cooperated with Ottoman authorities in the massacres against Armenian and Assyrian Christians in Upper Mesopotamia. When Turkey conducted ethnic cleasing against its Christian populations, Kurds were responsible for most of the atrocities against Assyrians, given preferential treatment on the basis of their Christian religion by the French, they soon formed most of the new urban elite in the region. An additional influx of Eastern Assyrians began to resettle along the Khabur River in 1933 after the massacres of Assyrians in newly-independent Iraq forced the flight. These were refugees twice over—originally from the highlands of Hakkari, they had sought refuge amongst other Assyrians in Iraq in the face of the Assyrian genocide before the attacks. The French forcibly cracked down on both sides as they grew increasingly violent, and the movement for autonomy soon failed, later on, in 1957, the Assyrian Democratic Organization was set up in Syria by center-left intellectuals. They are a Syriac speaking community that traditionally belong to the Ancient Church of the East, Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox Church, the modern Assyrians are native to northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and northeastern Syria. First settled by Assyrians fleeing the Assyrian Genocide and then the Simele Massacre, there are over 30 Assyrian villages on the Khabur river in Syria. About 9,000 ethnic Assyrians moved from northern Iraq to join already extant Assyrian populations in northeastern Syria following the Simele massacre of 1933 and they settled in the Jazirah near Tall Tamir on the upper Khabur River. The French established this Assyrian settlement with the assistance of the League of Nations, the Assyrian settlement on the Khabur valley consists of about 20 villages, primarily agricultural. They have faced severe economic pressures over the years, despite owning their own irrigated lands, the Syrian Civil War initially put much strain on Assyrians in Syria. As of November 2014, due to occupation by the ISIL, Christian bibles and holy books reportedly been burned by ISIL militants. On 23 February 2015, ISIL abducted 150 Assyrians from villages near Tell Tamer in the Khabur valley, most of them remain in captivity with one account claiming that ISIL is demanding $22 million for their release. On 8 October, ISIL released a video showing three of the Assyrian men kidnapped in Khabur being executed and it was reported that 202 of the 253 kidnapped Assyrians were still in captivity, each one with a demanded ransom of $100,000. Eventually militias of the Syriac Military Council as part of the Syrian Democratic Forces succeeded to expel ISIL presence from the Assyrian areas in northern Syria
12.
Adenosine diphosphate
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Adenosine pyrophosphate is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. A molecule of APP/ADP consists of three important structural components, a sugar backbone attached to a molecule of adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The two phosphate groups of APP are added in series to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, the two phosphates in APP can be correlated with ATP and AMP. Energy transfer used by all living things is a result of dephosphorylation of ATP by enzymes known as ATPases, the cleavage of a phosphate group from ATP results in the coupling of energy to metabolic reactions and a by-product, a molecule of APP. Being the molecular unit of currency, ATP is continually being formed from molecules of APP. APP-ATP cycling supplies the energy needed to do work in a biological system, there are two types of energy, potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy can be thought of as stored energy, or usable energy that is available to do work, kinetic energy is the energy of an object as a result of its motion. The significance of ATP is in its ability to potential energy within the phosphate bonds. The energy stored between these bonds can then be transferred to do work, for example, the transfer of energy from ATP to the protein myosin causes a conformational change when connecting to actin during muscle contraction. For this reason, biological processes have evolved to produce efficient ways to replenishment the potential energy of ATP from APP, breaking one of ATP’s phosphorus bonds generates approximately 30.5 kilojoules per Mole of ATP. Plants use photosynthetic pathways to convert and store energy from sunlight, animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert APP to ATP, which can then be used to fuel necessary growth and cell maintenance. The ten-step catabolic pathway of glycolysis is the phase of free-energy release in the breakdown of glucose. APP and phosphate are needed as precursors to synthesize ATP in the reactions of the TCA cycle. During the payoff phase of glycolysis, the enzymes phosphoglycerate kinase, glycolysis is performed by all living organisms and consists of 10 steps. The net reaction for the process of glycolysis is, Glucose + 2NAD+ +2 Pi +2 APP =2 pyruvate +2 ATP +2 NADH +2 H2O. Steps 1 and 3 require the input of energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to APP and Pi, whereas steps 7 and 10 require the input of an APP molecule, each yielding an ATP molecule. The enzymes necessary to break down glucose are found in the cytoplasm, the fluid that fills living cells. It is only in step 5, where GTP is generated, by succinyl-CoA synthetase, and then converted to ATP, oxidative phosphorylation produces 26 of the 30 molecules of ATP generated in cellular respiration by transferring electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 through electron carriers
13.
