1.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Census in Australia
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The census in Australia, or officially, the Census of Population and Housing, is a descriptive count of population of Australia on one night, and of their dwellings, generally held quinquennially. Participation in the census is compulsory, though answering some questions is optional, the count is taken every five years and is managed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The first Australian census was held in 1911, on the night of 2 April, in 1961 the five-year period was introduced. Censuses are held on the second Tuesday of August, the most recent was held on 9 August 2016. The cost of the 2011 census was $440 million, a separate census of Norfolk Island has been conducted by the Norfolk Island Government every five years since 1981, and occurs on the same day as the Australian census. The census examines data such as age, gender, incomes, occupations, dwelling types and occupancy, transportation modes, ancestry, languages spoken, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 led to the 1906 establishment of the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. The Bureau was renamed the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1975, the census is collected and published against geographic areas defined by the Australian Standard Geographical Classification. The ASGC provides a set of classifications for the dissemination of all ABS statistics. In 2007 the ABS published a set of spatial units called mesh blocks. The primary aim of mesh blocks is to provide a block for constructing alternative. Only data on persons and total dwellings is released at the mesh block level. Mesh blocks will form the basis of a new statistical geography, the traditional concept of a Collection District is that it was the area that one census collector can cover in about a ten-day period. In the 2001 census, collectors may be allocated more than one urban district because of their size. In urban areas collection districts average about 220 dwellings, in rural areas the number of dwellings per collection district reduces as population densities decrease. For the 2001 census there were 37,209 collection districts and 1,353 Statistical Local Areas defined throughout Australia, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 and Privacy Act 1988 guarantee that no personally-identifiable information is released from the ABS to other government organisations, or the public. However the ABS makes confidential census data available to researchers, who must make various legal commitments before being given access, in the 1970s there was public debate about privacy and the census. In 1979 the Law Reform Commission reported on Privacy and the Census, one of the key elements under question was the inclusion of names. It was found that excluding names reduced the accuracy of the data, individuals were likely to leave questions blank
4.
Postcodes in Australia
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Postcodes are used in Australia to more efficiently sort and route mail within the postal system. All postcodes in Australia have four digits and are placed at the end of the Australian address, Australian postcodes are managed by Australia Post. Postcodes are published in booklets available from post offices or online from the Australia Post website, Australian envelopes and postcards often have four square boxes printed in orange at the bottom right for the postcode. These are used when addressing mail by hand, use of the Australian postcode system commenced in 1967, implemented by the Postmaster-Generals Department, now called Australia Post. It replaced earlier postal sorting systems, such as Melbournes letter and number codes, if addressing a letter from outside Australia, the postcode is recorded before Australia. They are often linked with one area, due to post code rationalization, But are now sometimes they can be quite complex, especially in country areas. The south-western Victoria 3221 postcode of the Geelong Mail Centre also includes twenty places around Geelong with very few people and this means that mail for these places is not fully sorted until it gets to Geelong. Some postcodes cover large populations, while other postcodes have much smaller populations, Australian postcodes range from 0200 for the Australian National University to 9944 for Cannonvale, Queensland. Some towns and suburbs have two postcodes — one for deliveries and one for post office boxes. g. The Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital has the postcode 4029, the Australian National University had the postcode 0200, more postcode ranges were made available for LVRs in the 1990s. Australia Post has been progressively discontinuing the LVR programme since 2006, Australian National Universitys postcode 0200 was the last LVR to be closed in September 2014. For example, postcode 2620 covers both a locality in NSW as well as a locality in the ACT, and postcode 0872 covers a number of localities across WA, SA, NT and QLD. Jervis Bay Territory, once an exclave of the ACT but now a territory, is geographically located on the coast of NSW. It is just south of the towns of Vincentia and Huskisson, Mail to the Jervis Bay Territory is still addressed to the ACT. The numbers used to show the state on each radio callsign in Australia are the number as the first number for postcodes in that state, e. g. 2xx in New South Wales, 3xx in Victoria. Radio callsigns pre-date postcodes in Australia by more than forty years, australias external territories are also included in Australia Posts postcode system. Capital city postcodes were the lowest postcodes in their state or territory range, before new ranges for LVRs, however, postcodes with the same second number are not always next to each other. As an example, postcodes in the range 2200–2299 are split between the suburbs of Sydney and the Central Coast of New South Wales
5.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
6.
Mansfield, Victoria
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Mansfield is a small town in the foothills of the Victorian Alps in the Australian state of Victoria. It is approximately 180 kilometres north-east of Melbourne by road, the population of Mansfield was 4,360 as at the 2011 census. Mansfield is the seat of the Mansfield local government area, Mansfield was formerly heavily dependent on farming and logging, but is now a tourist-centre. It is the town for the large Australia ski resort Mount Buller. It is associated with the high country tradition of alpine grazing, celebrated in the film made around Mansfield, near the now famous Craigs Hut, called The Man from Snowy River. Mansfield, originally known as Mount Battery, was at the boundary of a number of runs. Settlement came after the discovery of gold nearby and the Post Office opened on 1 January 1858, the railway to Mansfield arrived in the town from Tallarook in 1891, being closed on November 18,1978. The last passenger service was on May 28,1977, Mansfield is famous as part of the Ned Kelly Trail. Significant memorials include the Memorial to Police erected in the centre of the towns roundabout, Mansfield Cemetery is the burial ground for police officers slain by Ned Kelly and his gang at Stringybark Creek. Dr. John Pearson Rowe was a physician and squatter who owned the Loyola Run near Mansfield, reputed as the first Roman Catholic resident of the district, it is recorded that nearby Rochester was named after J. P. Rowe as he owned land on the Campaspe River. Rowe was a founder of the University of Melbourne. He fired a shot at a 14-year-old Ned Kelly accompanied by bushranger Harry Power in 1869, Rowe stood for the Upper House seat of the Murray District in 1859 and was defeated. In October 1878 Rowe supplied information to police Sergeant Kennedy on the whereabouts of Ned Kelly, acting on Rowes verified advice, Kennedy and his police party rode into the Wombat Ranges, where three of them were killed, and the Kelly Gang legend was born. Mansfield is very close to two lakes, Lake Eildon and Lake Nillahcootie. During the summer these sites are popular waterskiing destinations, the nearby Mount Buller and Mount Stirling offer attractions all year round. During winter they are visited for skiing, lifted and back country respectively, in the summer hiking and mountain biking are popular. Ski lifts operate year-round at Mount Buller allowing bikers to easily get to the top of mountain biking runs. The bushland around Mansfield is used for riding, trail biking
7.
