1.
Sherborne
–
Sherborne is a market town and civil parish in north west Dorset, in South West England. It is sited on the River Yeo, on the edge of the Blackmore Vale,6 miles east of Yeovil, the A30 road, which connects London to Penzance, runs through the town. In the 2011 census the population of Sherborne parish and the two wards was 9,523. 28. 7% of the population is aged 65 or older, much of the old town, including the abbey and many medieval and Georgian buildings, is built from distinctive ochre-coloured ham stone. The town is served by Sherborne railway station, the town was named scir burne by the Saxon inhabitants, a name meaning clear stream and is referred to as such in the Domesday book. Sherborne was made the capital of Wessex, one of the seven Saxon kingdoms of England, in 705 the diocese was split between Sherborne and Winchester, and King Ine founded an abbey for St Aldhelm, the first bishop of Sherborne. In 933, King Æthelstan granted land at Sherborne to the nuns of Shaftesbury Abbey under the condition that they would recite the Psalter once a year on All Saints day and say prayers for the king. The bishops seat was moved to Old Sarum in 1075 and the church at Sherborne became a Benedictine monastery, in the 15th century the church was burnt down during tensions between the town and the monastery, and rebuilt between 1425 and 1504 incorporating some of the Norman structure remains. In 1539 the monastery was bought by Sir John Horsey and became a conventional church, Sherborne was the centre of a hundred of the same name for many centuries. See the article Sherborne Abbey for more on the history of the abbey, in the 12th century Roger de Caen, Bishop of Salisbury and Chancellor of England, built a fortified palace in Sherborne. The palace was destroyed in 1645 by General Fairfax, and its ruins are owned by English Heritage, in 1594 Sir Walter Raleigh built an Elizabethan mansion in the grounds of the old palace, today known as Sherborne Castle. In the UK national parliament, Sherborne is within the West Dorset parliamentary constituency, in local government, Sherborne is administered by Dorset County Council at the highest tier, West Dorset District Council at the second tier, and Sherborne Town Council at the lowest tier. In national parliament and district elections, West Dorset is divided into 24 electoral wards. In county council elections, Dorset is divided into 42 electoral divisions, there has been a school in Sherborne since the time of King Alfred, who was educated there. The school was re-founded in 1550 as King Edwards grammar school, using some of the old abbey buildings, though it is now known simply as Sherborne School. The school remains one of the top independent schools in Britain, boasting numerous successful alumni, including Alan Turing, Jeremy Irons, Chris Martin, John le Carré, until 1992 there were also two grammar schools, Fosters School for Boys and Lord Digbys School for Girls. Both schools merged with local school to form The Gryphon School. Other well-established schools in the area include Sherborne Abbey Primary School, Sherborne Prep, Sherborne Girls, Sherborne International caters to international students
2.
Yeovil
–
Yeovil is a town and civil parish in south Somerset, England with a population of 45,000. It has palaeolithic remains, was on an old Roman road and was left in the will of King Alfred the Great to his youngest son Aethelweard. In the Domesday Book it is recorded as the town of Givele or Ivle, during the Middle Ages the population of the town suffered from the Black Death and several serious fires. Several other manufacturing and retail companies also have bases in the town, plans have been proposed for various regeneration projects in the town. Yeovil Country Park, which includes Ninesprings, is one of open spaces in the town. There are a range of educational, cultural and sporting facilities, religious sites include the 14th-century Church of St John the Baptist. It is on the A30 and A37 roads and has two stations on two separate railway lines. There is also a railway museum. Yeovil is on the main Roman road from Dorchester to the Fosse Way at Ilchester, the Westland site has evidence of a small Roman town. There were several Roman villas in the area, including finds at East Coker, West Coker, Yeovil was first mentioned in a Saxon charter dated 880 as Gifle. The name derives from the Celtic river-name gifl forked river, an name of the River Yeo. The town was recorded in the Domesday Book as Givele, a market community. The parish of Yeovil was part of the Stone Hundred, in 1205 it was granted a charter by King John. By the 14th century, the town had gained the right to elect a portreeve, the Black Death exacted a heavy toll, killing approximately half the population. In 1499 a major fire broke out in the town, destroying many of the wooden, Yeovil suffered further serious fires, in 1620 and again in 1643. During the 1800s Yeovil was a centre of the glove making industry, in 1853 the Great Western Railway line was opened between Taunton and Yeovil. The first railway in the town was a line from the Bristol and Exeter Railway near Taunton to a terminus at Hendford on the western side of the town. As an associated company of the GWR, this was a broad gauge line
3.
