1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academys corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, the roster of the Academys approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a closely guarded secret. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, the Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The Oscars. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017, the notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences began with Louis B. He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and he met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetsonto to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having a banquet was discussed. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry, actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts, everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6,1927 and their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president and that night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five groups, or branches. The original five were, Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers, the initial concerns of the group had to do with labor. However, as went on, the organization moved further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented, during July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This award of merit for distinctive achievement is what we know now as the Academy Award, the initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, the screening room was not completed until April 1929. With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers, in 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created Americas first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures
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Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
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Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
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Costume
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Costume is the distinctive style of dress of an individual or group that reflects their class, gender, profession, ethnicity, nationality, activity or epoch. The term also was used to describe typical appropriate clothing for certain activities, such as riding costume, swimming costume, dance costume. Appropriate and acceptable costume is subject to changes in fashion and local cultural norms, before the advent of ready-to-wear apparel, clothing was made by hand. Costume comes from the same Italian word, inherited via French, National costume or regional costume expresses local identity and emphasizes a cultures unique attributes. They are often a source of national pride, examples include the Scottish kilt or Japanese kimono. In Bhutan there is a national dress prescribed for men and women. These have been in vogue for thousands of years and have developed into a dress style. The dress worn by men is known as Gho which is a robe worn up to knee-length and is fastened at the waist by a called the Kera. The front part of the dress which is formed like a pouch, in olden days was used to hold baskets of food and short dagger, but now it is used to keep cell phone, purse and the betel nut called Doma. The dress worn by women consist of three known as Kira, Tego and Wonju. The long dress which extends up to the ankle is Kira, the jacket worn above this is Tego which is provided with Wonju, the inner jacket. However, while visiting the Dzong or monastery a long scarf or stoll, called Kabney is worn by men across the shoulder, women also wear scarfs or stolls called Rachus, made of raw silk with embroidery, over their shoulder but not indicative of their rank. Some stylized theatrical costumes, such as Harlequin and Pantaloon in the Commedia dellarte, exaggerate an aspect of a character, the wearing of costumes is an important part of holidays developed from religious festivals such as Mardi Gras, and Halloween. Christmas costumes typically portray characters such as Santa Claus, in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States the American version of a Santa suit and beard is popular, in the Netherlands, the costume of Zwarte Piet is customary. Easter costumes are associated with the Easter Bunny or other animal costumes, in Judaism, a common practice is to dress up on Purim. During this holiday, Jews celebrate the change of their destiny and they were delivered from being the victims of an evil decree against them and were instead allowed by the King to destroy their enemies. A quote from the Book of Esther, which says, On the contrary is the reason that wearing a costume has become customary for this holiday. Buddhist religious festivals in Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia and Lhasa and Sikkim in India perform the Cham dance, parades and processions provide opportunities for people to dress up in historical or imaginative costumes
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Costume coordination
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Costume coordination is a method of dressing actors, employees or a person or group for theatrical productions and any venue requiring a fully realized character. Just as with costume design, the costume creates the over all appearance of the characters, sometimes coordinators may have a small budget to augment the existing stock or alter it for production needs. Many theatres with smaller budgets regularly reuse existing stock, especially older companies with large costume warehouses, coordination of costumes is also required at theme parks and festivals which require performers and dancers to have a consistent appearance, or maintained as originally designed
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Fursuit
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Fursuits can be worn for personal enjoyment, work or charity. Unlike mascot suits, which are affiliated with a team or organization. Fursuiters may adopt another personality while in costume for the purpose of performance, fursuits are typically sold online by commission or auction, but can also be sold at conventions. Most fursuits are created by specialized online businesses if they are not self-made, workmanship quality varies widely depending on the cost of the suit and skill of the maker. A fursuit may cost more than a thousand dollars, the primary supplies are foam, fake or faux fur, silicone, and buckram and plasticard to make the eyes. Many suits include special padding or undersuits to give the character its desired shape, other suit variations include the partial suit, which only has a mask, gloves, a tail, and possibly feet, with regular clothing covering the rest of the body. Three-quarter suits also include part of the body, like the torso or legs and this type of fursuit works well for characters who only wear a shirt without pants or just a pair of pants without a shirt. Quadsuits are designed with arm-extending stilts so that the wearer can walk on all fours, fursuits can be expensive to clean. Animal costumes have been part of culture since prehistorical times. Fursuits are worn to furry conventions and other such as anime or gaming conventions. Fursuits may also be worn in public, some fursuit owners use their suits as temporary costumed characters to bring attention to an event or charity. A subset of fursuits more resemble creature suits and may be used in live action role-playing games or films, creature suit Costumed character Cosplay Fur clothing
8.
Cosplay
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Cosplay, a contraction of the words costume play, is a performance art in which participants called cosplayers wear costumes and fashion accessories to represent a specific character. Cosplayers often interact to create a subculture and a use of the term cosplay applies to any costumed role-playing in venues apart from the stage. Any entity that lends itself to dramatic interpretation may be taken up as a subject, favorite sources include manga and anime, comic books and cartoons, video games, and live-action films and television series. The term cosplay is a Japanese portmanteau of the English terms costume, the term was coined by Nobuyuki Takahashi of Studio Hard while attending the 1984 World Science Fiction Convention in Los Angeles. He was impressed by the hall and the fans and reported on both in Japanese magazine My Anime. The coinage reflects a common Japanese method of abbreviation in which the first two moras of a pair of words are used to form an independent compound, costume becomes kosu, Costume parties or fancy dress parties were popular from the 19th century onwards. Most specific costumes described therein are for historical figures although some are sourced from fiction, one of the earliest recorded examples of costuming based on an existing character from popular media were costumes based on A. D. Condos science fiction comic character Mr. Skygack, from Mars, in 1908, a Mr. and Mrs. William Fell attended a masquerade at a skating rink in Cincinnati, Ohio wearing Mr. Skygack and Miss Dillpickles costumes. Shortly after, in 1910, a woman won first prize at masquerade ball in Tacoma. The first people to wear costumes to attend a convention were science fiction fans Forrest J Ackerman, paul and the 1936 film Things to Come, designed and created by Douglas. Ackerman later stated that he thought everyone was supposed to wear a costume at a science fiction convention, although only he and Douglas did. Fan costuming caught on, however, and the 2nd Worldcon, david Kyle won the masquerade wearing a Ming the Merciless costume created by Leslie Perri, while Robert A. W. Lowndes received second place with a Bar Senestro costume. Other costumed attendees included guest of honor E. E. Smith as Northwest Smith and both Ackerman and Douglas wearing their futuristicostumes again, masquerades and costume balls continued to be part of World Science Fiction Convention tradition thereafter. Early Worldcon masquerade balls featured a band, dancing, food, contestants either walked across a stage or a cleared area of the dance floor. Ackerman wore a Hunchbackerman of Notre Dame costume to the 3rd Worldcon in 1941, which included a designed and created by Ray Harryhausen. Douglas wore an Akka costume, the mask made by Harryhausen, to the 3rd Worldcon. Rules governing costumes became established in response to specific costumes and costuming trends, the first nude contestant at a Worldcon masquerade was in 1952 but the height of this trend was in the 1970s and early 1980s, with a few every year. This eventually led to No Costume is No Costume rule, which banned full nudity, mike Resnick describes the best of the nude costumes as Kris Lundi wearing a harpy costume to the 32nd Worldcon in 1974
9.
