1.
Software developer
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A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst. According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development, and programming are more apparent, even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility consists of one of the phases above. In smaller development environments, a few people or even an individual might handle the complete process. The word software was coined as a prank as early as 1953, before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide products and services was Computer Usage Company in 1955. The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities, universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers, some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation started to grow. The computer/hardware makers started bundling operating systems, systems software and programming environments with their machines, new software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS/400 amongst others. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the computer in the mid-1970s. In the following years, it created a growing market for games, applications. DOS, Microsofts first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time, by 2014 the role of cloud developer had been defined, in this context, one definition of a developer in general was published, Developers make software for the world to use. The job of a developer is to crank out code -- fresh code for new products, code fixes for maintenance, code for business logic, bus factor Software Developer description from the US Department of Labor
2.
Adobe Systems
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Adobe Systems Incorporated /əˈdoʊbiː/ is an American multinational computer software company. The company is headquartered in San Jose, California, United States, Adobe has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products, with a more recent foray towards rich Internet application software development. It is best known for Photoshop, an image editing software, Acrobat Reader, Adobe was founded in February 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke, who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language. In 1985, Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers, as of 2015, Adobe Systems has about 13,500 employees, about 40% of whom work in San Jose. The name of the company, Adobe, comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos, California, Adobes corporate logo features a stylized A and was designed by the wife of John Warnock, Marva Warnock, who is a graphic designer. Adobes first products after PostScript were digital fonts, which released in a proprietary format called Type 1. Apple subsequently developed a standard, TrueType, which provided full scalability and precise control of the pixel pattern created by the fonts outlines. In the mid-1980s, Adobe entered the software market with Illustrator. Illustrator, which grew from the firms in-house font-development software, helped popularize PostScript-enabled laser printers, Adobe Systems entered NASDAQ in 1986. Its revenue has grown from roughly $1 billion in 1999 to roughly $4 billion in 2012, Adobes fiscal years run from December to November. For example, the 2007 fiscal year ended on November 30,2007, in 1989, Adobe introduced what was to become its flagship product, a graphics editing program for the Macintosh called Photoshop. Stable and full-featured, Photoshop 1.0 was ably marketed by Adobe, in 1993, Adobe introduced PDF, the Portable Document Format, and its Adobe Acrobat and Reader software. PDF is now an International Standard, ISO 32000-1,2008, in December 1991, Adobe released Adobe Premiere, which Adobe rebranded as Adobe Premiere Pro in 2003. In 1992, Adobe acquired OCR Systems, Inc, in 1994, Adobe acquired Aldus and added PageMaker and After Effects to its product line later in the year, it also controls the TIFF file format. In 1995, Adobe added FrameMaker, the long-document DTP application, in 1996, Adobe Systems Inc added Ares Software Corp. In 2002, Adobe acquired Canadian company Accelio, on December 12,2005, Adobe acquired its main rival, Macromedia, in a stock swap valued at about $3. Adobe released Adobe Media Player in April 2008, on April 27, Adobe discontinued development and sales of its older HTML/web development software, GoLive in favor of Dreamweaver. Adobe offered a discount on Dreamweaver for GoLive users and supports those who still use GoLive with online tutorials, on June 1, Adobe launched Acrobat. com, a series of web applications geared for collaborative work
3.
Software release life cycle
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Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product. Martin Belsky, a manager on some of IBMs earlier software projects claimed to have invented the terminology, IBM dropped the alpha/beta terminology during the 1960s, but by then it had received fairly wide notice. The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used the term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team. Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions. The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. Software in the phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software, as well as speed/performance issues. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization
4.
Operating system
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An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing
5.
Windows 7
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Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the Windows NT family of operating systems, Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22,2009, and became generally available on October 22,2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time, Windows 7 continued improvements on Windows Aero with the addition of a redesigned taskbar that allows applications to be pinned to it, and new window management features. Other new features were added to the system, including libraries, the new file sharing system HomeGroup. A new Action Center interface was added to provide an overview of system security and maintenance information. Windows 7 also shipped with updated versions of several applications, including Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player. Windows 7 was a success for Microsoft, even prior to its official release. Originally, a version of Windows codenamed Blackcomb was planned as the successor to Windows XP, major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed Longhorn, was announced for 2003, by the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. Development of Longhorn was also restarted, and thus delayed, in August 2004, a number of features were cut from Longhorn. Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006, as such, adoption of Vista in comparison to XP remained somewhat low. In July 2007, six months following the release of Vista, it was reported that the next version of Windows would then be codenamed Windows 7. Bill Gates, in an interview with Newsweek, suggested that Windows 7 would be more user-centric, Gates later said that Windows 7 would also focus on performance improvements. Senior Vice President Bill Veghte stated that Windows Vista users migrating to Windows 7 would not find the kind of device compatibility issues they encountered migrating from Windows XP, an estimated 1,000 developers worked on Windows 7. These were broadly divided into core operating system and Windows client experience, in October 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system. The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, at PDC2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar. On December 27,2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent. According to a performance test by ZDNet, Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Vista in several key areas, including boot and shutdown time and working with files, such as loading documents
6.
Windows 8.1
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Windows 8.1 is an upgrade for Windows 8, a computer operating system released by Microsoft. Windows 8.1 is available free of charge for copies of Windows 8. However, unlike previous service packs, Windows 8.1 cannot be acquired via Windows Update, Windows 8.1 also added support for such emerging technologies as high-resolution displays, 3D printing, Wi-Fi Direct, and Miracast streaming, as well as the ReFS file system. Despite these improvements, Windows 8.1 was still criticized for not addressing all digressions of Windows 8, as of March 2017, the market share of Windows 8.1 is 6. 66%. com, and SkyDrive. Lending credibility to the reports, Foley noted that a Microsoft staff member had listed experience with Windows Blue on his LinkedIn profile, a post-RTM build of Windows 8, build 9364, was leaked in March 2013. Shortly afterward on March 26,2013, corporate president of corporate communications Frank X. In early May, press reports announcing the upcoming version in Financial Times, the theme was then echoed and debated in the computer press. Shaw rejected this criticism as extreme, adding that he saw a comparison with Diet Coke as more appropriate, on May 14, Microsoft officially announced that Blue would be named Windows 8.1. Following a keynote presentation focusing on this version, the beta of Windows 8.1 was released on June 26,2013 during Build. Build 9600 of Windows 8.1 was released to OEM hardware partners on August 27,2013, however, after criticism, Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9,2013. Prior to the release of Windows 8.1, Microsoft premiered a new television commercial in late-September 2013 that focused on its changes as part of the Windows Everywhere campaign, shortly after its release, Windows RT8. On October 21,2013, Microsoft confirmed that the bug was limited to the original Surface tablet, the company released recovery media and instructions which could be used to repair the device, and restored access to Windows RT8.1 the next day. It was also found changes to screen resolution handling on Windows 8. Users also found the issues to be pronounced when using gaming mice with high resolution and/or polling rates. Microsoft released a patch to fix the bug on certain games in November 2013, on April 8,2014, Microsoft released the Windows 8.1 Update, which included all past updates plus new features. It was unveiled by Microsoft vice president Joe Belfiore at Mobile World Congress on February 23,2014, and detailed in full at Microsofts Build conference on April 2. Belfiore noted that the update would lower the minimum requirements for Windows. Unlike Windows 8.1 itself, this update is distributed through Windows Update
7.
Windows 10
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Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was officially unveiled in September 2014 following a brief demo at Build 2014, privacy concerns were also voiced by critics and advocates, as the operating systems default settings and certain features require the transmission of user data to Microsoft or its partners. Up to August 2016, Windows 10 usage was increasing, with it then plateauing, the operating system is running on more than 400 million active devices and has an estimated usage share of 27. 72% on traditional PCs and 12. 53% across all platforms. We won’t have an ecosystem for PCs, and one for phones, in December 2013, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8 codenamed Threshold, after a planet in Microsofts Halo video game franchise. Similarly to Blue, Foley called Threshold a wave of operating systems across multiple Microsoft platforms and services, Foley reported that among the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows, Windows Phone and Xbox One. The new Start menu takes after Windows 7s design by using only a portion of the screen, the second column displays Windows 8-style app tiles. Myerson said that changes would occur in a future update. Windows Phone 8.1 would share nearly 90% of the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8.1 on PCs, despite these concessions, Myerson noted that the touch-oriented interface would evolve as well on 10. He also joked that they could not call it Windows One because Windows 1.0 already existed.1, further details surrounding Windows 10s consumer-oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21,2015, entitled Windows 10, The Next Chapter. Additional developer-oriented details surrounding the Universal Windows Platform concept were revealed and discussed during Microsofts developers conference Build, among them were the unveiling of Islandwood, which provides a middleware toolchain for compiling Objective-C based software to run as universal apps on Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile. On June 1,2015, Microsoft announced that Windows 10 would be released on July 29,2015. The commercials focused on the tagline A more human way to do, the campaign culminated with launch events in thirteen cities on July 29, which celebrated the unprecedented role our biggest fans played in the development of Windows 10. Windows 10 harmonizes the user experience and functionality between different classes of device, and addresses shortcomings in the interface that were introduced in Windows 8. Windows 10 Mobile, the successor to Windows Phone 8.1, shares some user interface elements, the Windows Runtime app ecosystem was revised into the Universal Windows Platform. These universal apps are made to run across platforms and device classes, including smartphones, tablets, Xbox One consoles. Developers can allow cross-buys, where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the users compatible devices, on Windows 10, Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for apps, Groove Music, and Movies & TV. Windows 10 also allows web apps and desktop software to be packaged for distribution on the Windows Store, desktop software distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing. A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, the menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode
8.