Seymour, Victoria
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Seymour is a township in Mitchell Shire in the state of Victoria, Australia and is located 98 kilometres north of Melbourne. At the 2011 census, Seymour had a population of 6,360, the township services the surrounding agricultural industries as well as the nearby military base of Puckapunyal, which is an important training centre for the Australian Army. Other important sectors of employment in Seymour include retail, light engineering, agricultural support, medical services. The Taungurung people are the owners and inhabitants of the area Seymour now occupies. Specifically it is the land of the Buthera Balug clan who occupied the area when Europeans first settled the region in the early 1800s, in 1824, Hume and Hovell on their return from Port Phillip, camped by the Goulburn River not far upstream of Seymour. In 1836 Major Mitchell crossed the Goulburn at Mitchellstown and soon afterwards overlanders, the mail service between Melbourne and Sydney had been operating for just a year when it was found that a better route was available using the New Crossing Place. The Robert Burns Inn was operating there by the end of 1839, in 1841 the Government decided that the new crossing place was the likely spot for a town. Plans were laid before the Executive Council of NSW and Mitchell proposed the name Seymour which was approved on December 21st,1843, the town was named after Lord Seymour, the son of the 11th Duke of Somerset. The Post Office opened on 1 July 1844, the Australian Army first established a large training camp 4 kilometres east of the township during the First World War. During the Second World War, the eastern camp diminished in importance, as of 2008 Puckapunyal is the centre for the Australian Armys Land Warfare Development Centre and Headquarters Combined Arms Training Centre, with three of the Armys five Schools located on site. Additionally there are smaller training centres and facilities as well as a transport squadron based in Puckapunyal. The base is home to the Royal Australian Armoured Corps Memorial, Seymour College is the government school, providing classes from Prep to Year 12. The college was created in 2010 through a merger of Seymour Technical High School, formerly Seymour High School, Seymour Primary School Seymour East Primary School and Seymour Special School. Major building works currently underway will ultimately see the school located on the one site in Loco Street, Seymour, previously shared by STHS. St Marys College is a Prep to Year 10 Catholic school located in High Street, a number of fraternal, service and community organisations are active in Seymour including Freemasonry, Rotary, the Lions Club, Scouting, and Apex Clubs of Australia. Seymour has an excellent indoor multi-purpose sports centre and indoor swimming complex as well as a number of playing fields for athletics, cricket. The township has a number of successful and well resourced sporting clubs including the Seymour Turf Club, the Seymour campus of the Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE, opened in 1998, provides a variety of short courses and vocational education and training. Seymour is located adjacent to the junction of the Hume and Goulburn Valley Highway, Seymour station is served by regular V/Line hourly services to and from Melbourne Southern Cross Station as well as services on the Albury-Wodonga and Shepparton lines
8.
Local government in Victoria
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Local government in the Australian state of Victoria describes the 79 municipal districts often referred to as local government areas. They are constituted as cities, shires, rural cities and, in one case, in addition to the LGAs, there are also 10 coastal islands and ski resorts which are unincorporated areas and administered either by the state or management boards. At present, the councils not controlled by administrators have a total of 611 councillors, after the elections in October 2016, this number will increase due to changes in electoral structure and administrators leaving some councils. Up till 1994 there had been 210 LGAs, when Jeff Kennett, the councils of Benalla and Mansfield split subsequent to this to arrive at the current number. Both bodies continued after the creation of Victoria as a separate colony, Road districts were established pursuant to legislation passed in 1853. From 1862 many road districts became shires pursuant to the District Councils Bill 1862, to become a shire, the road district had to be over 100 square miles in size and have annual rate revenue of over £1000. There were 96 road districts or shires created by 1865, promotion to town or city status was dependent on the gross revenue of the council. Such promotion was not automatic, but it was granted often, the clauses have been amended many times by parliament, but since 2006 the Constitution Act has required a referendum to further alter them. Five shires became rural cities but were dissolved with the 1994 restructure, in 1992 there were 65 cities in Victoria, more than there were in England at the time despite a significantly lower population. In 1994, the Jeff Kennett government restructured local government in Victoria and his reforms dissolved 210 councils and sacked 1600 elected councillors, and created 78 new councils through amalgamations. In suburban Melbourne 53 municipalities were reduced to 26, the new local government areas were headed by commissioners appointed by the State Government, democratically elected councils did not return until 1996. The current total of 79 LGAs arose when the Shire of Delatite was split in 2002 into the Rural City of Benalla and the Shire of Mansfield. A new City of Sunbury was proposed to be created from part of the City of Hume after the 2016 council elections, all local government areas are governed in a similar fashion, with an elected council, one of whom is the mayor. The City of Melbourne and the City of Greater Geelong have a elected mayor. The average area of a district within the Melbourne metropolitan area is 285 square kilometres. In practice, this is understood as referring to the distribution between urban centres and rural areas. The term borough, used of the Borough of Queenscliffe, is not defined by the act but has retained for the single borough which survived the reforms of the 1990s. Under the repealed Local Government Act 1958, boroughs, towns and cities were defined on the basis of area, population, in practice, boroughs were and are small towns
9.
Shire of Murrindindi
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The Shire of Murrindindi is a local government area in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia, located in the north-east part of the state. It covers an area of 3,889 square kilometres and and it includes the towns of Alexandra, Buxton, Eildon, Flowerdale, Kinglake, Marysville, Molesworth, Strath Creek, Taggerty, Yarck and Yea. It was formed in 1994 from the amalgamation of the Shire of Alexandra, Shire of Yea, the Shire is named after the locality of Murrindindi, which is located near the geographical centre of the LGA. Parts of Murrindindi were badly affected by the 2009 Victorian bushfires, notably the towns of Marysville,106 people lost their lives across the Shire that day, including 38 in Kinglake and 34 in Marysville. The council is composed of five wards and five councillors, with one councillor per ward elected to represent each ward, the council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Alexandra Municipal Offices, which is also the location of the councils administrative activities. It also provides services at both its administrative centre in Alexandra, and its service centres in Kinglake and Yea. List of localities Murrindindi Shire Council official website Camping in Murrindindi Metlink local public transport map Link to Land Victoria interactive maps
10.
Electoral district of Eildon
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The Electoral district of Eildon is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly in Australia. It was created in the redistribution of boundaries in 2013. It is a new district created due to the abolition of the districts of Seymour and Benalla, taking in area to the south of these districts toward the outer northeastern suburbs of Melbourne. It includes the towns of Eildon, Healesville, Kinglake, Marysville, Mansfield, Warburton, Powelltown, Eildon is estimated to be a fairly safe Coalition seat with a margin of 7. 7%. District profile from the Victorian Electoral Commission
11.
