1.
Joel Schumacher
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Joel T. Schumacher is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. He is best known for directing The Incredible Shrinking Woman, St. Elmos Fire, Batman Forever, A Time to Kill, Batman & Robin, Phone Booth, The Phantom of the Opera and The Number 23. Before he launched his career as a director, Schumacher also wrote the adaptation of The Wiz. Schumacher was born in New York City. His mother was a Swedish Jew, and his father was a Baptist from Knoxville, Tennessee, Schumacher studied at Parsons The New School for Design and The Fashion Institute of Technology in New York. After first working in the industry, he realized his true love was in filmmaking. Schumachers first screenplay was for the musical drama Sparkle in 1976 and he also wrote the screenplays for the 1976 low-budget hit movie Car Wash, 1978s The Wiz — an adaptation of the stage play of the same name — and a number of other minor successes. His film directorial debut was The Incredible Shrinking Woman in 1981, the Brat Pack films St. Elmos Fire and The Lost Boys were two of Schumachers biggest hits. Their style impressed audiences and their success allowed studios to trust him with ever-larger projects. He states in the commentary for St. Elmos Fire that he resents the Brat Pack label. Schumacher has directed two adaptations of John Grishams novels, The Client and A Time to Kill, Grisham personally requested that Schumacher return to direct A Time to Kill. Schumacher replaced Tim Burton as the director of the Batman film franchise when he directed Batman Forever in 1995, val Kilmer replaced Michael Keaton in the title role, despite a lukewarm critical reception, the film scored the highest-grossing opening weekend of 1995. It finished as the second highest-grossing film of the year in North America, after this success, Warner Bros. hired Schumacher to direct a sequel, Batman & Robin, in 1997. The film did not perform as well at the box office as its predecessors, Warner Bros. subsequently put the Batman movie series on hiatus, canceling Schumachers next planned Batman movie, Batman Unchained. On the DVD commentary, Schumacher has admitted that his movie disappointed fans of darker Batman adaptations, saying that the film was made intentionally marketable and kid-friendly. He claims to have been under pressure from the studio to do so, however, he admits full responsibility and, at one point. Schumacher is a devoted Batman fan himself, and has said he would have preferred an adaptation of the comic Batman. After back-to-back Grisham and Batman films, Schumacher decided to reinvent his career with darker, lower-budget fare like 8MM with Nicolas Cage, 8MM was entered into the 49th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1999, Schumacher also directed the video for Letting the Cables Sleep by English rock band Bush
2.
John Grisham
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John Ray Grisham, Jr. is an American bestselling writer, attorney, politician, and activist best known for his popular legal thrillers. His books have been translated into 42 languages and published worldwide, John Grisham graduated from Mississippi State University before attending the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981. He practiced criminal law for about a decade and served in the House of Representatives in Mississippi from January 1984 to September 1990 and his first novel, A Time to Kill, was published in June 1989, four years after he began writing it. As of 2012, his books have sold over 275 million copies worldwide, a Galaxy British Book Awards winner, Grisham is one of only three authors to sell 2 million copies on a first printing. Grishams first bestseller, The Firm, sold more than seven million copies. Eight of his novels have also been adapted into films, The Chamber, The Client, A Painted House, The Pelican Brief, Skipping Christmas, The Rainmaker, The Runaway Jury. Grisham, the second of five siblings, was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, to Wanda Skidmore Grisham and his father worked as a construction worker and a cotton farmer, while his mother was a homemaker. When Grisham was four years old, his family settled in Southaven, DeSoto County, as a child, Grisham wanted to be a baseball player. Grisham has been a Christian since he was eight years old, after leaving law school, he participated in some missionary work in Brazil, under the First Baptist Church of Oxford. Although Grishams parents lacked formal education, his mother encouraged him to read and he drew on his childhood experiences for his novel A Painted House. Grisham started working for a nursery as a teenager, watering bushes for US$1.00 an hour and he was soon promoted to a fence crew for US$1.50 an hour. He wrote about the job, there was no future in it, at 16, Grisham took a job with a plumbing contractor but says he never drew inspiration from that miserable work. Through a contact of his fathers, he managed to work on a highway asphalt crew in Mississippi at age 17. It was during this time that an unfortunate incident got him serious about college, a fight with gunfire broke out among the crew causing Grisham to run to a nearby restroom to find safety. He did not come out until after the police had detained the perpetrators and he hitchhiked home and started thinking about college. His next work was in retail, as a salesclerk in a department store mens underwear section and he decided to quit but stayed when he was offered a raise. He was given another raise after asking to be transferred to toys, a confrontation with a company spy posing as a customer convinced him to leave the store. By this time, Grisham was halfway through college, planning to become a tax lawyer, he was soon overcome by the complexity and lunacy of it
3.
Akiva Goldsman
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Akiva J. Goldsman is an American film and television writer, director, and producer. He received an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for the 2001 film A Beautiful Mind, goldsmans filmography as a screenwriter includes Batman Forever and its sequel Batman & Robin, I Am Legend, Cinderella Man, and numerous rewrites both credited and uncredited. In 2006 Goldsman re-teamed with A Beautiful Mind director Ron Howard to adapt Dan Browns novel The Da Vinci Code for Howards film version, receiving mixed reviews for his work. Akiva Goldsman was born on July 7,1962 in New York City, the son of Tev Goldsman, a therapist, and Mira Rothenberg, both of his parents ran a group home for emotionally disturbed children. Goldsmans parents were occupied with their work, and Goldsman said, By the time I was 10 or 12, I wanted nothing more to do with that world. I had a fantasy that someday Id see my name on a book, in 1983, Goldsman attended Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. After graduation, Goldsman studied creative writing at New York University, in 1994, he wrote the screenplay that would become the film Silent Fall. Afterward, director Joel Schumacher hired Goldsman to write The Client, in the late 1990s, Akiva Goldsman wrote screenplays for A Time to Kill and Batman & Robin, which were considered subpar quality and got him nominated for the Golden Raspberry Awards. Goldsman came to the realization, I sort of got lost, I was writing away from what I knew. Its a little like a cat chasing its tail, once you start making movies that are less than satisfying, you start to lose your opportunity to make the satisfying ones. People are not serving them up to you, saying, Youre the guy we want for this, Goldsman appealed to producer Brian Grazer to write the screenplay for A Beautiful Mind and ultimately won an Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay. The star of A Beautiful Mind, Russell Crowe, later invited Goldsman and director Ron Howard to film Cinderella Man, Goldsman has a production company at Warner Bros. called Weed Road Pictures. On April 6,2010, it was announced that he produce a PG-13 remake of the Troma cult film The Toxic Avenger. On September 8,2010, it was announced that he would write the first season of the series based on the novels of Stephen Kings The Dark Tower series. The project is currently in development hell and it tells the story of Luttrells Navy SEAL team in 2005 Afghanistan, on a mission to kill a terrorist leader. The movie starred Mark Wahlberg, Emile Hirsch, Ben Foster and Taylor Kitsch, Goldsman made his feature film directing debut with Winters Tale, a film adaption of the Mark Helprin novel. Goldsman worked for seven years on developing the project with Warner Bros, Pictures, finally getting a green light on the script. The principal cast consisted of Colin Farrell, Russell Crowe, Jessica Brown Findlay, Jennifer Connelly, Will Smith, the film was released on February 14,2014
4.
A Time to Kill (Grisham novel)
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A Time to Kill is a 1989 legal suspense thriller by John Grisham. The novel was rejected by many publishers before Wynwood Press eventually gave it a modest 5 and this made Grisham extremely popular among readers. In 1996, the novel was adapted into a film of the name, starring Matthew McConaughey. In 2011, it was adapted into a stage play of the same name by Rupert Holmes. The stage production opened at the Arena Stage in May 2011, the story takes place in the fictional town of Clanton, Mississippi in the 1980s, a period of time during which racial tension was heavily prevalent in America. This setting is featured in other John Grisham novels. Three of the characters, Jake Brigance, Harry Rex Vonner and Lucien Wilbanks, Harry Rex Vonner and Lucien Wilbanks also appear in Grishams 2003 novel The Last Juror, which is set in Clanton in the 1970s. Harry Rex Vonner also appears in the 2002 Grisham novel, The Summons, a brief reference to the events depicted in the book is also contained in Grishams 1994 novel The Chamber. In 1984 at the De Soto County courthouse in Hernando, Grisham witnessed the harrowing testimony of a 12-year-old rape victim, the inspiration came from the case of the rape and assault of 12 year old Marcie Scott and her 16 year old sister Julie Scott. Unlike Grishams depiction, however, the Scotts were white and their assailant, according to Grishams official website, Grisham used his spare time to begin his first novel, which explored what would have happened if the girls father had murdered her assailants. He spent three years on A Time to Kill and finished it in 1987, Grisham has also cited Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird as an influence. This book is set in 1984, another stated inspiration was the success of Presumed Innocent. Tonya is later found and rushed to a hospital while Pete, Jake tells Carl Lee not to do anything stupid, but admits that if it had been his daughter, he would kill the rapists. Carl Lee is determined to avenge Tonya and, while Pete and Billy Ray are being led into holding from their bond hearing, Carl Lee is charged with capital murder. Despite efforts to persuade Carl Lee to retain high-powered attorneys, he elects to be represented by Jake, helping Jake are two loyal friends, disbarred attorney Lucien Wilbanks and sleazy divorce lawyer Harry Rex Vonner. Later, the team is assisted by law student Ellen Roark. Ellen appears to be interested in Jake romantically, but the married Jake resists her overtures, Carl Lee is prosecuted by Ford Countys corrupt district attorney, Rufus Buckley, who hopes that the case will boost his political career. It is claimed that the judge presiding over Carl Lees trial, Billy Rays brother, Freddy, seeks revenge against Carl Lee, enlisting the help of the Mississippi branch of the Ku Klux Klan and its Grand Dragon, Stump Sisson
5.