Software license
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A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software. Under United States copyright law all software is copyright protected, in code as also object code form. The only exception is software in the public domain, most distributed software can be categorized according to its license type. Two common categories for software under copyright law, and therefore with licenses which grant the licensee specific rights, are proprietary software and free, unlicensed software outside the copyright protection is either public domain software or software which is non-distributed, non-licensed and handled as internal business trade secret. Contrary to popular belief, distributed unlicensed software is copyright protected. Examples for this are unauthorized software leaks or software projects which are placed on public software repositories like GitHub without specified license. As voluntarily handing software into the domain is problematic in some international law domains, there are also licenses granting PD-like rights. Therefore, the owner of a copy of software is legally entitled to use that copy of software. Hence, if the end-user of software is the owner of the respective copy, as many proprietary licenses only enumerate the rights that the user already has under 17 U. S. C. §117, and yet proclaim to take away from the user. Proprietary software licenses often proclaim to give software publishers more control over the way their software is used by keeping ownership of each copy of software with the software publisher. The form of the relationship if it is a lease or a purchase, for example UMG v. Augusto or Vernor v. Autodesk. The ownership of goods, like software applications and video games, is challenged by licensed. The Swiss based company UsedSoft innovated the resale of business software and this feature of proprietary software licenses means that certain rights regarding the software are reserved by the software publisher. Therefore, it is typical of EULAs to include terms which define the uses of the software, the most significant effect of this form of licensing is that, if ownership of the software remains with the software publisher, then the end-user must accept the software license. In other words, without acceptance of the license, the end-user may not use the software at all, one example of such a proprietary software license is the license for Microsoft Windows. The most common licensing models are per single user or per user in the appropriate volume discount level, Licensing per concurrent/floating user also occurs, where all users in a network have access to the program, but only a specific number at the same time. Another license model is licensing per dongle which allows the owner of the dongle to use the program on any computer, Licensing per server, CPU or points, regardless the number of users, is common practice as well as site or company licenses
9.
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system
10.
Macromedia
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Macromedia was an American graphics, multimedia and web development software company headquartered in San Francisco, California that produced such products as Flash and Dreamweaver. Its rival, Adobe Systems, acquired Macromedia on December 3,2005, Macromedia originated in the 1992 equal merger of Authorware Inc. and MacroMind-Paracomp. Director, an interactive multimedia-authoring tool used to make presentations, animations, CD-ROMs and information kiosks, Authorware was Macromedia’s principal product in the interactive learning market. Macromedia created Shockwave, a Director-viewer plugin for web browsers, the first multimedia playback in Netscape’s browser was a Director plug-in. Macromedia licensed Suns Java Programming Language in October 1995, in 1996, Macromedia purchased Future Wave Software and the product now known as Flash. By 2002 Macromedia produced more than 20 products and had 30 offices in 13 different countries, in January 1995, Macromedia acquired Altsys Corporation after Adobe Systems announced a merger with Altsys’ business partner, the Aldus Corporation. Altsys was the developer of the vector-drawing program FreeHand, which had been licensed by Aldus for marketing, with Macromedia’s acquisition of Altsys, it received FreeHand thus expanding its product line of multimedia graphics software to include illustration and design graphics software. FreeHands vector graphics rendering engine and other components within the program would prove useful to Macromedia in the development of web products like Fireworks. Macromedia made two acquisitions in 1996, first, in March 1996, Macromedia acquired iBand Software, makers of the fledgling Backstage HTML authoring-tool and application-server. Macromedia developed a new HTML-authoring tool, Macromedia Dreamweaver, around portions of the Backstage codebase, at the time, most professional web authors preferred to code HTML by hand using text editors because they wanted full control over the source. Macromedia acquired FutureWave Software, in November,1996, makers of FutureSplash Animator, because of the small size of the FutureSplash viewer application, it was particularly suited for download over the Web, where most users, at the time, had low-bandwidth connections. Macromedia renamed Splash to Macromedia Flash, and following the lead of Netscape, as of 2005, more computers worldwide had the Flash Player installed than any other Web media format, including Java, QuickTime, RealNetworks and Windows Media Player. Macromedia continued on the merger and acquisition trail, in December 1999, later that year, Macromedia also acquired help authoring software company eHelp Corporation, whose products included RoboHelp & RoboDemo. On April 18,2005, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3.4 billion on the last trading-day before the announcement. The acquisition took place on December 3,2005, and Adobe integrated the operations, networks. A similar suit had been filed in July, the class-action suit was dismissed by a federal judge on May 19,1998. On August 10,2000, Adobe System Incorporated claimed that the San Francisco-based Macromedia violated two of its patents on tabbed palettes, Macromedia countered with a claim that Adobe infringed on Macromedias patents for a draw-based editor for Web pages and a hierarchical structure editor for Web sites. In July 2002, Adobe and Macromedia reached an agreement that all claims in this series of patent suits
11.
Adobe AIR
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The runtime supports installable applications on Windows, OS X and mobile operating systems like Android, iOS and BlackBerry Tablet OS. It also originally ran on Linux, but support was discontinued as of version 2.6 in 2011, AIR applications have unrestricted access to local storage and file systems, while browser-based applications only have access to individual files selected by users. Adobe AIR internally uses the Flash Player rendering engine and ActionScript 3.0 as the programming language. HTML5 applications may run on the WebKit engine included in AIR, according to Adobe, over 100,000 unique applications were built on AIR, and over 1 billion installations of the same were logged from users across the world, as of May 2014. Adobe AIR was voted as the Best Mobile Application Development product at the Consumer Electronics Show for two consecutive years, using AIR, developers can access the full Adobe Flash functionality, including text, vector graphics, raster graphics, video, audio, camera, and microphone capability. Adobe AIR also includes features such as file system integration, native client extensions, desktop integration. AIR enables applications to work with data in different ways, including using local files, local SQLite databases, developers can access additional functionality by building AIR Native Extensions, which can access full device functionality being programmed in the native language. On desktop platforms, AIR supports, Window management – Opening multiple windows, menu bar – Adding a native menu bar to AIR windows, with sub menus and custom menu items. File management – Discovering drives, files and folders on the PC, creating and deleting files, console applications – Executing native applications with command-line arguments, and receiving feedback via standard I/O & error streams. Multithreading – Managing multiple threads, to execute ActionScript 3 code in the background without freezing the user interface, web browser – View HTML web pages with full CSS and JavaScript support within Flash applications, with the integrated WebKit-based web browser. Clipboard access – Programmatically copy or paste text, bitmaps or files into the system clipboard, drag-and-drop – Allows users to drag text, bitmaps or files into AIR applications. In 2011, the addition of Stage3D to the Flash Player allowed Flash, several third-party frameworks have been developed to build upon the functionality of Stage3D, including the Starling Framework and Away3D. These frameworks are compatible with AIR, and provide vital performance improvements to AIR apps published for mobile devices. AIR apps can be augmented in functionality with the usage of AIR Native Extensions, Native extensions may be developed by anyone using publicly available tools, some are distributed for free or even as open source, while others are sold commercially. Native extensions may be programmed in the language on each platform. AIR is a technology and AIR applications can be repackaged with few or no changes for many popular desktop. Different installation options exist for each platform, AIR applications may be published with or without the AIR runtime. Applications packaged with the AIR runtime are larger in file size, if the runtime is not embedded in the app, it must be installed separately
12.
Portable Document Format
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The Portable Document Format is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share computer documents, including text formatting and inline images. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica, in those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993 and these proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. So when organizations publish PDFs which use proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users. In 2014, ISO TC171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2, on January 9,2017, the final draft for ISO 32000-2 was published, thus reaching the approval stage. The PDF combines three technologies, A subset of the PostScript page description programming language, for generating the layout, a font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents. A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle graphics and standard features of programming such as if. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and tokenized, any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file, therefore, the entire PostScript world remains intact. PDF supports graphic transparency, PostScript does not, PostScript is an interpreted programming language with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a PostScript document must be processed to determine the appearance of a given page. A PDF file is a 7-bit ASCII file, except for elements that may have binary content. A PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number, the format is a subset of a COS format. A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are eight types, Boolean values, representing true or false Numbers Strings, enclosed within parentheses, objects may be either direct or indirect
13.
EPUB
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EPUB is an e-book file format with the extension. epub that can be downloaded and read on devices like smartphones, tablets, computers, or e-readers. It is a standard published by the International Digital Publishing Forum. The term is short for electronic publication and is sometimes styled ePub, EPUB became an official standard of the IDPF in September 2007, superseding the older Open eBook standard. The Book Industry Study Group endorses EPUB3 as the format of choice for packaging content and has stated that the book publishing industry should rally around a single standard. EPUB is the most widely supported vendor-independent XML-based e-book format, that is, EPUB2.0 was approved in October 2007, with a maintenance update approved in September 2010. The EPUB3.0 specification became effective in October 2011, new major features include support for precise layout or specialized formatting, such as for comic books, and MathML support. The current version of EPUB is 3.1, effective January 5,2017, the format specification underwent reorganization and clean-up, format supports remotely-hosted resources and new font formats and uses more pure HTML and CSS. In May 2016 IDPF Members approved World Wide Web Consortium merger, to align the publishing industry. Like an HTML web site, the format supports inline raster and vector images, metadata and this could affect the level of support for various DRM systems on devices and the portability of purchased e-books. Consequently, such DRM incompatibility may segment the EPUB format along the lines of DRM systems, undermining the advantages of a standard format. It is also used on many software readers such as iBooks on iOS and Google Books on Android. IBooks also supports the proprietary format, which is based on the EPUB format. As final product As in the eBook market PDF format is not generally sold at sites that sell eBooks, the main EPUB producers are suppliers of public domain and open licensed content, as Project Gutenberg, PubMed Central, SciELO and many others. In that context is growing and replacing the PDF format, data interchange EPUB is a popular way to feed ebook creation process, because is an open format and is based in HTML, while Amazons format is proprietary. EPUB is the first step content format in many production process, an EPUB file is a ZIP archive that contains, in effect, a website—including HTML files, images, CSS style sheets, and other assets. EPUB3 is the latest version, by using HTML5, publications can contain video, audio, and interactivity, just like websites in web browsers. An ePub publication is delivered as a single file and this file is an unencrypted zipped archive containing a set of interrelated resources. An OCF Abstract Container defines a system model for the contents of the container
14.