Costume party
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A costume party or a fancy dress party is a type of party, common mainly in contemporary Western culture, where guests dress up in costumes. Costumed Halloween parties are popular in the United States, Canada, Australia, typical events for Australians that involve dressing up are the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, the staff Christmas party and cricket matches. One of the oldest examples of fancy dress being worn in Australia is on display at the Western Australia Museum. It was a fancy dress costume worn by Miss Rita Lloyd, aged nine. Its a tradition to have a party at a university graduation. The origins of fancy dress parties in the United Kingdom can in some respects be traced to masked balls of the 18th century period, in the period to 1850, fancy dress balls were a typical part of the social life of music festivals. Common costumes of the period were historical characters, generic historical or regional clothing, abstract concepts. Popular characters included, for women, Marie Antoinette and Elizabeth I, notable amongst early events in the 20th century was the Chelsea Arts Club ball. Such events were often elaborate affairs and for the most part confined to those with considerable means, amongst the general population, costume parties also occurred with increasing frequency from the late 1940s onward, although for the most part the costumes were simple affairs until the mid-1970s. Prior to cheap imports from the Far East, most costumes were either hired. Retail purchased costumes are, in respect of the UK, a modern phenomenon although accessory items had been available for some time. Since the increased rate in late 1990s onwards saw the many materials / products being imported from the Far East. This has seen the price of purchased costumes becoming more and more affordable, coupled with the modern trend in costume parties, retro fashion as a costume theme is also popular, the costumes to some extent parodying or pastiching the fashions of earlier decades. Amongst the most popular parodied costumes are, Audrey Hepburn, Madonna in her stage outfits. Fancy dress parties are popular year round in the United Kingdom, the 1996 novel Bridget Joness Diary features the classic British costume party theme Tarts and Vicars at which the women wear sexually provocative costumes, while the men dress as Anglican priests. Fancy dress parties have held by the British Royal Family. In late nineteenth century New York, costume parties were popular amongst the affluent, costumes were typically historical European aristocracy. Authenticity was important, even extending to using actual period elements, for example, Cornelia Bradley-Martin attended her own ball dressed as Marie Antoinette, wearing jewellery actually owned and worn by Antoinette herself
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Masque
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The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment that flourished in 16th- and early 17th-century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio. Professional actors and musicians were hired for the speaking and singing parts, in the tradition of masque, Louis XIV of France danced in ballets at Versailles with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully. The masque tradition developed from the elaborate pageants and courtly shows of ducal Burgundy in the late Middle Ages, masques were typically a complimentary offering to the prince among his guests and might combine pastoral settings, mythological fable, and the dramatic elements of ethical debate. There would invariably be some political and social application of the allegory, such pageants often celebrated a birth, marriage, change of ruler or a Royal Entry and invariably ended with a tableau of bliss and concord. Masque imagery tended to be drawn from Classical rather than Christian sources, Masque thus lent itself to Mannerist treatment in the hands of master designers like Giulio Romano or Inigo Jones. The New Historians, in works like the essays of Bevington, in English masques, purely musical interludes might be accompanied by a dumbshow. The rustic presentation of Pyramus and Thisbe as an entertainment in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream offers a familiar example. Spectators were invited to join in the dancing, at the end, the players would take off their masks to reveal their identities. A descriptive narrative of a processional masque is the masque of the Seven Deadly Sins in Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene, a particularly elaborate masque, performed over the course of two weeks for Queen Elizabeth, is described in the 1821 novel Kenilworth, by Sir Walter Scott. Later, in the court of James I, narrative elements of the masque became more significant, plots were often on classical or allegorical themes, glorifying the royal or noble sponsor. At the end, the audience would join with the actors in a final dance, Ben Jonson wrote a number of masques with stage design by Inigo Jones. Their works are thought of as the most significant in the form. Sir Philip Sidney also wrote masques, william Shakespeare wrote a masque-like interlude in The Tempest, understood by modern scholars to have been heavily influenced by the masque texts of Ben Jonson and the stagecraft of Inigo Jones. There is also a sequence in his Romeo and Juliet. John Miltons Comus is described as a masque, though it is reckoned a pastoral play. Reconstructions of Stuart masques have been few and far between, part of the problem is that only texts survive complete, there is no complete music, only fragments, so no authoritative performance can be made without interpretive invention. In the 18th-century, masques were even less frequently staged, but because of its ephemeral nature, not a lot of documentation related to masques remains, and much of what is said about the production and enjoyment of masques is still part speculation. While the masque was no longer as popular as it was at its height in the 17th Century, during the late 17th century, English semi-operas by composers such as Henry Purcell had masque scenes inset between the acts of the play proper
11.
Masquerade ball
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A masquerade ball is an event in which the participants attend in costume wearing a mask. The Bal des Ardents was held by Charles VI of France, and intended as a Bal des sauvages and it took place in celebration of the marriage of a lady-in-waiting of Charles VI of Frances queen in Paris on January 28,1393. The King and five courtiers dressed as wildmen of the woods, with costumes of flax, when they came too close to a torch, the dancers caught fire. Such costumed dances were a luxury of the ducal court of Burgundy. Masquerade balls were extended into costumed public festivities in Italy during the 16th century Renaissance and they were generally elaborate dances held for members of the upper classes, and were particularly popular in Venice. They have been associated with the tradition of the Venetian Carnival, with the fall of the Venetian Republic at the end of the 18th century, the use and tradition of masks gradually began to decline, until they disappeared altogether. They became popular throughout mainland Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, sometimes with fatal results, gustav III of Sweden was assassinated at a masquerade ball by disgruntled nobleman Jacob Johan Anckarström, an event which Eugène Scribe and Daniel Auber turned into the opera Gustave III. The same event was the basis of Giuseppe Verdis opera A Masked Ball, most masks came from countries like Switzerland and Italy. Londons public gardens, like Vauxhall Gardens, refurbished in 1732, and Ranelagh Gardens, provided optimal outdoor settings, throughout the century, masquerade dances became popular in Colonial America. Its prominence did not go unchallenged, a significant anti-masquerade movement grew alongside the balls themselves, the anti-masquerade writers held that the events encouraged immorality and foreign influence. In the 1770s, fashionable Londoners went to the organized by Teresa Cornelys at Carlisle House in Soho Square. Masquerade balls were set as a game among the guests. The masked guests were dressed so as to be unidentifiable. This would create a type of game to see if a guest could determine each others identities and this added a humorous effect to many masquerades and enabled a more enjoyable version of typical balls. One of the most noted masquerade balls of the 20th century was held at Palazzo Labia in Venice on 3 September 1951. It was dubbed the party of the century, a new resurgence of masquerade balls began in the late 1990s in North America. More recently, the party atmosphere is emphasized and the formal dancing usually less prominent, less formal costume parties may be a descendant of this tradition. The picturesque quality of the ball has made it a favorite topic or setting in literature
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Parade
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A parade is a procession of people, usually organized along a street, often in costume, and often accompanied by marching bands, floats or sometimes large balloons. Parades are held for a range of reasons, but are usually celebrations of some kind. In Britain the term parade is usually reserved for military parades or other occasions where participants march in formation. In the Canadian Forces the term also has less formal connotations. Protest demonstrations can also take the form of a parade, the parade float got its name because the first floats were decorated barges that were towed along canals with ropes held by parade marchers on the shore. Floats were occasionally propelled from within by concealed oarsmen, but the practice was abandoned because of the incidence of drowning when the lightweight. Strikingly, among the first uses of grounded floats — towed by horses — was a ceremony in memory of recently drowned parade oarsmen, today, parade floats are traditionally pulled by motor vehicles or are powered themselves. A grand marshal is a title given to an individual by the organizing committee of a periodic parade event. Similar to guests of honor at fan conventions, a marshal is selected on any basis relevant to the theme or nature of the parade. Multiple grand marshals may often be designated for an iteration of the parade, some parades, such as pride parades, may select a Community Grand Marshal or other designations alongside a Grand Marshal to lead the front or other parts of the parade. Since the advent of technology, it became possible for aircraft. A flypast is a parade of anything from one to dozens of aircraft. They are particularly common in the United Kingdom, where they are associated with Royal occasions. Similarly, for ships, there may be a sail-past of, the longest parade in the world is the Hanover Schützenfest that takes place in Hanover every year during the Schützenfest. The parade is 12 kilometres long with more than 12,000 participants from all over the world, among more than 100 bands and around 70 floats
13.