Division of Indi
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The Division of Indi /ˈɪndaɪ/ is an Australian Electoral Division in northeastern Victoria. The largest settlements in the division are the cities of Wodonga, Wangaratta. Other towns in the electorate include Rutherglen, Mansfield, Beechworth, Myrtleford, Bright, Alexandra, Tallangatta, Corryong, while Indi is one of the largest electorates in Victoria, much of it is located within the largely uninhabited Australian Alps. While Wodonga serves as a hub for much of the more heavily populated northern part of the electorate. Indi has existed continuously since Federation and it was created in 1900 and was one of the original 75 divisions contested at the first federal election. Another member for Indi, John Black Jack McEwen, was a long-serving Minister and was briefly Prime Minister of Australia after the death of Harold Holt in 1967, but he was member for Murray by then. Indi has been held by a member of a party or a conservative independent for all but four terms since Federation. Labor last won the seat in 1928 when the Country incumbent forgot to renominate, since 2004, the Liberal primary vote has been in decline, falling from 63% in 2004, to 54% in 2007, 53% in 2010, 44% in 2013 and 27% in 2016. The current member for Indi since the 2013 election is independent Cathy McGowan, McGowan defeated Liberal Party incumbent Sophie Mirabella, the only incumbent Liberal MP to lose their seat at the 2013 election. McGowan retained Indi against Mirabella at the 2016 election with an increased 54. 8% two-candidate-preferred vote, the Liberal two-party-preferred vote was reduced to 54. 4% against Labors 45. 6%, a marginal two-party result not seen since the 1929 election. Electoral results for the Division of Indi Division of Indi – Australian Electoral Commission
12.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
13.
Alexandra of Denmark
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Alexandra of Denmark was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India as the wife of King-Emperor Edward VII. At the age of sixteen, she was chosen as the wife of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. They married eighteen months later in 1863, the year her father became king of Denmark as Christian IX. She was Princess of Wales from 1863 to 1901, the longest anyone has held that title. Largely excluded from wielding any political power, she attempted to sway the opinion of British ministers and her husbands family to favour Greek. Her public duties were restricted to uncontroversial involvement in charitable work, on the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, Albert Edward became king-emperor as Edward VII, with Alexandra as queen-empress. She held the status until Edwards death in 1910 and she greatly distrusted her nephew, German Emperor Wilhelm II, and supported her son during World War I, in which Britain and its allies fought Germany. Her father was Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and her mother was Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, although she was of royal blood, her family lived a comparatively normal life. They did not possess great wealth, her fathers income from a commission was about £800 per year and their house was a rent-free grace. Occasionally, Hans Christian Andersen was invited to call and tell the stories before bedtime. In 1848, King Christian VIII of Denmark died and his only son, Frederick was childless, had been through two unsuccessful marriages, and was assumed to be infertile. A succession crisis arose as Frederick ruled in both Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, and the rules of each territory differed. In Holstein, the Salic law prevented inheritance through the female line, Holstein, being predominantly German, proclaimed independence and called in the aid of Prussia. In 1852, the great powers called a conference in London to discuss the Danish succession, Prince Christian was given the title Prince of Denmark and his family moved into a new official residence, Bernstorff Palace. Alexandra shared a draughty attic bedroom with her sister, Dagmar, made her own clothes, Alexandra and Dagmar were given swimming lessons by the Swedish pioneer of womens swimming, Nancy Edberg. At Bernstorff, Alexandra grew into a woman, she was taught English by the English chaplain at Copenhagen and was confirmed in Christiansborg Palace. She was devout throughout her life, and followed High Church practice, Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert, were already concerned with finding a bride for their son and heir, Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales. They enlisted the aid of their daughter, Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia, Alexandra was not their first choice, since the Danes were at loggerheads with the Prussians over the Schleswig-Holstein Question and most of the British royal familys relations were German
14.
Mount Buller, Victoria
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Mount Buller is a town located in the Shire of Mansfield in the Alpine region of the Australian state of Victoria. The town is located approximately 208 kilometres east of Melbourne on the slopes of Mount Buller, primarily a resort town, Mount Buller is popular with snowsports enthusiasts in winter due to its close location to Melbourne. At the 2011 census, Mount Buller had a population of 242, the Mount Buller Alpine Resort is an unincorporated area of Victoria, the larger surrounding locality of Mount Buller is part of the Shire of Mansfield. The town has around 7000 beds available in accommodation facilities, the most of any Victorian ski resort, la Trobe University had a minor campus at Mount Buller. The campus facilities included a cinema, gym and indoor sporting facilities. La Trobe has vacated the mountain, however the Resort Management Board is now using the building, better known as the Mount Buller Community Centre, all facilities are still operational, with the cinema, gym and sports hall open all year round. Mount Buller is also the home of the National Alpine Museum, the area between Mount Buller and Mount Stirling is the primary catchment for the Delatite River. Mount Buller is home to a number of first class Cross Country. Between 2009 and 2012 many trails have been added, modified and upgraded by WORLD TRAIL, the chairlift for the downhill tracks is only open during the summer from Boxing Day until the end of January, although trailer shuttles also run until the end of February. Mt Buller is working towards developing the mountain as a world class mountain bike venue in line with what has been achieved at Whistler, retail outlets exist in the mountain village to enable casual riders to hire pushbikes, and for bike owners to access service should the need arise. The Victorian Downhill State Series holds a race each year at Mt Buller, the International Mountain Bicycling Association has designated the mountain biking trails at Mount Buller as a bronze-level IMBA Ride Center. Ride Centers are the IMBAs strongest endorsement of a trail experience, Mount Buller is also a popular destination for road cyclists, due to the challenging climb from the tollbooth in Mirimbah to the Mount Buller Village. The climb is 15.3 kilometres long and has a gradient of 6. 2%. The final kilometre before the Village is the steepest part of the climb with short sections of gradient 10%+. Comprising 300 hectares, the Mount Buller Alpine Resort is a facility with peak operation during winter months for alpine sports. In the summer months, the area is a location for alpine hiking. Mount Buller has a transitional zone between a continental climate, and an oceanic climate, depending on the isotherm used, with mild summers and snowy
15.
Easter
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It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent, a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance. In Western Christianity, Eastertide, or the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the fiftieth day, Pentecost Sunday. In Eastern Christianity, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day, the Feast of the Ascension. The First Council of Nicaea established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council. No details for the computation were specified, these were worked out in practice and it has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March, but calculations vary. Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, in many languages, the words for Easter and Passover are identical or very similar. Easter customs vary across the Christian world, and include services, exclaiming the Paschal greeting, clipping the church. The Easter lily, a symbol of the resurrection, traditionally decorates the area of churches on this day. Additional customs that have associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting, the Easter Bunny, and Easter parades. There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally, however, it is possible that Bede was only speculating about the origin of the term since there is no firm evidence that such a goddess actually existed. In Greek and Latin, the Christian celebration was, and still is, called Πάσχα, Pascha, the word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. In most of the non-English speaking world, the feast is known by names derived from Greek, Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church, especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration. The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus, which Easter celebrates, is a foundation of the Christian faith, the resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness. For those who trust in Jesus death and resurrection, death is swallowed up in victory, any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation. Easter is linked to the Passover and Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper, sufferings and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection. According to the New Testament, Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning, as in the room during the Last Supper he prepared himself. He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his soon to be sacrificed
16.
