1.
All You Zombies (song)
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All You Zombies is a song by The Hooters. It was first recorded live and released as a single in 1982 and it was subsequently included on the bands debut album Amore and an extended version of the song was included on their second album Nervous Night. This version was released as a single in 1985, the song reached #3 on the Mainstream Rock and #58 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1985. The Hooters first released a single of All You Zombies recorded live at the Emerald City nightclub on April 11,1981, a different version of the song later appeared on the Amore album released independently in 1983. Hyman and Bazilian worked with Cyndi Lauper on the Shes So Unusual album leading to Columbia Records offering the band a contract and they released All You Zombies with additional instrumental sections making the song almost six minutes long. It became a hit reaching the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, the band performed the song at the Live Aid benefit concert in Philadelphia, on July 13,1985. The song has been covered by German singer Sandra for her studio album The Art of Love. Another cover was published by the German band Santiano in 2013 and they used a German text and changed it into a song about Vikings going to Walhalla, which is the title of the song
2.
Robert A. Heinlein
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Robert Anson Heinlein was an American science-fiction writer. Often called the dean of science writers, his controversial works continue to have an influential effect on the genre. Heinlein became one of the first science-fiction writers to break into mainstream magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post in the late 1940s. He was one of the best-selling science-fiction novelists for many decades, and he, Isaac Asimov and he also speculated on the influence of space travel on human cultural practices. Heinlein was named the first Science Fiction Writers Grand Master in 1974 and he also anticipated mechanical Computer Aided Design with Drafting Dan and described a modern version of a waterbed in his novel The Door into Summer, though he never patented or built one. In the first chapter of the novel Space Cadet he anticipated the cell-phone,35 years before Motorola invented the technology, several of Heinleins works have been adapted for film and television. Heinlein was born on July 7,1907 to Rex Ivar Heinlein and Bam Lyle Heinlein, in Butler and he was a 6th-generation German-American, a family tradition had it that Heinleins fought in every American war starting with the War of Independence. His childhood was spent in Kansas City, Missouri, Heinleins experience in the U. S. Navy exerted a strong influence on his character and writing. He graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland with the class of 1929 and he was assigned to the new aircraft carrier USS Lexington in 1931, where he worked in radio communications, then in its earlier phases, with the carriers aircraft. The captain of this carrier was Ernest J. King, who served as the Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief. Heinlein was frequently interviewed during his later years by historians who asked him about Captain King. Heinlein also served aboard the destroyer USS Roper in 1933 and 1934, reaching the rank of lieutenant. His brother, Lawrence Heinlein, served in the U. S. Army, the U. S. Air Force, and the Missouri National Guard, in 1929, Heinlein married Elinor Curry of Kansas City in Los Angeles, and their marriage lasted about a year. His second marriage in 1932 to Leslyn MacDonald lasted for 15 years, in 1934, Heinlein was discharged from the Navy due to pulmonary tuberculosis. During a lengthy hospitalization, he developed a design for a waterbed, Heinlein supported himself at several occupations, including real estate sales and silver mining, but for some years found money in short supply. Heinlein was active in Upton Sinclairs socialist End Poverty in California movement in the early 1930s, when Sinclair gained the Democratic nomination for Governor of California in 1934, Heinlein worked actively in the campaign. Heinlein himself ran for the California State Assembly in 1938, but was unsuccessful, while not destitute after the campaign—he had a small disability pension from the Navy—Heinlein turned to writing in order to pay off his mortgage. His first published story, Life-Line, was printed in the August 1939 issue of Astounding Science-Fiction, originally written for a contest, it was instead sold to Astounding for significantly more than the contests first-prize payoff
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
5.
The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
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The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction is a US fantasy and science fiction magazine first published in 1949 by Fantasy House, a subsidiary of Lawrence Spivaks Mercury Press. Editors Anthony Boucher and J. Francis McComas had approached Spivak in the mid-1940s about creating a fantasy companion to Spivaks existing mystery title, Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine. The first issue was titled The Magazine of Fantasy, but the decision was made to include science fiction as well as fantasy. F&SF quickly became one of the magazines in the science fiction and fantasy field, with a reputation for publishing literary material. Mills was responsible for publishing Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes, Rogue Moon by Algis Budrys, Starship Troopers by Robert Heinlein, and the first of Brian Aldisss Hothouse stories. The first few issues featured cover art by George Salter, Mercury Presss art director, but other artists soon began to appear, including Chesley Bonestell, Kelly Freas. In 1962, Mills was succeeded as editor by Avram Davidson, at the start of 1966 Edward Ferman was listed as editor, and four years later he acquired the magazine from his father and moved the editorial offices to his house in Connecticut. In 1991 he turned the editorship over to Kristine Kathryn Rusch, in the mid-1990s circulation began to decline, most magazines were losing subscribers and F&SF was no exception. Gordon Van Gelder replaced Rusch in 1997, and bought the magazine from Ferman in 2001, but circulation continued to fall, charles Coleman Finlay took over from Van Gelder as editor in 2015. The first magazine dedicated to fantasy, Weird Tales, appeared in 1923, it was followed in 1926 by Amazing Stories, by the end of the 1930s, the genre was flourishing in the United States, nearly twenty new sf and fantasy titles appearing between 1938 and 1941. These were all pulp magazines, which meant that despite the occasional high-quality story, in 1941, Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine appeared, edited by Fred Dannay and focusing on detective fiction. The magazine was published in digest format, rather than pulp, Dannay attempted to avoid the sensationalist fiction appearing in the pulps, and soon made the magazine a success. In the early 1940s Anthony Boucher, a writer of fantasy and sf and also of mystery stories. Boucher also knew J. Francis McComas, an editor who shared his interest in fantasy, by 1944 McComas and Boucher became interested in the idea of a fantasy companion to Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine, and spoke to Dannay about it. Dannay was interested in the idea, but paper was scarce because of World War II, in January 1946, Boucher and McComas went to New York and met with Spivak, who let them know later in the year that he wanted to go ahead. At Spivaks request they began acquiring material for the new magazine, including a new story by Raymond Chandler, lovecraft, John Dickson Carr, and Robert Bloch. Spivak initially planned the first issue for early 1947, but repeatedly delayed the launch because of poor sales of digest magazines. He also suggested that it should be priced at 35 cents an issue, in May 1949 Spivak suggested a new title, The Magazine of Fantasy, and in August a press release announced that the magazine would appear in October
6.