West Dorset
–
West Dorset is a local government district and parliamentary constituency in Dorset, England. Its council is based in Dorchester, in 2006 the district was named 10th best place to live in the UK. In the Census 2001 West Dorset registered a population of 92,350, the population structure reflects the rural nature of the district. 52% of the population are female, the area is a popular retirement area which also exports young people due the low choice of career options. This is reflected in the age structure, with 12. 3% of the population over 75,34. 4% of dwellings are pensioner households, compared to 23. 8% in England. The district is an example of the low ethnic minority populations in areas, with 96. 7% white British ethnicity. The district has a level of car ownership, at 83. 1% of households compared to 73. 2% in England. West Dorset is a county constituency, currently represented in the British House of Commons by the Conservative front-bencher Oliver Letwin, elections in this constituency are usually a two-party contest between the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties. The main settlements in West Dorset are Dorchester, Sherborne and Bridport, Dorchester is in the south of the district and is the county town of Dorset. It has been an important settlement since Roman times, Sherborne is in the north of the district and is an important market town which was, for a time, the capital of Wessex. Bridport is in the west of the district and is popular with visiting the Jurassic Coast. Settlements with a population over 2,500 are in bold
4.
South Somerset
–
South Somerset is a local government district in Somerset, England. The South Somerset district covers and area of 370 square miles ranging from the borders with Devon, Wiltshire and it has a population of approximately 158,000. The administrative centre of the district is Yeovil, the district was formed on 1 April 1974, and was originally known as Yeovil, adopting its present name in 1985. The Council covers the whole of the Yeovil constituency, and part of Somerton and it is currently Liberal Democrat controlled, and has Beacon Council status. Its main towns include, Bruton Castle Cary Chard Crewkerne Ilminster Langport Milborne Port Somerton Wincanton Yeovil The electoral wards include, Camelot, for a full list of schools see, List of schools in Somerset Grade I listed buildings in South Somerset South Somerset District Council
5.
Frequency
–
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
6.
Community radio
–
Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting. Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest and they broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local, specific audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters. Community radio stations are operated, owned, and influenced by the communities they serve, there is legally defined community radio in many countries, such as France, Argentina, South Africa, Australia and Ireland. Much of the legislation has included such as social benefit, social objectives. Modern community radio stations serve their listeners by offering a variety of content that is not necessarily provided by the commercial radio stations. Community radio outlets may carry news and information programming geared toward the local area, specialized musical shows are also often a feature of many community radio stations. Community and pirate stations can be valuable assets for a region, Community radio stations typically avoid content found on commercial outlets such as Top 40 music, sports and drive-time personalities. A meme used by members of the movement is that community radio should be 10 percent radio and 90 percent community. This means that community radio stations should focus on getting the community talking and not solely on radio, there is also a distinction drawn in contrast to mainstream stations, which are viewed as pandering to commercial concerns or the personalities of presenters. Communities are complex entities, and what constitutes the community in community radio is subject to debate which varies by country, Community may be replaced by terms such as alternative, radical or citizen radio. In sociology, a community has been defined as a group of interacting people living in a common location, Community radio has been built around the ideals of access and participation. Stations have been run by locals, typically to serve a local audience, however, the internets availability and popularity has encouraged many stations to podcast and/or stream and audio and make it available globally. Two philosophical approaches to community radio exist, although the models are not mutually exclusive, one emphasizes service and community-mindedness, focusing on what the station can do for the community. The other stresses involvement and participation by the listener, in the service model locality is valued, community radio, as a third tier, can provide content focused on a more local or particular community than a larger operation. Sometimes, though, providing syndicated content not already available within the service area is viewed as public service. Within the United States, for example, many stations syndicate content from such as Pacifica Radio on the basis that it provides content not otherwise available. In the access model, the participation of community members in producing content is viewed as a good in itself, while this model does not necessarily exclude a service approach, there is some disagreement between the two. Community broadcasting is Australia’s third media sector, formally represented by the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia, in January 2012, there were 359 licensed community radio stations
7.