World Costume Festival
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The World Costume Festival is an international fashion festival held every two years in the Philippines city of Vigan City in Ilocos Sur. The event showcases indigenous and modern costumes geared towards live performances, such as drama, festivals, events and it emphasizes apparel for special ritual occasions or theater performance work as opposed to regular fashion apparel. Its organizers aim to promote tourism as well as encourage native loom-weaving, there is an emphasis on fabric materials and Philippine weaving methods such as batik, abel, and piña, from different parts of the Philippines. A festival was held in Vigan City in the last week of April in 2013, there are reports of the event either becoming an annual event or being held every two years. The event coincides with fashion festivals held in different cities in the Philippines, the event was described as a preview for the World Stage Design Festival in Cardiff, Wales. The primary focus of the event is a costume competition, the highest award at the festival is the Golden Kneeling Carabao Trophy, the carabao is a Philippine water buffalo sometimes found in swamps. In addition to the competition, the event has workshops, classes by designers, conferences. There is a parade down the cobblestone streets of Vigan. The event has jubilant colors as well as a body-painting competition, the Manila Standard described the event as kaleidoscopic with people wearing costumes from the historic past
14.
Costume design
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Costume design is the envisioning of clothing and the overall appearance of a character or performer. Costume may refer to the style of particular to a nation. In many cases, it may contribute to the fullness of the artistic, the most basic designs are produced to denote status, provide protection or modesty, or provide visual interest to a character. Costumes may be for a theater, cinema, or musical performance, Costume design should not be confused with costume coordination which merely involves altering existing clothing, although both create stage clothes. Four types of costumes are used in design, historical, fantastical, dance. Village festivals and processions in honor of Dionysus amongst the ancient Greeks, are believed to be the origin of theatre, the sculpture and vase paintings provide the clearest evidence of this costume. Because of their style of theatre many masks were used giving each character a specific look. Some masks were constructed with a cheerful as well as a side on the same face in an attempt to indicate a change in emotion without a change of mask. The same is true for the Romans, who continued the mask tradition, stereotypical characterization was key when clothing performers for this style of theatre. In most instances actors had to supply their own costumes when playing a character found in daily life, later, in Elizabethan performance during the 1500-1600s in England, costume became the most important visual element. Garments were very expensive because only the finest fabrics were used, ordinarily, fashionable garments were used in both comedy and tragedy until 1727, when Adrienne Lecouvreur adopted the much more elaborate and formal court dress for tragedy. Her practice soon became standard for all tragic heroines Major actors began to compete with one another as to who would have the most lavish stage dress and this practice continued until around the 1750s when costumes became relevant to the character again. Art began to copy life and realistic characteristics were favored especially during the 19th century, for example, Georg the second, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen took personal interest in the theatre and began managing troupes. He advocated for authenticity and accuracy of the script and time period and he also made sure the materials were authentic and specific, using real chain mail, armor, swords, etc. No cheap substitutes would be allowed, in August 1823, in an issue of The Album, James Planché published an article saying that more attention should be paid to the time period of Shakespeares plays, especially when it comes to costumes. In the same year, a casual conversation led to one of Planchés more lasting effects on British theatre, Planché had little experience in this area and sought the help of antiquaries such as Francis Douce and Sir Samuel Meyrick. The research involved sparked Planchés latent antiquarian interests, these came to occupy an increasing amount of his later in life. Despite the actors reservations, King John was a success and led to a number of similarly-costumed Shakespeare productions by Kemble, Planché also wrote a number of plays or adaptations which were staged with historically accurate costumes
15.
Costume designer
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A costume designer is a person who designs costumes for a film, stage production or television. The role of the designer is to create the characters and balance the scenes with texture and colour. The costume designer works alongside the director, scenic, lighting designer, sound designer, the costume designer may also collaborate with hair stylist, wig master, or makeup artist. In European theatre, the role is different, as the theatre designer usually designs both costume and scenic elements. Designers typically seek to enhance a characters personality, and to create a plot of colour, changing social status, or period through the visual design of garments. They may distort or enhance the body—within the boundaries of the directors vision, the designer must ensure that the designs let the actor move as the role requires. The actor must execute the directors blocking of the production without damaging the garments, garments must be durable and washable, especially for plays with extended runs or films with near-real time pacing but whose principal photography phase may stretch across several weeks. The designer must consult not only with the director, but the set, the designer must possess strong artistic capabilities and a thorough knowledge of pattern development, draping, drafting, textiles and fashion history. The designer must understand historical costuming, and the movement style, during the late-19th century, company managers in the US usually selected costumes for a show. Many were pulled from a house, few were designed. Though designers in other disciplines were recognized, few who specialized in costumes were. The few that were included Caroline Siedle, C, wilhelm, Percy Anderson, and Mrs. John Alexander. They sometimes even received credit on the page of a playbill rather than in the back. In the 20th century, film costume designers like Edith Head, later, those working in television like Nolan Miller, Janie Bryant, and Patricia Field became more prominent, some becoming authors and having their own clothing and jewelry lines. Professional costume designers generally fall into three types, freelance, residential, and academic, freelance designers are hired for a specific production by a theatre, dance or opera company, and may or may not actually be local to the theatre they design for. A freelancer is traditionally paid in three instalments, Upon hire, on delivery of final renderings, and opening night of the production, freelancers are not obligated to any exclusivity in what projects they work on, and may design for several productions concurrently. A residential designer is hired by a theatre, dance or opera company for an extended series of productions. This can be as short as a stock contract, or may be for many years
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Body painting
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Body painting, or sometimes bodypainting, is a form of body art. Unlike tattoo and other forms of art, body painting is temporary, painted onto the human skin. Body painting that is limited to the face is known as face painting, body painting with clay and other natural pigments existed in most, if not all, tribalist cultures. Often worn during ceremonies, it survives in this ancient form among the indigenous people of Australia, New Zealand. A semi-permanent form of painting known as Mehndi, using dyes made of henna leaves, was and is still practiced in India]. Since the late 1990s, Mehndi has become popular amongst young women in the Western world, many indigenous peoples of Central and South America paint Jagua Tattoos, or designs with Genipa americana juice on their bodies. Indigenous peoples of South America traditionally use annatto, huito, or wet charcoal to decorate their faces and bodies, huito is semi-permanent, and it generally takes weeks for this black dye to fade. Actors and clowns around the world have painted their faces—and sometimes bodies—for centuries, more subdued form of face paints for everyday occasions evolved into the cosmetics we know today. Body painting is not always large pieces on fully nude bodies, even today there is a constant debate about the legitimacy of body painting as an art form. Body art today evolves to the works more directed personal mythologies, as Jana Sterbak, Rebecca Horn, Youri Messen-Jaschin. Body painting is used as a method of gaining attention in political protests. French artist Yves Klein is perhaps the most famous for this, the effect produced by this technique creates an image-transfer from the models body to the medium. This includes all the curves of the body being reflected in the outline of the image. This technique was not necessarily monotone, multiple colors on different body parts sometimes produced interesting effects, Joanne Gair is a body paint artist whose work appeared for the tenth consecutive year in the 2008 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. She burst into prominence with an August 1992 Vanity Fair Demis Birthday Suit cover of Demi Moore and her Disappearing Model was part of an episode of Ripleys Believe It or Not. Body painting festivals happen annually across the world, bringing together professional body painters as well as keen amateurs, body paintings can also typically be seen at football matches, at rave parties, and at certain festivals. The World Bodypainting Festival in Pörtschach in Austria is the biggest art event in the bodypainting theme and this particular form of creative art is defined Skin Art. The 1960s supermodel Veruschka is a much appreciated muze for bodypaint artists, images of her in the book Transfigurations by photographer Holger Trulzsch have frequently been emulated
17.