Playboy
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Playboy is an American mens lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, with a presence in nearly every medium. In addition to the magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of Playboy are published worldwide. The magazine has a history of publishing short stories by notable novelists such as Arthur C. Clarke, Ian Fleming, Vladimir Nabokov, Saul Bellow, Chuck Palahniuk, P. G. Wodehouse, Haruki Murakami, the magazine generally reflects a liberal editorial stance, although it often interviews conservative celebrities. After a year-long removal of most nude photos in Playboy magazine and he formed HMH Publishing Corporation, and recruited his friend Eldon Sellers to find investors. Hefner eventually raised just over $8,000, including from his brother and mother. However, the publisher of a mens adventure magazine, Stag, contacted Hefner. Hefner, his wife Millie, and Sellers met to seek a new name, considering Top Hat, Gentleman, Sir, Satyr, Pan, the first issue, in December 1953, was undated, as Hefner was unsure there would be a second. He produced it in his Hyde Park kitchen, the first centerfold was Marilyn Monroe, although the picture used originally was taken for a calendar rather than for Playboy. Hefner chose what he deemed the sexiest image, a previously unused nude study of Marilyn stretched with an arm on a red velvet background with closed eyes. The heavy promotion centered around Marilyns nudity on the calendar, together with the teasers in marketing. The first issue sold out in weeks, copies of the first issue in mint to near mint condition sold for over $5,000 in 2002. The novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, was serialized in the March, April, an urban legend started about Hefner and the Playmate of the Month because of markings on the front covers of the magazine. From 1955 to 1979, the P in Playboy had stars printed in or around the letter. The legend stated that this was either a rating that Hefner gave to the Playmate according to how attractive she was, the stars, between zero and 12, actually indicated the domestic or international advertising region for that printing. From 1966 to 1976, Robie Macauley was the Fiction Editor at Playboy, P. Donleavy, as well as poetry by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Macauley also contributed all of the popular Ribald Classics series published between January 1978 and March 1984, christie Hefner, daughter of the founder Hugh Hefner, joined Playboy in 1975 and became head of the company in 1988
7.
Paradox
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A paradox is a statement that, despite apparently sound reasoning from true premises, leads to a self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion. A paradox involves contradictory yet interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time, some logical paradoxes are known to be invalid arguments but are still valuable in promoting critical thinking. Some paradoxes have revealed errors in definitions assumed to be rigorous, others, such as Currys paradox, are not yet resolved. Examples outside logic include the Ship of Theseus from philosophy, paradoxes can also take the form of images or other media. Escher featured perspective-based paradoxes in many of his drawings, with walls that are regarded as floors from other points of view, and staircases that appear to climb endlessly. In common usage, the word often refers to statements that may be both true and false i. e. ironic or unexpected, such as the paradox that standing is more tiring than walking. Common themes in paradoxes include self-reference, infinite regress, circular definitions, patrick Hughes outlines three laws of the paradox, Self-reference An example is This statement is false, a form of the liar paradox. The statement is referring to itself, another example of self-reference is the question of whether the barber shaves himself in the barber paradox. One more example would be Is the answer to this question No, contradiction This statement is false, the statement cannot be false and true at the same time. Another example of contradiction is if a man talking to a genie wishes that wishes couldnt come true, vicious circularity, or infinite regress This statement is false, if the statement is true, then the statement is false, thereby making the statement true. Another example of vicious circularity is the group of statements. Other paradoxes involve false statements or half-truths and the biased assumptions. This form is common in howlers, for example, consider a situation in which a father and his son are driving down the road. The car crashes into a tree and the father is killed, the boy is rushed to the nearest hospital where he is prepared for emergency surgery. On entering the suite, the surgeon says, I cant operate on this boy. The apparent paradox is caused by a hasty generalization, for if the surgeon is the boys father, the paradox is resolved if it is revealed that the surgeon is a woman — the boys mother. Paradoxes which are not based on a hidden error generally occur at the fringes of context or language, paradoxes that arise from apparently intelligible uses of language are often of interest to logicians and philosophers. Russells paradox, which shows that the notion of the set of all sets that do not contain themselves leads to a contradiction, was instrumental in the development of modern logic
8.
By His Bootstraps
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By His Bootstraps is a science fiction novella by American writer Robert A. Heinlein. It plays with some of the inherent paradoxes that would be caused by time travel, the story was originally published in the October 1941 issue of Astounding Science Fiction under the pen name Anson MacDonald. It was reprinted in Heinleins 1959 collection The Menace From Earth, and in several subsequent anthologies, under the title The Time Gate, it was also included in a 1958 Crest paperback anthology, Race to the Stars. Bob Wilson locks himself in his room to finish his thesis on a mathematical aspect of metaphysics. Someone says, Dont bother with it and its a lot of utter hogwash anyhow. The interloper, who looks familiar, calls himself Joe and explains that he has come from the future through a Time Gate. Joe tells Bob that great opportunities await him through the Gate, by way of demonstration, Joe tosses Bobs hat into the Gate. Joe plies him with drink, which Joe inexplicably retrieves from its place in Bobs apartment. Finally, Joe is about to manhandle Bob through the Gate when another man appears, the newcomer does not want Bob to go. During the ensuing fight, Bob gets punched, sending him through the Gate and he recovers his senses in a strange place. A somewhat older-looking, bearded man explains that he is 30,000 years in the future, the man, calling himself Diktor, treats Bob to a sumptuous breakfast served by beautiful women. Diktor explains that humans in the future are handsome, cultured in a primitive fashion, an alien race built the Gate and refashioned humanity into compliant slaves, but the aliens are gone now, leaving a world where a 20th-century go-getter can make himself king. Diktor asks him to go back through the Gate and bring back the man he finds on the other side, stepping through, he finds himself back in his own room, watching himself typing his thesis. Without much memory of what happened before, he reenacts the scene, this time from the point of view. Just as he is about to shove Bob through the Gate, the fight happens as before, and Bob goes through the Gate. His future self claims that Diktor is just trying to tangle them up so badly that they can never get untangled, Diktor gives him a list of things to buy in his own time and bring back. A little annoyed by Diktors manner, Bob argues with him and he lives through the same scene for the third time, then realizes that he is now free. He collects the items on Diktors list, which seem to be things a 20th-century man could find useful in making himself king in the future
9.