Dorset
–
Dorset /ˈdɔːrsᵻt/ is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the county, which is governed by Dorset County Council. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres, Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, the county town is Dorchester which is in the south. After the reorganisation of government in 1974 the countys border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth. Around half of the lives in the South East Dorset conurbation. The county has a history of human settlement stretching back to the Neolithic era. The Romans conquered Dorsets indigenous Celtic tribe, and during the early Middle Ages, the first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century, and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348. During the Second World War, Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy, the former was the sailing venue in the 2012 Summer Olympics, and both have clubs or hire venues for sailing, Cornish pilot gig rowing, sea kayaking and powerboating. Dorset has a varied landscape featuring broad elevated chalk downs, steep limestone ridges, over half the county is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Three-quarters of its coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast Natural World Heritage Site due to its geological and it features notable landforms such as Lulworth Cove, the Isle of Portland, Chesil Beach and Durdle Door. Agriculture was traditionally the major industry of Dorset but is now in decline, there are no motorways in Dorset but a network of A roads cross the county and two railway main lines connect to London. Dorset has ports at Poole, Weymouth and Portland, and an international airport, the county has a variety of museums, theatres and festivals, and is host to one of Europes largest outdoor shows. It is the birthplace of Thomas Hardy, who used the county as the setting of his novels. Dorset derives its name from the county town of Dorchester, the Romans established the settlement in the 1st century and named it Durnovaria which was a Latinised version of a Common Brittonic word possibly meaning place with fist-sized pebbles. It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in AD845 and in the 10th century the countys archaic name, the first human visitors to Dorset were Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BC. The first permanent Neolithic settlers appeared around 3000 BC and were responsible for the creation of the Dorset Cursus, from 2800 BC onwards Bronze Age farmers cleared Dorsets woodlands for agricultural use and Dorsets high chalk hills provided a location for numerous round barrows. During the Iron Age, the British tribe known as the Durotriges established a series of forts across the county—most notably Maiden Castle which is one of the largest in Europe. The Romans arrived in Dorset during their conquest of Britain in AD43, Maiden Castle was captured by a Roman legion under the command of Vespasian, and the Roman settlement of Durnovaria was established nearby
8.
Somerset
–
Somerset is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west. It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon. Somerset is a county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park. There is evidence of occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War, the city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Somersets name derives from Old English Sumorsǣte, short for Sumortūnsǣte, an alternative suggestion is the name derives from Seo-mere-saetan meaning settlers by the sea lakes. The Old English name is used in the motto of the county, Sumorsǣte ealle, adopted as the motto in 1911, the phrase is taken from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Somerset settlement names are mostly Anglo-Saxon in origin, but some hill names include Brittonic Celtic elements, for example, an Anglo-Saxon charter of 682 refers to Creechborough Hill as the hill the British call Cructan and we call Crychbeorh. Some modern names are Brythonic in origin, such as Tarnock, the caves of the Mendip Hills were settled during the Palaeolithic period, and contain extensive archaeological sites such as those at Cheddar Gorge. Bones from Goughs Cave have been dated to 12,000 BC, examples of cave art have been found in Avelines Hole. Some caves continued to be occupied until modern times, including Wookey Hole, the Somerset Levels—specifically dry points at Glastonbury and Brent Knoll— also have a long history of settlement, and are known to have been settled by Mesolithic hunters. Travel in the area was facilitated by the construction of one of the worlds oldest known engineered roadways, the Sweet Track, the exact age of the henge monument at Stanton Drew stone circles is unknown, but it is believed to be Neolithic. There are numerous Iron Age hill forts, some of which, like Cadbury Castle, on the authority of the future emperor Vespasian, as part of the ongoing expansion of the Roman presence in Britain, the Second Legion Augusta invaded Somerset from the south-east in AD47. The county remained part of the Roman Empire until around AD409, a variety of Roman remains have been found, including Pagans Hill Roman temple in Chew Stoke, Low Ham Roman Villa and the Roman Baths that gave their name to the city of Bath. After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples, by AD600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was Englands oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton, in 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset
9.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
10.
BBC
–
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
11.