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
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Monoammonium phosphate is often used in the blending of dry agricultural fertilizers. It supplies soil with the nitrogen and phosphorus in a form usable by plants. The compound is also a component of the ABC powder in some dry chemical fire extinguishers and this substance is also supplied in an emerald green, amethyst, or aquamarine crystal growing box kit for children. As a result of its crystal structure, this material has negative uniaxial optical symmetry with typical refractive indices no =1.522. ADP crystals are piezoelectric, a property required in some active sonar transducers, in the 1950s ADP crystals largely replaced the quartz and Rochelle salt crystals in transducers because they are easier to work than Quartz and, unlike Rochelle Salt, are not deliquescent. MAP is mainly used as a fertilizer, but also as dry fire extinguisher, however MAP is also used in childrens crystal growing experiment uses
14.
Body composition
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In physical fitness, body composition is used to describe the percentages of fat, bone, water and muscle in human bodies. Because muscular tissue takes up space in our body than fat tissue, our body composition, as well as our weight. Two people of same sex and body weight may look different from each other because they have a different body composition. The mass of the body is found by simply weighing a person on a scale, the volume of the body is most easily and accurately determined by completely immersing a person in water and calculating the volume of water from the weight of water that is displaced. The proportions of water, protein and mineral in the body are found by various chemical, the densities of water, fat, protein and mineral are either measured or estimated. The equation is then rearranged to solve for the proportion of fat from the other quantities, a reasonably accurate estimation of body fat can be obtained by means of a two compartment model of the human body which is based upon two simplifying assumptions,1. Human fat has a density of 0.9 grams/ml, and 2, the lean components of the human body have an overall density of 1.1 grams/ml. The two compartment model allows for an estimation of the proportions of fat and lean components of the body to be made from the body density. And, as explained above, the body density is easily calculated from body mass. To address these differences, unique equations for the two compartment model have been proposed for specific populations, Body composition measurement with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is used increasingly for a variety of clinical and research applications. A DEXA scan requires medical supervision by a radiologist and some consider it to be the new Gold Standard in body composition testing, the estimation of body fatness from body density was accepted as the gold standard for many decades. Some researchers now claim that whole body scanning techniques are the new gold standard, but these claims are somewhat dubious since the scanning algorithms are validated against body composition assessments based on fractional density from underwater weighing. They are also fast, simple, non-invasive, and expose the subject to a level of less than that of a cross-country flight. DEXA exams provide both total body and up to 14 regional results, another technique for measuring body composition has been developed for measuring body volume using a different method than underwater weighing. The technique uses air as opposed to water and is known as air displacement plethysmography, subjects enter a sealed chamber that measures their body volume through the displacement of air in the chamber. Body volume is combined with weight in order to determine body density. The technique then estimates the percentage of fat and lean body mass through empirically derived equations similar to those used with underwater weighing. Another method is bioelectrical impedance analysis, which uses the resistance of electrical flow through the body to body fat
15.
Antidepressant
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They may be prescribed alone or in combination with other medications. St Johns wort is used in the treatment of depression. For depression, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is often used to measure the severity of depression, the maximum score for the 17-item HAM-D questionnaire is 52, the higher the score, the more severe the depression. Options may include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation or light therapy, conflicting results have arisen from studies analyzing the efficacy of antidepressants by comparisons to placebo in people with acute mild to moderate depression. Stronger evidence supports the usefulness of antidepressants in the treatment of depression that is chronic or severe and their study consisted of a meta analysis incorporating data from both published studies and unpublished data obtained from the FDA via a Freedom of Information Act request. Overall, antidepressant pills worked 18% better than placebos, a significant difference. In a later publication, Kirsch concluded that the effect of new-generation antidepressant medication is below recommended criteria for clinical significance. In 2014 the U. S. FDA published a review of all antidepressant maintenance trials submitted to the agency between 1985 and 2012. The Cochrane Collaboration recently performed a review of clinical trials of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. The study concluded that in spite of evidence for publication bias. A2004 review concluded that antidepressant studies that failed to support efficacy claims were dramatically less likely to be published than those that did support favorable efficacy claims, similar results were obtained for a study of publication of clinical trials of antidepressants in children. A2015 investigation of meta-analyses of antidepressant studies found that 79% of them had sponsorship or authors who were industry employees and/or had conflicts of interest, a 2012 meta-analysis found that fluoxetine and venlafaxine were effective for major depression in all age groups. The authors also found no evidence of a relationship between baseline severity of depression and degree of benefit of antidepressants over placebo, a review published in 2012 found a negative correlation between study year and efficacy of antidepressants as measured by response rate. The change in rate was largely driven by increase in placebo response. However the authors concluded that antidepressants were effective in treating depression. The authors found that TCAs were the most effective drug, followed by SNRIs, MAOIs, SSRIs, the largest and most expensive study conducted to date, on the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment for depression, was commissioned by the National Institute of Mental Health. The study was dubbed The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression Study, participants in the trial were recruited when they sought medical care at general medical or psychiatric clinics. No advertising was used to recruit subjects in order to maximize the generalizability of the study results, participants were required to have a minimum score of 14 point on the Hamilton Depression Scale in order to be enrolled in the trial
16.