The Cat Who Walks Through Walls
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The Cat Who Walks Through Walls is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, published in 1985. Like many of his novels, it features Lazarus Long. A writer seated at the best restaurant of the space habitat Golden Rule is approached by a man who urges him that Tolliver must die and is shot before the writers eyes. After escaping to the moon, Gwen claims to have been present during the revolt described in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, still pursued by assassins, Campbell and Novak are rescued by an organization known as the Time Corps under the leadership of Lazarus Long. After giving Campbell a new leg to replace one lost in years before. Accepting only on Gwens account, Campbell agrees to assist a team to retrieve the decommissioned Mike, engaged in frequent time-travel, the Time Corps has been responsible for changing various events in the past, creating an alternate universe with every time-line they disrupt. Mikes assistance is needed in order to predict the conditions. During the mission, Gwen is grievously wounded and Campbell loses his foot again, the story ends with Campbell talking into a recorder reflecting on the mission and his relationship with Gwen. The Cat Who Walks Through Walls may be regarded as part of Heinleins multiverse series, the title of the book refers to a cat by the name of Pixel, who has an inexplicable tendency to be wherever the narrator happens to be. In one scene Pixel does, in fact, walk through a wall, Gwen Novak is eventually revealed to be Hazel Stone, a character previously featured in Heinleins The Rolling Stones and who had played a small but important role in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress
10.
Ouroboros
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The ouroboros is an ancient symbol depicting a serpent or dragon eating its own tail. It also represents the cycle of natures endless creation and destruction, life and death. The first known appearance of the motif is in the Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld, an ancient Egyptian funerary text in KV62. The text concerns the actions of the god Ra and his union with Osiris in the underworld. In an illustration from this text, two serpents, holding their tails in their mouths, coil around the head, neck, and feet of an enormous god, both serpents are manifestations of the deity Mehen, who in other funerary texts protects Ra in his underworld journey. The whole divine figure represents the beginning and the end of time, the symbol persisted in Egypt into Roman times, when it frequently appeared on magical talismans, sometimes in combination with other magical emblems. The 4th-century AD Latin commentator Servius was aware of the Egyptian use of the symbol, in Platos Timaeus, the character Timaeus describes the self-sufficiency and perfection of the created cosmos, which can be compared to the ouroboros. Of design he created thus, his own waste providing his own food, all the other six motions were taken away from him, and he was made not to partake of their deviations. And as this circular movement required no feet, the universe was created without legs, the famous ouroboros drawing from the early alchemical text The Chrysopoeia of Cleopatra dating to 2nd century Alexandria encloses the words hen to pan, one is the all. Its black and white represent the Gnostic duality of existence. As such, the Ouroboros could be interpreted as the Western equivalent of the Taoist Yin-Yang symbol, the Chrysopoeia Ouroboros of Cleopatra the Alchemist is one of the oldest images of the ouroboros to be linked with the legendary opus of the alchemists, the Philosopher’s Stone. As a symbol of the unity of all things, the cycle of birth and death from which the alchemist sought release and liberation. The Gnostic text Pistis Sophia describes the Ouroboros as a 12-part dragon surrounding the world with his tail in his mouth, the serpent is slain by Ragnar Lodbrok who marries Þóra. Ragnar later has a son with another woman named Kráka and this son is born with the image of a snake in one eye. This snake encircled the iris and bit itself in the tail, and it is a common belief among indigenous people of the tropical lowlands of South America that waters at the edge of the world-disc are encircled by a snake, often an anaconda, biting its own tail. Ouroboros symbolism has been used to describe Kundalini energy, storl also refers to the ouroboros image in reference to the cycle of samsara. Swiss psychologist Carl Jung saw the ouroboros as an archetype and the mandala of alchemy. The Ouroboros has been said to have a meaning of infinity or wholeness, the Ouroboros is a dramatic symbol for the integration and assimilation of the opposite, i. e. of the shadow
11.
Fertilisation
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The cycle of fertilisation and development of new individuals is called sexual reproduction. During double fertilisation in angiosperms the haploid male gamete combines with two polar nuclei to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus by the process of vegetative fertilisation. In 1784, Spallanzani established the need of interaction between the females ovum and males sperm to form a zygote, oscar Hertwig, in Germany, described the fusion of nuclei of spermatozoa and of ova from sea urchin. In flowering plants there are two sperm from each pollen grain, in seed plants, after pollination, a pollen grain germinates, and a pollen tube grows and penetrates the ovule through a tiny pore called a micropyle. The sperm are transferred from the pollen through the pollen tube, bryophyte is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes that do not have true vascular tissue and are therefore called non-vascular plants. Some bryophytes do have specialised tissues for the transport of water, however, since these do not contain lignin, a fern is a member of a group of roughly 12,000 species of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular and they have stems and leaves, like other vascular plants. Most ferns have what are called fiddleheads that expand into fronds, the gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. The term gymnosperm comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος, meaning naked seeds and their naked condition stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants, which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form cones, the pollen tube does not directly reach the ovary in a straight line. It travels near the skin of the style and curls to the bottom of the ovary, then near the receptacle, it breaks through the ovule through the micropyle, after being fertilised, the ovary starts to swell and develop into the fruit. With multi-seeded fruits, multiple grains of pollen are necessary for syngamy with each ovule, the growth of the pollen tube is controlled by the vegetative cytoplasm. The sperms are interconnected and dimorphic, the one, in a number of plants, is also linked to the tube nucleus and the interconnected sperm. Double fertilisation is the process in angiosperms in which two sperm from each pollen tube fertilise two cells in a gametophyte that is inside an ovule. After the pollen tube enters the gametophyte, the tube nucleus disintegrates. This is the point when fertilisation actually occurs, pollination and fertilisation are two separate processes, the nucleus of the other sperm cell fuses with two haploid polar nuclei in the centre of the gametophyte. This triploid cell divides through mitosis and forms the endosperm, a nutrient-rich tissue, the two central-cell maternal nuclei that contribute to the endosperm arise by mitosis from the single meiotic product that also gave rise to the egg. Therefore, maternal contribution to the constitution of the triploid endosperm is double that of the embryo
12.