Agricultural show
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An agricultural show is a public event exhibiting the equipment, animals, sports and recreation associated with agriculture and animal husbandry. The largest comprise a livestock show, a fair, competitions. The work and practices of farmers, animal fanciers, cowboys, the terms agricultural show and livestock show are synonymous with the North American terms county fair and state fair. Agricultural shows are an important part of life in small country towns. Larger shows often include live entertainment and fireworks in the main arena, the first known agricultural show was held by Salford Agricultural Society, Lancashire, in 1768. Since the 19th century, agricultural shows have provided people with an opportunity to celebrate achievements. City shows also provide city people with an opportunity to engage directly with rural life, agriculture shows are often enlivened with competitive events, including sheaf tossing, show jumping, food competitions, and tent pegging. Demolition Derbys and rodeos are popular in the US and campdrafting, studs are generally available for a fee. A livestock show is an event where livestock are exhibited and judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their breed standard. Species of livestock that may be shown include pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, llamas, poultry such as chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys, and pigeons are also shown competitively. There are also shows for rabbits, dogs, sheepdogs. Prize-winners at agricultural shows are generally awarded inscribed medals, cups, the National Museum of Australia has a rare collection of medals documenting the history of agricultural shows and rural industries across Australia. The 111 medals range in date from the mid-19th to the early 20th century and many are associated with significant individuals, related to a show is the field day, with elements of a trade show for machinery, equipment and skills required for broadacre farming. Field days typically do not involve livestock, showbags or sideshows, in some communities in northern England Field Days have lost their agricultural character and have become community celebrations. Pecan growers were given a talk on insect control by an entomologist at a recent field day at LSU AgCenter’s Pecan Research/Extension Station in Shreveport, a Landcare survey conducted in 1992/93 revealed that field days in Australia have a high value among local farmers. New Zealands National Agricultural Fieldays is held annually in June at Mystery Creek, near Hamilton, New Zealand, smaller shows, held annually in New Zealands towns and communities, are generally called agricultural and pastoral shows. The Denbigh Show has enjoyed success as the Caribbeans premier agricultural event and epitomizes wholesome family entertainment and attracts over 80,000 patrons to the event annually
17.
Goulburn River
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The river is impounded by the Eildon Dam to create Lake Eildon, the Eildon Pondage, the Goulburn Weir and Waranga Basin. The river rises below Corn Hill on the slopes of the Victorian Alps. The Goulburn has 41 tributaries including the Black, Jamieson, Howqua, Delatite, Big, Rubicon, Acheron, Yea, and Broken rivers, the river descends 1,100 metres over its 654-kilometre course. In addition to being the longest river in Victoria, the Goulburn also has the highest discharge, the area surrounding the river is very productive as a result of irrigated agriculture. The Goulburn accounts for 45% of the Murray-Darling Basins total runoff, by contrast, the Darling basin contributes just 31. 7% of the basins total runoff. Much of the flow is extracted, and the river is heavily regulated. With recent years being some of the driest on record in the basin, because of all this there has been much controversy over the construction of the North–South Pipeline, which will pipe 70 gigalitres of water annually to Melbournes water supply. The Goulburn Heritage River was declared in 1992 in recognition of its natural, recreational, scenic. In June 2010, the Victorian Government created the Lower Goulburn National Park to protect, Red River Gum forests line the Goulburn River for most of its length, reaching up to 45 metres in height and live more than 500 years. The trees need periods of flooding and can survive inundation for months and their seeds are washed onto higher ground during a flood and germinate and grow before the next flood reaches them. Hollows and broken branches provide nesting for galahs, cockatoos, cockatiels and various parrots, in the upper reaches, there are extensive forests of very tall mountain ash and mixed species and may be described as typical trout streams. In the Ngurai-illamwurrung language, the river is also called Omio, hamilton Hume and William Hovell explored the area in 1824, naming the Goulburn River in honour of Major Frederick Goulburn, the first Colonial Secretary of New South Wales. Goulburn–Murray Water List of rivers of Victoria Murray Darling Basin Authority Goulburn River Valley tourism site, upper Goulburn River Catchment Local Management Rules. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014
18.
Ray Weinberg
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Raymond Ray Henry Weinberg AM is an Australian former athlete and coach. He also held the Victorian record in the decathlon, in addition, he created, designed and had manufactured, the first Australian Olympic lapel pin. He tried out with Victorian Football League club, Carlton but was convinced by his father to concentrate on athletics and he married Shirley Ogle, Victorian state sprint champion and record holder. After they were married, they moved to Victorian country town Kerang,200 kilometres north-west of Melbourne where he ran his parents hotel, The Commercial Hotel and this move necessitated training by himself, usually at the local Kerang airport after closing the bar at his hotel. Weekend competition meant a 400+ kilometre round trip to Olympic Park in Melbourne and he and Shirley have three children. From the 1947-48 season to 1952-53 season, Weinberg won 5 National 120 yards hurdles championships, and in both 1946-47 and 1948-49 was second. In February 1952 he set the Australian Record for the 120 yards hurdles of 14.0 seconds and he held the Australian 120 yards and 110 metres Hurdles records on four separate occasions. From the 1948-49 season to 1952-53, he won the National 220 yards hurdles championships twice and was second in two other years, in 1952, he held the fastest time in the world that year for the 220 yards hurdles. And was ranked in the Top 10 in the World over 110 metres hurdles in 1950,1951,1952 and 1953, Weinberg was chosen to compete in the Australian Olympic Team for the 1948 Summer Olympic Games in London. He was ranked 23rd choice overall of athletes chosen by all sports, the trip from Sydney to London was a five-day flight with each evening spent on the ground. He made the final finishing 5th, just out of a qualifying place for the final. His trip home was on the S. S. Orantes and he was chosen in the Australian team to compete at the 1950 Commonwealth Games in Auckland where he finished second in 14.4 seconds to Australian Peter Gardner who ran a Games Record 14.3 seconds. He limited his efforts to the hurdles and relay duties, deciding that also competing in the decathlon, in the semi-finals of the 110 metres hurdles, he drew Lane 6 which was where the rain water from the grandstands cantilever roof emptied, making the lane soggy and treacherous. He made the final and unfortunately drew Lane 6 again and he started well with the fancied Americans, but murdered the first hurdle and finished 6th. The next Australian male to make an Olympic 110 metres Hurdles Final was Kyle Vander Kuyp at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta,44 years later, as part of the lead-up to the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, he competed in the British A. A. A. Championships and won the 120 yards hurdles in British All-comers Record of 14.4 seconds and this stood as the best time for the Championships for 6 years. He was presented with his trophy by Queen Elizabeth, competing in his third Olympic Games was not to be. In 1956 his home base of Melbourne was to host the XVI Summer Olympics, selection of Australian Olympic Games teams for the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics was, initially, based on a ranking per Olympic sport of its potentially most successful athletes
19.