Disguise
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A disguise can be anything which conceals or changes a persons physical appearance, including a wig, glasses, makeup, costume or other items. Camouflage is a type of disguise for people, animals and objects, hats, glasses, changes in hair style or wigs, plastic surgery, and make-up are also used. Disguises can be used by criminals and secret agents seeking to avoid identification, in comic books and films, disguises are often used by superheroes, and in science fiction they may be used by aliens. Dressing up in costumes is a Halloween tradition, in comic books and superhero stories, disguises are used to hide secret identities and keep special powers secret from ordinary people. For example, Superman passes himself off as Clark Kent, sherlock Holmes often disguised himself as someone else to avoid being recognized. In science fiction, aliens often take on an appearance wearing human suits as a disguise. In epic poetry, Odysseus uses the disguise of a beggar to test his familys, Disguise is sometimes used in criminal activity and in spying, and is a common trend in detective fiction and in spy stories. Arsene Lupin is feared in Maurice Leblancs stories because of his ability to disguise himself. The Clay Camel, one of Mandrake the Magicians foes, is considered the Master of the Disguise, because he is able to mimic anyone, impersonator Mask Alter ego Carnival in the Netherlands
18.
Fake moustache
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Fake Mustache is also the name of a book by Tom Angleberger. A fake moustache or false moustache is an item of prosthetic make-up used in dressing-up, acting, espionage, Fake moustaches are made in different ways, but usually require the wearer to use adhesive to affix the moustache to his face. National fake moustache day in the United States is on 24 February, the most notable fake moustache of all-time was probably worn by Charlie Chaplin for his role as The Tramp. He initially wore it as a means of disguising his youth for the role, groucho Marx also used a fake moustache during his years in vaudeville and in the early Marx Brothers movies. However, his was drawn onto his lip with grease paint, in later life he grew his own, real moustache. It, along with his cigar and waggling eyebrows, were his famous trademark, in Dayton, Ohio, there is a group who gathers to celebrate the hoy of the fake moustache. The Gem City Fake Mustache Society meets monthly for various events, some events include 5K races, Kansas City has been said to have the premiere fake moustache club in North America. The Kansas City Fake Mustache Club has over 500 members throughout the world, including KCFMC Chapters in Chicago, Salt Lake City, and Pittsburg, Kansas
19.
Inflatable costume
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An inflatable costume or air-inflated costume is a costume that is inflated around the wearer by means of a battery-powered blower that sucks air into the costume. These costumes usually stand 9–10 feet tall when inflated, inflatable costumes are typically used by mascots and started appearing in the 1990s. One of the first inflatable mascots was Lil Red of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, most NBA teams own an inflatable costume. In the UK inflatable costumes are becoming popular, and many people are wearing them for fun at parties etc. These are smaller versions of the worn by mascots in the US. They are used by stepping into the costume, turning on the electric fan and then pulling a drawstring at the neck. Popular costumes include the inflatable sumo wrestler, ballerina and cowboy
20.
Zentai
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Zentai is a term for skin-tight garments that cover the entire body. The word is a portmanteau of zenshin taitsu, Zentai is most commonly made using nylon/spandex blends. Morphsuits has achieved commercial success internationally. Between January and late October 2010, the company shipped 10,000 to Canada alone, morphsuits brand has actively tried to disassociate themselves from the existing zentai community, occasionally being listed as the products co-inventor. Superfan Suits acknowledges in interviews that the outfits have existed previously, the term morphsuit has become a generic term in the process, one New Zealand-based newspaper refers to competing brand Jaskins as one of the main online morphsuit brands. Jaskins company founder Josh Gaskin says their origins are unclear, pegging the first usage with Its Always Sunny in Philadelphia, the costumes are seen at major sporting events in North America and the United Kingdom. They created internationally recognized personalities out of The Green Men, two fans of the Vancouver Canucks NHL team, various professional street dance/hip hop dance groups use the outfits, such as The Body Poets in the United States, and Remix Monkeys in the United Kingdom. Full-body suits are used by animators, the colors offered allowed the person wearing the chroma key suit to be lifted easily from a video image. A British theme park offered free admission for those in zentai in the colours of their park logo, since Zentai cover ones face, a fine of up to €150 is issued to those who wear them publicly in France. Furthermore, some leagues, such as Major League Baseball. Will Doig, Men Who Love Lycra, The Daily Beast,3 March 2010, the Zentai Project Site dedicated to people wearing zentai in public
21.
Folk costume
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A folk costume expresses an identity through costume, which is usually associated with a geographic area or a period of time in history. It can also indicate social, marital and/or religious status, such costumes often come in two forms, one for everyday occasions, the other for festivals and formal wear. Following the outbreak of nationalism, the peasantry of Europe came to serve as models for all that appeared genuine. Their dress crystallised into so-called typical forms, and enthusiasts adopted that attire as part of their symbolism, in areas where Western dress codes have become usual, traditional garments are often worn at special events or celebrations, particularly those connected with cultural traditions, heritage or pride. International events may cater for non-Western attendees with a dress code such as business suit or national dress. In modern times, there are instances where traditional garments are required by sumptuary laws, in Bhutan, the traditional Tibetan-style clothing of gho and kera for men, kira and toego for women, must be worn by all citizens, including those not of Tibetan heritage. In Saudi Arabia, women are required to wear the abaya in public. Tibet – Chuba Inner Mongolia – Deel Japan – Kimono, Junihitoe, Sokutai Korea – Hanbok Mongolia – Deel Taiwan – Hanfu, Every ethnic group in the country has their national costume. Kebayas, sarongs and the Beskap jacket of the Javanese and the Kain batik, vietnam – Áo giao lĩnh, Áo dài, Áo tứ thân, Áo bà ba. Abkhazia – Chokha Armenia – Each region has its own style of folk costume, kuwait – Thawb Oman – Dishdasha Ossetia – Chokha Qatar – Kandura Palestine – Keffiyeh, Taqiyah, Palestinian costumes. Saudi Arabia – Thawb, Ghutrah, Agal, Bisht, Abaya, Jilbab, Niqab Syria – Dishdasha Turkey – Fez, Kaftan, Shalvar. United Arab Emirates – Kandura Yemen – Similar to Saudi Arabia, scotland – Highland dress, Kilt or trews, tam oshanter or Balmoral bonnet, doublet, Aboyne dress, and brogues or ghillies. Greek fishermans caps in many villages by the Aegean sea. Italy – Italian folk dance costumes, Roman clothing, Toga, Stola South Tyrol – Tracht, slovenia – Gorenjska noša Spain – Every autonomous region has its own national costume. For example, Bavarias well-known Tracht, Lederhosen and Dirndl, liechtenstein – Tracht, Dirndl Netherlands – Dutch cap, Klompen, poffer Switzerland – Every canton has its own specific design of a national costume. A good example is seen in the attire of Paul Bunyan. Deep South and other parts of the American South – Traditional Southern US wear includes white seersucker suits and string ties for men and these short pants remained commonplace among young urban American boys until the mid 20th century. Nantucket – Summer residents of Nantucket will often wear Nantucket Reds, amish, the Pennsylvania Dutch and some sects of Mormon fundamentalism preserve traditional 19th century clothing styles
22.