Time travel
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Some ancient myths depict skipping forward in time. The Buddhist Pāli Canon mentions the relativity of time, in the period of our century, one hundred years, only a single day, twenty four hours would have passed for them. The Japanese tale of Urashima Tarō, first described in the Nihongi tells of a fisherman named Urashima Taro who visits an undersea palace. After three days, he returns home to his village and finds himself 300 years in the future, where he has forgotten, his house is in ruins. Early science-fiction stories feature characters who sleep for years and awaken in a changed society. Among them LAn 2440, rêve sil en fût jamais by Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving, Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy, prolonged sleep, like the more familiar time machine, is used as a means of time travel in these stories. Decades-long and centuries-long sleep is featured in ancient myths. Like forward time travel, backward time travel has an uncertain origin, the narrator rides to ancient Greece on a hippogriff, meets Aristotle, and goes on a voyage with Alexander the Great before returning to the 19th century. While the narrator waits under a tree for a coach to take him out of Newcastle and he encounters the Venerable Bede in a monastery and explains to him the developments of the coming centuries. However, the story never makes it clear whether these events are real or a dream, charles Dickenss A Christmas Carol has early depictions of time travel in both directions, as the protagonist, Ebenezer Scrooge, is transported to Christmases past and future. However, these might be interpreted as visions rather than as time travel because Scrooge experiences the time periods as a rather than as a participant. A clearer example of time travel is found in the popular 1861 book Paris avant les hommes by the French botanist and geologist Pierre Boitard. This may have been the first story to feature an alternate history created as a result of time travel. Early time machines One of the first stories to feature time travel by means of a machine is The Clock that Went Backward by Edward Page Mitchell, however, the mechanism borders on fantasy. An unusual clock, when wound, runs backwards and transports people nearby back in time, the author does not explain the origin or properties of the clock. Enrique Gaspar y Rimbaus El Anacronópete may have been the first story to feature a vessel engineered to travel through time, H. G. Wellss The Time Machine popularized the concept of time travel by mechanical means. In technical papers, physicists generally avoid the language of moving or traveling through time. Movement normally refers only to a change in position as the time coordinate is varied
13.
Jukebox
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A jukebox is a partially automated music-playing device, usually a coin-operated machine, that will play a patrons selection from self-contained media. The classic jukebox has buttons with letters and numbers on them that, coin-operated music boxes and player pianos were the first forms of automated coin-operated musical devices. These instruments used paper rolls, metal disks, or metal cylinders to play a selection on the instrument, or instruments. In the 1890s these devices were joined by machines which used actual recordings instead of physical instruments, in 1890, Louis Glass and William S. The music was heard via one of four listening tubes, Some machines even contained carousels and other mechanisms for playing multiple records. Most machines were capable of holding only one selection, the automation coming from the ability to play that one selection at will. In 1928, Justus P. Seeburg, who was manufacturing player pianos, combined an electrostatic loudspeaker with a player that was coin-operated. This Audiophone machine was wide and bulky, and had eight separate turntables mounted on a rotating Ferris wheel-like device, later versions of the jukebox included Seeburgs Selectophone, with 10 turntables mounted vertically on a spindle. By maneuvering the tone arm up and down, the customer could select from 10 different records, greater levels of automation were gradually introduced. As electrical recording and amplification improved there was increased demand for coin-operated phonographs, as it applies to the use of a jukebox, the terms juking and juker are the correct expressions. Song-popularity counters told the owner of the machine the number of each record was played, with the result that popular records remained. Wallboxes were an important, and profitable, part of any jukebox installation, serving as a remote control, they enabled patrons to select tunes from their table or booth. One example is the Seeburg 3W1, introduced in 1949 as companion to the 100-selection Model M100A jukebox, stereo sound became popular in the early 1960s, and wallboxes of the era were designed with built-in speakers to provide patrons a sample of this latest technology. Initially playing music recorded on wax cylinders, the shellac 78 rpm record dominated jukeboxes in the part of the 20th century. C. D. s, and videos on DVDs were all introduced and used in the last decades of the century, MP3 downloads, and Internet-connected media players came in at the start of the 21st century. The jukeboxs history has followed the wave of technological improvements in music reproduction and distribution, Jukeboxes were most popular from the 1940s through the mid-1960s, particularly during the 1950s. By the middle of the 1940s, three-quarters of the records produced in America went into jukeboxes, while often associated with early rock and roll music, their popularity extends back much earlier, including classical music, opera and the swing music era. In 1977, The Kinks recorded a song called Jukebox Music for their album Sleepwalker, styling progressed from the plain wooden boxes in the early thirties to beautiful light shows with marbelized plastic and color animation in the Wurlitzer 850 Peacock of 1941
14.
R&R (military)
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R&R, military slang for rest and recuperation, is a term used for the free time of a soldier or international UN staff serving in unaccompanied duty stations. The term is used by a number of such as the United States Armed Forces. The US Morale, Welfare and Recreation network provides services for US military personnel. In the UK, the term applies to a type of leave granted to personnel during a deployment which allows them to return home to the UK to visit their family. This change was criticized by some in Europe, where prostitution is legal, all US military personnel serving in Vietnam during hostilities there were eligible for one R&R during their tour of duty. The duration of R&R was five days leave to R&R destinations, Bangkok, Hong Kong, Kuala Lampur, Penang, Manila, Seoul, Singapore, Taipei, due to their greater distance, seven days leave was permitted for R&R destinations Hawaii and Sydney. Bangkok was reportedly most popular with single GIs, Hawaii most popular with married GIs planning to holiday with spouses, the official policy of the United States Department of Defense was to suppress prostitution. Prostitution however, was relied upon by the US military to combat the battlefield trauma many faced, the heart of its economy remains sex tourism. Soldiers sometimes called the breaks I&I for intoxication and intercourse
15.
Hermaphrodite
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In biology, a hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes. Many taxonomic groups of animals do not have separate sexes, in these groups, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which either partner can act as the female or male. For example, the majority of tunicates, pulmonate snails, opisthobranch snails. Hermaphroditism is also found in fish species and to a lesser degree in other vertebrates. Historically, the term hermaphrodite has also used to describe ambiguous genitalia and gonadal mosaicism in individuals of gonochoristic species. A rough estimate of the number of animal species is 65,000. Since the estimated number of animal species is 8.6 million. Arthropods are the phylum with the largest number of species, most hermaphroditic species exhibit some degree of self-fertilization. The distribution of self-fertilization rates among animals is similar to that of plants, suggesting that similar processes are operating to direct the evolution of selfing in animals and plants. The term derives from the Latin, hermaphroditus, from Ancient Greek, ἑρμαφρόδιτος hermaphroditos, which derives from Hermaphroditus, the word hermaphrodite entered the English lexicon as early as the late fourteenth century. Sequential hermaphrodites occur in species in which the individual is born as one sex and this contrasts simultaneous hermaphrodites, in which an individual may possess fully functional male and female gonads. Sequential hermaphroditism is common in fish and some jellyfish, many gastropods, while some sequential hermaphrodites can change sex multiple times, most can only change sex once. Generally one anemone contains a harem, consisting of a female, a smaller reproductive male. If the female is removed, the male will change sex. It has been shown that fishing pressure can change when the switch from male to female occurs, the populations are generally changing sex at a smaller size, due to natural selection. Protogyny, Where the organism is born as a female, and then changes sex to a male. Example, wrasses also have an uncommon life history strategy, which is termed diandry. In these species, two male morphs exists, an initial phase male and a terminal phase male, initial phase males do not look like males and spawn in groups with other females. Terminal phase males are territorial and have a distinctively bright coloration, individuals are born as males or females, but if they are born males, they are not born as terminal phase males
16.