Pattie Menzies
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Dame Pattie Maie Menzies GBE was the wife of Australias longest-serving Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies. He won the seat of Indi in 1917. Pattie usually accompanied her father on electorate tours until he lost his seat in 1919, Pattie Leckie attended Fintona Girls School in Melbourne, and during this time saw Robert Menzies, but they were not formally introduced until 1919. After they met, Menzies became a visitor at her fathers home. On 27 September 1920 they were married at Kew Presbyterian Church in Melbourne, soon after their marriage, the Menzies bought the house in Howard Street, Kew, which would become their family home for 25 years. They had three surviving children, two sons and a daughter and her father was elected to the Senate in 1934, serving until 1947. In 1940 he was appointed Minister without portfolio in his son-in-laws ministry, in the 1954 New Years Honours, Pattie Menzies was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire. Her husband was knighted in 1963, but she continued to be known as Dame Pattie Menzies, in the 1967 Americas Cup challenge, the Australian syndicate headed by Sir Frank Packer raced an International 12-metre class racing yacht which was named Dame Pattie in her honour. Sir Robert Menzies died in 1978, in 1992 Dame Pattie moved back to Melbourne from Canberra to live with her daughter, Heather Henderson. She was a member and first patron of the Australian Monarchist League. Dame Pattie Menzies died on 30 August 1995, aged 96 and her ashes were interred alongside her husband within the Prime Ministers Garden at Melbourne General Cemetery. She was survived by her daughter, Heather Henderson, having outlived not only her husband, Dame Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire 1954. Miss Pattie Leckie Mrs Robert Menzies Dame Pattie Menzies GBE Australias Prime Ministers - National Archives of Australia Prentis, archived from the original on 2006-12-11
20.
Robert Menzies
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Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, PC, QC, FAA, FRS, was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1949 to 1966. He is Australias longest-serving prime minister, serving over 18 years in total, Menzies studied law at the University of Melbourne and became one of Melbournes leading lawyers. He was Deputy Premier of Victoria from 1932 to 1934, and then transferred to federal parliament, subsequently becoming Attorney-General, in April 1939, following Lyons death, Menzies was elected leader of the United Australia Party and sworn in as prime minister. He authorised Australias entry into World War II in September 1939, on his return to Australia in August 1941, Menzies found that he had lost the support of his party and consequently resigned as prime minister. He subsequently helped to create the new Liberal Party, and was elected its leader in August 1945. At the 1949 federal election, Menzies led the Liberal–Country coalition to victory, after 1955, his government also received support from the Democratic Labor Party, a breakaway group from the Labor Party. Menzies won seven consecutive elections during his term, eventually retiring as prime minister in January 1966. Robert Gordon Menzies was born to James Menzies and Kate in Jeparit and he was the fourth of six children, with one sister and three brothers. His maternal grandfather, John Sampson, was a Cornish miner from Penzance who also came to seek his fortune on the goldfields and his father was elected to the Victorian State Parliament for the seat of Lowan in 1911 and moved with the family to Melbourne after selling the farm. His middle name, Gordon, was given to him in honour and memory of Charles George Gordon, Menziess formal education began at Humffray Street State School in Bakery Hill, Ballarat, then later at private school in Ballarat. He attended Wesley College in Melbourne and studied law at the University of Melbourne, when World War I began, Menzies was 19 years old and held a commission in the universitys militia unit. He resigned his commission at the very time others of his age and it was later stated that, since the family had made enough of a sacrifice to the war with the enlistment of two of three eligible brothers, Menzies should stay to finish his studies. Menzies himself never explained the reason why he chose not to enlist and it should be noted that the two brothers, James and Frank, who did enlist did not do so until 1915 after the landings at Anzac which belies the alleged reason. Subsequently, he was prominent in undergraduate activities and won prizes and declared himself to be a patriotic supporter of the war. In 1916 he became the editor of the Melbourne University Magazine, establishing a reputation as an unusually bright and articulate member of the undergraduate community. After graduating from the University of Melbourne in 1916 with First Class Honours in Law, Menzies was admitted to the Victorian Bar and to the High Court of Australia in 1918. Establishing his own practice in Melbourne, Menzies specialised chiefly in Constitutional law which he had read with the leading Victorian jurist and future High Court judge, Sir Owen Dixon. In 1920 Menzies served as an advocate for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers which eventually took its appeal to the High Court of Australia, the case became a landmark authority for the positive reinterpretation of Commonwealth powers over those of the States
21.
John Leckie (Australian politician)
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John William Leckie was an Australian farmer turned politician. Leckie was born at Alexandra, Victoria and educated at Scotch College and he played Australian rules football for Fitzroy Football Club in 1895. He studied medicine at the University of Melbourne for two years, but after falling out with his father he prospected for gold in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, in 1897, he returned to Alexandra to run the family store, his father having died. In April 1898, he married May Beatrix Johnston and his wife died in 1910 and he moved to Melbourne in 1912 and co-founded a firm of lithographic printers and canister manufacturers. He married Hattie Martha Knight in April 1917, in 1920, the eldest of his daughters from his first marriage, Pattie Maie married future Prime Minister Robert Menzies. John Leckie was a member of the Alexandra Shire Council from 1900 to 1911 and was president in 1904-05. During his council service, he ran unsuccessfully for the Anti-Socialist Protectionists for the House of Representatives seat of Mernda at the 1906 election. After leaving local government in 1911, he was elected as member for Benambra in the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1913 as a Commonwealth Liberal Party candidate and he won the federal seat of Indi in the 1917 election for the Nationalist Party of Australia. He lost his seat at the 1919 election to a Victorian Farmers Union candidate and he ran unsuccessfully for the state seat of Upper Goulburn in 1921 and then concentrated on his business and business groups. At the 1934 election, Leckie was elected Senator for Victoria as a member of the United Australia Party, in June 1941, he became Minister for Aircraft Production and held that position until the defeat of the Fadden government in October 1941. During the UAPs term in opposition, he was deputy leader of the party in the Senate and he lost his bid to be re-elected at the 1946 election and served out his term ending in June 1947. Three months later, Leckie died of cancer at his home in the Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn, survived by his wife and their son and by three daughters from his first marriage. His son Roland Leckie was the member for the seat of Evelyn from 1950 to 1952 and later a crown prosecutor
22.
Bridget McKenzie
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Bridget McKenzie is an Australian politician and The Nationals member for Victoria in the Australian Senate. She was elected to the Australian Senate representing Victoria at the 2010 federal election and she is the National Party’s only Victorian senator. She remains an Honorary Life Member of the student union for her efforts, after graduating, she was employed as a teacher and later lectured at Monash University. McKenzies electorate office is in the regional Victorian city of Bendigo, Senator McKenzie is opposed to gay marriage, despite opposition from her gay brother, who wrote a letter to a local regional paper, the Bendigo Advertiser, to express his dismay. Senator McKenzie is also a champion of guns and firearms, she enjoys hunting animals for sport, clay target shooting, official website Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator Bridget McKenzie on TheyVoteForYou. org. au
23.