Sandra Bullock
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Sandra Annette Bullock is a German-American actress, producer, and philanthropist. Her breakthrough role was in the film Demolition Man and she subsequently starred in several successful films including Speed, While You Were Sleeping, The Net, A Time to Kill, Hope Floats, and Practical Magic. Bullock achieved further success in the decades in Miss Congeniality, Two Weeks Notice, Crash, The Proposal. Bullocks greatest commercial success is the comedy film Minions, which grossed over US$1 billion at the box office. In 2007, she was one of Hollywoods highest-paid actresses and she was also named Most Beautiful Woman by People magazine in 2015. In addition to her career, Bullock is the founder of the production company Fortis Films. She has produced some of the films in which she starred, including Two Weeks Notice, Miss Congeniality 2, Armed and Fabulous and she was an executive producer of the ABC sitcom, George Lopez, and made several appearances during its run. Bullock was born in Arlington, Virginia and her father, John W. Bullock, was a U. S. Army employee and part-time voice coach, her mother, Helga Mathilde Meyer, was an opera singer and voice teacher. Helga was German, while John is from Birmingham, Alabama and has English, French, German, Bullocks maternal grandfather was a German rocket scientist from Nuremberg. John, who was in charge of the U. S. Armys Military Postal Service in Europe, was stationed in Nuremberg when he met Helga. They married in Germany and moved to Arlington, where John worked with the Army Materiel Command before becoming a contractor for The Pentagon, Bullock has a younger sister, Gesine Bullock-Prado, who went on to serve as vice president of Bullocks production company Fortis Films. Until the age of 18, Bullock held American-German dual citizenship and she then held only American citizenship until 2009, when she reapplied for German citizenship. Bullock was raised in Germany for 12 years, and grew up speaking German and she attended the humanistic Waldorf School in Nuremberg. As a child, while her mother went on European opera tours, Bullock usually stayed with her aunt Christl and cousin Susanne, Bullock studied ballet and vocal arts as a child and frequently accompanied her mother, taking small parts in her opera productions. She sang in the childrens choir at the Staatstheater Nürnberg. Bullock has a scar above her eye, caused by falling into a creek when she was a child. She attended Washington-Lee High School, where she was a cheerleader, after graduating in 1982, she attended East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina, where she received a BFA in Drama in 1987. While at ECU, she performed in theater productions, including Peter Pan
6.
Samuel L. Jackson
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Samuel Leroy Jackson is an American actor and film producer. With Jacksons permission, his likeness was used for the Ultimate version of the Marvel Comics character Nick Fury. He has also portrayed the character in the second and final episodes of the first season of the TV show Marvels Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D and he is married to LaTanya Richardson, with whom he has a daughter, Zoe. Samuel L. Jackson is ranked as the highest all-time box office star with over $4.9053 billion total box office gross, Jackson was born in Washington, D. C. the son of Elizabeth and Roy Henry Jackson. He grew up as a child in Chattanooga, Tennessee. His father lived away from the family in Kansas City, Missouri, Jackson only met his father twice during his life. Jackson was raised by his mother, who was a worker and later a supplies buyer for a mental institution. According to DNA tests, Jackson partially descends from the Benga people of Gabon, Jackson attended several segregated schools and graduated from Riverside High School in Chattanooga. Between the third and twelfth grades, he played the French horn, during childhood, he had a stuttering problem. While he eventually learned to pretend to be people who didnt stutter and use the curse word motherfucker as an affirmation word. Initially intent on pursuing a degree in biology, he attended Morehouse College in Atlanta. After joining a local acting group to earn points in a class, Jackson found an interest in acting. Before graduating in 1972, he co-founded the Just Us Theatre, after the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Jackson attended the funeral in Atlanta as one of the ushers. Jackson then flew to Memphis to join an equal rights protest march, in a Parade interview Jackson revealed, I was angry about the assassination, but I wasnt shocked by it. I knew that change was going to something different – not sit-ins. In 1969, Jackson and several other students held members of the Morehouse College board of trustees hostage on the campus, demanding reform in the schools curriculum and governance. The college eventually agreed to change its policy, but Jackson was charged with and eventually convicted of unlawful confinement, Jackson was then suspended for two years for his criminal record and his actions. He would later return to the college to earn his Bachelor of Arts in Drama in 1972, while he was suspended, Jackson was employed as a social worker in Los Angeles
7.
Matthew McConaughey
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Matthew David McConaughey is an American actor. He first gained notice for his role in the coming-of-age comedy Dazed and Confused. Matthew McConaughey, the youngest of three boys, was born on November 4,1969 in Uvalde, Texas and his mother, Mary Kathleen Kay or KMac, is a former kindergarten teacher and a published author. She was originally from Trenton, New Jersey and his father, James Donald McConaughey, was from Louisiana and ran an oil pipe supply business. He played for the Kentucky Wildcats and the Houston Cougars college football teams, in 1953, Jim McConaughey was drafted in the 27th round by the NFL football team the Green Bay Packers. He was released before the season began and never played a league game in the NFL. Matthews mother and late father married each other three times and his ancestry includes Scottish, English, Irish, Swedish and German. He is a relative of Confederate brigadier general Dandridge McRae, McConaughey moved to Longview, Texas in 1980, where he attended Longview High School. He lived for a year in Warnervale, New South Wales, Australia and he attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he joined Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He began in the fall of 1989 and graduated in the spring of 1993 with a degree in Radio-Television-Film. His original plan had changed as he wanted to attend Southern Methodist University until a brother told him that private school tuition would have been a burden on the family finances. He also had planned to attend law school graduation from college. McConaughey began working in commercials, including one for the Austin, Texas daily newspaper, the Austin American-Statesman. The line, How else am I gonna keep up with my Horns, – a reference to his beloved Texas Longhorns sports teams – gave the local community a look at the young actor, before he was cast in Richard Linklaters film Dazed and Confused. In 1992, he was cast as Joe in Trisha Yearwoods video for her hit song Walkaway Joe, in the late 1990s, McConaughey was cast in leading roles in more movies, including Contact, Amistad, The Newton Boys, EDtv and U-571. By the early 2000s, he was frequently cast in comedies, including The Wedding Planner and How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days. McConaughey starred in the 2005 feature film Sahara, along with Steve Zahn, prior to the release of the film, he promoted it by sailing down the Amazon River and trekking to Mali. That same year, McConaughey was named People magazines Sexiest Man Alive for 2005, in 2006, he co-starred with Sarah Jessica Parker in the romantic comedy Failure to Launch and as Marshall head football coach Jack Lengyal in We Are Marshall
8.