French Quarter Mardi Gras costumes
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The French Quarter neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana is the center of the citys Carnival celebrations, especially on Mardi Gras Day. This part of town is crowded with tourists and locals, with the former more numerous in the Upper Quarter, the latter in the Lower Quarter. There are numerous parties and more than one costume contest, some krewes parade in the Quarter after starting earlier in the day in other parts of town. Faubourg Marigny Mardi Gras costumes New Orleans Mardi Gras
23.
Halloween costume
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Halloween costumes are costumes worn on or around Halloween, a festival which falls on October 31. An early reference to wearing costumes at Halloween comes from Scotland in 1585, there are many references to the custom during the 18th and 19th centuries in the Celtic countries of Scotland, Ireland, Mann and Wales. It has been suggested that the custom comes from the Celtic festivals of Samhain and Calan Gaeaf, wearing costumes and mumming has long been associated with festivals at other times of the year, such as on Christmas. Halloween costumes are based on frightening supernatural or folkloric beings. However, by the 1930s costumes based on characters in media such as film, literature. Halloween costumes have tended to be mainly by young people. The wearing of costumes at Halloween may come from the belief that supernatural beings, or the souls of the dead, the practice may have originated in a Celtic festival, held on 31 October–1 November, to mark the beginning of winter. It was called Samhain in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man, the festival is believed to have pre-Christian roots. It was seen as a time, when the spirits or fairies. It was believed that the Aos Sí needed to be propitiated to ensure that the people, from at least the 16th century, the festival included mumming and guising, which involved people going house-to-house in costume, usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food. It may have originally been a tradition whereby people impersonated the Aos Sí, or the souls of the dead, impersonating these beings, or wearing a disguise, was also believed to protect oneself from them. It is suggested that the mummers and guisers personify the old spirits of the winter, F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient pagan festival included people wearing masks or costumes to represent the spirits, and that faces were marked with ashes taken from the sacred bonfire. In parts of southern Ireland, a man dressed as a Láir Bhán led youths house-to-house reciting verses—some of which had pagan overtones—in exchange for food, if the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the Muck Olla, not doing so would bring misfortune. In 19th century Scotland, youths went house-to-house with masked, painted or blackened faces, in parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod, while in some places, young people cross-dressed. Elsewhere in Europe, mumming and costumes were part of other yearly festivals, however, in the Celtic-speaking regions they were particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers. It has also suggested that the wearing of Halloween costumes developed from the custom of souling. At Allhallowtide, groups of people would go door-to-door, collecting soul cakes – either as representatives of the dead. The soulers typically asked for mercy on all Christian souls for a soul cake, the practice was mentioned by Shakespeare his play The Two Gentlemen of Verona
24.
Santa suit
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A Santa suit is a costume worn by a person portraying Santa Claus. Sundbloms work did standardize the western image of Santa, and popularized the image of the red suit with fur trim. This has become the image of the American Santa, while in some European countries where Saint Nicholas remains popular, the first appearance of a modern Santa Claus, complete with what we consider to be the Santa suit was in drawings by Thomas Nast. Nasts original drawings were of a small Santa who could slide down chimneys and he was also the first to draw Santa wearing a red suit with fur lining, a nightcap, and a black belt with a large buckle. Prior to Nasts work, Santas outfit was tan in color and this change is often mistakenly attributed to the work of Haddon Sundblom, who drew images of Santa in advertising for the Coca-Cola Company since 1931. The Coca-Cola Company itself has attributed the red color of the suit to Nasts earlier work, prior to the Coca-Cola advertising, the image of Santa was in a state of flux. He was portrayed in a variety of forms, including both the forms and in some cases as a gnome. It was Sundbloms work which standardised the form of Santa to the earlier Nast work, there are regional differences in the type of suit that Santa Claus wears. Typically in the United States, he wears a white fur trimmed red jacket and pants with a broad buckled belt, a matching hat and black boots. In European countries such as Austria, with Saint Nicholas still remaining popular, the outfit is closer to that of the saint, being a long robe and a Bishops mitre
25.
Costumed character
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A costumed character wears a costume that usually covers the performers face. These range from theme park walk-around or meetable characters, the mascots of corporations, schools, some costumes cover the performers face, others, especially those in theme parks, may leave the performers face visible. Marvel Comics characters can be found in all of their parks, except for in Florida, great Wolf Resorts - feature characters of characters like Wiley, Violet, Sammy, Oliver, Rachel and Brinley. Universal Park and Resorts - feature a variety of characters from dozens of movies, TV shows, six Flags parks — feature Time-Warners Looney Tunes cartoons, DC Comics superhero characters, and Scooby-Doo characters. Seaworld Parks and Resorts - Outside of their original characters like Shamu and they also own the shows own theme park, Sesame Place. Other theme parks, as well as international expositions and fairs, costumed characters are intended to add to the fantasy experience by enabling visitors to encounter and interact with fictional characters, such as mascots for a company or organization. The characters are portrayed by employees in costume, some of the costumes merely consist of clothing and makeup, while those for non-human characters generally conceal the performer entirely and include a full-head/body mask. At the largest theme parks, popular costumed characters are accompanied by one or more assistants in regular park uniforms, who handle customer service, security. This minimizes the necessity for performers to break character to deal with those kinds of issues, when a performer really needs a break, they simply give a prearranged signal, and their handler will then assure patrons the character will be back momentarily. All theme park operators that present costumed characters enforce strict character performance regulations so that performers are never out of character by visitors. In the case of more elaborate costumes, they are never seen with their head off, a related rule is that performers costumed as the same character are supposed to avoid being seen side-by-side by the public. The Japanese name for costumed performers is kigurumi, the name comes from the Japanese verb kiru and noun nuigurumi. Japans kawaii aesthetic means that mascots are used for promotional purposes. These mascots are often constructed with an appearance that is more chibi than Western mascots, with a head that encompasses the performers entire upper body. Other mascots more greatly resemble anime characters, animegao is a type of kigurumi used to portray anime or cartoon characters. The face of the performer is fully covered with a mask. Animegao costumes are used both in professional shows and by cosplayers, sometimes called dollers, who make custom masks of various characters. It is still a minor part of the cosplay scene in Japan, though around 2005, it began attracting attention in other countries, including the United States, Canada
26.
Dance costume
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A dance costume is the clothing worn by a dancer when performing before an audience. A dance costume may be designed for use in a specific dance work, or it may have a traditional design, such as those used in some ceremonial. Typically, dance costumes are designed to harmonize with the dance, a costume may portray or relate to some characteristic, mood, or theme of the dance. It may fit loosely or it may be form-fitting to emphasize the form of the dancers body, costumes are designed in accordance with aesthetic requirements, the anticipated movements of the dancer, and budget. Various people may collaborate in designing a costume, including the choreographer, costume designer, costume maker, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Marie Camargo influenced changes in dance costumes by abandoning the traditional corset and dancing barefoot with exposed arms and legs. Later, Isadora Duncan introduced a new look to costumes, inspired by the Greeks, of tunics and scarves that conformed to body shape. The amount of light a material absorbs and reflects may be a factor in material selection, also, dance is about movement, so the way a fabric hangs or moves on the dancer is important. Lightweight materials such as move faster and easier and tend to flow around the body. Stretchable fabrics such as jersey, silk, chiffon, Georgette, natural materials such as Cotton or silk are typically used when the costume is to be dyed because they absorb dye well. Stiff fabric is used to create a boxy, square. Costume color can be used isolate a dancer, and a costumes colors usually contrast with the lighting, accessories, also, color can influence audience emotions and, as a result, costume colors may be chosen according to their relevance to the emotions expressed in the dance. For example, violet may impart a cold feeling and red may evoke a warm feeling, colors can also be symbolic, for example, green creates a feeling of envy and white evokes purity. Costumes will sometimes incorporate layers of colors that are revealed when the dancer moves, Costume colors may be used to enhance body line and form, and they may be chosen to complement the dancers body shape or skin color. Darker colors can make the dancer appear slimmer, whereas lighter colors tend to make the dancer appear larger, loud prints or bold color combinations are often avoided as they can distort the body lines and, in the case of tights, tend to make the dancer look larger. Also, strong, intense colors may tire the eyes, color transitions are often implemented using gradients, as sharp color contrasts tend to visually chop the body into sections. Costume texture and patterns can emphasize or minimize parts of a dancers body, for example, vertical lines visually lengthen and thin the body, and horizontal lines shorten and widen it. Stencils are commonly used when drawing or spraying onto costume fabric, when applying appliqué to stretchable material, the dancer will typically wear the costume so that the design will not be distorted. Some dance styles require a type of dance shoe
27.