Kindle File Format
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The Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon. com. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse, buy, download, all Kindle devices integrate with Kindle Store content and as of January 2017, the store has over five million e-books available in the US. Founder and CEO of Amazon. com Jeff Bezos commanded his deputies in 2004 to build the worlds best e-reader before Amazons competitors could, in reference to this e-reader, Amazon originally used the codename Fiona. The Kindle name was devised by branding consultants Michael Cronan and Karin Hibma, lab126 tasked them to name the product, so Cronan and Hibma suggested Kindle, meaning to light a fire. They felt this was an apt metaphor for reading and intellectual excitement, Kindle hardware has evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX introduced in 2009. The range includes devices with a keyboard, devices with high resolution and contrast screens, a tablet with the Kindle app. Amazon has also introduced Kindle software for use on devices and platforms, including Microsoft Windows, iOS, BlackBerry, Mac OS X, Android, webOS. Amazon also has a reader to allow users to read. Content for the Kindle can be purchased online and downloaded wirelessly in some countries, through a service called Whispersync, customers can synchronize reading progress, bookmarks, and other information across Kindle hardware and other mobile devices. Amazon released the Kindle, its first e-reader, on November 19,2007 and it sold out in five and a half hours. The device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008, the device features a 6 inches 4-level grayscale display, with 250 MB of internal storage, which can hold approximately 200 non-illustrated titles. It also has a speaker and a jack that allows the user to listen to audio files on Kindle. It is the only Kindle with expandable storage, via an SD card slot, the devices Whispernet feature was co-designed with Qualcomm, and Kindle was the first device to include free US-wide 3G access to download e-books from Amazons Kindle Store. Amazon did not sell the first generation Kindle outside the US, on February 10,2009, Amazon announced the Kindle 2, the second generation Kindle. It became available for purchase on February 23,2009, the Kindle 2 features a text-to-speech option to read the text aloud, and 2 GB of internal memory of which 1.4 GB is user-accessible. By Amazons estimates, the Kindle 2 can hold about 1,500 non-illustrated books, unlike the first generation Kindle, Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memory cards. It was slimmer than the original Kindle, the Kindle 2 features a Freescale 532 MHz, ARM-1190 nm processor,32 MB main memory,2 GB flash memory and a 3.7 V1,530 mAh lithium polymer battery. To promote the Kindle 2, in February 2009 author Stephen King made UR, his then-new novella, on July 8,2009, Amazon reduced price of the Kindle 2 from $359 to $299
15.
Microsoft Word
–
Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25,1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems, commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word with limited features, in 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC. Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix and MS-DOS in 1983. Its name was simplified to Microsoft Word. Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World and that year Microsoft demonstrated Word running on Windows. Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse and it was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordStar. However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the six years. In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to Mac OS and this was made easier by Word for DOS having been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public. Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac OS added true WYSIWYG features and it fulfilled a need for a word processor that was more capable than MacWrite. After its release, Word for Mac OSs sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years, Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months, Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, after MacWrite Pro was discontinued in the mid-1990s, Word for Mac OS never had any serious rivals. Word 5.1 for Mac OS, released in 1992, was a popular word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use. Many users say it is the best version of Word for Mac OS ever created, in 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST under the name Microsoft Write. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Mac OS and was never updated due to the degree of software piracy on the Atari platform. The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989, with the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers. When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem, it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free, as of March 2014, it is still available for download from Microsofts web site. In 1991, Microsoft embarked on a project code-named Pyramid to completely rewrite Microsoft Word from the ground up, both the Windows and Mac OS versions would start from the same code base
16.
MOBI
–
On October 31,2016, Amazon permanently shut down the Mobipocket website and servers. Mobipocket. com was bought by Amazon. com in 2005, Amazons acquisition was believed to be a result of Adobe Systems’ announcement that it would no longer sell its eBook packaging and serving software. An alpha release of the Java-based version of the Mobipocket reader was available for cellphones on June 30,2008. There is also a reader for desktop computers running Microsoft Windows and it has been widely reported that since Amazons acquisition of Mobipocket, software support, user support, and platform growth was ended. In December 2011, it was reported that Amazon officially notified the book publishers that it was ending support for Mobipocket, the status of Mobipocket Digital Rights Management content previously purchased by users continues to be unclear since no other ebook reader supports its proprietary DRM method. The software provides, A personalized press review using the Mobipocket Web Companion, eBooks, including for each book a biography of the writer. Each downloaded eBook is registered in the My Mobipocket personal virtual library, a secure reading system, as a result of the encryption of eBooks using DRM and unique signature, a timestamp added to each book at the time of purchase. Depending on the device, different functions are available, when transferring documents to other device types, functions that are not supported on the device will be ignored, but the information one is reading will not be altered or deleted. Each book has one or two language attribute, in the case it is meant to be a dictionary. As a typical example, reading a book in Fr language, dictionaries are always unidirectional so Fr → En dictionary cannot be used in reverse - a separate En → Fr dictionary is needed for that. There is a reader for personal computers that works with either encrypted or unencrypted Mobipocket books. Unencrypted Mobipocket books can be read on the Amazon Kindle natively, as well as in Amazon Kindle programs on Mac OS X, iOS devices, Android devices, Windows, and Windows Phone devices. By using third-party programs such as Lexcycle Stanza, calibre or Okular, unencrypted Mobipocket books can also be read on Mac OS X, iOS, Android devices and Linux. Third party tools exist to decrypt encrypted Mobipocket books, allowing them to be read using software that does not support encryption, a user can thus create documents in the Mobipocket format. mobi and use personal comments, bookmarks, and more on all devices supporting those features. Mobipocket has not released a version for Android, long term plans for the Mobipocket platform are in question in the wake of Amazons announcement of the Kindle Format 8, which moves in the direction of HTML5 and CSS3. As one of the most popular e-readers, the Kindle has great sway in the popularity of e-reader formats, comparison of e-book formats List of e-book readers Microsoft Reader TomeRaider Official website
17.
XHTML
–
Extensible Hypertext Markup Language is part of the family of XML markup languages. It mirrors or extends versions of the widely used Hypertext Markup Language, XHTML documents are well-formed and may therefore be parsed using standard XML parsers, unlike HTML, which requires a lenient HTML-specific parser. XHTML1.0 became a World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation on January 26,2000, XHTML1.1 became a W3C Recommendation on May 31,2001. The standard known as XHTML5 is being developed as an XML adaptation of the HTML5 specification, XHTML1.0 is a reformulation of the three HTML4 document types as applications of XML1.0. The World Wide Web Consortium also continues to maintain the HTML4.01 Recommendation, and the specifications for HTML5 and XHTML5 are being actively developed. In the current XHTML1.0 Recommendation document, as published and revised to August 2002, by migrating to XHTML today, content developers can enter the XML world with all of its attendant benefits, while still remaining confident in their contents backward and future compatibility. However, in 2005, the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group formed, independently of the W3C, the WHATWG eventually began working on a standard that supported both XML and non-XML serializations, HTML5, in parallel to W3C standards such as XHTML2. In 2007, the W3Cs HTML working group voted to officially recognize HTML5, in 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML2 Working Groups charter to expire, acknowledging that HTML5 would be the sole next-generation HTML standard, including both XML and non-XML serializations. Of the two serializations, the W3C suggests that most authors use the HTML syntax, rather than the XHTML syntax, XHTML was developed to make HTML more extensible and increase interoperability with other data formats. In addition, browsers were forgiving of errors in HTML, and most websites were displayed despite technical errors in the markup, the XML standard, approved in 1998, provided a simpler data format closer in simplicity to HTML4. By using namespaces, XHTML documents could provide extensibility by including fragments from other XML-based languages such as Scalable Vector Graphics, finally, the renewed work would provide an opportunity to divide HTML into reusable components and clean up untidy parts of the language. There are various differences between XHTML and HTML, the Document Object Model is a tree structure that represents the page internally in applications, and XHTML and HTML are two different ways of representing that in markup. Both are less expressive than the DOM, and generally XHTMLs XML syntax is a more expressive than HTML. First off, one source of differences is immediate, XHTML uses an XML syntax, secondly however, because the expressible contents of the DOM in syntax are slightly different, there are some changes in actual behavior between the two models. XML is case-sensitive for element and attribute names, while HTML is not, there are numerous other technical requirements surrounding namespaces and precise parsing of whitespace and certain characters and elements. The exact parsing of HTML in practice has been undefined until recently, see the HTML5 specification for full details, Second, in contrast to these minor syntactical differences, there are some behavioral differences, mostly arising from the underlying differences in serialization. For example, Most prominently, behavior on parse errors differ, a fatal parse error in XML causes document processing to be aborted. Most content requiring namespaces will not work in HTML, except the built-in support for SVG, javaScript processing is a little different in XHTML, with minor changes in case sensitivity to some functions, and further precautions to restrict processing to well-formed content
18.