Kevin Spacey
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Kevin Spacey Fowler, better known as Kevin Spacey, is an American actor, film director, producer, screenwriter, and singer. He began his career as an actor during the 1980s before obtaining supporting roles in film. In Broadway theatre, Spacey won a Tony Award for his role in Lost in Yonkers and he was the artistic director of the Old Vic theatre in London from 2004 until stepping down in mid-2015. Since 2013, Spacey has played Frank Underwood in the Netflix political drama series House of Cards, Spacey was born in South Orange, New Jersey, to Kathleen Ann, a secretary, and Thomas Geoffrey Fowler, a technical writer and data consultant. He has two siblings, a sister, Julie, and a brother, Randy. He has English, Swedish, and Welsh ancestry and his family relocated to Southern California when Spacey was four years old. He attended Northridge Military Academy, Canoga Park High School, and then Chatsworth High School in Chatsworth, California, where he graduated co-valedictorian of his class in 1977. At Chatsworth, Spacey starred in the senior production of The Sound of Music. He took Spacey as his stage name, several reports have incorrectly suggested that he took his name in tribute to actor Spencer Tracy, combining Tracys first and last names. He had tried to succeed as a comedian for several years, before attending the Juilliard School in New York City, during this time period, Spacey performed stand-up comedy in bowling alley talent contests. Spaceys first professional appearance was as a spear carrier in a New York Shakespeare Festival performance of Henry VI. The following year, he made his first Broadway appearance, as Oswald in a production of Henrik Ibsens Ghosts, then he portrayed Philinte in Molières The Misanthrope. In 1984, he appeared in a production of David Rabes Hurlyburly, next came Anton Chekhovs The Seagull. In 1986, he appeared in a production of Sleuth in a New Jersey dinner theatre, Lemmon in particular would become a mentor to Spacey. He made his first major appearance in the second-season premiere of Crime Story. Although his interest soon turned to film, Spacey remained actively involved in the theater community. In 1991, he won a Tony Award for his portrayal of Uncle Louie in Neil Simons Broadway hit Lost in Yonkers, Spaceys father was unconvinced that Spacey could make a career for himself as an actor, and did not change his mind until Spacey became well-known. Some of Spaceys early roles include a widowed eccentric millionaire on L. A. Law, the television miniseries The Murder of Mary Phagan, opposite Lemmon, and he earned a fan base after playing the criminally insane arms dealer Mel Profitt on the television series Wiseguy
9.
Brenda Fricker
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Brenda Fricker is an Irish actress of theatre, film and television. She has appeared in more than 30 films and television roles, in 1989, she became the first Irish actress to win an Oscar, earning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for My Left Foot. As of July 2014, she has retired from acting. Fricker was born in Dublin, Ireland and her mother, Bina, was a teacher at Stratford College, and her father, Desmond Frederick Fricker, was an officer in the Department of Agriculture and a journalist for The Irish Times. In her teens, she aspired to follow her parents footsteps into journalism, Fricker has a younger brother named Daniel, who both works and lives in the Baltimore, MD area. Before becoming an actress, Fricker was assistant to the art editor of the Irish Times, with hopes to become a reporter. At age 19, she became an actress by chance, her film career began with a small uncredited part in the 1964 film Of Human Bondage. She also appeared in Tolka Row, Irelands first ever soap opera, One of Frickers first TV roles was staff nurse Maloney in Coronation Street, debuting on 10 January 1977. Brendas character attended on the birth of Tracy Barlow on 24 January 1977s episode, Fricker came to wider public attention in the United Kingdom in another nursing role, as Megan Roach in the BBC One television drama series Casualty. In February 1998 she appeared in two episodes, with Megan attending the wedding of her former colleagues Charlie Fairhead and Barbara Baz Samuels, in 2007, she returned for a single episode for Red Nose Day. The episode was written by Richard Curtis, Frickers final appearance as Megan was in August 2010, when the character took a lethal cocktail of drugs to end her life. Fricker found international acclaim after she won the 1989 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Christy Browns mother in My Left Foot. In her acceptance speech, Brenda thanked Christy Brown just for being alive and also dedicated the Oscar to Mrs. Brown, for her performance Brenda was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award and she won the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress as well. She rejoined My Left Foots writer/director Jim Sheridan to make the 1990 film The Field and she continued her television work during this period, starring in the Australian-produced short series Brides of Christ. She then co-starred in the 1992 TV miniseries Seekers alongside Josette Simon, buoyed by her Oscar win, Fricker went on to appear in several high-profile Hollywood films, most notably in Home Alone 2, Lost in New York as the Central Park Pigeon Lady. The following year she portrayed May Mackenzie in So I Married an Axe Murderer, One of her last Hollywood film roles came with A Time to Kill, as Ethel Twitty, after which she focused almost exclusively on film and television work in Canada and the British Isles. In 2003, she played Bernie Guerin, mother of Veronica Guerin in the film of the same name and she then played nurse Eileen in the film Inside Im Dancing. In 2007, she starred in How About You the film based on a story about people living in a residential nursing home written by Maeve Binchy
10.
Oliver Platt
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Oliver James Platt is a Canadian-born American actor. He has been nominated for a Golden Globe Award, as well as multiple Emmy and he has an older brother, Adam Platt, a New York Magazine restaurant critic, and a younger brother, Nicholas Platt, Jr. His family moved back to the United States when Platt was three months old, Platts paternal great-grandfather was artist Charles A. Platt. Platt is also a great-great-grandson of diplomat and lawyer Joseph Hodges Choate, when asked about Diana, Platt said, I never met her. Id love to tell you we were confidantes, the truth is I dont know much more about it than you do. Platts family made frequent trips back to Washington, where they held Redskins season tickets, Platt is also a fan of the Boston Red Sox. When he was nine years old, Platt and his family visited the Kennedy Center in Washington, One of the performances that really made me want to be an actor started out with this probably 20-minute rambling, drunken monologue by this bum. And it was a young Morgan Freeman and this guy was just so riveting. He stood there on stage alone before the curtain went up, according to Platt, drama departments gave his childhood some stability, It was something of a survival mechanism, in that it gave me a little subculture to plug into wherever I ended up. Platt attended a boarding school named Colorado Rocky Mountain School in Carbondale. Platt majored in drama at Tufts University, where he met, Platt travelled with Shakespeare and Company, based in Lenox, Massachusetts, touring schools to earn his Equity card, before moving to New York. He obtained an agent while working at Manhattan Punch Line Theatre, Murray attended Platts show and recommended Platt to director Jonathan Demme, who cast him in Married to the Mob in 1988. Platt attributes his breakthrough to appearing at the Punch Line Theater, Platt makes his decisions about accepting acting roles based on the role being different from what I just did. I do have to be interested in the role. After Married to the Mob, he appeared in Working Girl, Flatliners, Beethoven, The Three Musketeers, A Time to Kill, in 1998 Platt and Stanley Tucci played two deadbeat actors who improvise with unsuspecting strangers in The Impostors. Tucci and Platt developed the characters while working on a play at Yale University in 1988, Tucci later completing the screenplay, in 1999 Platt played the wealthy and eccentric crocodile enthusiast Hector in David E. Kelleys Lake Placid, alongside Bill Pullman and Bridget Fonda. Platt described Hector as pretty abrasive and obnoxious at times, but, I hope, I think David originally thought of him as a great white hunter sort of guy, but when I signed on for the role he sort of wrote him in a different direction. The short-lived drama Deadline provided Platts first lead role on television, created by Dick Wolf, who also created Law & Order, Deadline focused on the lives of newspaper journalists in New York City. Platt starred as Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Wallace Benton, an unlikely hero, the strong cast, which also included Bebe Neuwirth and Hope Davis, could not compensate for sub-standard writing and the series was soon canceled
11.
Charles S. Dutton
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Dutton was born January 30,1951, on the East side of Baltimore, Maryland. His father was a truck driver, in his youth, Dutton dropped out of school before finishing middle school. He had a stint as an amateur boxer with the nickname Roc. When he was 17, he got into a fight resulted in the death of a man Dutton claimed had attacked him. Dutton was charged and convicted of manslaughter, and he spent the seven years in prison. Several months after being released from prison, Dutton was arrested for possession of a deadly weapon, several months into his second prison term, Dutton was sentenced to six days of solitary confinement, which allowed prisoners to take one book. By accident, he grabbed an anthology of black playwrights and he enjoyed the plays so much that, upon his release from confinement, he petitioned the warden to start a drama group for the Christmas talent show. The warden agreed on the condition that Dutton go back to school, Dutton accomplished that and went on to eventually complete a two-year college program at Hagerstown Junior College in Hagerstown, Maryland, graduating with an Associate of Arts degree in 1976. Upon his release, he enrolled as a major at Towson State University in the Baltimore suburb of Towson, Maryland. After his time at Towson, Dutton earned a degree in acting from the Yale School of Drama in 1983. In 1984, Dutton made his Broadway debut in August Wilsons Ma Raineys Black Bottom, winning a Theatre World Award, in 1988, Dutton played a killer in the television miniseries The Murder of Mary Phagan opposite Jack Lemmon and Kevin Spacey. 1990 brought him a second Best Actor Tony nomination for his role in another Wilson play, from 1991-1994, he starred in the Fox television series Roc. Dutton co-starred in Alien 3, the film of director David Fincher. Other films he has appeared in include Get on the Bus, A Time to Kill, Cookies Fortune, Crocodile Dundee II, Cry, the Beloved Country, Menace II Society, and Secret Window. Dutton won Outstanding Guest Actor Emmy Awards in 2002 and 2003 for his roles in The Practice and he was previously nominated in 1999, for his guest-starring role as Alvah Case in the HBO prison drama Oz in its second-season premiere episode. For this role, he was nominated for an NAACP Image Award. Also in 1999, he starred in an ensemble cast in Aftershock, Dutton gained acclaim for his comedy show Roc shown on FOX television from 1991–1994, especially mid-run when the show was broadcast live. His work in this role won him an NAACP Image Award and he co-starred in the popular but short-lived 2005 CBS science fiction series, Threshold
12.