Australian rules football
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The main way to score points is by kicking the oval-shaped ball between the two tall goal posts. The team with the score by the end of the match wins unless a draw is declared. During general play, players may position themselves anywhere on the field, the primary methods are kicking, handballing and running with the ball. There are rules on how the ball can be handled, for example, throwing the ball is not allowed and players must not get caught holding the ball. A distinctive feature of the game is the mark, where players anywhere on the field who catch a ball from a kick are awarded possession, possession of the ball is in dispute at all times except when a free kick or mark is paid. Players can tackle using their hands or use their body to obstruct opponents. The game features frequent physical contests, spectacular marking, fast movement of players and the ball and high scoring. The sports origins can be traced to matches played in Melbourne, Victoria in 1858. Its annual Grand Final is the highest attended club championship event in the world, the sport is also played at amateur level in many countries and in several variations. The games rules are governed by the AFL Commission with the advice of the AFLs Laws of the Game Committee, there is evidence of football being played sporadically in the Australian colonies in the first half of the 19th century. The earliest such match, held in St Kilda on 15 June, was between Melbourne Grammar and St Kilda Grammar. Born in Australia, Wills played a nascent form of rugby football whilst a pupil at Rugby School in England and his letter is regarded by many historians as giving impetus for the development of a new code of football today known as Australian football. Two weeks later, Wills friend, cricketer Jerry Bryant, posted an advertisement for a match at the Richmond Paddock adjoining the Melbourne Cricket Ground. This was the first of several kickabouts held that year involving members of the Melbourne Cricket Club, including Wills, Bryant, W. J. Hammersley, trees were used as goalposts and play typically lasted an entire afternoon. Without an agreed code of laws, some players were guided by rules they had learned in the British Isles. Another significant milestone in 1858 was a match played under experimental rules between Melbourne Grammar and Scotch College, held at the Richmond Paddock. This 40-a-side contest, umpired by Wills and Scotch College teacher John Macadam, began on 7 August and it is commemorated with a statue outside the MCG, and the two schools have competed annually ever since in the Cordner-Eggleston Cup, the worlds oldest continuous football competition. Since the early 20th century, it has suggested that Australian football was derived from the Irish sport of Gaelic football
24.
Yarra Ranges Football & Netball League
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The Yarra Valley Mountain District Football League is an Australian rules football and netball competition based in Victoria to the east and northeast of Melbourne. The Yarra Valley Mountain District Football League was formed in 1966, from the amalgamation of the Mountain District Football League, south Belgrave transferred to the Eastern Football League for the 2008 season, followed by Silvan for the 2011 season. Thornton-Eildon Football Club went into recess at the start of 2011, clubs field football teams in seniors, reserves and under-18s. Clubs play in a two division structure in both the seniors and reserves, with the winning the senior flag in division two promoted and the bottom division one senior club relegated each season. Since 2013, the under-18s has been played as a single division, a netball competition was introduced in 2005, with the competition subsequently expanded to cater for A, B and C grades
25.
Thoroughbred racing in Australia
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The two forms of Thoroughbred horseracing in Australia are flat racing, and races over fences or hurdles in Victoria and South Australia. Horseracing commenced soon after European settlement, and is now well-appointed with automatic totalizators, starting gates, on an international scale Australia has more racecourses than any other nation. It is second to the United States in the number of starting in races each year. Australia is third, after the U. S. and Japan for the amount of money that is distributed annually. Racing in Australia is administered by the Australian Racing Board, with each states Principal Racing Authority agreeing to abide by, and to enforce, the Australian Rules of Racing. Besides being a sport, horseracing is also an industry, which provides full- or part-time employment for almost 250,000 people. About 300,000 people have a direct interest as individual owners of, or members of syndicates which own, there are bookmakers, over 3,600 registered trainers and more than 1,000 jockeys, plus farriers and veterinarians involved at race meetings alone. Race meetings are oraganised by approximately 374 race clubs that conduct about 2,694 meetings on 360 racecourses around Australia for over $427,245,000 in prize money, the Golden Slipper Stakes, Caulfield Cup and W S Cox Plate are also major attractions. The first horses that came to Australia arrived on the Lady Penrhyn with the First Fleet on 26 January 1788 and it is thought that they consisted of one stallion, one colt, three mares, and two fillies from Cape Town, South Africa. Rockingham was one of the first bloodhorses to be imported into Australia, in 1802, the stallion Northumberland and an English mare were imported, followed shortly thereafter by Washington, a stallion from America. Hector, was an important Arabian horse that was imported to Australia c.1803, Northumberland and Hector were the two leading sires in Australia until 1820. These sires and a number of other Arabian stallions contributed to the breeding up of the population prior to 1825. Manto, imported in 1825, was the first General Stud Book recorded Thoroughbred mare known by name to arrive in Australia and her family is still producing winners. In 1826 the Thoroughbred stallion Peter Fin, and mares Cutty Sark, the first recorded public auction of bloodstock took place in 1805. After the 1830s more English bred horses were imported for racing, malua, foaled in 1879, was the most versatile Australian Thoroughbred racehorse, winning classic races on the flat and the VRC Grand National Hurdle before becoming a good sire. The New Zealand bred Carbine was one of the champions of the Australian turf, and was later inducted into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame. His descendants, the New Zealand bred horses, Phar Lap, Bernborough, Kingston Town, Heroic and Makybe Diva were other champions that have been inducted into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame. On 31 March 2011 Black Caviar was rated the best Thoroughbred racehorse in the world by Timeform for the period of 1 October 2010 to 27 March 2011, Australian Thoroughbred breeding has long been involved in the importation of horses, especially from Europe and later the US
26.
Australian Bureau of Statistics
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The Australian Bureau of Statistics is the statistical agency of the Government of Australia. The ABS website provides ABS data free of charge, in 1901, statistics were collected by each state for their individual use. The Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics was established under the Census, sir George Knibbs was appointed as the first Commonwealth Statistician. Initially, the Bureau was located in Melbourne and was attached to the Department of Home Affairs, in 1928, the Bureau was relocated to Canberra and in 1932, it moved to the Treasury portfolio. Initially, the states maintained their own offices and worked together with the CBCS to produce national data. However, some found it difficult to resource a state statistical office to the level required for an adequate statistical service. In 1924, the Tasmanian Statistical Office transferred to the Commonwealth, in 1974, the CBCS was abolished and the Australian Bureau of Statistics was established in its place. The Australian Bureau of Statistics Act in 1975, established the ABS as a Statutory Authority headed by the Australian Statistician, the ABS mission is to deliver high quality official statistics and value-added statistical solutions, to inform decisions on important issues. The ABS undertakes the Australian Census of population and housing, the Census is conducted every five years under the authority of the federal Census and Statistics Act 1905. The last Australian Census was held on 9 August 2011 and this was Australias 16th national census, and marked 100 years of national census taking in Australia. The census of population and housing is the largest statistical collection undertaken by the ABS, the census aims to accurately measure the number of people and dwellings in Australia on census night, and a range of their key characteristics. This information is used to public policy as well as electoral boundaries, infrastructure planning. Users of Census data include government, the media, not for profit organisations, researchers and academics, results from the 2011 census are available on the ABS website. The next Census of Population and Housing was scheduled for 9 August 2016, a move was undertaken by the ABS to largely implement the Census on-line through their website and logins rather than through traditional paper forms. The 2016 Census was unsuccessful on August 9 due to multiple website errors which caused a crash where people were unable to fill in their details. The Chief Statistician, David Kalisch, said the website was closed after multiple internet denial-of-service attacks were blamed for the website problems, the online census webpage was back up at 2,30 pm on 11 August. The ABS has a work program covering a vast range of topics. Topics include, Economy Industry People Labour Health Environment Snapshots of Australia, the ABS publishes a suite of monthly and quarterly economic publications that are part of the core of the organisations work program
27.
