1.
Marseille
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Marseille, also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia, Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region, Marseille is now Frances largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture, together with Košice, Slovakia and it hosted the European Football Championship in 2016, and will be the European Capital of Sport in 2017. The city is home to campuses of Aix-Marseille University and part of one of the largest metropolitan conurbations in France. Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, further east still are the Sainte-Baume, the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the artists colony of lEstaque, further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre, the citys main thoroughfare stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château dIf, the main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the fountain of Place Castellane. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, the railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement, it is linked by the Boulevard dAthènes to the Canebière. Marseille has a Mediterranean climate with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, december, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C during the day and 4 °C at night. Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in France is around 1,950 hours, less frequent is the Sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara Desert. Snowfalls are infrequent, over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall, Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing language related to Ligurian, was the first Greek settlement in France. It was established within modern Marseille around 600 BC by colonists coming from Phocaea on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The connection between Massalia and the Phoceans is mentioned in Thucydidess Peloponnesian War, he notes that the Phocaean project was opposed by the Carthaginians, the founding of Massalia has also been recorded as a legend. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage, at the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice
2.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
3.
French hip hop
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French hip hop is the hip hop music style which was developed in French-speaking countries. By 1982 and 1983, a number of hip hop radio shows had appeared on Paris radio, including Rapper Dapper Snapper, the first major star of French hip hop was MC Solaar, born Claude MBarali in Dakar, Senegal. He moved to France in 1970 and lived in Villeneuve-Saint-Georges and his 1991 album, Qui sème le vent récolte le tempo, was a major hit. He set many records, including being the first French hip hop recording artist to go platinum, some artists claim that the French language hip hop style was influenced by the music of French singer Renaud. The cases include the notorious Ministère AMERs Sacrifice de poulet, NTMs Police, French hip-hop, like hip-hop in other countries, is highly influenced by American hip-hop. Columnist David Brooks wrote that life, at least as portrayed in rap videos, now defines for the young, poor. Gangsta resistance is the most compelling model for how to rebel against that oppression and he argued that the gangster image of American hip hop appeals to mostly young & impoverished immigrant minorities in France, as a means to oppose the racism and oppression they experience. Jody Rosen counters Brooks argument, criticizing Brooks makes use of only a few, Brooks fails to accurately assess French hip hops larger scope, and discounts its potential for rappers of amazing skill, style, and wit. This makes up one quarter of the radios top 100, ten percent of music production and has sold hundreds of thousands of CDs. French hip hop, however, is criticized for imitating American hip hop style. French Rapper MC Solaar agrees sarcastically, saying, French rap is pretty much a U. S. branch office and we dont even take a step back. Parts of American hip-hop culture has left a mark on the culture of French hip-hop as well in terms of fashion, clothing, music videos, jewelry, sounds and other things. Hip-hop culture was imported from America, especially with the influence of New York rappers, the group went their separate ways in 2000. As hiphop moved into a new millennium, French hip hop artists developed rapidly, seeing decent commercial success, one of the most influential French hiphop albums of all time, Cinquième As, was released by MC Solaar in 2001. At the same time, new artists like Sinik and Diams began to see significant success, as well, bringing a new sound, themes in French hip hop include opposition to the social order, humor and puns, as well as ethnic and cultural identity. Whereas early French hip hop was seen as mimicking American hip hop in terms of appeal, later French rappers added their own cultural. The different social climates in the make the two subgenres distinct from one another. Lyrics from the south tend to be socially conscious, with content mainly focusing on the fight against discrimination
4.
Rapping
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The components of rapping include content, flow, and delivery. Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that rap is performed in time to a beat. Rapping is often associated with and an ingredient of hip-hop music. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre originated in Johannesburg, South Africa. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was boxer Muhammad Alis rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s, rapping can be delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist or Beatboxer, or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies an area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, as used to describe quick speech or repartee, the word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning to converse, today, the terms rap and rapping are so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. The English verb rap has various meanings, such as to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow, as well to utter sharply or vigorously, to rap out a command. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning to utter sharply, vigorously and it is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee. A rapper refers to a performer who raps, by the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1971, on Isaac Hayes album Black Moses with track names such as Ikes Rap, Ikes Rap II, Ikes Rap III, Hayes husky-voiced sexy spoken raps became key components in his signature sound. Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a manner in the early 1970s. Back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—youre trying to convince somebody, thats what rapping is, its in the way you talk. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots, centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by modern artists, modern day griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s, Wald went so far as to call hip hop the living blues. A notable recorded example of rapping in blues music was the 1950 song Gotta Let You Go by Joe Hill Louis, not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry
5.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
6.