Domino mask
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A domino mask is a small, often rounded mask covering only the eyes and the space between them. The masks have seen special prevalence since the 18th century, where they have become traditional wear in particular local manifestations of Carnival, Domino masks have found their way into a variety of high and popular art forms. The name in use to describe this partial mask derives from the Latin for dominus, for lord or master, Masks of this type became known as domini because they resembled French priests winter hoods, which were white on the inside and black on the outside. Domino masks are worn during Carnival, e. g. Domino masks have appeared in images in art. The image at right is La Femme au Masque, painting by Henri Gervex 1885, the subject is 22-year old Parisienne Marie Renard wearing only a domino mask. The mask is popular in superhero comics, where it is worn by costumed heroes. Harlequin La bottega dei Mascareri, see, accessed 13 October 2014, student Project, General Commonalities in the Masquerade, see, accessed 13 October 2014. History of Venetian Masks, at Masks of Venice retail site, see, accessed 13 October 2014
28.
Gorilla suit
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Gorilla suits are a type of creature suit resembling a gorilla. In 1869, Noah Brooks short story, Mr. Columbus Corianders Gorilla appeared in Bret Hartes Overland Monthly Magazine, the story concerned a young man employed at a menagerie dressed in a gorilla suit. It is mistakenly credited to Max Adeler, in film, gorillas are often portrayed by actors in gorilla suits. The 1918 silent film Tarzan of the Apes has the first known instance of an ape suit, gemoras original gorilla suit was hand-made and stuffed with kapok. In later decades, in addition to abounding in the Ape Woman films, other noted Hollywood gorilla performers were George Barrows, Steve Calvert, Ray Corrigan, and Emil Van Horn. In recent decades, the work of performers or designers have altered the mechanics and effect of gorilla suits, often using animatronics, taxidermy eyes, realistic fur, Jim Henson utilized typical gorilla suits and even a full-bodied gorilla Muppet in several productions. The person inside the suit is often uncredited. Jim Hensons Creature Shop has contributed to development in its own way, through work on Buddy, George of the Jungle. Many suit performers of Jim Hensons characters portrayed gorillas in other productions, Gorilla suits and masks are also used to disguise their wearer. Members of the feminist artist group Guerrilla Girls maintain their anonymity by wearing masks for their public appearances. In an effort to avoid reporters, Boston Red Sox manager Theo Epstein donned a suit when he left Fenway Park after announcing his resignation in 2005. During the annual Great Gorilla Runs held in North American and British cities, the event started in 2003 in London. Finnish racing driver Kimi Räikkönen was part of a gorilla-suited motorboat race crew in 2007, subsequently, Don Martin fans have celebrated National Gorilla Suit Day on January 31. A gorillagram is a message, similar to a singing telegram. Fursuit Suitmation Gorillas in popular culture
29.
Kumadori
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Kumadori is stage makeup worn by kabuki actors, particularly when performing in the bold and bombastic aragoto style. Kumadori makeup generally consists of colored stripes or patterns over a white foundation. Though kumadori was originated and developed extensively by members of the Ichikawa Danjūrō line of actors, bright red stripes indicate a powerful hero role. The most famous of these roles, and the one which has come to stereotypically represent kabuki in the West, is the hero of Shibaraku, villains are often depicted with a design of black beard, purple veins, and dark blue antler-like eyebrows. Blue makeup can represent a ghost, spirit, or other magical creature, kitsune such as Genkurō in Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura wear blue makeup. Blue represents negative emotions such as jealousy or fear, ghosts in traditional Japanese drama are often trapped by their attachment to such emotions, greys and browns can be used sometimes, particularly when representing animals, oni, yōkai, or anything else inhuman. One example is the tsuchigumo fought by Minamoto no Raikō, the term also applies to a painting method in which two brushes are used simultaneously, one for the color and the other used to create shading or other details. An impression of an actors face make-up, preserved on a piece of cloth, is known as an oshiguma. Ronald Cavaye, A Guide to the Japanese Stage – From Traditional to Cutting Edge, Kodansha, Tokyo,2005 ISBN 978-4-77002987-4 Kumadori at Kabuki-Jiten Kincaid, kabuki, The Popular Stage of Japan
30.
Leotard
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A leotard /ˈliəˌtɑːrd/ is a unisex skin-tight one-piece garment that covers the torso but leaves the legs free, made famous by the French acrobatic performer Jules Léotard. There are sleeveless, short-sleeved and long-sleeved leotards, a variation is the unitard, which also covers the legs. Leotards are worn by acrobats, gymnasts, dancers, figure skaters, athletes, actors and they are often worn together with ballet skirts on top and tights or sometimes bike shorts as underwear. As a casual garment, a leotard can be worn with a belt, leotards are entered through the neck. Scoop-necked leotards have wide openings and are held in place by the elasticity of the garment. Others are crew necked or polo necked and close at the back of the neck with a zipper or snaps. Leotards are used for a variety of purposes, including yoga, cardiovascular exercise, dance, as pajamas, for additional layered warmth under clothing and they may form a part of childrens dressing up and play outfits and can also be worn as a top. Leotards are commonly worn in figure skating, postwar modern dance, traditional ballet and gymnastics, many leotards are cut high enough above the legs that they expose underwear. For this reason, underwear is often omitted, or special underwear, gymnastics judges can deduct points for visible underwear. For example, in the movie Stick It, a competitor had her score deducted for a technicality of showing a bra strap, the first known use of the name leotard came only in 1886, many years after Léotards death. Léotard himself called the garment a maillot, which is a general French word for different types of tight-fitting shirts or sports shirts, in the early 20th century, leotards were mainly confined to circus and acrobatic shows, worn by the specialists who performed these acts. The 1920s and 1930s saw leotards influencing the style of swimsuits, leotards were also worn by professional dancers such as the showgirls of Broadway. Stage use of the leotard typically coordinated the garment with stockings or tights and these were almost always black and worn together with thick tights. Between 1950 and 1970, leotards remained as such in appearance until a change in the 1970s, with more colorful leotards appearing on the scene, most often in ballet. By the late 1970s leotards had become common both as exercise and street wear, popularized by the disco craze, and aerobics fashion craze of the time. These leotards were produced in a variety of nylon and spandex materials, as well as the traditional cotton previously used for uni-colored leotards. Exercise videos by such as Jane Fonda also did much to popularize the garment. The dancewear company Danskin flourished during this period, producing a variety of leotards for both dance and street wear
31.