Rocky Mountains
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The Rocky Mountains, commonly known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 miles from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the Southwestern United States. Within the North American Cordillera, the Rockies are somewhat distinct from the Pacific Coast Ranges, the Rocky Mountains were initially formed from 80 million to 55 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny, in which a number of plates began to slide underneath the North American plate. The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a belt of mountains running down western North America. Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers have sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks, at the end of the last ice age, humans started to inhabit the mountain range. The first mention of their present name by a European was in the journal of Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre in 1752, the Rocky Mountains are commonly defined as stretching from the Liard River in British Columbia south to the Rio Grande in New Mexico. The United States definition of the Rockies includes the Cabinet and Salish Mountains of Idaho and their counterparts north of the Kootenai River, the Columbia Mountains, are considered a separate system in Canada, lying to the west of the huge Rocky Mountain Trench. This runs the length of British Columbia from its beginnings in the middle Flathead River valley in western Montana to the bank of the Liard River. The Rockies vary in width from 70 to 300 miles, also west of the Rocky Mountain Trench, farther north and facing the Muskwa Range across the trench, are the Stikine Ranges and Omineca Mountains of the Interior Mountains system of British Columbia. A small area east of Prince George, British Columbia on the side of the Trench. In Canada geographers define three main groups of ranges, the Continental Ranges, Hart Ranges and Muskwa Ranges, the Muskwa and Hart Ranges together comprise what is known as the Northern Rockies. The western edge of the Rockies includes ranges such as the Wasatch near Salt Lake City, the Great Basin and Columbia River Plateau separate these sub-ranges from distinct ranges further to the west, most prominent among which are the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range and Coast Mountains. The Rocky Mountain System within the United States is a United States physiographic region, the Rocky Mountains are notable for containing the highest peaks in central North America. The ranges highest peak is Mount Elbert located in Colorado at 14,440 feet above sea level, Mount Robson in British Columbia, at 12,972 feet, is the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies. The Continental Divide of the Americas is located in the Rocky Mountains, triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park is so named because water that falls on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific, but Hudson Bay as well. Farther north in Alberta, the Athabasca and other rivers feed the basin of the Mackenzie River, see Rivers of the Rocky Mountains for a list of rivers. Human population is not very dense in the Rocky Mountains, with an average of four people per square kilometer, however, the human population grew rapidly in the Rocky Mountain states between 1950 and 1990. The 40-year statewide increases in range from 35% in Montana to about 150% in Utah
17.
David Lewis (philosopher)
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David Kellogg Lewis was an American philosopher. Lewis taught briefly at UCLA and then at Princeton from 1970 until his death and he is also closely associated with Australia, whose philosophical community he visited almost annually for more than thirty years. He made contributions in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophical logic, Lewis was born in Oberlin, Ohio, to John D. Lewis, a Professor of Government at Oberlin College, and Ruth Ewart Kelloggs Lewis, a distinguished medieval historian. The formidable intellect for which he was later in his life was already manifest during his years at Oberlin High School. He went on to Swarthmore College and spent a year at Oxford University and it was his year at Oxford that played a seminal role in his decision to study philosophy, and which made him the quintessentially analytic philosopher that he would soon become. Lewis went on to receive his Ph. D from Harvard in 1967, quine, many of whose views he came to repudiate. It was there that his connection with Australia was first established when he took a seminar with J. J. C, I taught David Lewis, Smart would say in later years, Or rather, he taught me. Are solutions to so-called co-ordination problems, co-ordination problems are problematic, for, though the participants have common interests, there are several solutions. Sometimes, one of the solutions may be salient, a concept invented by the game-theorist and economist Thomas Schelling, for example, a co-ordination problem that has the form of a meeting may have a salient solution if there is only one possible spot to meet in town. But in most cases, we must rely on what Lewis calls precedent in order to get a salient solution, if both participants know that a particular co-ordination problem, say which side should we drive on. Has been solved in the way numerous times before, both know that both know this, both know that both know that both know this, etc. then they will easily solve the problem. That they have solved the problem successfully will be seen by more people. A convention is thus a behavioural regularity that sustains itself because it serves the interests of everyone involved, Lewis went on to publish Counterfactuals, which contained an analysis of Counterfactual conditionals in terms of the theory of possible worlds. He had already proposed it in some of his earlier papers - Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic, Anselm and Actuality, and Counterparts of Persons and their Bodies. In spite of significant technical advantages promised by this approach, the theory was considered to be too implausible to be taken literally. Lewis defends and elaborates his theory of modal realism, while insisting that there is nothing extreme about it. Lewis acknowledges that his theory is contrary to common sense, but believes that its advantages far outweigh this disadvantage, according to Lewis, what makes a counterfactual conditional of the form Had I made that shot our team would have won the game. True is that there is a world, as concrete as ours and significantly similar to it, in which my counterpart makes rather than misses the shot and the counterpart of our team wins the game
18.