Oliver Letwin
–
Sir Oliver Letwin is a British Conservative politician. He has served as Member of Parliament for West Dorset since 1997 and he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 2014 to 2016. Following the 2015 general election, Letwin was given responsibility for the Cabinet Office. He had previously been Minister of State for Government Policy from 2010 and 2015 and he is also chairman of the Conservative Research Department and chaired the Conservative Partys Policy Review from 2005 to 2010. He was educated at the Hall School, Hampstead, then at Eton, while a student at Cambridge, Letwin was a member of the Cambridge University Liberal Club. When asked about his membership of the Liberal club he explained, but I am sorry to have to tell you that this was because I was interested in the thoughts of Liberals and Fabians rather than because I was ever a Liberal Democrat or a Fabian. From 1980 to 1981, Letwin was a fellow of Princeton University, then a research fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge. His thesis, Emotion and Emotions, earned a PhD awarded by the Cambridge Philosophy Faculty in 1982, from 1983 to 1986, he was a member of Prime Minister Margaret Thatchers Policy Unit. e. The controversial Community Charge or Poll tax, having trialled it there first, Letwin later apologised, saying that parts of the memo had been both badly worded and wrong. This is regarded as providing a justification for NHS reforms carried out by subsequent governments, particularly the Health. Letwin unsuccessfully stood against Diane Abbott at the 1987 election for Hackney North and Stoke Newington and against Glenda Jackson for the Hampstead and Highgate seat in the 1992 election. He went on to win the historically safe Conservative seat of West Dorset at the 1997 general election, as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Conservative Party William Hague appointed Letwin as a member of his Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury in September 2000. He supported Michael Portillo and Michael Howard in their tenures as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. He had previously been an official Opposition spokesman on Constitutional Affairs, Scotland and Wales from 1998, during the campaign for the 2001 general election, Letwin expressed an aspiration to curtail future public spending by £20 billion per annum relative to the plans of the Labour government. When this proposal came under attack as regressive, Letwin found few of his colleagues to defend it and he famously went into hiding during the 2001 election, and for some time after the election. At this election, his majority in his West Dorset constituency was cut to 1,414 votes, in September 2001 he was appointed Shadow Home Secretary by the new Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith. He was also credited with forcing the then Home Secretary to withdraw his proposal in 2001 to introduce an offence of incitement to religious hatred. He successfully argued that such an offence would be impossible to define and he also argued that Muslims would feel persecuted by such a law
12.
Rotary International
–
It is a non-political and non-sectarian organization open to all people regardless of race, color, creed, religion, gender, or political preference. There are 34,282 member clubs worldwide,1.2 million individuals called Rotarians have joined these clubs. Rotarians usually gather weekly for breakfast, lunch, or dinner to fulfill their first guiding principle to develop friendships as an opportunity for service, the Rotarians primary motto is Service Above Self, its secondary motto is One profits most who serves best. This objective is set against the Rotary 4-Way Test, used to see if an action is compatible with the Rotarian spirit. It is still seen as a standard for ethics in business management, the 4-Way Test considers the following questions in respect to thinking, saying or doing, Is it the truth. Is it fair to all concerned, will it build goodwill and better friendships. Will it be beneficial to all concerned, the first Rotary Club was formed when attorney Paul P. In addition to Harris and Loehr, Silvester Schiele, and Hiram E. Shorey were the two who attended this first meeting. The next four Rotary Clubs were organized in cities in the western United States, beginning with San Francisco, then Oakland, Los Angeles, the National Association of Rotary Clubs in America was formed in 1910. On November 3,1910, a Rotary club began meeting in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, on 22 February 1911, the first meeting of the Rotary Club Dublin was held in Dublin, Ireland. This was the first club established outside of North America, in April 1912, Rotary chartered the Winnipeg club marking the first establishment of an American-style service club outside the United States. To reflect the addition of a club outside of the United States, in August 1912, the Rotary Club of London received its charter from the Association, marking the first acknowledged Rotary club outside North America. It later became known that the Dublin club in Ireland was organized before the London club, but the Dublin club did not receive its charter until after the London club was chartered. During World War I, Rotary in Britain increased from 9 to 22 clubs, in 1922, the name was changed to Rotary International. By 1925, Rotary had grown to 200 clubs with more than 20,000 members, Rotary Clubs in Spain ceased to operate shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the UN Charter Conference in San Francisco, nearly fifty Rotarians served as delegates, advisors, Rotarys work in promoting peace through education began as early as 1943 with a London conference on international, cultural, and educational exchanges. Rotary International established consultative status with the UN and UNESCO beginning in 1946-47, in one of the first cooperative activities with UNESCO, the Rotary Foundation awarded a $5,000 ‘grant-in-aid’ for fellowships to social service and educational leaders in war-devastated countries. The funds were designed to provide training to those who trained others, in 1985, Rotary launched its PolioPlus program to immunize all of the worlds children against polio
13.
