1.
Canada Line
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The Canada Line is the third rapid transit line built in the SkyTrain metro system in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The line is owned By TransLink and InTransitBC and operated by ProTrans BC, and links Vancouver, Richmond, and it is coloured turquoise on route maps. The Canada Line comprises 19.2 kilometres of track, the line goes from Vancouver to Richmond. It had been scheduled to open on November 30,2009, the Canada Line was anticipated to have 100,000 boardings per day in 2013 and 142,000 boardings per day by 2021, but it has consistently exceeded early targets. Ridership has grown steadily since opening day, with ridership of 83,000 per day in September 2009,105,000 per day in March 2010. During the 17 days of the 2010 Winter Olympics, the line carried an average of 228,190 passengers per day, governance of the project was through Canada Line Rapid Transit Inc. formerly RAV Project Management Ltd. The line was built by SNC-Lavalin, and InTransitBC will manage the line for 35 years under a contract with TransLink. The Canada Line is operationally independent from British Columbia Rapid Transit Company, which operates SkyTrains Expo and Millennium lines, like the other two SkyTrain lines in Metro Vancouver, it is also light metro rapid transit, using fully automated trains on grade-separated guideways. However, the trains are powered by conventional motors rather than the induction system used on the other SkyTrain lines. The Canada Line begins in Downtown Vancouver at Waterfront Station in a subway tunnel beneath Granville Street. It quickly goes into twin-bored tunnels, heading southwest beneath Granville Street, the tunnels then dive deeper to pass below False Creek before rising back up to Olympic Village Station. There, the line back to a cut-and-cover tunnel heading south under Cambie Street. The line emerges from the ground just south of 64th Avenue, the line continues elevated across the North Arm Bridge over the North Arm of the Fraser River, leaving Vancouver and entering Richmond. Just beyond Bridgeport Station, the splits, with the Richmond branch heading south on elevated tracks along No.3 Road. The airport branch turns west and crosses the Middle Arm Bridge over the Middle Arm of the Fraser River, connecting to stations on Sea Island, portions of the airport branch are at grade in order to accommodate a future elevated taxiway for aircraft over the line. Both branches narrow to a track as they approach their respective terminus stations. Just before Bridgeport Station is the OMC facility, which houses the trains not in use. Station construction was designed as a two-stage process, sixteen original stations opened at the same time as the line did
2.
SkyTrain (Vancouver)
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SkyTrain is the metropolitan rail system of Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. SkyTrain has 79.5 km of track and uses automated trains on grade-separated tracks running on underground and elevated guideways. SkyTrain has the worlds longest cable-supported transit-only bridge, known as SkyBridge, the opening of the Evergreen Extension on December 2,2016, made SkyTrain the longest rapid transit system in Canada and the longest fully automated driverless system in the world. SkyTrain has 53 stations serving three lines, the Expo, Millennium, and Canada Lines, the Expo Line and Millennium Line are operated by British Columbia Rapid Transit Company under contract from TransLink, a regional government transportation agency. The Canada Line is operated on the principles by the private concessionaire ProTrans BC under contract to TransLink. SkyTrain uses a system shared with other local transit services. SkyTrain Attendants provide first aid, directions and customer service, inspect fares, monitor train faults, the Expo Line was built in 1985 in time for Expo 86. The Expo Line ran only as far as New Westminster Station initially, in 1989, it was extended to Columbia Station and in 1990, once the Skybridge was finished, it continued across the Fraser River to Scott Road Station in Surrey. In 1994, the terminus of the Expo line became King George Station in central Surrey and it was built on a budget of $854 million. During peak periods, every third Expo Line train provides service to Production Way–University, off-peak and it was built on a $1. 