Buxton, Victoria
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Buxton is a small town 104 kilometres north-east of Melbourne in the Australian state of Victoria. At the 2011 Census, Buxton had a population of 257, the district around Buxton was significantly impacted by the Black Saturday bushfires. It was isolated for days with no telephone or power. It has an active Country Fire Authority station with one tanker, the Buxton Fire Brigade was formed in 1943 and officially recognised on 25 February 1944. After the 2009 Black Saturday fires, the Marysville Police station was relocated in Buxton until the new station was opened in 2012. The igloo roadhouse was established in 1944, the Buxton Primary School opened in 1875. Buxton Post Office opened on 1 February 1873
28.
Castella, Victoria
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Castella is a small town in Victoria Australia. It lies to the east of Kinglake at the intersection of the Melba Highway, at the 2011 Census, Castella had a population of 344. The Castella Quarries produces sandstone and crushed rock, one of the quarries was used to dump the drillings from a tunnel under the Toolangi State Forest. This tunnel is part of the Sugarloaf Pipeline, carrying freshwater to Melbourne from the Goulburn River
29.
Cheviot, Victoria
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Cheviot is a locality in Victoria, Australia in the Shire of Murrindindi local government area. The locality was named after a pastoral run called Cheviot Hills. It was also called Ross Creek, from 1889 until 1978 there was an active railway station here on the now historic and abandoned Cheviot railway station which took route on the Mansfield-Tallarook line. Cheviot Post Office opened on 9 April 1890 after the arrival of the railway, the rails have gone but an old goods shed survives, and to the northeast the Cheviot Tunnel provides an excellent example of brick workmanship of the nineteenth century. A Ross Creek Post Office opened on 14 October 1865 and closed in 1969
30.
Eildon, Victoria
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Eildon is a town in Victoria, Australia. It is located near Lake Eildon, on the Goulburn Valley Highway, at the 2011 Census, Eildon had a population of 733. A Post Office named Eildon opened on 14 November 1890 and closed in 1893, later a Post Office named Eildon Weir opened on 23 August 1915 and was renamed Eildon in about 1950. The township was relocated to its present position when the new dam was built in the 1950s, the lake that shares its name with the town is a renowned playground for water sports and camping. Together with its neighbouring township Thornton, Eildon has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Yarra Valley Mountain District Football League, golfers play at the course of the Eildon Golf Club on Jamieson Road. Lake Eildon National Park Australian Places - Eildon
31.
Flowerdale, Victoria
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Flowerdale is a town in Victoria, Australia. At the 2011 Census, Flowerdale had a population of 429, Flowerdale Post Office opened on 4 February 1881 and closed in 1974. The area was devastated by a bushfire in February 2009 with the loss of a number of houses, however the school, hotel. Video commentary on reconstruction effort at Deloitte TV Australia, Flowerdale absorbed the entire adjacent town of Hazeldene on 9 April 2014, when the state government formally merged the two towns. Hazeldene had a population of 535 at the 2006 census, over 200 houses had been destroyed and over 10 deaths had been recorded as occurring in Hazeldene during the bushfires. The General Store and Post Office were spared, but the Jarara Community Centre was destroyed in the bushfires, golfers play at the course of the Valley View Golf Coaching Centre on Spring Valley Road, Flowerdale
32.
Kinglake, Victoria
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Kinglake is a town in Victoria, Australia,46 km north-east of Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government areas are the Shires of Murrindindi and Nillumbik, at the 2011 Census, Kinglake had a population of 1,347. The town was one of the worst affected during the Black Saturday bushfires in 2009, Kinglake, comprising forest, farmland, a national park and a township, is located 57 km north east of Melbourne, in the Kinglake Ranges, part of the Great Dividing Range. The Kinglake Ranges vary in height from 525 m -610 m above sea level, many areas of Kinglake overlook the Melbourne skyline to the south west and the Yarra Valley wineries to the south. Kinglake is generally 3 °C colder than Metropolitan Melbourne, with the summers being very pleasant and heavy frosts, gold was discovered in 1861 on Mount Slide to the east of the locality at an area which became known as Mountain Rush. A Mountain Rush Post Office opened on 7 May 1862, Kinglake township was established much later and was named after British historian Alexander William Kinglake, whose eight-volume history of the Crimean War had recently been completed. Kinglake Post Office opened on 14 May 1883, there was also an office at Kinglake East open from 1914 until 1950. Education options that are available to Kinglake residents include the secondary schools Whittlesea Secondary College. Private secondary schools are available via numerous bus services that service the township. Primary schools include Kinglake Primary, Middle Kinglake and Kinglake West Primary, the local Australian Rules football club, known as The Lakers, plays in Division 2 of the Yarra Valley Mountain District Football League. There is also a representative Basketball team that plays in the VJBL and these teams are also known as The Lakers. The Kinglake Ranges have a number of Community Groups, Kinglake Ranges Foundation. Kinglake Ranges Kinglake Ranges Neighbourhood House, Kinglake Ranges Visual & Performing Arts Alliance. Mountain Monthly - The Ranges News Kinglake National Park is a local attraction and is the closest national park to Melbourne. It has walking tracks for day hikes and camping grounds for overnight stays, several popular and beautiful picnic areas are available around the perimeter of the national park. Another pleasant nearby camping and outdoor spot is the Murrindindi Nature Reserve, recommended means of entrance is via the Melba Highway,9 km south of Yea. The nature reserve allows the lighting of campfires and contains several waterfalls that can be reached by way of the moderately difficult walking tracks, the Kinglake Ranges have several points for information and advertising. Local journalist Ashley Geelan also provides coverage of news to The Local Paper, Yea Chronicle, Fairfax, Herald and Weekly Times
33.
Kinglake West, Victoria
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Kinglake West is a town in central Victoria, Australia. The town is located 56 kilometres north-east of the state capital and its local government area is the City of Whittlesea and the Shires of Murrindindi and Nillumbik. At the 2011 Census, Kinglake West had a population of 1,066, the town was substantially damaged in the Black Saturday bushfires, including 10 fatalities. Kinglake West Post Office opened around 1902 and burnt down on 7 February 2009
34.