XML
–
In computing, Extensible Markup Language is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The W3Cs XML1.0 Specification and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML, the design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is a data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is used for the representation of arbitrary data structures such as those used in web services. Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, hundreds of document formats using XML syntax have been developed, including RSS, Atom, SOAP, SVG, and XHTML. XML-based formats have become the default for many office-productivity tools, including Microsoft Office, OpenOffice. org and LibreOffice, XML has also provided the base language for communication protocols such as XMPP. Applications for the Microsoft. NET Framework use XML files for configuration, apple has an implementation of a registry based on XML. XML has come into use for the interchange of data over the Internet. IETF RFC7303 gives rules for the construction of Internet Media Types for use when sending XML and it also defines the media types application/xml and text/xml, which say only that the data is in XML, and nothing about its semantics. The use of text/xml has been criticized as a source of encoding problems. RFC7303 also recommends that XML-based languages be given media types ending in +xml, further guidelines for the use of XML in a networked context appear in RFC3470, also known as IETF BCP70, a document covering many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language. The material in this section is based on the XML Specification and this is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs that appear in XML, it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use. Character An XML document is a string of characters, almost every legal Unicode character may appear in an XML document. Processor and application The processor analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an application, the specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The processor is often referred to colloquially as an XML parser, Markup and content The characters making up an XML document are divided into markup and content, which may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules. Generally, strings that constitute markup either begin with the character < and end with a >, or they begin with the character &, strings of characters that are not markup are content. However, in a CDATA section, the delimiters <. > are classified as markup, in addition, whitespace before and after the outermost element is classified as markup. Tag A tag is a construct that begins with <
19.
Adobe Technical Communication Suite
–
It includes Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Bridge, Adobe Captivate, Adobe Device Central, Adobe FrameMaker, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Presenter, Adobe RoboHelp and Adobe 3D Reviewer. These versions were available as part of the suite and could not be purchased separately. Version 2 Announced on January 20,2009, adds Adobe Photoshop CS4 and Presenter 7 to the suite, plus FrameMaker 9, RoboHelp 8, version 2.5 Announced in June 2010, adds Adobe Photoshop CS5 and Adobe Captivate 5 to the suite. Version 3.0 Announced on January 11,2011, saw the update to Adobe FrameMaker 10, Adobe RoboHelp 9, Adobe Captivate 5, Adobe Photoshop CS5, Adobe Bridge is included in the installer package. Adobe Presenter, which has been available in versions, has been removed. Version 3.5 Released in August 2011, saw the update to Adobe Captivate 5.5. Version 4.0 Announced on July,2012, saw the update to Adobe FrameMaker 11, Adobe RoboHelp 10, Adobe Captivate 6, Adobe Illustrator CS6 and Adobe Presenter 8 are included in this Suite. Version 2017 Launched in January,2017, Adobe Technical Communication Suite 2017 combines Adobe Captivate 9, Adobe FrameMaker, Adobe RoboHelp, Adobe Acrobat Pro DC, Adobe Creative Suite Adobe eLearning Suite Adobe Technical Communication Suite website Official Adobe Technical Communication team blog
20.
HTML5
–
HTML5 is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web. It is the fifth and current version of the HTML standard, HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML4, but also XHTML1 and DOM Level 2 HTML. For the same reasons, HTML5 is also a candidate for cross-platform mobile applications, many new syntactic features are included. To enrich the content of documents, new page structure elements such as <main>, <section>, <article>, <header>, <footer>, <aside>, <nav>. New attributes are introduced, some elements and attributes have been removed, the APIs and Document Object Model are now fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification and HTML5 also better defines the processing for any invalid documents. The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group began work on the new standard in 2004, at that time, HTML4.01 had not been updated since 2000, and the World Wide Web Consortium was focusing future developments on XHTML2.0. In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML2.0 Working Groups charter to expire, W3C and WHATWG are currently working together on the development of HTML5.0. The workshop concluded with a vote—8 for,14 against—for continuing work on HTML, the two specifications were later merged to form HTML5. The HTML5 specification was adopted as the point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007. WHATWG published the First Public Working Draft of the specification on 22 January 2008, while some features of HTML5 are often compared to Adobe Flash, the two technologies are very different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web pages, however, HTML5 on its own cannot be used for animation or interactivity – it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript. There are many Flash capabilities that have no counterpart in HTML5. See Comparison of HTML5 and Flash, in early November 2011, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in developing tools using HTML5. On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5, in May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to Last Call, an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the specification by 2014. In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its HTML5 living standard to HTML, the W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5. In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation, W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered as a snapshot by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5 as a Living Standard, the concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved
21.
Amazon Kindle
–
The Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon. com. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse, buy, download, all Kindle devices integrate with Kindle Store content and as of January 2017, the store has over five million e-books available in the US. Founder and CEO of Amazon. com Jeff Bezos commanded his deputies in 2004 to build the worlds best e-reader before Amazons competitors could, in reference to this e-reader, Amazon originally used the codename Fiona. The Kindle name was devised by branding consultants Michael Cronan and Karin Hibma, lab126 tasked them to name the product, so Cronan and Hibma suggested Kindle, meaning to light a fire. They felt this was an apt metaphor for reading and intellectual excitement, Kindle hardware has evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX introduced in 2009. The range includes devices with a keyboard, devices with high resolution and contrast screens, a tablet with the Kindle app. Amazon has also introduced Kindle software for use on devices and platforms, including Microsoft Windows, iOS, BlackBerry, Mac OS X, Android, webOS. Amazon also has a reader to allow users to read. Content for the Kindle can be purchased online and downloaded wirelessly in some countries, through a service called Whispersync, customers can synchronize reading progress, bookmarks, and other information across Kindle hardware and other mobile devices. Amazon released the Kindle, its first e-reader, on November 19,2007 and it sold out in five and a half hours. The device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008, the device features a 6 inches 4-level grayscale display, with 250 MB of internal storage, which can hold approximately 200 non-illustrated titles. It also has a speaker and a jack that allows the user to listen to audio files on Kindle. It is the only Kindle with expandable storage, via an SD card slot, the devices Whispernet feature was co-designed with Qualcomm, and Kindle was the first device to include free US-wide 3G access to download e-books from Amazons Kindle Store. Amazon did not sell the first generation Kindle outside the US, on February 10,2009, Amazon announced the Kindle 2, the second generation Kindle. It became available for purchase on February 23,2009, the Kindle 2 features a text-to-speech option to read the text aloud, and 2 GB of internal memory of which 1.4 GB is user-accessible. By Amazons estimates, the Kindle 2 can hold about 1,500 non-illustrated books, unlike the first generation Kindle, Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memory cards. It was slimmer than the original Kindle, the Kindle 2 features a Freescale 532 MHz, ARM-1190 nm processor,32 MB main memory,2 GB flash memory and a 3.7 V1,530 mAh lithium polymer battery. To promote the Kindle 2, in February 2009 author Stephen King made UR, his then-new novella, on July 8,2009, Amazon reduced price of the Kindle 2 from $359 to $299
22.
Mobipocket
–
On October 31,2016, Amazon permanently shut down the Mobipocket website and servers. Mobipocket. com was bought by Amazon. com in 2005, Amazons acquisition was believed to be a result of Adobe Systems’ announcement that it would no longer sell its eBook packaging and serving software. An alpha release of the Java-based version of the Mobipocket reader was available for cellphones on June 30,2008. There is also a reader for desktop computers running Microsoft Windows and it has been widely reported that since Amazons acquisition of Mobipocket, software support, user support, and platform growth was ended. In December 2011, it was reported that Amazon officially notified the book publishers that it was ending support for Mobipocket, the status of Mobipocket Digital Rights Management content previously purchased by users continues to be unclear since no other ebook reader supports its proprietary DRM method. The software provides, A personalized press review using the Mobipocket Web Companion, eBooks, including for each book a biography of the writer. Each downloaded eBook is registered in the My Mobipocket personal virtual library, a secure reading system, as a result of the encryption of eBooks using DRM and unique signature, a timestamp added to each book at the time of purchase. Depending on the device, different functions are available, when transferring documents to other device types, functions that are not supported on the device will be ignored, but the information one is reading will not be altered or deleted. Each book has one or two language attribute, in the case it is meant to be a dictionary. As a typical example, reading a book in Fr language, dictionaries are always unidirectional so Fr → En dictionary cannot be used in reverse - a separate En → Fr dictionary is needed for that. There is a reader for personal computers that works with either encrypted or unencrypted Mobipocket books. Unencrypted Mobipocket books can be read on the Amazon Kindle natively, as well as in Amazon Kindle programs on Mac OS X, iOS devices, Android devices, Windows, and Windows Phone devices. By using third-party programs such as Lexcycle Stanza, calibre or Okular, unencrypted Mobipocket books can also be read on Mac OS X, iOS, Android devices and Linux. Third party tools exist to decrypt encrypted Mobipocket books, allowing them to be read using software that does not support encryption, a user can thus create documents in the Mobipocket format. mobi and use personal comments, bookmarks, and more on all devices supporting those features. Mobipocket has not released a version for Android, long term plans for the Mobipocket platform are in question in the wake of Amazons announcement of the Kindle Format 8, which moves in the direction of HTML5 and CSS3. As one of the most popular e-readers, the Kindle has great sway in the popularity of e-reader formats, comparison of e-book formats List of e-book readers Microsoft Reader TomeRaider Official website
23.