2-billion budget and the final extension from Commercial Drive Station to VCC–Clark Station was opened on January 6,2006. From October 22,2016 to December 1,2016, the Millennium Line operated from VCC–Clark to Lougheed Town Centre station, since December 2,2016, the Millennium Line has operated between VCC–Clark Station in Vancouver and Lafarge Lake–Douglas station in Coquitlam. The Millennium Line has 17 stations, three of which are transfer stations with the Expo Line and two which connect with the West Coast Express commuter train, the original Millennium Lines stations were designed by British Columbias top architects and are very different from those on the Expo Line. In 2004, Busby and Associates Architects, designers of the Brentwood Town Centre station in Burnaby, were honoured for their work with a Governor Generals Medal in Architecture and this extension adds 11 km and 6 new stations to the Millennium Line. The Canada Line begins at the Waterfront Station hub, then south to the City of Richmond. Opened on August 17,2009, the Canada Line added 15 stations and 19.2 km to the SkyTrain network, the Canada Line cost $1.9 billion, financed by the Governments of Canada and British Columbia, TransLink, and InTransitBC. Canada Line tracks do not interconnect with the older SkyTrain network, current operation, Former operation, SkyTrain provides high-frequency service, with trains arriving every 2–7 minutes at all stations during peak hours. Trains operate between 5,00 a. m. and 1,30 a. m. on weekdays, with reduced hours on weekends on Expo and Millennium lines. SkyTrain has longer hours of service during special events, such as New Years Eve, the Vancouver 2010 Olympics, TransLinks SkyTrain service area is divided into three zones, with fares varying depending on how many zone boundaries are crossed during one trip
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
TransLink (British Columbia)
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TransLink is the statutory authority responsible for the regional transportation network of Metro Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada, including public transport, major roads and bridges. Its main operating facilities are located in the city of New Westminster, TransLink is responsible for various modes of transportation in the Metro Vancouver region as well as the West Coast Express, which extends into the Fraser Valley Regional District. On November 29,2007, the province of British Columbia approved legislation changing the governance structure, buses in Metro Vancouver are operated by two companies. The District Municipality of West Vancouver operates the Blue Bus system serving West Vancouver, the schedules, fares, and routes of these services are integrated with other transit services operated by TransLink. Outside the city of Vancouver, most buses operate on a system along feeder routes that connect with SkyTrain, SeaBus, West Coast Express. Electric trolley buses operate on routes in the city of Vancouver. Most trolley bus routes operate in a north–south direction, trolley buses receive electricity from a network of overhead wires. In the fall of 2006, TransLink introduced a new generation of electric trolley buses, the new trolley buses have low floors and are fully wheelchair accessible. Many local routes are served by buses manufactured by New Flyer, TransLink has begun using hybrid diesel-electric buses. Some suburban routes use Orion highway coaches with high-back seats, overhead reading lights, in 2007, all TransLink buses became designated fare paid zones. Under this system, a rider is required to be in possession of a valid fare while on board the bus, enforcement of fares is conducted by Transit Security officers. On designated routes, such as the 99 B-Line, larger,18. 3-metre, as they are bypassing the driver and fare box, they must have a valid fare in their possession. On all other buses, passengers are required to board through the front doors, Fare inspections on buses are normally conducted by Transit Security officers and on occasion by the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service. Failure to produce proof of payment may result in ejection from the bus and/or a fine of $173, TransLink also operates a late-night bus service, called NightBus, on 13 routes extending from downtown throughout the city and to several suburbs. NightBuses leave downtown Vancouver until 3 a. m, for the safety of passengers late at night, Transit Security officers ride some of the night buses and respond to calls onboard others. These buses are popular since SkyTrain ends service at 1,30 a. m. but downtown clubs, the first SkyTrain line, which later became known as the Expo Line, was built in 1985 as a transit showcase for Expo 86. The automated rapid transit system has become an important part of the transportation network. The Expo Line operates from downtown Vancouver to southern Burnaby, New Westminster, the system was expanded with the opening of the Millennium Line in 2002, which links eastern New Westminster and northern Burnaby to Vancouver
5.