Marysville, Victoria
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Marysville is a small town,34 kilometres north-east of Healesville and 41 kilometres south of Alexandra, in the Shire of Murrindindi in Victoria, Australia. The town, which previously had a population of around 500 people, was devastated by the Murrindindi Mill bushfire on 7 February 2009, on 19 February 2009 the official death toll was 45. Around 90% of the buildings were destroyed. It prospered following the reconstruction of the Yarra Track as an all weather dray and it was named after Mary Steavenson, the wife of Assistant Commissioner of Roads and Bridges John Steavenson after whom the popular Steavenson Falls are named. The Marysville Post Office opened on 1 March 1865 followed by a school in 1870, by the 1920s, Marysville had become a tourist destination, with the Marysville Tourist and Progress Association formed in 1924. Attractions promoted at the time were fern gullies, views, twelve guest houses had been established by 1920, one of the best known of these being the Cumberland Guest House. At this time a service operated between Melbourne and nearby Healesville, and the town became a popular destination for couples on their honeymoon. In 2004 a telemovie, Little Oberon starring Sigrid Thornton, was filmed in, the town came under serious threat during the Black Friday bushfires in 1939, residents saw the fire cross from Mt Gorden to Mount Margaret. At that time only one house in Marysville belonging to Stan Postlethwaite was destroyed, the No.1 Mill 5 miles from Marysville was destroyed and the town of Narbethong was wiped out. The Ash Wednesday bushfires of 1983 also came close to Marysville but burnt around the town, on 7 February 2009, a bushfire destroyed most of the town, including the primary school, police station, The Cumberland, and almost all of its houses. Residents able to leave the town just prior to the fire were directed to a relief centre at Alexandra High School. Others sheltered overnight in Gallipoli Park before being evacuated to Alexandra, the entire town was declared a crime scene and was effectively closed off while Victorian and Federal police recovered bodies and conducted investigations. It was reopened to the public on 23 March, in February 2014 a class action trial against electricity company SP AusNet was due to begin in the Victorian Supreme Court. It was alleged that the fire was caused by a break in a conductor on a power pole near the Murrindindi Saw Mill. An A$300 million settlement was announced before the trial began, the town before the fire is viewable in Google Maps Street View which provides a virtual time-capsule tour of the area. As of June 2014 the imagery has been updated to images from March 2013, prior to the fire, it contained numerous cafes, art galleries, restaurants, and craft shops. It has been used as a base for the Lake Mountain ski resort, during Summer Marysville is frequented by many bikers, particularly on weekends. Marysville is cradled between two of Victorias best motorcycling roads, the Black Spur & The Reefton Spur, there are many tourist attractions throughout the area, such as Brunos Sculpture Garden, and Steavenson Falls
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Merton, Victoria
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Merton is a small town on the Maroondah Highway in north-east Victoria, west of Bonnie Doon. At the 2011 census, Merton had a population of 302, Merton Post Office opened on 1 July 1858. The railway to Mansfield arrived in the town from Tallarook in 1890, the last passenger service was on May 28,1977. Merton has a horse racing club, the Merton Amateur Turf Club. Merton Memorial Hall was opened on 20 June 1923, under the title of Merton Mechanics Institute. Its name was changed to the current one in 1944, media related to Merton, Victoria at Wikimedia Commons
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Murrindindi, Victoria
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Murrindindi is a locality along the valley of the Murrundindi River in Victoria, in eastern Australia in the Murrindindi local government area. The name comes from the pastoral run begun by squatter Peter Snodgrass in 1837, in the Woiwurrung language of central Victoria the name means living in the mountains. However, the inaccurate translation mist of the mountains is sometimes given, snodgrass’s station covered the area from the present-day town of Yea up the valleys of the east and west branches of the Muddy Creek, now the Yea River. His homestead was near the junction of two branches, therefore surveyors named the east branch Murrindindi Creek, now the Murrindindi River. There has never been a Murrindindi town, the gold rush town of Higinbotham with a maximum of 200 residents was the nearest to a town that the valley has seen. Modern maps place the name Murrindindi at the site where the War Memorial Hall once stood or a little further to the south on Cummins Lane where the volunteer fire station is situated. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries these would have been called Lower Murrindindi, Ault Beag was named by an early Scots settler, Duncan McLeish. Farming and timber were the industries of the area when the British settled the valley. Tourism and sightseeing activities are carried on in the forest areas, since the 1990s there has been a considerable growth in the number of vineyards in the valley, which is in the Upper Goulburn wine region of Victoria. These grow cabernet sauvignon, merlot, pinot noir and chardonnay grapes, primarily for wineries outside the area, on 7 February 2009 a fire started at the old abandoned Murrindindi timber mill which spread to become one of the major conflagrations known as Black Saturday. Although there were no casualties at Murrindindi, many lives were lost further away at Marysville. Information on camping in Murrindindi Scenic Reserve
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Narbethong, Victoria
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Narbethong is a town in central Victoria, Australia. It is located on the Maroondah Highway,87 kilometres north east of the state capital, at the 2011 census, Narbethong and the surrounding area had a population of 474. The first European settlement at Narbethong was established in about 1865 by Frederick Fisher, Fisher built a 12-room hotel, the Black Spur Inn, on the road which was being built to link Melbourne with the new goldfield at Woods Point. Fisher came from the town of Narberth in Wales, so it is likely that the name Narbethong was based on that, however, there are also claims that Narbethong is an Aboriginal word meaning cheerful, or cheerful place. Narbethong Post Office opened on 16 October 1883 in a room at the hotel. In about 1886 the post office moved from the hotel into a small building, the telegraph service was connected to Narbethong in 1891, with the wires being strung along fences and attached to trees. In 1939 the post office building, which was part of a store. The Post Office closed in 1993, a primary school opened in Narbethong on 7 July 1903. It originally was part-time, sharing a teacher with Marysville and Buxton, in 1913, the Healesville Shire health officer reported that a lack of ventilation made the building a health hazard for students and teachers. A new school building was opened by Lord Huntingfield, the Governor of Victoria. The town was devastated in the Black Friday bushfires in 1939, initial reports suggested that the hotel was the only building left standing. But other buildings survived including the school and The Hermitage, Narbethong was again severely affected by the Black Saturday bushfires in 2009. In 2011, a new hall was built using local timbers. It was officially opened on 26 November 2011 by the Governor of Victoria, Narbethong climate – site name, TOOLANGI. Narbethong Post Office,1901 – photograph Narbethong Post Office 1925 photograph
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Pheasant Creek, Victoria
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Pheasant Creek is a rural area in Victoria to the east of Kinglake West and to the west of Kinglake Central. Pheasant Creek also contains an industrial estate hosting a variety of small businesses. Pheasant Creek Post Office opened around 1902, due to its low population and close proximity to Kinglake West, Pheasant Creek has little in the way of community services. To travel further south from Whittlesea, you can transfer onto Route 382 or Route 385, a daily V/Line coach service also operates through nearby Kinglake West to Melbourne and Mansfield. Pheasant Creek was one of the towns impacted by the 2009 Victorian bushfires