Sainsbury's
–
Sainsburys is the second largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, with a 16. 9% share of the supermarket sector in the United Kingdom. The holding company, J Sainsbury plc, is split into three divisions, Sainsburys Supermarkets Ltd, Sainsburys Bank and Sainsburys Argos, the groups head office is in the Sainsburys Store Support Centre in Holborn Circus, City of London. The group also has interests in property, the largest overall shareholder is the sovereign wealth fund of Qatar, the Qatar Investment Authority, who hold 25. 999% of the company. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, Sainsburys was established as a partnership in 1869, when John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Ann opened a store at 173 Drury Lane in Holborn, London. Sainsbury started as a retailer of fresh foods and later expanded into packaged groceries such as tea and his trading philosophy, as stated on a sign outside his first shop in Islington, was, Quality perfect, prices lower. Sainsburys was very innovative in that its stores, instead of featuring five own-brand lines as arch-rival Home and Colonial did, also, instead of sawdust floors and wooden counters, Sainsburys boasted marble counters, mosaic floors, and white-tiled walls. Staff even had a uniform of white aprons, Stores started to look similar, so people could recognise them throughout London, a high cast-iron J. In 1922, J Sainsbury was incorporated as a company, as J. Sainsbury Limited. By this time each store had the departments, dairy, bacon and hams, poultry and game, cooked meats. Groceries were introduced in 1903, when John James purchased a branch at 12 Kingsland High Street. Home delivery featured in every store, as there were fewer cars in those days, sites were carefully chosen, with a central position in a parade selected in preference to a corner shop. This allowed a larger display of products, which could be kept cooler in summer, by the time John James Sainsbury died in 1928, there were over 128 shops. His last words were said to be, Keep the shops well lit and he was replaced by his eldest son, John Benjamin Sainsbury, who had gone into partnership with his father in 1915. The company acquired the Midlands-based Thoroughgood chain in 1936, following the outbreak of World War II, many of the men who worked for Sainsburys were called to perform National Service and were replaced by women. Turnover fell to half the pre-war level, Food was rationed, and one particular store in East Grinstead was so badly damaged on Friday 9 July 1943 that it had to move to the local church, temporarily, while a new one was built. This store was not completed until 1951, in 1956, Alan Sainsbury became chairman after the death of his father, John Benjamin Sainsbury. The first self-service branch opened in Croydon in 1950, Sainsburys was a pioneer in the development of own-brand goods, the aim was to offer products that matched the quality of nationally branded goods but at a lower price. It expanded more cautiously than did Tesco, shunning acquisitions, until the company went public on 12 July 1973, as J Sainsbury plc, the company was wholly owned by the Sainsbury family
14.