Adobe Acrobat
–
Adobe Acrobat is a family of application software and Web services developed by Adobe Systems to view, create, manipulate, print and manage files in Portable Document Format. The family comprises Acrobat Reader, Acrobat and Acrobat. com, the basic Acrobat Reader, available for several desktop and mobile platforms, is freeware, it supports viewing, printing and annotating of PDF files. Additional, Premium, services are available for reader on paid subscription, the commercial proprietary Acrobat, available for Microsoft Windows and macOS only, can also create, edit, convert, digitally sign, encrypt, export and publish PDF files. Acrobat. com complements the family with a variety of content management. Adobe has changed the names of the products of the Acrobat set several times, also dividing, merging, initially, the name Acrobat was used as the parent name of a set of products which included Acrobat Reader, Acrobat Exchange and Acrobat Distiller. Over time, Acrobat Reader became Reader, and the name Acrobat Exchange was simplified to Acrobat, between versions 3 and 5, Standard and Professional versions were one product known simply as Acrobat. In April 2015, Adobe introduced the Adobe Document Cloud, along with the first of several applications with DC at the end of the name. One of the goals was to have all of a users PDFs available on any of the users devices, such as editing a PDF on an iPad. As of October,2015, the Document Cloud also includes integration with Dropbox and includes electronic signature improvements, as of April 2015, the main members of the Acrobat family include, Desktop applications, Adobe Acrobat Reader DC. Adobe Acrobat Standard DC Adobe Acrobat Pro DC Mobile applications with the Document Cloud launch, from DC2015 the Acrobat family is available in two tracks, the original track, now named Classic, and the Continuous track. Updates for the Classic track are released quarterly, and do not include new features, whereas updates for the Continuous track are issued more frequently, the last pre-DC version, Acrobat XI, was last updated on October 11,2016, and will remain supported until October 2017. Arabic and Hebrew versions are available from WinSoft International, Adobe Systems internationalization and localization partner, the Arabic and Hebrew versions are developed specifically for these languages, which are normally written right-to-left. The Web Capture feature can convert single web pages or entire web sites into PDF files, a comprehensive list of security bulletins for most Adobe products and related versions is published on their Security bulletins and advisories page and in other related venues. In particular, the history of security updates for all versions of Adobe Acrobat has been made public. From Version 3.02 onwards, Acrobat Reader has included support for JavaScript and this functionality allows a PDF document creator to include code which executes when the document is read. Malicious PDF files that attempt to attack security vulnerabilities can be attached to links on web pages or distributed as email attachments. While JavaScript is designed without direct access to the system to make it safe. Adobe applications had become the most popular client-software targets for attackers during the last quarter of 2009
24.
Adobe Captivate
–
It can also convert Adobe Captivate-generated file formats to digital MP4 formats which can be played with media players or uploaded to video hosting websites. For software simulations, Captivate can use left or right mouse clicks, key presses and it can also be used to create screencasts, and to convert Microsoft PowerPoint presentations to. swf and HTML5 formats. Eventually, software firm Macromedia acquired eHelp to gain RoboDemo, shortly before Adobe Systems acquired Macromedia, they changed the name of the product to Captivate. Adds the integration of eLearning Brothers Templates, Adobe Captivate 8 Adobe Captivate 7.0 Wide range of drag-and-drop components such as games, quizzes, and learning modules. HTML5 conversion for Microsoft PowerPoint projects, newly bundled MathMagic equation editor for both Mac OS X and Windows versions. Adobe Captivate 6.0 Interactions, actors, themes and HTML 5 support, available as a stand-alone product or as part of the Adobe eLearning Suite 2.5 bundle. Adobe Captivate 5 Unlike previous versions that were derivative of Captivate 2 and carried over notable bugs and technological limitations, developers are able to publish their content to Acrobat. com and use it as a quasi-Learning management system. Adobe Captivate 5 is available separately or as part of Adobe eLearning Suite 2 and this version has features for collaboration, extends Adobe Captivate and interacts with other Adobe products like Bridge, Soundbooth, Photoshop, Adobe Device Central, etc. This version of Adobe Captivate is also part of the new Adobe eLearning Suite and this version has an Adobe Captivate logo preloader added to the beginning of all simulations, but this can be changed to a generic preloader. It would eventually be included in the Adobe Technical Communication Suite, RoboDemo 5 and eLearning Edition New features included tighter integration with Flash via FLA and SWF import, full-motion recording, SCORM1.2. Video import, multiple copy/paste, undo, shortcut controls, grid, alignment toolbar, filmstrip view, background audio, animated highlighters, RoboDemo 3 New features included Powerpoint and AVI import, interactive text entry boxes, interactive click boxes, JavaScript options, and scoring. RoboDemo 2 First version with major FlashCam bug fixes. cptx, Captivate 9. x,8. x,7. x,6. x and 5. x project files, which can be edited with the Captivate software. Note that cptx files created using older versions of Captivate can be opened in newer versions of Captivate, in version 4 and later, a project can be reviewed in a collaborative way. This file is published when a project is sent out for review, a Review Application can open this file and can accept comments which can be seen in the main Captivate window. The Review Application is an Adobe AIR application and can be installed on any machine without requiring Adobe Captivate license. aggr, the Aggregator is a new application that is installed along with Adobe Captivate 4. This file can be used to automatically imitate users action in another session of Adobe Captivate recording. fla, Flash authoring software can edit FLA files and compile them into. swf files. html, HTML5 output. Comparison of screencasting software Official website Captivate team, Adobe
25.
Adobe FrameMaker
–
Adobe FrameMaker is a document processor designed for writing and editing large or complex documents, including structured documents. FrameMaker became an Adobe product in 1995 when Adobe purchased Frame Technology Corp, Adobe added SGML support, which eventually morphed into todays XML support. In April 2004, Adobe stopped supporting FrameMaker for the Macintosh and this reinvigorated rumors surfacing in 2001 that product development and support for FrameMaker were being wound down. FrameMaker has two ways of approaching documents, structured and unstructured, structured FrameMaker uses SGML and XML concepts. The author works with an EDD, which is a FrameMaker-specific DTD, attributes or Metadata can be added to these elements and used for single source publishing or for filtering elements during the output processes. The author can view the conditions and contexts in a structure derived from the grammar or as formatted in a typical final output form. Unstructured FrameMaker uses tagged paragraphs without any imposed logical structure, except that expressed by the concept, topic organization. When a user opens a file in unstructured FrameMaker, the structure is lost. MIF is a language that functions as a companion to FrameMaker. The purpose of MIF is to represent FrameMaker documents in a simple, ASCII-based format. Any document that can be created interactively in FrameMaker can also be represented, exactly and completely, all versions of FrameMaker can export documents in MIF, and can also read MIF documents, including documents created by an earlier version or by another program. The only substantial DTP product at the time of FrameMakers conception was Interleaf, after only a few months, Corfield had completed a functional prototype of FrameMaker. The prototype caught the eyes of salesmen at the fledgling Sun Microsystems and they got permission from Corfield to use the prototype as demoware for their computers, and hence, the primitive FrameMaker received plenty of exposure in the Unix workstation arena. Steve Kirsch saw the demo and realized the potential of the product, Kirsch used the money he earned from Mouse Systems to fund a startup company, Frame Technology Corp. to commercialize the software. Corfield chose to sue Meiry for release of rights to the software so they could easily obtain additional investment capital with Kirsch. Meiry had little means to fight a lengthy and expensive lawsuit with Corfield and his new business partners, originally written for SunOS on Sun machines, FrameMaker was a popular technical writing tool, and the company was profitable early on. Because of the desktop publishing market on the Apple Macintosh. In the early 1990s, a wave of UNIX workstation vendors—Apollo, Data General, MIPS, Motorola, at the height of its success, FrameMaker ran on more than thirteen UNIX platforms, including NeXT Computers NeXTSTEP and IBMs AIX operating systems
26.
Adobe Photoshop
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Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Systems for macOS and Windows. Photoshop was created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll and it can edit and compose raster images in multiple layers and supports masks, alpha compositing and several color models including RGB, CMYK, CIELAB, spot color and duotone. Photoshop has vast support for file formats but also uses its own PSD. In addition to graphics, it has limited abilities to edit or render text, vector graphics, 3D graphics. Photoshops featureset can be expanded by Photoshop plug-ins, programs developed and distributed independently of Photoshop that can run inside it, Photoshops naming scheme was initially based on version numbers. Photoshop CS3 through CS6 were also distributed in two different editions, Standard and Extended, in June 2013, with the introduction of Creative Cloud branding, Photoshops licensing scheme was changed to that of software as a service rental model and the CS suffixes were replaced with CC. Historically, Photoshop was bundled with software such as Adobe ImageReady, Adobe Fireworks, Adobe Bridge, Adobe Device Central. Alongside Photoshop, Adobe also develops and publishes Photoshop Elements, Photoshop Lightroom, Photoshop Express, collectively, they are branded as The Adobe Photoshop Family. It is currently a licensed software, Photoshop was developed in 1987 by the American brothers Thomas and John Knoll, who sold the distribution license to Adobe Systems Incorporated in 1988. Thomas Knoll, a PhD student at the University of Michigan, began writing a program on his Macintosh Plus to display images on a monochrome display. This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother John Knoll, an Industrial Light & Magic employee, Thomas took a six-month break from his studies in 1988 to collaborate with his brother on the program. Thomas renamed the program ImagePro, but the name was already taken, during this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave a demonstration of the program to engineers at Apple and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe. Both showings were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase the license to distribute in September 1988, while John worked on plug-ins in California, Thomas remained in Ann Arbor writing code. Photoshop 1.0 was released on 19 February 1990 for Macintosh exclusively, the Barneyscan version included advanced color editing features that were stripped from the first Adobe shipped version. The handling of color slowly improved with each release from Adobe, at the time Photoshop 1.0 was released, digital retouching on dedicated high end systems, such as the Scitex, cost around $300 an hour for basic photo retouching. Photoshop files have default file extension as. PSD, which stands for Photoshop Document, a PSD file stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop. These include layers with masks, transparency, text, alpha channels and spot colors, clipping paths and this is in contrast to many other file formats that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality. A PSD file has a height and width of 30,000 pixels
27.