Ashley Judd
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Ashley Judd is an American actress and political activist. She grew up in a family of performing artists as the daughter of country music singer Naomi Judd. While she is best known for an acting career spanning more than two decades, she has increasingly become involved in global humanitarian efforts and political activism. She starred as Rebecca Winstone in the 2012 television series Missing, in 2010, she earned a one-year mid-career masters degree in public administration from Harvards Kennedy School of Government. She is a well known Kentucky Wildcats mens basketball fan, being present at most games, Judd was born in Granada Hills, California. She is the daughter of Naomi Judd, a country singer and motivational speaker, and Michael Charles Ciminella. Ashleys elder sister, Wynonna, is also a country music singer and her paternal grandfather was of Sicilian descent, and her paternal grandmother was a descendant of Mayflower pilgrim William Brewster. At the time of her birth, her mother was unemployed, the following year, her mother took Ashley back to Naomis native Kentucky, where Judd spent the majority of her childhood. She also went to school in Marin County, California as a child, Judd attended 13 schools before college, including the Sayre School, Paul G. Blazer High School and Franklin High School in Tennessee. She briefly tried modeling in Japan during a school break, an alumna of the sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma at the University of Kentucky, she majored in French and minored in anthropology, art history, theater, and womens studies. She spent a semester studying in France as part of her major and she graduated from the UK Honors Program and was nominated to Phi Beta Kappa, but did not graduate with her class. Forgoing her commitment to join the Peace Corps, after college she drove to Hollywood, during this time, she worked as a hostess at The Ivy restaurant and lived in a Malibu rental house, which burned down in 1993. Around that time, her half-sister Wynonna Judd leased her a historic farmhouse and 10 acres of land in Williamson County and she moved to Tennessee and lived near her mother Naomi and sister Wynonna. Judd appeared as Ensign Robin Lefler, a Starfleet officer, in two 1991 episodes of Star Trek, The Next Generation, Darmok and The Game, from 1991 to 1994, she had a recurring role as Reed, the daughter of Alex, on the NBC drama Sisters. She made her film debut with a small role in 1992s Kuffs. In 1993, Judd fought for and was cast in her first starring role playing the character in Victor Nuñezs Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize dramatic winner Ruby in Paradise. On her way to the audition, she was so nervous about getting a role that she defined her life. From the first three sentences, I knew it was written for me, she told the San Jose Mercury News
13.
Patrick McGoohan
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Patrick Joseph McGoohan was an American-born Irish actor, writer and director who was brought up in Ireland and England. He began his career in Great Britain in the 1950s, and his career defining roles were in the British 1960s television series Danger Man, and the surreal psychological drama The Prisoner, which he co-created. McGoohan was born in Astoria, Queens, New York City, the son of Rose and Thomas McGoohan and he was brought up as a Roman Catholic. Shortly after he was born, McGoohans parents moved back to Mullaghmore, County Leitrim, Ireland, McGoohan attended St Vincents School and De La Salle College in Sheffield. During World War II, he was evacuated to Loughborough, Leicestershire, there he attended Ratcliffe College, where he excelled in mathematics and boxing. When one of the actors became ill, McGoohan was substituted for him, in 1955, McGoohan starred in a West End production of a play called Serious Charge in the role of a priest accused of being homosexual. Orson Welles was so impressed by McGoohans stage presence that he cast him as Starbuck in his York theatre production of Moby Dick—Rehearsed. Welles said in 1969 that he believed McGoohan would now be, I think and he was tremendous as Starbuck. and with all the required attributes, looks, intensity, unquestionable acting ability and a twinkle in his eye. His first film appearance was a role in The Dam Busters. He delivered the line – Sorry, old boy, its secret – you cant go in, which was cut from some prints of the movie. While working as a stand-in during screen tests, McGoohan was signed to a contract with the Rank Organisation, after a few films and some clashes with the management, the contract was dissolved. Free of the contract, he did some TV work, winning a BAFTA in 1960 and his favourite part for the stage was the lead in Ibsens Brand, for which he received an award. It appeared in a BBC television production in August 1959, soon, production executive Lew Grade approached McGoohan about a TV series in which he would play a spy named John Drake. The series debuted in 1960 as Danger Man, a half-hour programme geared toward an American audience and it did fairly well, but not as well as hoped. Production lasted only one year and 39 episodes, McGoohan was one of several actors considered for the role of James Bond in Dr. No. While McGoohan, a Catholic, turned down the role on moral grounds and he was later considered for the same role in Live and Let Die, but turned it down again. Before that happened, McGoohan spent some time working for Disney on The Three Lives of Thomasina, after he had also turned down the role of Simon Templar in The Saint, Lew Grade asked him if he would like to give John Drake another try. This time, McGoohan had even more say about the series, Danger Man was resurrected in 1964 as a one-hour programme
14.
Donald Sutherland
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Donald McNichol Sutherland, OC is a Canadian actor whose film career spans six decades. Since then, he established himself as one of the most respected, prolific, Sutherland has been nominated for eight Golden Globe Awards, winning two for his performances in the television films Citizen X and Path to War, the former also brought him a Primetime Emmy Award. Inductee of Hollywood Walk of Fame and Canadian Walk of Fame, several media outlets and movie critics describe him as one of the best actors who has never been nominated for an Oscar. He is father of actors Rossif Sutherland, Angus Sutherland, Sutherland was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of Dorothy Isobel and Frederick McLea Sutherland, who worked in sales and ran the local gas, electricity and bus company. He is of Scottish, German and English ancestry, as a child, he battled rheumatic fever, hepatitis, and poliomyelitis. His teenage years were spent in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia and he obtained his first part-time job, at the age of 14, as a news correspondent for local radio station CKBW. Sutherland graduated from Bridgewater High School and he then studied at Victoria College, University of Toronto, where he met his first wife Lois Hardwick, and graduated with a double major in engineering and drama. He had at one point been a member of the UC Follies comedy troupe in Toronto and he changed his mind about becoming an engineer, and left Canada for Britain in 1957, studying at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. After quitting the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, Sutherland spent a year, in the early to mid-1960s, Sutherland began to gain small roles in British films and TV. He featured alongside Christopher Lee in horror films such as Castle of the Living Dead and he also had a supporting role in the Hammer Films production Die. With Tallulah Bankhead and Stefanie Powers, in 1966, Sutherland appeared in the BBC TV play Lee Oswald-Assassin, playing a friend of Lee Harvey Oswald, Charles Givens. In 1967, he appeared in The Superlative Seven, an episode of The Avengers and he also made a second, and more substantial appearance in The Saint. The episode, Escape Route, was directed by the star, Roger Moore. They came to view a rough cut and he got The Dirty Dozen, the film, which starred Lee Marvin and Charles Bronson, was the 5th highest-grossing film of 1967 and MGMs highest-grossing movie of the year. In 1968, after the breakthrough in the UK-filmed The Dirty Dozen and he then appeared in two war films, playing the lead role as Hawkeye Pierce in Robert Altmans MASH in 1970, and, again in 1970, as hippie tank commander Oddball in Kellys Heroes. He stars with Gene Wilder in the 1970 comedy Start the Revolution Without Me, during the filming of the Academy Award-winning detective thriller Klute, Sutherland had an intimate relationship with co-star Jane Fonda. Sutherland and Fonda went on to co-produce and star together in the anti-Vietnam War documentary F. T. A, consisting of a series of sketches performed outside army bases in the Pacific Rim and interviews with American troops who were then on active service. A follow up to their teaming up in Klute, Sutherland and Fonda performed together in Steelyard Blues and his role as Corpse of Lt. Robert Schmied in the Maximilian Schells 1976 German film-directed End of the Game is listed in crazy credits
15.