Wincanton
–
Wincanton is a small town and electoral ward in South Somerset, southwest England. The town lies off the A303 road, a route between London and South West England, and has some light industry. The town and electoral ward has a population of 5,272, windmill Hill was the site of a Bronze Age Beaker culture burial, and contemporary artefacts have been found on the Selwood Ridge. Prior to the Norman Conquest Wincanton was frequently the scene of battles between the Britons, Danes and Saxons, during the reign of Edmund Ironside, the English, under his command, defeated the Danes, forcing them to leave England. In the Domesday Book the name of the town was spelled as Wincaleton, cockroad Wood Castle, which is now in the parish of Charlton Musgrove, was a motte and bailey castle, probably built after the Norman conquest of England of 1066. The castle sits close to the contemporary Norman castles of Ballands and Castle Orchard, by 1086 the surrounding land was held by Walter of Douai, although no documentary evidence of the castle remains. The parish of Wincanton was part of the Norton Ferris Hundred, Wincanton was probably the site of a market in the medieval period but did not gain a market and fair charter until 1556. The town was the scene of one of the few armed skirmishes in England during the Revolution of 1688, a troop of Horse Guards under Patrick Sarsfield, loyal to James II, defeated an advance party of troops fighting for William of Orange, on 20 November 1688. A great part of the town was destroyed by fires in the years 1707 and 1747, in the early 19th century Wincanton was a depot for French officers, during the Napoleonic Wars. By 2010 there had been an influx of foreign nationals, especially Portuguese, Wincanton is within the area of Somerset County Council and the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, with its own town council. The town council has responsibility for issues, including setting an annual precept to cover the councils operating costs. Conservation matters and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council and it is part of Somerton and Frome, a constituency of the House of Commons. The current member of parliament is the conservative politician David Warburton, Wincanton Community Hospital in Dancing Lane was formerly known as Verrington Hospital and in March 2015 had 28 beds on two wards plus intermediate care unit. It opened as an Isolation Hospital in September 1910 for patients with Scarlet Fever, the Balsam Centre is a Healthy Living Centre and also a Childrens Centre for Wincanton and South East Somerset. The Memorial Hall, which opened on 9 January 1959, has a stage as well as facilities for dancing or for seating 250 and it also has a separate committee room that can seat 50. Along with the rest of South West England, Wincanton has a climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is about 10 °C, due to the effect of the sea the range is less than in most other parts of the UK. January is the coldest month with mean temperatures between 1 °C and 2 °C
15.
Cerne Abbas
–
Cerne Abbas is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It lies in the West Dorset administrative district in the Cerne Valley in the Dorset Downs, the village lies just east of the A352 road 10 km north of Dorchester. Dorset County Council estimate that the population of the parish in 2013 was 820. In the 2011 census the population of the parish, combined with the small neighbouring parish of Up Cerne, was 784. In 2008 it was voted Britains Most Desirable Village by estate agent Savills and it is notable as the location of the Cerne Abbas Giant, a chalk figure of a giant naked man on a hillside. The village of Cerne Abbas grew up around the great Benedictine abbey, Cerne Abbey, the Domesday survey of 1087 recorded cultivated land for twenty ploughs, with 26 villeins and thirty two bordars. For more than 500 years, the abbey dominated the area, the abbey was surrendered to Henry VIII in 1539 with the Dissolution of the Monasteries and was largely destroyed, a portion of the Abbots Porch and Abbey guesthouse remain. St Augustines Well, reputedly blessed by the saint, also remains, St Marys Church, built by the abbey for the parish in the late 13th century, is in the heart of the parish and retains many original features. In the centuries after the Dissolution, the village thrived as a market town. Its wealth was generated by brewing, its underground water making it famous for the quality of its beer. At one time, Cerne Abbas had 14 public houses, serving visitors, the availability of water power also gave rise to milling, tanning, silk weaving, glove and hat making and many other small industries. The coming of the railways in the 19th century bypassed Cerne, by 1906, the population had halved and many of the houses had fallen into disrepair. In 1919, the village was sold by the Pitt-Rivers estate, the village now has a local school, a post office, three remaining historic public houses, tearooms and a number of other shops. Pevsner says that Abbey Farm House which was rebuilt after a fire in the 1750s was formerly the main gateway to the abbey, when rebuilt, the central window of the former gateway projection was given an unusual Gothic Venetian window. Cerne Abbas attracts many tourists, who are drawn by the river, streets lined with stone houses, the church of St Mary is of 13th-century origin but was largely rebuilt in the 15th and early 16th centuries and partly reconstructed in the 17th century. Features of interest include the 17th century pulpit and the great east window which came from the abbey. The best known attraction is the Cerne Abbas Giant, a 55-metre naked figure carved into the chalk hillside, many scholars now think that it was created in the mid-17th century, although there is evidence of Iron Age settlement on the downs nearby. Cerne Abbas features in Thomas Hardys Wessex as Abbots Cernel, school of the Night, a mystery by Judith Cook set in Elizabethan England, contains scenes set in Cerne Abbas, and mentions the Cerne Abbas Giant
16.