Adobe Connect
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Adobe Connect is software used to create information and general presentations, online training materials, web conferencing, learning modules, and user desktop sharing. The product is entirely Adobe Flash based, all meeting rooms are organized into pods, with each pod performing a specific role. Adobe Connect was formerly part of the Adobe Acrobat family and has changed several times. Macromedia acquired Presedia and added on a web conferencing component. In version 5, Macromedia Breeze included four applications, Breeze Presenter, Breeze Training, Breeze Meeting, following the acquisition by Adobe, Macromedia Breeze Meeting was initially rebranded to Adobe Connect, then Adobe Acrobat Connect Professional, is now rebranded as Adobe Connect. The full product line includes rebranded versions of Breeze Training, Breeze Meeting Breeze Presenter, there is also a sister product called Adobe ConnectNow which is part of the Acrobat. com, a suite of cloud-based applications provided by Adobe. It was renamed subsequent to Adobes purchase of former competitor Macromedia, the rebranded Breeze products were renamed Adobe Connect 6. The products were rolled into the Adobe Acrobat Product line in version 7, in version 7.5, the product was renamed Adobe Connect. Web conferencing Comparison of web conferencing software Collaborative software Official website
28.
Adobe Bridge
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Adobe Bridge is a digital asset management app developed by Adobe Systems and first released with Adobe Creative Suite v2. It is a component of Adobe Creative Suite, Adobe eLearning Suite, Adobe Technical Communication Suite. Starting with Creative Cloud, however, it has become an optional component downloaded via Creative Cloud subscription and it can utilize these options through different versions of a file that is part of an Adobe Version Cue project. However, it lacks the photo editing functions of Adobe Photoshop Lightroom, image files can be shown in different sized thumbnails, slide shows or lists. Each folder, which can be bookmarked, has a file for speeding up rendering time of images when viewing a thumbnail. The cache can be in one location or in individual folders. Adobe Bridge can be invoked from within all components of Creative Suite except Adobe Acrobat, coupled with Adobe Photoshop, Bridge can execute Photoshops compatible automation plug-ins, scripts and Adobe Camera Raw filters on a group of images. A plugin for Photoshop called Mini Bridge adds a file browser to Photoshop. Adobe Bridge is customizable using JavaScript, the Bridge scripting guide is available online as well as in paperback format. Adobe Bridge initially allowed for access to Adobe Stock Photos, a collection of stock photography images drawn from well-known stock photo houses. The service was discontinued on April 1,2008, digital asset File manager File system Official website
29.
Adobe Device Central
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Adobe Device Central is a software program created and released by Adobe Systems as a part of the Adobe Creative Suite 3 in March 2007. It is accessible from all of the Creative Suite editions, the final release accompanied Adobe Creative Suite 5.5, and it was thereafter discontinued effective April 23,2012. Device Central is also included with Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Fireworks, Adobe Flash Professional, Adobe Dreamweaver, Adobe After Effects, and Adobe Premiere Pro applications. It simplifies the mobile authoring workflow and allows developers to preview designs, a library of mobile device profiles on Device Central are updated quarterly, with an initial support for over 200 devices at launch. Adobe Device Central CS5 introduced several new features including emulation of devices geolocation, accelerometer, Adobe Creative Suite Creative Cloud controversy Adobe Device Central CS4 Home
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Adobe Creative Cloud
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In Creative Cloud, a monthly or annual subscription service is delivered over the Internet. Software from Creative Cloud is downloaded from the Internet, installed directly on a local computer, online updates and multiple languages are included in the CC subscription. Creative Cloud is hosted on Amazon Web Services, previously, Adobe offered individual products as well as software suites containing several products with a perpetual software license. Adobe first announced the Creative Cloud in October 2011, another version of Adobe Creative Suite was released the following year. On May 6,2013, Adobe announced that they would not release new versions of the Creative Suite, the first new versions made only for the Creative Cloud were released on June 17,2013. The Adobe Creative Cloud retains many of the features of Adobe Creative Suite and introduces new features, foremost is the instant availability of upgrades, saving to the cloud, and easier sharing. Single App, which all the features of Creative Cloud plus access to a single application of the users choice in the suite out of a list of 11 selected applications. All Apps, the tier of Creative Cloud that contains all the features of Creative Cloud plus access to all applications within the suite. All Apps + Adobe Stock, which all the standard features of Creative Cloud plus features for Adobe Stock. Brief descriptions of the applications available in Adobe Creative Cloud individually or as a complete package, Adobe Acrobat Standard, Adobe Acrobat Professional, and Adobe Acrobat Professional Extended all allow for the creation of PDF files. Adobe Reader is an application allows the reading of PDF files. Adobe After Effects is a motion graphics and compositing software published by Adobe Systems. It is often used in film and video post-production, Adobe Animate is a vector animation software used to design interactive animations with drawing tools to publish them on multiple platforms like Adobe Flash, Adobe AIR, HTML5 canvas, WebGL. It is the successor to Adobe Flash Professional and also features of Adobe Edge. Adobe Scout, a tool for Flash SWF files. Adobe Audition is an audio editor that provides the modern interface. Adobe Bridge is an organizational program and its primary purpose is to link the parts of the Creative Suite together using a format similar to the file browser found in previous versions of Adobe Photoshop. Adobe Dreamweaver is a combination code / GUI web development application, Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor and illustration software
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Adobe Creative Suite
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Adobe Creative Suite is a software suite of graphic design, video editing, and web development applications developed by Adobe Systems. The last version, Adobe Creative Suite 6, was launched at an event on April 23,2012. Adobe also announced that it would continue to support CS6 and would provide bug fixes, the Creative Suite packages were pulled from Adobes online store, but still remain available via a section of their website. The following are brief description of the applications in the various Adobe Creative Suite editions. Each edition may come with all or subset of these apps, Adobe Acrobat creates, edits and manages documents in Portable Document Format. Adobe After Effects is a motion graphics and compositing software published by Adobe Systems. It is often used in film and video post-production, Adobe Audition is a digital audio editor. It has more editing features than its sibling, Adobe Soundbooth, Adobe Bridge is an image organizer and digital asset management app. It features limited integration with other Adobe apps but has no editing capabilities of its own, Adobe Contribute is an HTML editor and a content management system. It allows a variety of people within an organization to update web pages. Adobe Device Central helps preview and test web pages, raster image, Adobe Dreamweaver is an HTML editor geared towards professional web development. Adobe Dynamic Link integrates After Effects with Premiere Pro and with Encore, Adobe Encore is a specialized transcoding app, it converts the output of Adobe Premiere and Adobe After Effects to a format suitable for DVD and Blu-ray players. Files are automatically transcoded to MPEG-2 or H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC video, DVD and Blu-ray menus can be created and edited in Adobe Photoshop using layering techniques. Adobe Fireworks is a raster graphics editor for web designers. It could create interactive contents and animations, Adobe Animate, a multimedia authoring program used to create web apps, flash games, films and mobile widgets in the eponymous Adobe Flash format. Its features include a scripting language called ActionScript and bi-directional streaming of digital audio, Adobe Flash Catalyst, an interaction design tool that allow users to transform Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, and Fireworks artwork into interactive Adobe Flash projects without writing code. Flash Catalyst was discontinued in 2012 and not included in CS6, Adobe GoLive is a discontinued HTML editor geared towards professional web development. It was discontinued in favor of Adobe Dreamweaver, Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor geared towards print publications
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Adobe eLearning Suite
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Adobe eLearning Suite is a collection of applications made by Adobe Systems for learning professionals, instructional designers, training managers, content developers, and educators. The suite allows users to author, manage, and publish interactive instructional information including screencast demonstrations, simulations, the Adobe Flash and Dreamweaver applications included in this Suite are special versions that contain additional features to improve the workflow and integration between the applications. These versions are only as part of the suite and can not be purchased separately. Adobe eLearning Suite is currently the only way to legally get Adobe Creative Suite 6 applications without the Creative Cloud. Prior to its acquisition by Adobe Systems, Macromedia had a product known as eLearning Suite 2004, which included Flash MX2004, Dreamweaver MX2004. ELearning Suite 2 was the first versions to be available for both Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS X platforms, version 1 had only been available for Microsoft Windows. ELearning Suite 2, containing Captivate 5, Flash Professional CS5, Dreamweaver CS5, Presenter 7, Acrobat 9 Pro, Photoshop CS5 Extended, and Soundbooth CS5. ELearning Suite 2.5, containing Captivate 5.5, Flash Professional CS5.5, Dreamweaver CS5.5, Photoshop CS5.1 Extended, Acrobat X Pro, Audition CS5.5, Bridge CS5, Device Central CS5.5, and Presenter 7. ELearning Suite 6, containing Captivate 6, Flash Professional CS6, Dreamweaver CS6, Photoshop CS6 Extended, Acrobat XI Pro, Audition CS6, Bridge CS6, Adobe Technical Communication Suite Adobe eLearning Suite website
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Adobe Marketing Cloud
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Adobe Marketing Cloud is a collection of integrated online marketing and Web analytics products by Adobe Systems. It is a marketing solution which enables marketers to measure, personalize and optimize marketing campaigns. The Adobe Marketing Cloud collection was introduced to the public in October 2012 as Adobe began retiring the Omniture name it acquired in October 2009, in November 2013, Adobe Systems introduced mobile features to its Marketing Cloud, making smartphones and other mobile devices new targets for analytics. On September 15,2009, Omniture, Inc. and Adobe Systems announced that Adobe would be acquiring Omniture, around 2012, Adobe withdrew the Omniture brand while its products were being integrated into the Adobe Marketing Cloud. Adobe Marketing Cloud as a model has made significant progress in terms of acceptance in the business world. In 2013, Gartner, a technology research and advisory company. This distinction is in line with the evolution of its preceding Cloud-based model suite Adobe Creative Cloud which met significant criticism in the beginning
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Adobe Animate
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Adobe Animate is a multimedia authoring and computer animation program developed by Adobe Systems. Animate can be used to design graphics and animation, and publish the same for television programs, online video, websites, web applications, rich internet applications. The program also offers support for graphics, rich text, audio and video embedding. Animations may be published for HTML5, WebGL, Scalable Vector Graphics animation and spritesheets and it was first released in 1996 as FutureSplash Animator, and then renamed Macromedia Flash upon its acquisition by Macromedia. It was created to serve as the main authoring environment for the Adobe Flash platform, vector-based software for creating animated and it was renamed Adobe Animate in 2016 to better reflect its market position then, since over a third of all content created in Animate uses HTML5. The first version of Adobe Flash/Adobe Animate was FutureSplash Animator, a vector graphics, FutureSplash Animator was developed by FutureWave Software, a small software company whose first product, SmartSketch, was a vector-based drawing program for pen-based computers. With the implosion of the pen-oriented operated systems, it was ported to Microsoft Windows as well as Apple Inc. s Mac OS. In 1995, the decided to add animation abilities to their product and to create a vector-based animation platform for World Wide Web. The FutureSplash animation technology was used on several websites such as MSN, The Simpsons website. In December 1996, Macromedia bought FutureWave and rebranded the product as Macromedia Flash, Adobe Systems acquired Macromedia in 2005, and re-branded the product Adobe Flash Professional to distinguish from the player, Adobe Flash Player. It was included as part of the Creative Suite of products from CS3 to CS6, on December 1,2015, Adobe announced that the program would be renamed Adobe Animate on its next major update. The first version under the new name was released February 8,2016
35.