Predestination (film)
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Predestination is a 2014 Australian science fiction thriller film written and directed by The Spierig Brothers, based on the 1959 short story —All You Zombies— by Robert A. Heinlein. The film stars Ethan Hawke, Sarah Snook and Noah Taylor, the film begins in medias res as a time travelling agent is trying to disarm a bomb that explodes and burns his face. Someone approaches and helps him to grasp his time travelling device, while the agent is recovering from facial reconstruction, we learn that he has been trying to prevent the Fizzle Bombers attack on New York, in 1975. After his recovery he receives his last assignment, the agent moves to 1970 New York. As a bartender, he starts a conversation one of the customers. The customer, John, writes true confession articles under the pen name The Unmarried Mother and this pseudonym is explained by his own life story, which he tells the bartender. The customer grew up as Jane in an orphanage and she excelled in her studies but had difficulty fitting in. Jane decided any children she had would be raised in a proper family, Jane later met a man who said he was waiting for someone. The two fell in love each other, but later the man disappeared. Robertson approached Jane, revealing that Space Corp worked for the Temporal Agency, and they broke off contact when it was discovered that Jane was pregnant with her ex-lovers baby. While performing a Caesarean section, doctors discovered she was intersex, complications during the birth forced them to remove her female sex organs, and she had to undergo a gender reassignment and begin living as a man. Furthermore, the baby was stolen by a mysterious man, since then, John has been living a bitter life as The Unmarried Mother. The agent offers to take John back to the day that Jane met the lover who left her, so John can take revenge, in return, John will take over the agents job for whatever duration he wishes. The agent reveals his time travel device and the two jump to that day in 1963, John prepares to kill his past lover before he can meet Jane. While waiting, he encounters Jane, and when they begin talking, the baby born from this self-fertilization is stolen by the agent and brought to the orphanage 18 years earlier, in 1945. Therefore, Jane, John, and their baby are the same person, the agent goes to 1975 New York, where he helps the burned man from the beginning of the film. The agent returns to 1963, a few months after he dropped John off, John has to leave Jane behind and is brought to the Temporal Agency. He now takes over the job so the agent can retire in 1975 New York, the agents time-travel device does not decommission itself as planned and can still be used
19.
The Spierig Brothers
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Identical twin brothers Peter Spierig and Michael Spierig, known together professionally as The Spierig Brothers, are German-born Australian film directors, producers and screenwriters. They write, direct and produce their films together, and are involved in the editing, sound. Their most recent film, Predestination, based on the science fiction short story —All You Zombies— by Robert A. Heinlein opened at SXSW in March 2014 and it was co-written and co-directed by the twins, and was filmed in Australia during Spring of 2013. It stars Ethan Hawke, Sarah Snook and Noah Taylor, the film was positively received by the critics including the influential Variety, The Guardian, and IGN Movies. Peter and Michael Spierig were born on 29 April 1976 in Buchholz, Germany to parents John, the identical twins were four years old when their parents decided to move to Sydney, Australia where they spent their childhood. The family then moved to Brisbane in the late 80s where the twins continued their high school, both Peter and Michael earned their Bachelors Degree from Queensland College of Art where Michael majored in Graphic design and Peter in film and television. When they were children, Peter and Michael developed a fascination with filmmaking after discovering their fathers video camera at age 10 and they directed their first short film at the age of 12 which mainly consisted of blowing up teddy bears in their backyard using fireworks. Throughout high school and college, the twins kept directing short films, many of which were featured in film festivals. The twins earned over 15 different awards for their short films and their work eventually caught the attention of Queenslands foremost commercial director Dick Marks, who subsequently hired the brothers to direct television commercials. Peter and Michael ended up jointly directing over sixty television commercials for a large list of clients including Coke, Universal, Myer, Lend Lease, Energex, while working in the advertising industry, Peter and Michael continued to write and direct short films. Their final short film The Big Picture went on to screen, after making over fifteen short films and dozens of television commercials, the Spierig Brothers finally ventured into feature film production in early 2000. Peter and Michael created their first film, Undead, a low-budget zombie horror-comedy film, Undead screened at 17 film festivals, including Edinburgh, Montreal, Toronto, Sitges, Berlin, Amsterdam and Puchon. At the Melbourne International Film Festival, the International Federation of Film Critics awarded Undead the prestigious Fipresci Award and their second feature film Daybreakers starred two-time Academy Award nominee Ethan Hawke, Willem Dafoe, Sam Neill, Claudia Karvan, Vince Colosimo, Michael Dorman, and Isabel Lucas. The film was released in the United States on 2,500 screens in January 2010, the Spierig brotherss third film is the action sci-fi thriller Predestination based on the science fiction short story —All You Zombies— by Robert A. Heinlein. The film stars Ethan Hawke and Sarah Snook, and includes an appearance by Noah Taylor, the story recounts that of a detective from a covert government agency who embarks on an intricate series of time-travel journeys in order to catch a master criminal and ensure his own existence. After its premiere at SXSW on 8 March 2014, the film received positive reviews including Variety, The Guardian. The film is scheduled to be released later in the year, the two are announced to direct the eighth Saw film titled Saw Legacy for an October 27,2017 release date. They are planned to helm a movie about the Winchester Mystery House starring Helen Mirren, Michael Spierig at the Internet Movie Database Peter Spierig at the Internet Movie Database Official website
20.
Science fiction film
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Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition. The genre has existed since the years of silent cinema. The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis - being the first feature length science fiction movie, from the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies. After Stanley Kubricks landmark 2001, A Space Odyssey, the fiction film genre was taken more seriously. This definition suggests a continuum between empiricism and transcendentalism, with science fiction film on the side of empiricism, and horror film, however, there are numerous well-known examples of science fiction horror films, epitomized by such pictures as Frankenstein and Alien. The visual style of fiction film can be characterized by a clash between alien and familiar images. This clash is implemented when alien images become familiar, as in A Clockwork Orange, as well, familiar images become alien, as in the films Repo Man and Liquid Sky. For example, in Dr. Strangelove, the, distortion of the make the familiar images seem more alien. Finally, alien and familiar images are juxtaposed, as in The Deadly Mantis, Science fiction films appeared early in the silent film era, typically as short films shot in black and white, sometimes with colour tinting. They usually had a theme and were often intended to be humorous. In 1902, Georges Méliès released Le Voyage dans la Lune, generally considered the first science fiction film, several early films merged the science fiction and horror genres. Examples of this are Frankenstein, a adaptation of Mary Shelleys novel. Taking a more adventurous tack,20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a based on Jules Verne’s famous novel of a wondrous submarine. In the 1920s, European filmmakers tended to use science fiction for prediction and social commentary, as can be seen in German films such as Metropolis and Frau im Mond. In the 1930s, there were big budget science fiction films, notably Just Imagine, King Kong, Things to Come. Starting in 1936, a number of science fiction comic strips were adapted as serials, notably Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers and these serials, and the comic strips they were based on, were very popular with the general public. Other notable science fiction films of the 1930s include Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Doctor X, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, F. P. The 1940s brought us Before I Hang, Black Friday, Dr. Cyclops, The Devil Commands, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Man Made Monster, It Happened Tomorrow, It Happens Every Spring and The Perfect Woman
21.