Martock
–
Martock is a large village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated on the edge of the Somerset Levels 7 miles north west of Yeovil in the South Somerset district. The parish includes Hurst, approximately one mile south of the village, and Bower Hinton, which is located at the end of the village and bounded by Hurst. Martock has a population of 4,766 and was historically a market town, Martock was known in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Mertoch. It means ‘Rising bright from the shining sea’ from the Old English ‘meretorht’ and it was the property of Queen Edith, wife of Godwin and mother of Earl Harold. By 1066 it was the property of Queen Edith, wife of Edward the Confessor, the word root ‘Mer-’ can also refer to ‘a boundary or shore line’ from the Old English ‘maere’. It is possible that the name included the Old English element ‘stoc’ meaning ‘by a lake’, an alternative theory to the origin of the name Martock comes from the Old English words mart meaning market and ac for oak. This might relate to an oak tree on the now occupied by the Market House or more precisely the column there. Ekwall suggested that the name derives from ‘merkestoc’ meaning ‘a place on a boundary’, saunders, vicar of Martock from 1917 to 1951, cites two more possibilities. Firstly, from Collinson, who wrote in 1790, that the name Martock is derived from ‘market oak’, but unfortunately Martock was not granted a market until 1247 and long before that it was called by this name. His second suggestion is that the name is derived from a Celtic personal name ‘Merti’, who gave his name to a settlement, hence Merti-oc, both of these seem to be flights of fancy. Bower Hinton was called ‘Hanton Mertoc’ in 1225 and ‘Burhenton’ in 1280, ‘Hinton’ meaning a poor enclosure, from the Old English ‘hean’ and ‘tun’. Newton means the new enclosure from the Old English ‘niwe’ and ‘tun’. The medieval hamlet of Newton, which lay between Bower Hinton and Hurst, was first referred to in 1327, stapleton was first recorded in 1195. It means the enclosure from the Old English ‘steap’ and ‘tun’. Alternatively it may be from the Old English ‘stapel’ and ‘tun’ and it was the only parish in the Martock Hundred. In 18101,025 acres of land were enclosed as a result of the Inclosure Acts. The village was once a junction on local branches of the Great Western Railway, the parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security. Conservation matters and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council, the village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Yeovil Rural District
17.
Shaftesbury
–
Shaftesbury /ˈʃɑːftsbəri/ is a town and civil parish in Dorset, England. It is situated on the A30 road,20 miles west of Salisbury and it is the only significant hilltop settlement in Dorset, being built about 215 metres above sea level on a greensand hill on the edge of Cranborne Chase. The town looks over the Blackmore Vale, part of the River Stour basin, from different viewpoints, it is possible to see at least as far as Glastonbury Tor to the northwest. Adjacent to the site is Gold Hill, the steep cobbled street made famous in the 1970s as the setting for Ridley Scotts television advertisement for Hovis bread. In the 2011 census the civil parish had a population of 7,314. Writing of Shaftesbury in 1906 in his book Highways & Byways in Dorset, Sir Frederick Treves referred to different names for the town. It was, in the beginning, Caer Palladour, by the time of the Domesday Book it was Sceptesberie. It then, with all the affectation of a lady in an eighteenth-century lyric, lastly it became Shaston, and so the people call it to this day, while all the milestones around concern themselves only with recording the distances to Shaston. Some of these names may have used more than others. There is no evidence that Shaftesbury was the Caer Palladur of Celtic and Roman times. By the early 8th century there was an important minster church here, the burgh is recorded in the early-10th-century Burghal Hidage as one of only three that existed in the county. In 888 Alfred founded Shaftesbury Abbey, a Benedictine nunnery by the towns east gate, athelstan founded two royal mints, which struck pennies bearing the towns name, and the abbey became the wealthiest Benedictine nunnery in England. King Canute died here in 1035, though he was buried at Winchester, edward the Confessor licensed a third mint for the town. Around this time the ownership was equally shared between king and abbey. The site on Castle Hill, also known locally as Boltbury, is now under grass and is a scheduled monument. In 1240 Cardinal Otto, legate to the Apostolic See of Pope Gregory IX visited the abbey and confirmed a charter of 1191, in 1260 a charter to hold a market was granted. By 1340 the mayor had become a figure, sworn in by the steward of the abbess. In 1392 Richard II confirmed a grant of two markets on different days, edwardstow, Shaftesburys oldest surviving building, was built on Bimport at some time between 1400 and 1539
18.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