Adobe After Effects
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Among other things, After Effects can be used for keying, tracking, compositing and animation. It also functions as a very basic non-linear editor, audio editor and media transcoder. After Effects was originally created by the Company of Science and Art in Providence, Rhode Island, CoSA along with After Effects was then acquired by Aldus corporation in July 1993, which was in turn acquired by Adobe in 1994, and with it PageMaker. Adobes first new release of After Effects was version 3.0, the following is the list of versions of After Effects over the years, including the first two versions released by CoSA. After Effects has extensive support, a broad range of third party plug-ins are available. A variety of styles exist, such as particle systems for realistic effects for rain, snow, fire. With or without third-party plug-ins, After Effects can render 3D effects, some of these 3D plug-ins use basic 2D layers from After Effects. Nuke – The Foundry Combustion, Toxik and Smoke – Autodesk Motion – Apple Inc
36.
Adobe Edge Code
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Adobe Edge is a suite of web development tools developed by Adobe Systems that enhances the capabilities of their other applications, such as Dreamweaver. The first application in the suite was released in August 2011 as an authoring tool designed to succeed the Flash platform. In September 2012, Adobe renamed the application Edge Animate, and announced Edge Reflow, Edge Code, also packaged with the suite are Edge Web Fonts, the PhoneGap application, and access to Adobes Typekit service. As of November 2015, Edge Reflow, Edge Inspect, Edge builds applications based on a foundation of HTML5, JavaScript, jQuery and CSS3. These applications are compatible with iOS, Windows Phone 7 and other HTML5-compatible browsers, Edge Reflow is an application designed to allow for development of responsive web design. Similarly to Adobe Muse, Edge Reflow design is based on the layout of a web page. This was a new tool, rather than a reworking of an old application. The initial preview was made available to the public in February 2013, a code-based HTML editor, Edge Code is designed to complement the other applications in the suite. It is built on the open source Brackets platform, which Adobe launched in June 2012, rather than replacing Brackets, Edge Code is designed to make it more accessible, and integrate its functionality into existing Adobe applications. As with Edge Reflow, Edge Code is available as a public preview, in November 2014 Adobe announced development of Code is discontinued and all Adobes efforts will go into Brackets. Edge Inspect, formerly Adobe Shadow, was developed as a way of quickly previewing a web design on mobile platforms without publishing the associated files to a server. It allows iOS and Android mobile devices to be paired to a computer, rather than previewing a site optimised for mobile viewing on a desktop machine, Edge Inspect sends the file to paired devices, where it is rendered and displayed. Code may be edited live, with changes being displayed on paired devices as they are made and it was released with the announcement of the Edge suite. Edge Web Fonts provides access to a collection of online fonts and these fonts are provided by Adobe, Google, and independent contributors. The service is integrated with the other Edge suite applications, allowing for a catalogue of fonts to be used in web development. It is also accessible via the Edge Web Fonts site, which generates the necessary for inclusion in other sites. It is powered by Typekit, but does not provide the same service, PhoneGap is a mobile development platform that enables software programmers to build applications for mobile devices using JavaScript, HTML5 and CSS3. Typekit is a service allows subscribers to embed fonts into online documents
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Adobe Edge Reflow
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Adobe Edge is a suite of web development tools developed by Adobe Systems that enhances the capabilities of their other applications, such as Dreamweaver. The first application in the suite was released in August 2011 as an authoring tool designed to succeed the Flash platform. In September 2012, Adobe renamed the application Edge Animate, and announced Edge Reflow, Edge Code, also packaged with the suite are Edge Web Fonts, the PhoneGap application, and access to Adobes Typekit service. As of November 2015, Edge Reflow, Edge Inspect, Edge builds applications based on a foundation of HTML5, JavaScript, jQuery and CSS3. These applications are compatible with iOS, Windows Phone 7 and other HTML5-compatible browsers, Edge Reflow is an application designed to allow for development of responsive web design. Similarly to Adobe Muse, Edge Reflow design is based on the layout of a web page. This was a new tool, rather than a reworking of an old application. The initial preview was made available to the public in February 2013, a code-based HTML editor, Edge Code is designed to complement the other applications in the suite. It is built on the open source Brackets platform, which Adobe launched in June 2012, rather than replacing Brackets, Edge Code is designed to make it more accessible, and integrate its functionality into existing Adobe applications. As with Edge Reflow, Edge Code is available as a public preview, in November 2014 Adobe announced development of Code is discontinued and all Adobes efforts will go into Brackets. Edge Inspect, formerly Adobe Shadow, was developed as a way of quickly previewing a web design on mobile platforms without publishing the associated files to a server. It allows iOS and Android mobile devices to be paired to a computer, rather than previewing a site optimised for mobile viewing on a desktop machine, Edge Inspect sends the file to paired devices, where it is rendered and displayed. Code may be edited live, with changes being displayed on paired devices as they are made and it was released with the announcement of the Edge suite. Edge Web Fonts provides access to a collection of online fonts and these fonts are provided by Adobe, Google, and independent contributors. The service is integrated with the other Edge suite applications, allowing for a catalogue of fonts to be used in web development. It is also accessible via the Edge Web Fonts site, which generates the necessary for inclusion in other sites. It is powered by Typekit, but does not provide the same service, PhoneGap is a mobile development platform that enables software programmers to build applications for mobile devices using JavaScript, HTML5 and CSS3. Typekit is a service allows subscribers to embed fonts into online documents
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Adobe Digital Editions
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Adobe Digital Editions is an ebook reader software program from Adobe Systems, built initially using Adobe Flash. It is used for acquiring, managing, and reading eBooks, digital newspapers, the software supports PDF, XHTML and Flash-based content. ADE is a successor to Adobe eBook Reader, Windows and OS X versions of Adobe Digital Editions were released on June 19,2007. Previous versions of the software required version 9.0 of Adobe Flash Player, starting with version 2.0, however, which relies on. Net 3.5 on Windows, Flash Player is no longer supported. Adobe initiated development of a Linux version of ADE in 2007, however, Adobe Digital Editions uses the proprietary ADEPT Digital Rights Management scheme, which is also implemented on some e-book readers, including iPads and many Android devices, but not Kindles. The software locks content to up to six machines and allows the user to view the content on each of them, barnes & Noble ebooks are protected with a variant of ADEPT. In March 2009, the author of the reverse engineering blog i♥cabbages announced that they had broken the scheme, when viewing an ebook, Adobe Digital Editions by default stores the ebook locally as PDF files on Windows machines. These files can be copied and handled like other files, Adobes website has virtually no information on ADEPT except on its trademark page and a statement that OverDrive is compatible. This was confirmed by Sean Gallagher, writing in Ars Technica, however, no one else has confirmed the report that books never opened in ADE nor in the ADE library are logged. Hoffelder reported that the information collected included ebooks that have opened, which pages were read. Including the title, publisher, and other metadata for the book and he also reported that all this data was sent in clear text—that is, not protected by any form of encryption. This would make it easy for a party to read this information. This data was collected for borrowed library books and for books NOT protected by any form of DRM, hoffelder suggested that such a practice might violate various privacy laws. The Electronic Frontier Foundation made a similar suggestion, Adobe responded that their practice was justified by their license agreement and denied collecting data on any book not currently opened for reading. Additionally, this information is collected for the eBook currently being read by the user. User privacy is important to Adobe, and all data collection in Adobe Digital Editions is in line with the end user license agreement. Gary Price, writing in INFOdocket, views the matter as of serious concern, the article also posts Adobes response to the issue. In October 2014, Adobe released version 4.0.1 of the software, Adobe Content Server calibre Digital Library International Digital Publishing Forum OverDrive Media Console Public Library Sigil Adobe Digital Editions official website
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Adobe Director