Pantomime horse
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A pantomime horse is a theatrical representation of a horse or other quadruped by two actors in a single costume who cooperate and synchronize their movements. One actor plays the front end, including the head and its front legs, in a more-or-less upright posture. The other actor, playing the end of the animal, must bend at the waist so that his torso is horizontal like that of a horse. He can see little, although there are normally eye holes in the part of the horses torso to enable him to see where he is putting his feet. Pantomime cows also usually have comically prominent udders, Pantomime horses and pantomime cows feature in Christmas pantomimes, mainly in the United Kingdom. A skilled pair of performers can dance as a pantomime horse, Pantomime horses feature prominently in an episode of Monty Pythons Flying Circus titled Blood, Devastation, Death, War and Horror. In the Merchant Banker sketch, two horses are forced to fight to the death for their job. Another sketch features a horse as a James Bond-esque secret agent, chasing its enemy around the world in cars, rickshaws. The episode also features a pantomime goose and a pantomime dame Princess Margaret, in the 1984 comedy Top Secret. A real bull attempts to copulate with a cow with devastating consequences for the actor inhabiting the rear of the two-piece costume. A song on British pop group Suedes eponymous debut album is called Pantomime Horse, when the program moved to a new studio, an on-set stable was built for Secretariat. This pantomime Secretariat has begun to appear on other CBS programs, hobby horse Mari Lwyd Lion dance Medieval pantomime-style
32.
Stage clothes
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Stage clothes is a term for any clothes used by performers on stage. The term is used only for those clothes which are specially made for the stage performance by a costume designer or picked out by a costume coordinator. Stage clothes may be used to portray a historical look or they can be used to some aspect of a character. Any clothing used by performers on stage may be referred to as stage clothes, more specifically, the term is sometimes used only for those clothes which are specially made for the stage performance by a costume designer or picked out by a costume coordinator. However, many performers also pick up regular clothes and make them their trademark look on stage, often, stylized theatrical costumes can exaggerate some aspect of a character, for example Harlequin and Pantaloon in the traditional commedia dellarte. Usually, in costume, historical accuracy is combined with a certain vision, the character that the costumer is dressing is also an important aspect, and a lot of the time the attitudes of the character is not exactly in line with the time period. For example, they may be bright and colorful, or they may be more dull. A movie or stage production which emphasize the use of correct clothes, stage clothes often follow the evolving fashion but in a more extravagant way. Clothes worn by popular performers can often spark new fashions by themselves, fashion Plates of 18th, 19th and 20th Century Theater Costumes from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
33.
Titan the Robot
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The face resembles a skull, and some have even compared it to a Transformer. It was designed by Nik Fielding, who runs Cyberstein from Newquay, Cornwall, Titan has performed at a variety of public and private events, such as the Commonwealth Games, bar Mitzvahs shopping centres, television fund raisers and live concerts. The suit is an 8 foot tall machine that is worn by an actor and controlled partially through body movement, the actor inside is standing on several inches of lift boots but his legs do extend through most of the suits legs. The outer portion around the hips and the joints is wider than the actor. But the legs are completely human powered which is why it is capable of such precision, the actors upper body, including head and arms are inside of the suits chest area. There is a mirror on the front of the chest which is where the actor can see out. The suits shoulders, arms and head are above the real head. This upper portion of the suit is a remote controlled machine, the actor inside has a control panel inside the chest which allows him to pilot the upper portion of the suit. Most of the actions and sounds are prerecorded gestures which are triggered in sequence by selecting the proper commands. The actor also has a voice modulator which allows him to speak during performances, in addition the remote controls can also be taken over by his assistants which are watching from a distance in case of any danger or threat that needs response which the actor can not see. Live At the BT Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition 8–10 January 2015 A number of shows were conducted in the main arena, Live At Clacton Air Show 21 August 2014 Two shows at 11. 00am &12. 00am The Shows were conducted outside along the seafront. Live at The N1 Centre Islington On August 21,2014 Titan will be performing at the N1 Centre in Islington, Titan is back at the N1 Centre after the success of his first appearance last year where he performed his unique blend of comedy, street theatre and music. Live on stage with Rihanna,2010 On 9 March 2010 two versions of Titan performed with the pop star, Rihanna, at the ECHO Awards in Berlin. On 27 March 2010, Titan also performed to an audience again with Rihanna. The Rihanna performances received much attention from the UK media, including The Sun, the Gadget Show From 7–11 April 2010, Titan was used for comedy purposes during the annual The Gadget Show Live Super Theatre shows at the NEC in Birmingham. In 2011, Cyberstein have confirmed on Facebook page that Titan will be used in an episode of The Gadget Show 11th series. In photos it is believed that it is in a sketch with Suzi Perry and Jason Bradbury On 15–17 April, there were also two other titan robots that looked like the original. These were believed to be called Titan 2 and Titan 3, Big Brother Titan the robot appeared on the 11th series of Big Brother in the UK as part of a task
34.
Plague doctor costume
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The plague doctors costume was the clothing worn by a plague doctor to protect him or her from airborne diseases. The mask had glass openings for the eyes and a beak shaped like that of a bird. Straps held the beak in front of the doctors nose, the mask had two small nose holes and was a type of respirator which contained aromatic items. The beak could hold dried flowers, herbs, spices, camphor, or a vinegar sponge. The purpose of the mask was to keep away bad smells, doctors believed the herbs would counter the evil smells of the plague and prevent them from becoming infected. The beak doctor costume worn by plague doctors had a leather hat to indicate their profession. They used wooden canes to point out areas needing attention and to patients without touching them. The canes were also used to keep away, to remove clothing from plague victims without having to touch them. This consisted of a mask with spectacles, and a long leather or waxed-canvas gown which was from the neck to the ankle. The over-clothing garment, as well as leggings, gloves, boots, the garment was impregnated with similar fragrant items as the beak mask. The costume may have roots as some authors have described fourteenth-century plague doctors as wearing bird-like masks. This popular 17th-century poem describes the plague doctors costume, the costume forms the frontispiece of Mangets 1721 work. The plague doctors of Nijmegen also wore beaked masks and their robes, leggings, hats, and gloves were made of morocco leather. This costume was worn by plague doctors during the Plague of 1656. The costume terrified people because it was a sign of imminent death, Plague doctors wore these protective costumes in accordance with their agreements when they attended their plague patients. The costume is also associated with a commedia dellarte character called Il Medico della Peste, the Venetian mask was normally white, consisting of a hollow beak and round eye-holes covered with clear glass, and is one of the distinctive masks worn during the Carnival of Venice. Media related to Plague doctors at Wikimedia Commons
35.
Sesame Street
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Sesame Street is a long-running American childrens television series, produced by Sesame Workshop and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its content, and images communicated through the use of Jim Hensons Muppets, animation, short films, humor. The show has undergone significant changes throughout its history, with the creation of Sesame Street, producers and writers of a childrens television show used, for the first time, educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content. It was also the first time a shows educational effects were studied, the show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements, international sales, and other media. By 2006, there were independently produced versions, or co-productions, in 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street, and by the shows 40th anniversary in 2009, it was broadcast in more than 140 countries. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was the childrens television show in the United States. A1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old, in 2008, it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children. As of 2014, Sesame Street has won 167 Emmy Awards and 8 Grammy Awards—more than any other childrens show, Sesame Street was conceived in 1966 during discussions between television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and Carnegie Foundation vice president Lloyd Morrisett. Their goal was to create a television show that would master the addictive qualities of television and do something good with them. The program premiered on television stations on November 10,1969. It was the first preschool educational television program to base its contents and production values on laboratory, initial responses to the show included adulatory reviews, some controversy, and high ratings. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was broadcast in over 120 countries, Sesame Street has evolved from its initial inception. According to writer Michael Davis, by the mid-1970s the show had become an American institution, the cast and crew expanded during this time, with emphasis on the hiring of women crew members and the addition of minorities to the cast. The shows success continued into the 1980s, Sesame Streets curriculum has expanded to include more affective topics such as relationships, ethics, and emotions. After the turn of the 21st century, Sesame Street made major structural changes, for example, starting in 2002, its format became more narrative and included ongoing storylines. After its thirtieth anniversary in 1999 and due to the popularity of the Muppet Elmo, upon its fortieth anniversary in 2009, the show received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy at the 36th Daytime Emmy Awards. In April 2017, Sesame Street will introduce a new puppet called Julia with Autism to the show, and will be voiced by Stacey Gordon, who started Puppet Pie and has a son on the autism spectrum. From its first episode, Sesame Street has structured its format by using a visual style, fast-moving action, humor
36.