Side platform
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A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station, tram stop, or transitway. Dual side platform stations, one for direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double-track railway lines. Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared with a platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track. In some stations, the two platforms are connected by a footbridge running above and over the tracks. While a pair of platforms is often provided on a dual-track line. Where the station is close to a crossing the platforms may either be on the same side of the crossing road or alternatively may be staggered in one of two ways. With the near-side platforms configuration, each platform appears before the intersection, in some situations a single side platform can be served by multiple vehicles simultaneously with a scissors crossing provided to allow access mid-way along its length. Normally, the facilities of the station are located on the Up platform with the other platform accessed from a footbridge. However, in cases the stations main buildings are located on whichever side faces the town or village the station serves. Larger stations may have two platforms with several island platforms in between. Some are in a Spanish solution format, with two platforms and an island platform in between, serving two tracks
6.
Bridgeport station (SkyTrain)
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Bridgeport is a SkyTrain station on the Canada Line in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, south of Vancouver. The Canada Lines Operations and Maintenance Centre is located northeast of the station, there is a large park-and-ride facility adjacent to the station. The City of Richmond anticipates that the area surrounding this station will be heavily redeveloped, the Canada Line splits just southwest of Bridgeport station, with the main line continuing southward through Richmond to its terminus at Richmond–Brighouse station. A branch line heads westward across Sea Island to YVR–Airport station at the Vancouver International Airport, passengers traveling between Richmond and Sea Island must transfer at Bridgeport to complete their journey. The station also serves as the terminus for express buses from Delta and White Rock heading towards Vancouver, in the past
7.
Waterfront station (Vancouver)
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Waterfront station is a major intermodal public transportation facility and the main transit terminus in Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Waterfront station is located on the shore of Burrard Inlet. Underground passages connect passengers directly to the Fairmont Waterfront Hotel and Canada Place, Waterfront station was one of the first to receive TransLinks new T signage, denoting a transit station. This signage was installed in the core of Vancouver to help visitors during the 2010 Olympics to identify a transit hub. The Vancouver Harbour Water Aerodrome float plane terminals are located nearby. Waterfront station was built by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1914, the current station is the third CPR station. The last scheduled Via passenger train to use Waterfront station departed on 27 Oct 1979, Waterfront stations transformation into a public intermodal transit facility began in 1977. That year, SeaBus began operating out of a floating pier that was connected to the main terminal building via an overhead walkway above the CPR tracks. The CPRs passenger platform and some of its tracks were torn up in the early 1980s to make way for the guideway of the original SkyTrain line, which opened on December 11,1985. In 1995, platforms were adjacent to the SkyTrain station for the new West Coast Express. In 2002, Millennium Line trains began sharing the SkyTrain tracks with the Expo Line, in 2009, the Canada Line opened with a separate platform and entrance/exit point within the grand CPR station. Waterfront station serves as the terminus point for all three SkyTrain metro lines. A private ferry company, Royal SeaLink Express, ran passenger ferries from a new dock on the west side of the SeaBus terminal to Victoria and Nanaimo in the early 1990s, in 2003, HarbourLynx began operating out of Royal Sealinks old facility at the SeaBus terminal. In 2006, following engine problems with their only vessel. The main station building was designed in a style, with a symmetrical red-brick facade dominated by a row of smooth. The ionic columns are repeated in the interior hall, flanking the perimeter of the space. The main hall features two large clocks facing each other high on the east and west walls, paintings depicting various scenic Canadian landscapes line the walls above the columns. Cordova Street Entrance is an accessible entrance connecting all services at Waterfront Station
8.
Lansdowne station (SkyTrain)
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Lansdowne is a SkyTrain station on the Canada Line in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, in the Metro Vancouver region. Lansdowne station is located at the intersection of Lansdowne Road and №3 Road and it serves Lansdowne Centre and Kwantlen Polytechnic University, as well as adjacent businesses and residences in the area. The station was originally to have located at the intersection of №3 Road and Alderbridge Way. The name Lansdowne comes from the use of the site for a horse-racing track, named Lansdowne Park. 403 Three Road / Bridgeport Station 405 Five Road / Cambie 410 Railway / 22nd Street Station N10 Richmond-Brighouse Station / Downtown C96 Richmond-Brighouse Station / East Cambie