Elliot Goldenthal
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Elliot Goldenthal is an American composer of film scores and contemporary classical music. He was a student of Aaron Copland and John Corigliano, and is best known for his style and ability to blend various musical styles and techniques in original. He is also a composer, and won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in 2002 for his score to the motion picture Frida. Both pairs of Goldenthals grandparents emigrated to the United States from Bucharest and Iași, Goldenthal lived in a multi-cultural part of town, and this is reflected in his works. Goldenthal has written works for concert hall, theater, dance, incidentally he also had a small part in the stage show Juan Darièn as a Circus Barker / Streetsinger. The Tony-Award-winning Juan Darién, A Carnival Mass and The Green Bird, in 2006, Goldenthal completed his original three-act opera with Taymor entitled Grendel an adaptation of the John Gardner novel which told the story of Beowulf from the monsters point of view. In 2008 Goldenthal reunited with Michael Mann to score 1930s gangster movie Public Enemies and in 2009 he scored another Julie Taymor Shakespeare adaptation and he has also collaborated four times with Irish director Neil Jordan, scoring movies like Interview with the Vampire and In Dreams. Elliot Goldenthal has been called the thinking mans composer by film-music collectors and he is known for his experimentation, nuances and willingness to try unconventional techniques. He has scored films in almost every genre from horror to action to Shakespeare adaptations and he has not yet scored comedy, but he has composed comedic motifs for several films such as Demolition Man and the Batman series. His eclectic output has gained him a deal of respect in the music and film communities. He is widely appreciated for his abilities and distinctive style. His action music is brutal and atonal, sometimes, in underscore, he uses very fast French horn passages with bending tones and whining. Goldenthal has said that he doesnt hear atonal and tonal, rather, according to Martinez, a lot of composers want to focus on writing their music, and thats what team allows Elliot to do. Once, when studying trumpet, Elliot had asked him to buzz into the end of the mouthpiece. He thought he was crazy but, looking back after a decade or so of Goldenthals film and concert music, he was just way ahead of the rest of us, he said. 1974 - Three Pieces for Piano 1977 - Requiem Mass 1979 - Sonata for Double Bass and Piano 1980 - Brass Quintet No
16.
Regency Enterprises
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Regency Enterprises is an American entertainment company formed by Arnon Milchan. This company originally had no distribution deal producing films with various studios such as The Ladd Company, TriStar Pictures, Warner Bros. and this company produced films such as Once Upon a Time in America and Q&A. This company was shut down in 1991, Arnon Milchan rebranded Regency International Pictures and renamed it to Regency Enterprises. In addition to signing a deal with Warner Bros. A subsidiary company New Regency Productions was also created and it is located on the 20th Century Fox lot. New Regency primarily produces movies, and has at least 100 movies to its credit, New Regency produced 2013s 12 Years a Slave, 2014s Birdman, and 2015s The Revenant, which earned the company two Academy Awards for Best Picture in a row, and three nominations. In September 1997, Milchan signed a 15-year distribution pact with 20th Century Fox worldwide in all media outside of foreign TV rights, foxs parent company News Corporation funneled $200 million in New Regency, in exchange for a 20 percent stake in the company. In 2011, Fox and New Regency extended the pact, to expire in 2022, Regency Television is a joint venture between Regency Enterprises and Fox Television Studios founded in 1998. Regencys best-known television shows include The WB sci-fi drama Roswell, on July 17,2008, Regency Television shut down all production and closed its business after nearly ten years in operation. On January 17,2011, New Regency announced a return to the business after 20th Century Fox extended its distribution business with Regency until 2022. New Regency Productions Regency Television BabyFirst, cable channel in U. S. aimed at 0-3 year olds
17.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
18.
Crime film
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Crime films are a genre of film that focus on crime. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, films dealing with crime and its detection are often based on plays rather than novels. Agatha Christies stage play Witness for the Prosecution was adapted for the big screen by director Billy Wilder in 1957, the film starred Marlene Dietrich and Charles Laughton and is a classic example of a courtroom drama. In a courtroom drama, a charge is brought against one of the main characters, another major part is played by the lawyer representing the defendant in court and battling with the public prosecutor. He or she may enlist the services of an investigator to find out what really happened. However, in most cases it is not clear at all whether the accused is guilty of the crime or not—this is how suspense is created. Often, the private investigator storms into the courtroom at the very last minute in order to bring a new and this type of literature lends itself to the literary genre of drama focused more on dialogue and little or no necessity for a shift in scenery. The auditorium of the theatre becomes an extension of the courtroom, in Witness for the Prosecution, Leonard Vole, a young American living in England, is accused of murdering a middle-aged lady he met in the street while shopping. His wife hires the best lawyer available because she is convinced, or rather she knows, another classic courtroom drama is U. S. playwright Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men, which is set in the jury deliberation room of a New York Court of Law. Eleven members of the jury, aiming at a verdict of guilty. The popularity of TV brought about the emergence of TV series featuring detectives, investigators, special agents, lawyers, in Britain, The Avengers about the adventures of gentleman agent John Steed and his partner, Emma Peel, achieved cult status. In Germany, Derrick became a household word, breaking Bad character Walter White is a methamphetamine drug manufacturer, this offered a different approach whereby the protagonist is the criminal instead of being the detective. Crime films may fall under several different subgenres and these include, Crime comedy - A hybrid of crime and comedy films. Mafia comedy looks at organized crime from a comical standpoint, humor comes from the incompetence of the criminals and/or black comedy. Examples include Analyze This, The Pope of Greenwich Village, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, In Bruges, tower Heist and Pain & Gain. Crime drama - A combination of crime and dramatic films, examples include such films as Straight Time and Badlands. Crime thriller - A thriller in which the characters are involved in crime, either in its investigation, as the perpetrator or, less commonly. While some action films could be labelled as such for merely having criminality and thrills, the emphasis in this genre is the drama, examples include Untraceable, Silence of the Lambs, Heat, Seven, Witness, Memories of Murder, The Call, and Running Scared
19.
Kiefer Sutherland
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Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland is a British born Canadian actor, producer, director, and singer-songwriter. His portrayal of Jack Bauer on the Fox drama series 24 brought him an Emmy Award, Sutherland got his first leading film role in a Canadian drama The Bay Boy, which earned him a Genie Award nomination. Sutherland was inducted to Hollywood Walk of Fame and Canadas Walk of Fame and was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from Zurich Film Festival. Sutherland was born in St Marys Hospital, Paddington, London, to Donald Sutherland and Shirley Douglas and he has a twin sister, Rachel. His maternal grandfather was Scottish-born Canadian politician and former Premier of Saskatchewan Tommy Douglas, Sutherlands family moved to Corona, California. In 1975, Sutherland moved with his mother to Toronto and he attended elementary school at Crescent Town Elementary School, St. Clair Junior High East York, and John G. Althouse Middle School in Toronto. He also spent a semester at Regina Mundi Catholic College in London, Ontario, Sutherland told Jimmy Kimmel Live. that he and Robert Downey, Jr. were roommates for three years when he first moved to Hollywood to pursue his career in acting. He and Downey, Jr. also starred together in the film 1969, Sutherland made his screen debut in Max Dugan Returns, in which his father Donald Sutherland also starred. Sutherland was one of the contenders for the role of Glen Lantz in the original A Nightmare on Elm Street, after receiving critical acclaim for his role as Donald Campbell in The Bay Boy, Sutherland moved to Hollywood. Stand by Me was the first film Sutherland made in the United States, in the film, directed by Rob Reiner, he played a neighborhood bully in a coming-of-age story about a search for a dead body. Before that, he played a silent, supporting character, as one of Sean Penns friends who goes up against Christopher Walken in James Foleys crime-thriller At Close Range. His film Promised Land, with Meg Ryan, was the first film to be commissioned by the Sundance Film Festival and his role as vampire David in The Lost Boys is one of his iconic roles in his career reviews by many critics and audiences. In the Western film Young Guns, he starred alongside Emilio Estevez and he was considered for the role of Robin in Batman, alongside Michael Keaton, in the early production before the character was deleted from the shooting script. He went on to star again with his close friend Lou Diamond Phillips and that same year, he and his father appeared at the 61st Academy Awards as presenters of the Academy Honorary Award to the National Film Board of Canada. In the sequel Young Guns II, Sutherland continued to play Doc alongside some of the original cast and it is the only sequel to a feature film he has starred in. Sutherland did not make a film in 1991, in a recent interview, he said he declined the offer of Gus Van Sant to star in the lead role in the movie My Own Private Idaho, a decision that he regretted. He hosted Saturday Night Live instead, the film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. In The Vanishing, he starred alongside Jeff Bridges as a husband seeking his wife three years after she mysteriously vanished, in The Three Musketeers, Sutherland played the central character of Athos
20.
Canton, Mississippi
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Canton is a city in Madison County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 13,189 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Madison County, and situated in the northern part of the metropolitan area surrounding the state capital, Jackson. Much of Canton is on the National Register of Historic Places, the courthouse square is a historic shopping district and host to the Canton Flea Market. The picturesque Georgian courthouse is particularly notable and often appears in exhibits of the South. The east side of town is a part of the historic district with many homes. Although not a battle site during the Civil War, Canton was important as a rail. Many wounded soldiers were treated in or transported through the city, the city is home to a large auto manufacturing facility owned by Nissan. Canton is located at 32°36′43″N 90°1′54″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.7 square miles, of which 18.6 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 13,189 people and 4,494 households in the city with a household size of 2.99. The population density was 621.1 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 19. 5% White,74. 7% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 6% Asian,0. 1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and 0. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 5% of the population, in the city, the population was spread out with 27. 5% under the age of 18 and 10. 8% who were 65 years of age or older. 50. 8% of the population were female, the median income for a household in the city was $33,350. The per capita income for the city was $15,192, about 31. 4% of the population were below the poverty line. As of the census of 2000, there were 12,911 people,4,093 households, the population density was 694.1 people per square mile. There were 4,333 housing units at a density of 232.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 18. 64% White,80. 30% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 20% Asian,0. 14% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 43% of the population. 23. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.55
21.