Zoobilee Zoo
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Zoobilee Zoo is a childrens television series featuring actors dressed as animal characters that originally aired from 1986–1988. The original 65 episodes are owned by Hallmark Properties and were produced by WQED Pittsburgh. Hosted by Ben Vereen, the show centers around a group of six animal friends who live in Zoobilee Zoo and frequently break into song. Each episode is opened by a greeting from host Ben Vereen, dressed as a spotted leopard, speaking directly to viewers that he refers to as Zoobaroos, Vereen usually appears throughout each episode to summarize the main themes or to perform a song and dance. The plot in each episode centers around the characters, called Zoobles. The primary themes are cooperation, making friends, and creativity, each Zooble character has a certain artistic talent that shapes the way they approach different scenario. Sandey Grinn as Bill Der Beaver in all but 2 episodes, forrest Gardner as Van Go Lion, who enjoys art Karen Hartman as Talkatoo Cockatoo, who enjoys reading, writing, and speech Michael B. When Sheehan decided to leave the show for other interests, he was replaced by his recommendation Sandey Grinn. Minor Characters, Roger Behr as Limerick Leprechaun Roger Peltz as Rhymin Simon Crosby the Dog as Crosby Premiering on September 22,1986, the shows concept was developed by Hallmark Entertainment which partnered with childrens distributor DIC Enterprises. In 1992, the TLC picked up the show of the show as part of its Ready Set Learn lineup for preschoolers, episodes were released on a wide array of VHS tapes, the most recent series released in 1997, but not yet released to DVD. In 2000,14 new direct-to-video episodes and soundtracks were released, toured briefly, with several of the cast members reprising their roles. Zoobilee Zoo was well received critically, but earned only modest viewer ratings and it was praised by the National Education Association, the American Federation of Teachers and the National association of Elementary School Principals. In addition, it was endorsed by the Action for Childrens Television, the series was awarded the 1987 Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Costume Design. New Zoo Revue Zoobilee Zoo at the Internet Movie Database Zoobilee Zoo at TV. com ZoobileeZoo. com
37.
Batman's utility belt
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Batmans utility belt is a feature of Batmans costume. Similar belts are used by the various Robins, Batgirl, in its first appearance, Batmans utility belt contain choking gas capsules. Two issues after the utility belt debuted, Fox also wrote the first appearance of a bat-themed weapon, up until 1989, most artists drew the utility belt as a simple yellow belt with a buckle and capsules/cylinders around it. In 1986, Frank Miller drew Batmans utility belt with military-style pouches in the Batman and this rendition was used again in Batman, Year One and used by almost every artist in the Batman, Legends of the Dark Knight comics series. In 2000, the became a standard feature in the depiction of the utility belt. The grapple gun, which fired the Batline/Bat-rope, was first introduced in Tim Burtons live-action film, although seemingly unremarkable in appearance, the utility belt is one of Batmans most important tools in fighting crime. Consisting primarily of a strap and buckle, the utility belt houses ten pouches or cylindrical cartridges that are attached to the outside of the belt, the buckle itself typically contains a miniature camera and a tape recorder. A secondary compartment behind the length of the belt houses Batmans supply of batarangs, each of the ten pouches or cylinders contains various tools integral to Batmans war on crime, with the cylinders being interchangeable with each other. Through the years, Batman has modified the contents of his belt to accommodate various crime-fighting scenarios, most versions of the belt contain security features to prevent anyone other than Batman from opening it. The belt is shown to be able to electrocute any villain who even touches it and it can also release stun gas to prevent tampering. The belts compartments are locked and only Batman knows how to open them, there are several special varieties of the batarang, aside from the regular type. Explosive batarangs explode once they hit their target, electric batarangs deliver powerful electric shocks to whatever they come in contact with. These batarangs can incapacitate enemies or overload electronic devices, remote-controlled batarangs let Batman fully steer the batarang via a remote control. These are used when a line of sight isnt possible. These batarangs have cameras in them so that Batman can see where they are going, batline/Batrope/Batclaw/Batgrapple, A handheld grappling hook that shoots out a claw-shaped projectile on a retractable high-tensile cord, which grabs onto a surface. Then, this cord pulls Batman to his target, a later boost upgrade launches him high into the air above the target point if he desires. The hook can also pull down walls, grab enemies and pull them closer, the hook is secured to the belt magnetically rather than being contained in the belt. It has been portrayed as a grappling hook line to be manually thrown onto a higher surface or vantage point for him to climb it to the targeted area
38.
Batsuit
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The Batsuit is the costume of the fictional superhero Batman, who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. Batmans costume is used to conceal his identity and frighten criminals. While brooding in his study over how to be an effective crime fighter. Reflecting that criminals are a superstitious, cowardly lot, Bruce adopts the persona of a bat in order to conceal his identity, Batmans cape, cowl, gloves, briefs, and boots are usually either of black or dark blue with the body of the costume being grey. Originally the suit was conceived as being black and grey, but due to coloring schemes of early comic books, hence, over the years the black cape and cowl appeared as dark blue in the comic books. Thus artists renditions depict the costume as both black and grey or blue and grey, the bat symbol on the chest has also alternated from a simple black bat, to a bat design on a yellow ellipse. The yellow ellipse was introduced in 1964 as part of the New Look Batman stories, in Batman, The Dark Knight Returns, the yellow ellipse design was explained as being a heavily under-armored, intentional target, to draw enemy fire away from his unarmored head and body. A subsequent issue of Shadow of the Bat re-established the concept, the yellow ellipse was eventually removed in 2000 after a 36-year run. Other elements, such as the utility belt and the length of the ears, have been changed by various artistic teams. Bob Kane’s original sketch of the character was different from the Batman we know today. Kane showed the very first drawing of a character he had first named the Bat, then Bat-Man, Bill thought that the character looked too much like Superman, so he suggested major changes that would prove to be everlasting to the character’s legacy. Finger took a Websters Dictionary off the shelf, looking for a drawing of a bat and he then said to Kane, Notice the ears, why dont we duplicate the ears. He then suggested that Kane would draw what looked like a cowl, to bring the nosepiece down and make him look mysterious, a pair of gloves were added, colored purple from the start but later changed to blue. The basic foundation of the Batsuit is a bodysuit, similar to many superheroes. In early depictions, contrasting briefs were worn over a suit, similar to the garb of early 20th century circus performers. Batman #1 revealed that there is a bulletproof vest sewn into the costume, modern depictions of Batmans suit do not incorporate contrasting briefs, and the characters suit consists of pants without a color change. The Batsuit is also no longer portrayed as a suit, as the top. The Post-Crisis version of the bodysuit is not constructed from simple fabric, in addition, the suit also contains various defense and protection mechanisms layered into the suits fabric