Pseudonym
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A pseudonym or alias is a name that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their original or true name. Historically, they have taken the form of anagrams, Graecisms. Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones, actors, musicians, and other performers sometimes use stage names, for example, to mask their ethnic backgrounds. A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons, for example the co-authors of a work, such as Ellery Queen, the term is derived from the Greek ψευδώνυμον, literally false name, from ψεῦδος, lie, falsehood and ὄνομα, name. A pseudonym is distinct from an allonym, which is the name of another person and this may occur when someone is ghostwriting a book or play, or in parody, or when using a front name, such as by screenwriters blacklisted in Hollywood in the 1950s and 1960s. See also pseudepigraph, for falsely attributed authorship, sometimes people change their name in such a manner that the new name becomes permanent and is used by all who know the person. This is not an alias or pseudonym, but in fact a new name, in many countries, including common law countries, a name change can be ratified by a court and become a persons new legal name. He then changed his name again to Malik El-Shabazz when he converted to Islam, likewise some Jews adopted Hebrew family names upon immigrating to Israel, dropping surnames that had been in their families for generations. The politician David Ben-Gurion, for example, was born David Grün in Poland and he adopted his Hebrew name in 1910, when he published his first article in a Zionist journal in Jerusalem. Criminals may use aliases, fictitious business names, and dummy corporations to hide their identity, a pen name, or nom de plume, is a pseudonym adopted by an author. Some female authors used male pen names, in particular in the 19th century, the Brontë family used pen names for their early work, so as not to reveal their gender and so that local residents would not know that the books related to people of the neighbourhood. The Brontës used their neighbours as inspiration for characters in many of their books, anne Brontë published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall under the name Acton Bell. Charlotte Brontë published Shirley and Jane Eyre under the name Currer Bell, emily Brontë published Wuthering Heights as Ellis Bell. A well-known example of the former is Mary Ann Evans, who wrote as George Eliot, Another example is Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, a 19th-century French writer who used the pen name George Sand. In contrast, some twentieth and twenty first century male romance novelists have used pen names. A few examples of male authors using female pseudonyms include Brindle Chase, Peter ODonnell and Christopher Wood. A pen name may be used if a real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual. Authors who write both fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use different pen names to avoid confusing their readers, in some cases, an author may become better known by his pen name than his real name
7.
IAM (band)
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IAM is a French hip hop band from Marseille, formed in 1989, and composed of Akhenaton, Shurikn, Khéops, Imhotep, and Kephren. IAM has several meanings, including Invasion Arrivée de Mars, another meaning is Imperial Asiatic Man, while AKH often refers to Lhomme Impérial Asiatique. One of IAM’s central themes in its songs is Africa, the group is one of the pioneer French rap groups and draws heavily on allusions to Africa, and particularly to ancient Egypt, in its music. Their 1991 song Les tam-tam de lAfrique was one of the first French rap hits and the first song to deal expressly with the issue of slavery. Using a sample of a Stevie Wonder song, Les tam-tam de lAfrique focuses on the “abduction of its inhabitants, the Middle Passage, by 1989 the group developed a unique rap style, mixing French beats and lyrics with Middle Eastern and Egyptian influences. Their stage names are of Egyptian origin, one of the members, Eric Mazel, goes by the name Kheops. This connection with ancient Egypt allows IAM “to assert connections to the contemporary Arab world in an indirect way, the pharaoist aspects of IAMS rap help the group stay in touch with its origins where some non-white French people have assimilated unquestioningly into the surrounding French culture. Therefore, the rap is both politically charged and defiant, as it attempts to subvert notions of racial superiority by multiracial alliance as an alternative to the old politics. Most importantly, rap provides IAM with a place to address social issues, in fact, the first single release from their second album, Je danse le Mia, went on to prove an enormous hit on the French mainstream, according to French radio station RFI Musique. In this way, the use of pharaoism as a mystical and coded strategy for the injection of Arabic and Egyptian lyrics, ideas, Les tams-tams de lAfrique was one of the first hits of French rap and dealt expressly with slavery. Using a sample of Past Time Paradise by Stevie Wonder, this focused on the plunder of Africa, the abduction of its inhabitants, the Middle Passage. IAM have a history of collaborations with the American Hip Hop group. IAM have sampled an Inspectah Deck lyric from the Wu-Tang Clan song, C. R. E. A. M and they were also featuring in the song of RZA Seul face à lui. These Hip Hop groups have a number of similarities, probably due to the fact that IAM member Akhenaton has listed Wu-Tang as one of his five favorite MCs of all time, one notable example is that both groups have connections to Islam. The Wu-Tang Clan are known members of the Five Percent Nation, similarly, French rappers IAM have used their music as an anti-Islamophobic tool. IAM also collaborated with US rapper Lucas on the song, Spin The Globe, with rappers from 5 different countries spitting in 5 different languages showcasing the universal appeal and voice of hip hop
8.