Ethan Hawke
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Ethan Green Hawke is an American actor, writer, and director. He has been nominated for four Academy Awards and a Tony Award, Hawke has directed two feature films, three Off-Broadway plays, and a documentary, and written the novels The Hottest State, Ash Wednesday, and Rules for a Knight. He made his debut in 1985 with the science fiction feature Explorers. He then appeared in films before taking a role in the 1994 Generation X drama Reality Bites. Hawke was further honored with SAG Award nominations for films, along with BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for the latter. Hawke was born in Austin, Texas, to Leslie, a charity worker, and James Hawke, Hawkes parents were high school sweethearts in Fort Worth, Texas, and married young, when Hawkes mother was 17. Hawke was born a year later, Hawkes parents were students at the University of Texas at Austin at the time of his birth, and separated and later divorced in 1974. After the separation, Hawke was then raised by his mother, the two relocated several times, before settling in New York City, where Hawke attended the Packer Collegiate Institute in Brooklyn Heights. Hawkes mother remarried when he was 10 and the moved to West Windsor Township, New Jersey. He later transferred to the Hun School of Princeton, a boarding school. In high school, Hawke aspired to be a writer, and he twice enrolled in New York Universitys English program, but dropped out both times to pursue acting roles. Hawke obtained his mothers permission to attend his first casting call at age 14 and he secured his first film role in 1985s Explorers, in which he played an alien-obsessed schoolboy alongside River Phoenix. The film received favorable reviews but had poor box office revenues, Hawke later described the disappointment as difficult to bear at such a young age, adding I would never recommend that a kid act. His next film appearance was not until 1989s comedy drama Dad, in 1989, Hawke made his breakthrough appearance, playing a shy student opposite Robin Williamss inspirational English teacher in Dead Poets Society. The film was critically well-received, the Variety reviewer noted Hawke, with revenue of US$235 million worldwide, the film remains Hawkes most commercially successful picture to date. Hawke later described the opportunities he was offered as a result of the success as critical to his decision to continue acting, I didnt want to be an actor. But then the success was so monumental that I was getting offers to be in such interesting movies and be in such interesting places, Hawkes next film, 1991s White Fang, brought his first leading role. The film, an adaptation of Jack Londons novel of the name, featured Hawke as Jack Conroy
22.
Sarah Snook
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Sarah Snook is an Australian actress, widely known for her roles in Predestination, Holding the Man, The Dressmaker, and Steve Jobs. Snook attended St Johns Grammar School and Scotch College and she graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 2008. While at NIDA, Snook performed in productions of Macbeth. She subsequently appeared in King Lear with the State Theatre Company of South Australia, since then she has starred in the films Not Suitable for Children, These Final Hours, Predestination and Jessabelle. She most recently played Hilde, opposite Ralph Fiennes Halvard Solness, in Ibsens play The Master Builder at the Old Vic theatre in London
23.
The Man Who Folded Himself
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The Man Who Folded Himself is a 1973 science fiction novel by David Gerrold that deals with time travel. It was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1974, the book explores the psychological, physical, and personal challenges that manifest when time travel is possible for a single individual at the touch of a button. In 1975, Daniel Eakins, a college student, is visited by a man claiming to be his Uncle Jim. Uncle Jim offers to increase Daniels monthly allowance for living expenses as long as Daniel promises to keep a diary, shortly after, Uncle Jim dies, and Daniel inherits a Timebelt from him that allows the wearer to travel through time. Daniel quickly learns how to use the Timebelt and makes a few short jumps into his own future and he meets an alternate version of himself, who accompanies him to a race-track where the pair make a fortune betting on horse-racing. Daniel repeatedly encounters alternate versions of himself, ultimately having sex with himself and he learns that the changes he has made to his timeline have erased all traces of his childhood and early life. Finding himself lonely and hoping to correct the situation, he jumps backwards in time and he begins a relationship with Diane. Diane soon becomes pregnant and gives birth to a son, shortly after, Daniel and Diane separate, and Daniel raises his son in 1950s America. As Daniel ages, he becomes obsessed with returning to the relationship he had with Diane. He spends much of his time at a party set in 1999. He makes preparations for after his death to ensure that the young Daniel experiences the events that he did when he was the same age. The book ends with the young Daniel, who has read the now-complete diary, almost all of the different characters in the story are, in fact, alternate versions of Daniel from another point in time. When Daniel first meets his future self from one day into the future, the next day, when it becomes Dans turn to meet a version of himself from yesterday, he adopts the role of Don. The only named character who is not some version of Daniel is the lawyer who comes to him of his Uncle Jims death. Though the novel makes it clear that temporal paradoxes are impossible and his Uncle Jim gives him the Time-belt, which Daniel in turn passes on to himself as a teen when he becomes old enough to play the role of Uncle Jim. By His Bootstraps and —All You Zombies—, both stories by Robert A. Heinlein with contorted and finally close-looped timelines. The latter one also deals, like Gerrolds novel, with the notion of being ones own parents, the 2014 film Predestination was an adaptation of —All You Zombies—. There Will Be Time, a 1972 novel by Poul Anderson with similar concepts, list of time travel works of fiction Gerrold, David
24.
Rant (novel)
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Rant, An Oral Biography of Buster Casey is a novel by Chuck Palahniuk released on May 1,2007. Rant is told in the form of an oral biography, when the story begins, the reader discovers that the main character, Buster Landru Rant Casey, is already deceased. Throughout the book various people discuss their memories of Buster and the world he lived in, the paperback edition became a national bestseller in May 2008 and remained on the New York Times Paperback Fiction Bestseller List for six weeks. Real-life author Victor Turner is briefly quoted as one of the contributors, Buster Casey is born in the rural town of Middleton with the senses of smell and taste far more advanced than any other human. Buster acquires the nickname Rant from a prank involving animal organs which results in numerous people getting sick. As the victims throw up, they make a sound resembling the word rant, as a child Rant discovers a massive wealth that turns the small towns economy on its head. He then becomes obsessed with getting bitten by rabid animals along with venomous snakes, after his first bite from a black widow spider, Rant discovers that toxic spider bites cause him to get an erection. He uses this effect to get out of school and eventually threatens his way to an early diploma, Rant becomes a Nighttimer and finds himself swept up in the Nighttimer lifestyle that revolves around Party Crashing, a covert demolition derby played out on city streets at night. The game is organized by an entity and is set during a designated window of time. Rant meets Echo Lawrence, a fellow crasher and the girl with whom he falls in love, Rant also starts a nationwide rabies epidemic that eventually erupts into zombie-invasion-like proportions that calls for those infected with rabies to be shot and killed on sight. Rant eventually dies during a Party Crashing event and his death is viewed and listened to by millions on national television and the Graphic Traffic radio show. However, when the car is pried open, his body is missing, after his death, many interviewees share their speculations about Rants strange fate and its implications for society along with the rabies outbreak. Some interviewees and friends of Rant speculate that crashing a car while in a state of mind. Once this is accomplished, they can go back and kill off all of their ancestors, in turn. Or they can, through incest, make themselves into something more than human, the latter is believed to have happened to Green Taylor Simms, a fellow Party Crasher, who is implied to be Buster Casey in some form. Palahniuk has indicated that Rant is the first in what will become a three-book series, on September 11,2014 Palahniuk announced that James Franco had optioned the rights to Rant. On April 12,2016 A screenwriter creatively pitched the novels screenplay adaptation through a video, written. Whether or not the pitch achieved its goal has yet to be announced
25.