Ku Klux Klan
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Historically the KKK used terrorism, both physical assault and murder, against groups or individuals whom they opposed. All three movements have called for the purification of American society, and all are considered right-wing extremist organizations, the first Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. It sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South during the Reconstruction Era, with numerous chapters across the South, it was suppressed around 1871, through federal law enforcement. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes, robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be terrifying, the second group was founded in 1915, and it flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, particularly in urban areas of the Midwest and West. This second organization adopted a white costume and used code words which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding cross burnings. The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after 1950, in the form of small, local and they have focused on opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. It is classified as a group by the Anti-Defamation League. As of 2016, the Anti-Defamation League puts total Klan membership nationwide at around 3,000, the second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to Americas Anglo-Saxon blood, hearkening back to 19th-century nativism. Although members of the KKK swear to uphold Christian morality, virtually every Christian denomination has officially denounced the KKK, the manual of rituals was printed by Laps D. McCord of Pulaski. According to The Cyclopædia of Fraternities, Beginning in April,1867, the members had conjured up a veritable Frankenstein. Although there was little organizational structure above the level, similar groups rose across the South and adopted the same name. Klan groups spread throughout the South as an insurgent movement promoting resistance, for example, Confederate veteran John W. Morton founded a chapter in Nashville, Tennessee. As a secret vigilante group, the Klan targeted freedmen and their allies, it sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder, against black and white Republicans. In 1870 and 1871, the government passed the Enforcement Acts. The first Klan had mixed results in terms of achieving its objectives and it seriously weakened the black political establishment through its use of assassinations and threats of violence, it drove some people out of politics. Rable argues that the Klan was a failure and therefore was discarded by the Democratic leaders of the South. He says, the Klan declined in strength in part because of weaknesses, its lack of central organization. More fundamentally, it declined because it failed to achieve its central objective – the overthrow of Republican state governments in the South, for instance, the Red Shirts are credited with helping elect Wade Hampton as governor in South Carolina
22.
Doug Hutchison
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Doug Anthony Hutchison is an American character actor, known for playing disturbing and antagonistic characters. He has a company, Dark Water Inc. In 2011, at the age of 50, he received criticism when he married 16-year-old singer Courtney Stodden. Hutchison was born in Dover, Delaware and he attended Apple Valley High School in Apple Valley, Minnesota and Bishop Foley High School in Madison Heights, Michigan. He later attended University of Minnesota at Minneapolis-St Paul, and studied at The Juilliard School in New York City, Hutchison starred in a Minneapolis production of Equus. His other early stage credits include Sing Me Through an Open Window and Shakespeares Julius Caesar. He has made guest appearances on shows such as The Young Riders, The X-Files, Space, Above and Beyond, Millennium, Lost, The Guiding Light, Law & Order, Special Victims Unit. Hutchison entered films at the end of the 1980s, appearing as Sproles in the 1988 drama Fresh Horses, of his performance in Fresh Horses, one critic observed that he hoisted the film onto his shoulders for the duration of his scenes. In the 1990s, he appeared in such as The Green Mile as Percy, The Lawnmower Man, A Time to Kill, Con Air. He had supporting roles in Shaft, Bait, I Am Sam, The Salton Sea and he also starred in Give em Hell, Malone. In October 2008, Hutchisons production company, Dark Water, debuted the web series Vampire Killers, on May 20,2011, Hutchison married his third wife, Courtney Stodden, in Las Vegas. They met when Stodden attended a class taught by Hutchison. Their relationship drew controversy and criticism, as Stodden was 16 years old when the couple married, according to the Hutchison, his agent quit, his family disowned him, he received death threats, and he was labelled a pedophile, all resulting from this marriage. According to Stodden, the enrolled in therapy in order to resolve issues that arose in their marriage from their age difference. On November 1,2013, the media reported that Stodden, in a subsequent interview, Stodden said that the split from Hutchison was amicable. In August 2014, the announced that they had reconciled. In May 2016, it was announced that the couple was expecting their first child, however, in July 2016, around three months into her pregnancy, Stodden suffered a miscarriage. On May 20,2016, Hutchison and Stodden celebrated their wedding anniversary by renewing their vows
23.
Chris Cooper
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Christopher Walton Chris Cooper is an American film actor. He became well known in the late 1980s and he also portrayed Sheriff July Johnson in the acclaimed miniseries Lonesome Dove, which became one of the most successful Westerns in history. Cooper won both the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the comedy-drama metafilm Adaptation and he played a lead role in the historical and political thriller Breach, playing FBI agent and traitor Robert Hanssen. He played Daniel Sloan in the 2012 political action thriller The Company You Keep and he also portrayed Al Templeton on the 2016 Hulu miniseries 11.22.63. He is a frequent collaborator with director John Sayles, including Matewan, City of Hope, Lone Star, Silver City, Cooper was born on July 9,1951, in Kansas City, Missouri, the son of Charles and Mary Ann Cooper. He has a brother, Chuck Cooper. His father was both a United States Air Force doctor and a cattleman, and his mother was a housewife, both of his parents were from Texas. Cooper grew up in the suburbs of Kansas City, and spent his summers at his familys ranch, located about 15 miles west of Leavenworth. He was also raised in Las Vegas, Phoenix, and Houston. While attending high school in Kansas City, Cooper worked for a theater company, I had a background in carpentry, so I could build sets and work in the wings. After he graduated high school, Cooper became the foreman for another repertory group. He also considered helping his father raise cattle for a living, Cooper avoided getting drafted to serve in the Vietnam War following a stint in the Missouri River Coast Guard. Cooper attended the University of Missouri-Columbia and enrolled in the theater program and it was during his sophomore year when Cooper changed his major to acting in order to overcome his overpowering shyness. Cooper, therefore, took acting classes at the University of Missouri and he recalled in a 1996 interview with The Philadelphia Inquirer, I started going in and watching some shows at the theater department. I started taking classes and auditioned for plays. And once I got into it, it was pretty immediate, I really felt right, felt at home. Cooper also took classes at Stephens College. After he graduated from the University of Missouri, Cooper moved to New York City in 1976, while living in New York, Cooper shared a one-bedroom railroad flat with four other aspiring actors and dancers
24.
Kurtwood Smith
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Kurtwood Larson Smith is an American television and film actor. He is known for playing Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop and Red Forman in That 70s Show, as well as for his appearances in science fiction films. He also starred in the season of 24. Smith was born in New Lisbon, Wisconsin, the son of Mabel Annette Lund, smiths mother was a fan of a country singer named Kurt in the early 1940s. However, she thought Kurt Smith was too short a name, Smith has said that he is likely the only Kurtwood. Smith grew up in the San Fernando Valley and graduated from Canoga Park High School of Canoga Park, California in 1961, Smith graduated from San Jose State College in 1965 with a B. A. and Stanford University in 1969 with an M. F. A. Onstage, Smith won three Drama-Logue Awards for his performances in Billy Budd, Idiots Delight, and Green Grow the Lilacs. After That 70s Show ended, Smith played Senator Blaine Mayer in the season of the action thriller 24. He enjoyed a role as a rogue FBI agent in Seasons 3–5 of the NBC series Medium. More recently, he played the main character Henry Langston in the ABC sci-fi/drama Resurrection which ran for two seasons, before That 70s Show his other roles included playing Mr. Sue on Foxs espionage comedy The New Adventures of Beans Baxter from 1987–89. He also starred as the father of Robert Sean Leonards Neil in 1989s Dead Poets Society. He also has a voice acting résumé, appearing in computer games such as Fallout Tactics, Brotherhood of Steel, and FreeSpace 2. He played the voice of Bob Johnson on Squirrel Boy and provided the voice of Kanjar Ro in Green Lantern, First Flight, Smith married Cecilia Souza in 1964. Smith then married Joan Pirkle in 1988, Smith has one daughter, Laurel Garner, and one son, Shannon Smith. Smith now lives in Glendale, California, Kurtwood Smith at the Internet Movie Database Kurtwood Smith at the TCM Movie Database Kurtwood Smith at AllMovie
25.