Stomy Bugsy
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Stomy Bugsy is a French rapper and actor from Sarcelles, France. His recent release is Royalties in 2015, released online on April 27,2015. His origin of the name was known in the 1980s his second part of the name Bugsy is named after the mafia Bugsy Siegel He has a son, Bilal, born in 1992. - Sacrifices de poulets on the film soundtrack La Haine Hamed Daye feat, Stomy Bugsy - Travail au corps on the compilation LArt DUtiliser Son Savoir by DJ Desh 1996, Stomy Bugsy - Le prince des lascars on the maxi Le Prince Des Lascars Stomy Bugsy feat. Karlito - Bouche à bouche à un mort, on the CD single Oh Lé Lé Lé Stomy Bugsy feat, Les Rongeurs - Show Lapin on the maxi Oh Lé Lé Lé Remixes 1997, Nèg Marrons feat. Stomy Bugsy - Le Play-Boy de Sarcelles on the album Sad Hill by DJ Kheops Passi feat, Stomy Bugsy - Le Keur Sambo on the album Les Tentations by Passi TSN feat. Doudou Masta, EJM, Lamifa, Sages Po, Nemesis & Ministère AMER - La solidarité noire on the album Le Mal De La Nuit by TSN Cercle Rouge Productions feat, Stomy Bugsy - Morgan de toi on the album 100 Regrets by Donya Stomy Bugsy feat. Kybla - Donne Moi Du Rêve on the movie soundtrack Zonzon Cut Killer feat, fonky Family, KDD, Ménélik & Stomy Bugsy - Écoute le style rap 98 on the promotional 2CD Écoute le style rap Rainmen feat. Stomy Bugsy - La Rage Au Mic on the album Armaguedon by Rainmen 1999, Stomy Bugsy - Quand Stomy te fuit on the compilation Indigo RnB Djamatik feat. Stomy Bugsy - Propulse on the album Double Nationalité by Izé2001, Stomy Bugsy - Le Plan B-2 on the album Genèse by Passi Hamed Daye feat. Stomy Bugzy - Le Plan B-3 on the album Lor Noir by Hamed Daye Stomy Bugsy feat, Stomy Bugsy - Frotti Frotta on the album Solitaire by Doc Gynéco Stomy Bugsy - Freestyle on the mixtape Whats The Flavor #50 by DJ Poska & Funky Maestro Ministère AMER feat. Doc Gynéco & Hamed Daye - Le Colis 2003, Doc Gynéco feat, Stomy Bugsy & Janik MC - Big Up on the album Menu Best Of by Doc Gynéco 2004, K. Ommando Toxik feat. Stomy Bugsy - Sacrifice 2 poulets on the street CD Retour Vers Le Futur by K. Ommando Toxik Passi feat, Stomy Bugsy & Zao - Combattants on the album Odyssée by Passi Darkman feat. Stomy Bugsy & S Galo - Kreol oriental on the album Darky Le Jour, Hamed Daye & Doc Gynéco - Plan B on the mixtape Los Angeles Most Wanted by DJ Noise 2005, Cuizinier feat. & Doc Gynéco - Le Temps Passe on the album Ma vérité by Johnny Hallyday Doc Gynéco feat, Stomy Bugzy - Lève toi et braque on the compilation Self Défense 2008, Stomy Bugzy, feat. SMS - Click on the album by SMS Click la ruée vers lor Stomy Bugzy, booba, Lino, Dieudonné, Lady Laistee, Hamed Daye & Sofiane - Code noir Stomy Bugzy, feat. Dobe As and Driver - Miss Mec on the compilation Bandana Music SÄ Remix feat