Dzongkha
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Dzongkha, or Bhutanese, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by over half a million people in Bhutan, it is the sole official and national language of the Kingdom of Bhutan. The Tibetan alphabet is used to write Dzongkha, the word dzongkha means the language of the district, kha is language, and dzong is district. District-like dzong architecture characterises monasteries, established throughout Bhutan by its unifier, Ngawang Namgyal, 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche, as of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers. Dzongkha and its dialects are the native tongue of eight districts of Bhutan. There are also some speakers found near the Indian town of Kalimpong, once part of Bhutan, Dzongkha was declared as the national language of Bhutan in 1971. Dzongkha study is mandatory in all schools in Bhutan, and the language is the lingua franca in the districts to the south, the 2003 Bhutanese film Travellers and Magicians is entirely in Dzongkha. The Tibetan alphabet used to write Dzongkha has thirty basic letters, sometimes known as radicals, Dzongkha is usually written in Bhutanese forms of the Uchen script, forms of the Tibetan alphabet known as Jôyi cursive longhand and Jôtshum formal longhand. The print form is simply as Tshûm. There are various ways of Romanization and transliteration systems for Dzongkha, the phonetic transliteration was developed by the linguist George van Driem. Dzongkha is usually described as having three tones, high, medium and low, however, in monosyllabic words, each tone can occur with two distinct contours. The unaspirated stops /p/, /t/, /c/, and /k/ typically become voiced in the low tone and are pronounced, the sounds are regarded as allophones. Similarly, the stops, and are typically lightly aspirated in the low tone. The dialect of the social strata in Lhasa does not use voiced stops in the low tone. The alveolar trill is in distribution of the alveolar approximant, therefore. The voiceless alveolar lateral approximant resembles the voiceless lateral fricative found in languages such as Welsh. The consonants /m/, /ŋ/, /p/, /r/, /l/, the Classical Tibetan final /n/ is still present, but its modern pronunciation is normally realized as a nasalisation of the preceding vowel, rather than as a discrete consonant. However, /k/ is not pronounced in the position of a word except in very formal speech. Also, syllable-final /r/ and /l/ are often not clearly pronounced but realized as a lengthening of the preceding vowel
17.
Spanish peseta
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The peseta was the currency of Spain between 1869 and 2002. Along with the French franc, it was also a de facto currency used in Andorra, the name of the currency comes from pesseta, the diminutive form of the word peça, which is a Catalan word that means piece or fraction. The first non-official coins which contained the word peseta were made in 1808 in Barcelona, traditionally, there was never a single symbol or special character for the Spanish peseta. Common abbreviations were Pt, Pta, Pts and Ptas, sometimes using superior letters, common earlier Spanish models of mechanical typewriters had the expression Pts on a single type head, as a shorthand intended to fill a single type space in tables instead of three. Later, Spanish models of IBM electric typewriters also included the type in its repertoire. This original character set chart later became the MS-DOS code page 437, some spreadsheet software for PC under MS-DOS, as Lotus 1-2-3, employed this character as the peseta symbol in their Spanish editions. Subsequent international MS-DOS code pages, like code page 850 and others, in order to guarantee the interchange with previous encodings such as code page 437, the international standard Unicode includes this character as U+20A7 PESETA SIGN in its Currency Symbols block. Other than that, the use of the peseta symbol standalone is extremely rare, in the version 1.0 of Unicode the character ₧ U+20A7 PESETA SIGN had two reference glyphs, a Pts ligature glyph as in IBM code page 437 and an erroneous P with stroke. The peseta was subdivided into 100 céntimos or, informally,4 reales, the last coin of any value under one peseta was a 50-céntimo coin issued in 1980 to celebrate Spains hosting of the 1982 FIFA World Cup. The last 25-céntimo coin was dated 1959, the ten céntimos also dated 1959, the 1-céntimo coin was last minted in 1913 and featured King Alfonso XIII. The 1⁄2-céntimo coin was last minted in 1868 and featured Queen Isabel II, the peseta was introduced in 1869 after Spain joined the Latin Monetary Union in 1868. The Spanish Law of June 26,1864 decreed that in preparation for joining the Latin Monetary Union, the peseta replaced the escudo at a rate of 5 pesetas =1 peso duro =2 escudos. The peseta was equal to 4.5 grams of silver, or 0.290322 grams of gold, from 1873, only the gold standard applied. The political turbulence of the twentieth century caused the monetary union to break up. In 1959, Spain became part of the Bretton Woods System, in 1967, the peseta followed the devaluation of the British pound, maintaining the exchange rate of 168 pesetas =1 pound and establishing a new rate of 70 pesetas =1 U. S. dollar. The peseta was replaced by the euro in 2002, following the establishment of the euro in 1999, the exchange rate was 1 euro =166.386 pesetas. At least 1252–1284 there was a 1 obolo brass coin – plated with silver – stamped, colnect shows even a first 1 Maravedí-coin made of copper having been edited since 1454. The bigger silver coin 1 Real came out 1786, the latter two currency units were used until the Peseta came in 1869