M. Emmet Walsh
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Michael M. Emmet Walsh is an American character actor and comedian who has appeared in over 200 films and television series. He is arguably most known for his work in the Coen Brothers first film, Walsh has also appeared in a number of other films including Carl Reiners comedy The Jerk, Ridley Scotts science fiction film Blade Runner, and Brad Birds animated film The Iron Giant. Walsh was born in Ogdensburg, New York, the son of Agnes Katharine and Harry Maurice Walsh and he was raised in rural Swanton, Vermont, and attended college at Clarkson University. In 1998, the Clarkson Alumni Association presented him with the Golden Knight Award, Walsh came to prominence in the 1978 crime film Straight Time, in which he played a parole officer. He also had a small but memorable role as a sniper in the Steve Martin comedy The Jerk. One of his roles was Bryant in Ridley Scotts cult film Blade Runner. His most acclaimed performance was arguably the double-crossing private detective in Blood Simple, Walsh made occasional guest appearances on Home Improvement as Tim Taylors father-in-law. In 1992, he appeared as a powerful U. S, senator in David Winnings Killer Image. In Christmas with the Kranks, he played one of the Kranks neighbors and he also appeared as Alex Lembeck, a motorcycle cop who appointed himself as Sandy Stocktons chaperone and protector on The Sandy Duncan Show in 1972. He appeared in an episode of the NBC drama series Gibbsville in 1976, in comedy, Walsh played the cynical small town sportswriter Dickie Dunn in the iconic 1977 hockey film Slap Shot, and a college diving coach in the Rodney Dangerfield film Back to School. According to Roger Eberts Stanton-Walsh Rule, no movie featuring either Harry Dean Stanton or M. Emmet Walsh in a role can be altogether bad. Ebert later conceded that this rule was broken by 1989s Dream a Little Dream, Walsh appeared on an episode of Frasier. M. Emmet Walsh at the Internet Movie Database
26.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
27.
Metacritic
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Metacritic is a website that aggregates reviews of media products, music albums, games, movies, TV shows, DVDs, and formerly, books. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged, Metacritic was created by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts. The site provides an excerpt from each review and hyperlinks to its source, a color of Green, Yellow or Red summarizes the critics recommendations and therefore the general appeal of the product to reviewers and, to a lesser extent, the public. It is regarded as the game industrys foremost review aggregator. Metacritics scoring converts each review into a percentage, either mathematically from the mark given, before being averaged, the scores are weighted according to the critics fame, stature, and volume of reviews. Metacritic was launched in July 1999 by Marc Doyle, his sister Julie Doyle Roberts, rotten Tomatoes was already compiling movie reviews, but Doyle, Roberts, and Dietz saw an opportunity to cover a broader range of media. They sold Metacritic to CNET in 2005, CNET and Metacritic are now owned by the CBS Corporation. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote in September 2004, Mr. Doyle,36, is now a product manager at CNET. Speaking of video games, Doyle said, A site like ours helps people cut through. unobjective promotional language and he added that the review process was not taken as seriously when unconnected magazines and websites provided reviews in isolation. In August 2010, the appearance was revamped, reaction from users was overwhelmingly negative. Certain publications are given more significance because of their stature, games Editor Marc Doyle was interviewed by Keith Stuart of The Guardian to get a look behind the metascoring process. Stuart wrote, the phenomenon, namely Metacritic and GameRankings, have become an enormously important element of online games journalism over the past few years. The ranging of metascores is, Metacritic is regarded as the foremost online review site for the video game industry. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal has written that Metacritic influence the sales of games and he explains its influence as coming from the higher cost of buying video games than music or movie tickets. Many executives say that low scores can hurt the sales potential. He claimed that a number of businesses and financial analysts use Metacritic as an early indicator of a games potential sales and, by extension. In 2004, Jason Hall of Warner Bros. began including quality metrics in contracts with partners licensing its movies for games, if a product does not at least achieve a specific score, some deals require the publisher to pay higher royalties. In 2008, Microsoft began using Metacritic averages to de-list underperforming Xbox Live Arcade games and these are the top 10 individual games with the highest scores on the site as of 2 April 2017
28.
Roger Ebert
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Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase Two Thumbs Up, used when both hosts gave the film a positive review. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, Ebert lived with cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands from 2002. This required treatments necessitating the removal of his jaw, which cost him the ability to speak or eat normally. His ability to write remained unimpaired, however, and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print until his death on April 4,2013. Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana, Illinois, the child of Annabel, a bookkeeper, and Walter Harry Ebert. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Marys elementary school and his paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch. In his senior year, he was president and editor-in-chief of his high school newspaper. In 1958, he won the Illinois High School Association state speech championship in radio speaking, regarding his early influences in film criticism, Ebert wrote in the 1998 parody collection Mad About the Movies, I learned to be a movie critic by reading Mad magazine. Mads parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. Pauline Kael lost it at the movies, I lost it at Mad magazine, Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student, completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960, Ebert then attended and received his degree in 1964. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, One of the first movie reviews he ever wrote was a review of La Dolce Vita, published in The Daily Illini in October 1961. Ebert spent a semester as a student in the department of English there before attending the University of Cape Town on a Rotary fellowship for a year. He returned from Cape Town to his studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. Instead Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim Hoge and he attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter at the Sun-Times for a year
29.
Peter Travers
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Peter Travers is an American film critic and journalist, who has written for, in turn, People and Rolling Stone. Travers also hosts a celebrity interview show called Popcorn on ABC News Now, Travers joined Rolling Stone in 1989 after a four-year stint with People. According to eFilmCritic. com, Travers is the nations most blurbed film critic and he has also shown a great deal of disdain for certain directors, most notably Michael Bay and his films. Peter Travers at Rolling Stone Movie Reviews at Rolling Stone Peter Travers at Rotten Tomatoes Popcorn with Peter Travers on ABC News
30.
Capital punishment
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Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The sentence that someone be punished in such a manner is referred to as a death sentence, etymologically, the term capital in this context alluded to execution by beheading. Fifty-six countries retain capital punishment,103 countries have abolished it de jure for all crimes, six have abolished it for ordinary crimes. Capital punishment is a matter of controversy in various countries and states. In the European Union, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment, also, the Council of Europe, which has 47 member states, prohibits the use of the death penalty by its members. The United Nations General Assembly has adopted, in 2007,2008,2010,2012 and 2014, non-binding resolutions calling for a moratorium on executions. Although most nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the population live in countries where executions take place, such as China, India. Execution of criminals and political opponents has been used by nearly all societies—both to punish crime, in most countries that practise capital punishment it is reserved for murder, terrorism, war crimes, espionage, treason, defection or as part of military justice. In many countries use the death penalty, drug trafficking is also a capital offence. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are punished by the death penalty, in militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offences such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny. The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history, most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system. Communal punishment for wrongdoing generally included compensation by the wrongdoer, corporal punishment, shunning, banishment, usually, compensation and shunning were enough as a form of justice. The response to crime committed by neighbouring tribes or communities included a formal apology, a blood feud or vendetta occurs when arbitration between families or tribes fails or an arbitration system is non-existent. This form of justice was common before the emergence of a system based on state or organized religion. It may result from crime, land disputes or a code of honour, acts of retaliation underscore the ability of the social collective to defend itself and demonstrate to enemies that injury to property, rights, or the person will not go unpunished. However, in practice, it is difficult to distinguish between a war of vendetta and one of conquest. Elaborations of tribal arbitration of feuds included peace settlements often done in a religious context, compensation was based on the principle of substitution which might include material compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt. Settlement rules could allow for animal blood to replace human blood, the person offered for execution did not have to be an original perpetrator of the crime because the system was based on tribes, not individuals
31.
Amnesty International
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Amnesty International is a non-governmental organisation focused on human rights that claims to have over 7 million members and supporters around the world. The stated objective of the organisation is to research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights. Amnesty International was founded in London in 1961, following the publication of the article The Forgotten Prisoners in The Observer on 28 May 1961, Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international laws and standards. It works to public opinion to put pressure on governments that let abuse take place. Amnesty considers capital punishment to be the ultimate, irreversible denial of human rights, the organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its campaign against torture, and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978. Amnesty International was founded in London in July 1961 by English labour lawyer Peter Benenson, researchers have never traced the alleged newspaper article in question. In 1960, Portugal was ruled by the Estado Novo government of António de Oliveira Salazar, the government was authoritarian in nature and strongly anti-communist, suppressing enemies of the state as anti-Portuguese. The newspaper reader feels a sense of impotence. Yet if these feelings of disgust could be united into common action, Benenson worked with friend Eric Baker. It marked the launch of Appeal for Amnesty,1961, the aim of which was to mobilise public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, the Appeal for Amnesty was reprinted by a large number of international newspapers. In the same year, Benenson had a published, Persecution 1961. In July 1961 the leadership had decided that the appeal would form the basis of a permanent organisation, Amnesty, Benenson ensured that all three major political parties were represented, enlisting members of parliament from the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, and the Liberal Party. On 30 September 1962, it was officially named Amnesty International, between the Appeal for Amnesty,1961 and September 1962 the organisation had been known simply as Amnesty. From the very beginning, research and campaigning were present in Amnesty Internationals work, a library was established for information about prisoners of conscience and a network of local groups, called THREES groups, was started. Each group worked on behalf of three prisoners, one each of the then three main ideological regions of the world, communist, capitalist and developing. The international movement was starting to agree on its principles and techniques. In 1967 Peter Benenson resigned after an independent inquiry did not support his claims that AI had been infiltrated by British agents, later he claimed that the Central Intelligence Agency had become involved in Amnesty. Leading Amnesty International in the 1970s were key figures Seán MacBride, Amnesty International believed that the reasons underlying torture of prisoners by governments, were either to acquire and obtain information or to quell opposition by the use of terror, or both
32.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
33.