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Adobe Director is a multimedia application authoring platform created by Macromedia and now managed by Adobe Systems. Director is the editor on the Adobe Shockwave platform, which dominated the interactive multimedia product space during the 1990s. Hundreds of free video games were developed using Lingo, and published on websites such as Miniclip. Director publishes DCR files that are played using the Adobe Shockwave Player, in addition to compiling native executables for Microsoft Windows, Director allows users to build applications on a movie metaphor, with the user as the director of the movie. On January 27,2017, Adobe announced that it was discontinuing Director, sales of Director will cease on February 1,2017, ongoing updates and support for Adobe Shockwave on Mac devices on March 14th after the last release of the product. No information was released as to the date that Adobe plans to end ongoing updates, Director applications are authored on a timeline, similar to Adobe Flash. Director supports graphical primitives and playback controls such as players, 3D content players. Director includes a language called Lingo, and plug-in applications called Xtras. Director supports a graphical user interface framework with basic controls, and allows interaction with external files, Director has been used to create applications, 2D and 3D video games, self-running kiosks, and CDs and DVD launchers. Director supports many different image, audio, and video formats, Director includes a scripting language called Lingo, and a suite of 2D image manipulation tools, referred to as imaging Lingo. This subset of Lingo allows authors to perform advanced operations such as to bitblit and these advanced projects typically use only 1 frame on the score timeline using Lingo to control animation and interaction. Director 8.5 added the ability to import, manipulate, the 3D features were quite advanced for the time, unusual for an authoring environment. The 3D capability includes the ability to create geometry on the fly from code, hardware accelerated model display and it also supports vector graphics and 3D interactivity through a Shockwave 3D file object. Since Version 6, Director has supported the import of Flash animation files, one of the most powerful aspects of Director is its extensibility, which is achieved through plug-in applications named Xtras. For example, there are Xtras for OS desktop manipulations and Shell control, dedicated text processing, PDF readers, with Xtras, Director can be extended to support additional media types beyond those that the stock version of the software allows. These can be created by users or purchased from third party vendors and they are created using Adobe Directors XDK, a C++ SDK. With the change in new versions of Director, Xtra developers need to modify their products to maintain ongoing support, with changing industry trends, many third-party Xtra developers have discontinued products and dropped support due the cost of development without the significant return. For online distribution, Director can publish projects for embedding in websites using the Shockwave plugin, Shockwave files have a. DCR file extension
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Adobe Dreamweaver
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Adobe Dreamweaver is a proprietary web development tool developed by Adobe Systems. Dreamweaver was created by Macromedia in 1997, and was maintained by them until Macromedia was acquired by Adobe Systems in 2005, Adobe Dreamweaver is available for macOS and for Windows. Following Adobes acquisition of the Macromedia product suite, releases of Dreamweaver subsequent to version 8.0 have been compliant with W3C standards. Recent versions have improved support for Web technologies such as CSS, JavaScript, and various server-side scripting languages and frameworks including ASP, ColdFusion, Scriptlet, and PHP. Combined with an array of management tools, Dreamweaver lets its users design, code. Dreamweaver is positioned as a web design and development tool that enables visualization of web content while coding. Dreamweaver, like other HTML editors, edits files locally then uploads them to the web server using FTP, SFTP. Dreamweaver CS4 now supports the Subversion version control system, since version 5, Dreamweaver supports syntax highlighting for the following languages out of the box, ActionScript Active Server Pages. NET and JavaServer Pages was dropped in version CS5. Users can add their own language syntax highlighting, in addition, code completion is available for many of these languages. The older Adobe Dreamweaver CS3 also features a Middle Eastern version that allows typing Arabic, Persian, Urdu, whether the text is fully Middle Eastern or includes both English and Middle Eastern text, it will be displayed properly. Web application Criticism of Creative Cloud Adobe Unveils Milestone 2015 Creative Cloud Release, News Release, new features summary, Adobe Dreamweaver CC, Dreamweaver Help, Adobe Systems
41.
Adobe FreeHand
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Adobe FreeHand is a computer application for creating two-dimensional vector graphics that are oriented primarily to professional illustration, desktop publishing and content creation for the Web. FreeHand is similar in scope, intended market, and functionality to Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, because of FreeHand’s dedicated page layout and text control features, it also compares to Adobe InDesign and QuarkXPress. Professions using FreeHand include Graphic Design, Illustration, Cartography, Fashion and Textile Design, Product Design, Architects, Science Research, FreeHand was created by Altsys Corporation in 1988 and licensed to Aldus Corporation which released versions 1 through 4. In 1994, Aldus merged with Adobe Systems and because of the market with Adobe Illustrator. Altsys was later bought by Macromedia, which released FreeHand versions 5 through 11, in 2005, Adobe Systems acquired Macromedia and its product line which included FreeHand MX, under whose ownership it presently resides. FreeHand MX continues to run under Windows 7 using compatibility mode and under Mac OS X10.6 within Rosetta, a PowerPC code emulator, Freehand 10 runs without problems on Mac OS X10.6 with Rosetta enabled, and does not require a registration patch. Someone using a version of Mac OS X than 10.6 can use VMware Fusion, VirtualBox or Parallels to virtualize Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server. In 1984, James R. Von Ehr founded the Altsys Corporation to develop applications for personal computers. Based in Plano, Texas, the company initially produced font editing and conversion software, Fontastic Plus, Metamorphosis, and their premier PostScript font-design package, Fontographer, was released in 1986 and was the first such program on the market. Seattle’s Aldus Corporation acquired a licensing agreement with Altsys to release FreeHand along with their product, Pagemaker. FreeHand’s product name used intercaps, the F and H were capitalized, the partnership between the two companies continued with Altsys developing FreeHand and with Aldus controlling marketing and sales. Windows PC development also allowed Illustrator 2 and FreeHand 3 to release Windows versions to the graphics market, FreeHand 1.0 sold for $495 in 1988. It included the drawing tools and features as other draw programs including special effects in fills and screens, text manipulation tools. It was also possible to create and insert PostScript routines anywhere within the program, FreeHand performed in preview mode instead of keyline mode but performance was slower. FreeHand 2.0 sold for $495 in 1989, besides improving on the features of FreeHand 1.0, FreeHand 2 added faster operation, Pantone colors, stroked text, flexible fill patterns and automatically import graphic assets from other programs. It added accurate control over a monitor screen display, limited only by its resolution. FreeHand 3.0 sold for $595 in 1991, new features included resizable color, style, and layer panels including an Attributes menu. Also tighter precision of both the tools and aligning of objects
42.
Adobe Flash Player
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Adobe Flash Player is freeware software for using content created on the Adobe Flash platform, including viewing multimedia, executing rich Internet applications, and streaming video and audio. Flash Player can run from a web browser as a browser plug-in or on supported mobile devices, Flash Player was created by Macromedia and has been developed and distributed by Adobe Systems since Adobe acquired Macromedia. Flash Player is distributed for free and its versions are available for every major web browser. Google Chrome comes bundled with the sandboxed Adobe Flash plug-in and Windows 8, Flash Player has a wide user base, and is a common format for games, animations, and graphical user interfaces embedded in web pages. Adobe stated in 2013 that more than 400 million out of over 1 billion connected desktops update to the new version of Flash Player within six weeks of release. Flash Player runs SWF files that can be created by the Adobe Animate authoring tool, Flash Player supports vector and raster graphics, 3D graphics, an embedded scripting language called ActionScript, and streaming of video and audio. ActionScript is based on ECMAScript, and supports object-oriented code, and is similar to JavaScript, Adobe Flash Player is a runtime that executes and displays content from a provided SWF file, although it has no in-built features to modify the SWF file at runtime. It can execute software written in the ActionScript programming language enables the runtime manipulation of text, data, vector graphics, raster graphics, sound. The player can access certain connected hardware devices, including web cameras and microphones. Flash Player is used internally by the Adobe Integrated Runtime, to provide a runtime environment for desktop applications. AIR supports installable applications on Windows, Linux, macOS, and some operating systems such as iOS. Flash Player includes native support for different data formats, some of which can only be accessed through the ActionScript scripting interface. XML, Flash Player has included support for XML parsing. XML data is held in memory as an XML Document Object Model, ActionScript 3 also supports ECMAScript for XML, which allows XML data to be manipulated more easily. JSON, Flash Player 11 includes native support for importing and exporting data in the JavaScript Object Notation format, AMF, Flash Player allows application data to be stored on users computers, in the form of Local Shared Objects, the Flash equivalent to browser cookies. Flash Player can also read and write files in the Action Message Format. The SWX system stores data as standard SWF bytecode which is interpreted by Flash Player. Another open-source project, SWXml allows Flash applications to load XML files as native ActionScript objects without any client-side XML parsing, Flash Player is primarily a graphics and multimedia platform, and has supported raster graphics and vector graphics since its earliest version