NAACP
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Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey. Its mission in the 21st century is to ensure the political, educational, social and their national initiatives included political lobbying, publicity efforts, and litigation strategies developed by their legal team. The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct, the status of foreign refugees. Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, uses the common term colored people. The NAACP bestows annual awards to people of color in two categories, Image Awards are for achievement in the arts and entertainment, and Spingarn Medals are for outstanding achievement of any kind and its headquarters is in Baltimore, Maryland. The NAACP is headquartered in Baltimore, with regional offices in New York, Michigan, Georgia, Maryland, Texas, Colorado. Each regional office is responsible for coordinating the efforts of state conferences in that region, local, youth, and college chapters organize activities for individual members. In the U. S. the NAACP is administered by a 64-member board, julian Bond, Civil Rights Movement activist and former Georgia State Senator, was chairman until replaced in February 2010 by health-care administrator Roslyn Brock. For decades in the first half of the 20th century, the organization was led by its executive secretary. James Weldon Johnson and Walter F. White, who served in that role successively from 1920 to 1958, were more widely known as NAACP leaders than were presidents during those years. Departments within the NAACP govern areas of action, local chapters are supported by the Branch and Field Services department and the Youth and College department. The Legal department focuses on cases of broad application to minorities, such as systematic discrimination in employment, government. The Washington, D. C. bureau is responsible for lobbying the U. S. government, the goal of the Health Division is to advance health care for minorities through public policy initiatives and education. As of 2007, the NAACP had approximately 425,000 paying and non-paying members, the NAACPs non-current records are housed at the Library of Congress, which has served as the organizations official repository since 1964. The records held there comprise approximately five million items spanning the NAACPs history from the time of its founding until 2003, in 1905, a group of thirty-two prominent African-American leaders met to discuss the challenges facing people of color and possible strategies and solutions. They were particularly concerned by the Southern states disenfranchisement of blacks starting with Mississippis passage of a new constitution in 1890, through 1908, southern legislatures dominated by white Democrats ratified new constitutions and laws creating barriers to voter registration and more complex election rules. In practice, this caused the exclusion of most blacks and many whites from the political system in southern states. Black voter registration and turnout dropped markedly in the South as a result of such legislation, men who had been voting for thirty years in the South were told they did not qualify to register
34.
Golden Raspberry Awards
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The Golden Raspberry Awards often shortened to Razzies and Razzie Awards, is an award in recognition of the worst in film. The term raspberry in the name is used in its irreverent sense, the awards themselves are in the form of a golf ball-sized raspberry which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel, the whole of which is spray painted gold. The first Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony was held on March 31,1981, wilsons living-room alcove in Los Angeles, to honor the worst in film of the 1980 film season. The 37th ceremony was held on February 25,2017, american publicist John J. B. Wilson traditionally held potluck parties at his house in Los Angeles on the night of the Academy Awards. In 1981, after the 53rd Academy Awards had completed for the evening, Wilson decided to formalize the event, after watching a double feature of Cant Stop the Music and Xanadu. He gave them ballots to vote on worst in film, approximately three dozen people came to the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards. The 2nd Golden Raspberry Awards had double the attendance as the first, by the 4th Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony, CNN and two major wire services covered the event. The term raspberry is used in its irreverent sense, as in blowing a raspberry, Wilson commented to the author of Blame It on the Dog, When I registered the term with the Library of Congress in 1980, they asked me, Why raspberry. But since then, razz has pretty much permeated the culture and we couldnt have done it without Hollywoods help. Wilson is referred to as Ye Olde Head Razzberry, paying members of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation vote to determine the recipients. For the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards in 2009, award results were based on votes from approximately 650 journalists, cinema fans, voters hailed from 45 states in the United States and 19 other countries. The ceremony, typically one day before the Academy Awards, is modeled after the latter but deliberately low-end. Most winners do not attend the ceremony to collect their awards, notable exceptions include Tom Green, Halle Berry and Sandra Bullock, Michael Ferris, J. D. Shapiro, and Paul Verhoeven. Three people won both the Razzies and Oscars the same weekend, Alan Menken in 1993, Brian Helgeland in 1998, two actors had performances in the same movie scoring Oscar and Razzie nominations, James Coco and Amy Irving. Neil Diamond, winner of the inaugural Worst Actor Razzie for 1980s The Jazz Singer, was nominated for the Golden Globe in the same role, wall Street is the only film to date to win both an Oscar and a Razzie. Michael Douglas won the Academy Award for Best Actor, however Daryl Hannahs performance was not as well received and earned her a Razzie for Worst Supporting Actress, special prizes for the 25th anniversary of the Razzies awards were also given out in 2005. This is an award given by Razzie Award Governor John J. B. Wilson to an individual whose achievements are not covered by the Razzies other categories. It was awarded in 2003 to Travis Payne for Distinguished Under-Achievement in Choreography in the film From Justin to Kelly and this award is given to a critical and financial failure that wouldve been nominated if it had received an eligible release
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Stinkers Bad Movie Awards
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The Stinkers Bad Movie Awards was a Los Angeles-based group of film buffs and movie critics devoted to honoring the worst films of the year. The society was founded by Mike Lancaster and Ray Wright, two former ushers who met in the late 1970s at what is now the Pacific Hastings Theater in Pasadena, California. The Stinkers Bad Movie Awards have been featured in Entertainment Weekly, USA Today, The Los Angeles Times, Lancaster and Wright offered the annual Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, which was a parody of the Academy Awards. The Stinkers were similar to the Golden Raspberry Award, which debuted four years after the Stinkers, unlike the Razzies, the Stinkers did not have an awards ceremony. The Stinkers first ballots were handed out to the public in 1997, in the years that followed, the Razzies and Stinkers rarely agreed on a list of nominees or winners. In 2001 the Stinkers created 100 Years,100 Stinkers, The Worst Films of the 20th Century, the next year the Stinkers made a special trophy of a miniature flushing toilet for comedian actor Tom Green. Greens Freddy Got Fingered was nominated for seven awards and won Worst Film, Worst Sense of Direction, Worst Actor and that same year the Stinkers gave a special award to David Manning, the controversial Sony Pictures fictitious movie critic. The Stinkers included in 2003 another special category for Worst Performance by a Child, in 2004, the Stinkers went to a more selective way of obtaining votes. They dismantled their membership and offered ballots by invitation only to a small, select group of geeks and critics. In 2006, the Stinkers refused to nominate hotel heiress Paris Hilton for her role in the horror film House of Wax. Said Lancaster, To get on the Stinkers ballot you are judged on your performance, anyone that would put Paris Hilton on a list of the five worst supporting actresses in 2005 didnt see a lot of movies in 2005. I could list twelve actresses who gave worse supporting performances than Paris Hilton, the next year, the Stinkers did nominate Hilton for Worst Actress for her performance in the barely released National Lampoons Pledge This. I still have my ticket stub if any one doubts this film played in a theater and it was like a gift from the bad movie gods. In late January 2007, it was announced on the website following the announcement of the years winners. On July 1,2007, four months after the announcement of the worst of 2006 winners and its final headline was a review quote from Chicago Sun-Times critic Richard Roeper calling the film Evan Almighty a paper-thin alleged comedy with a laugh drought of biblical proportions. A book about the Stinkers Awards and their history was also promised on the website and it was to be released before the end of the decade. 1994, Ill Do Anything 1995, Johnny Mnemonic 1996, The Phantom and The Stupids Founders Award 2000, Motion Picture Association of America 2001, David Manning, Sony Pictures fictitious movie critic. com
36.
Classical music
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Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical and secular music. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common-practice period, Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This can leave less room for such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation. The term classical music did not appear until the early 19th century, the earliest reference to classical music recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, the written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them, J. S. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works, Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music being reproduced. That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work, even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction, we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations, during the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto, during the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century and they consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments. The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass and it generally has a larger variety and number of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many bands use a double bass. Many of the used to perform medieval music still exist. Medieval instruments included the flute, the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle, Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut, during the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th