Red Dwarf
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In May 2015, it was announced that Series XI and XII would film back-to-back later in 2015 and would air exclusively on the Dave channel in 2016 and 2017. The first episode of Red Dwarf XI aired at 9 p. m. on Thursday 22 September 2016 on Dave and has been available via streaming service UKTV Play from Thursday 15 September 2016, the series was created by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor. Despite the pastiche of science fiction used as a backdrop, Red Dwarf is primarily a character-driven comedy, the main characters are Dave Lister, the last known human alive, and Arnold Rimmer, a hologram of Listers dead bunkmate. The series attracted its highest ratings, of more than eight million viewers, the series was revived after a ten-year break, when digital channel Dave screened a three-episode production, titled Red Dwarf, Back to Earth, in April 2009 during the Easter weekend. This was followed by Series X, consisting of six episodes, the show has been critically acclaimed, and has a Metacritic score of 84/100. Series XI was voted Best Returning TV Sitcom and Comedy of the Year for 2016 by readers for the British Comedy Guide. The show was based on Dave Hollins, Space Cadet, a series of five sketches that aired in the BBC Radio 4 series Son of Cliché, produced by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor in 1984. The sketches recounted the adventures of Dave Hollins, a space traveller who is marooned in space far from earth. His only steady companion is the computer Hab, Grant and Naylor chose to use the Dave Hollins, Space Cadet sketches as a base for a television show after watching the 1974 film Dark Star. They changed some elements from the sketches, The 7 trillion year figure was first changed to 7 billion years and then to 3 million and the characters of Arnold Rimmer and the Cat were created. The name Dave Hollins was changed to Dave Lister when a player called Dave Hollins became well-known. One of the actors from Son of Cliché, Chris Barrie went on to portray Arnold Rimmer in the Red Dwarf TV series. Episodes of Dave Hollins can be found on the 2-disc Red Dwarf DVD sets starting with series 5 and ending with series 8. The main setting of the series is the eponymous mining spaceship Red Dwarf, which is 6 miles long,4 miles tall, following the accident, the ships computer Holly keeps Lister in stasis until the radiation levels return to normal – a process that takes three million years. Lister therefore emerges as the last human being in the universe – and his former bunkmate and immediate superior Arnold Judas Rimmer is resurrected by Holly as a hologram to keep Lister sane. During the second series, the encounter the service mechanoid Kryten. Initially, Kryten only appeared in one episode of two, but by the beginning of series three he had become a regular character. A complicated series of events leaves Kochanski stranded in the main universe
26.
Futurama
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Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series was envisioned by Groening in the mid-1990s while working on The Simpsons, he later brought David X. Cohen aboard to develop storylines and characters to pitch the show to Fox. In the United States, the series aired on Fox from March 28,1999, to August 10,2003, Futurama also aired in reruns on Cartoon Networks Adult Swim from 2002 to 2007, until the networks contract expired. It was revived in 2007 as four direct-to-video films, the last of which was released in early 2009, Comedy Central entered into an agreement with 20th Century Fox Television to syndicate the existing episodes and air the films as 16 new, half-hour episodes, constituting a fifth season. In June 2009, producing studio 20th Century Fox announced that Comedy Central had picked up the show for 26 new half-hour episodes, the show was renewed for a seventh season, with the first half airing in June 2012 and the second set for mid-2013. It was later revealed that the season would be the final season. The series finale aired on September 4,2013, while Groening has said he will try to get it picked up by another network, David X. Cohen stated that the episode Meanwhile would be the last episode of season 7 and also the series finale. Throughout its run, Futurama has received critical acclaim, the show has been nominated for 17 Annie Awards and 12 Emmy Awards, winning seven of the former and six of the latter. Futurama-related merchandise has also released, including a tie-in comic book series and video game, calendars. In 2013, TV Guide ranked Futurama as one of the top 60 Greatest TV Cartoons of All Time, Fox expressed a strong desire in the mid-1990s for Matt Groening to create a new series, and he began conceiving Futurama during this period. In 1996, he enlisted David X. Cohen, then a writer and producer for The Simpsons, the two spent time researching science fiction books, television shows, and films. When they pitched the series to Fox in April 1998, Groening and Cohen had composed many characters and story lines, Groening described trying to get the show on the air as by far the worst experience of my grown-up life. With The Simpsons the network has no input, Fox was particularly disturbed by the concept of suicide booths, Doctor Zoidberg, and Benders anti-social behavior. Groening explains, When they tried to give me notes on Futurama, I just said, and they said, Well, we dont do business that way anymore. And I said, Oh, well, thats the only way I do business, the episode I, Roommate was produced to address Foxs concerns, with the script written to their specifications. Fox strongly disliked the episode, but after negotiations, Groening received the same independence with Futurama, the name Futurama comes from a pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. Designed by Norman Bel Geddes, the Futurama pavilion depicted how he imagined the world would look in 1959, many other titles were considered for the series, including Aloha, Mars. and Doomsville, which Groening notes were resoundly rejected, by everyone concerned with it. It takes approximately six to nine months to produce an episode of Futurama, the long production time results in several episodes being worked on simultaneously
27.
JSTOR
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JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR
28.
Grumbles from the Grave
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Grumbles from the Grave is a posthumous 1989 autobiography of science fiction author Robert A. Heinlein collated by his wife Virginia Heinlein from his notes and writings. The work is the closest that Heinlein, an officer and prominent science fiction writer. The book contains a range of correspondence, notes and memoirs edited by Heinleins wife Virginia, and was published a year. Grumbles from the Grave provides insight into Heinleins writing process, in addition, it also contains evidence of his philosophy as applied to his life and personal opinions. There is considerable information provided into how the 13-year gestation of Heinleins novel Stranger in a Strange Land evolved, additionally there is the original postlude to Podkayne of Mars and a discussion of cuts made to his novel, Red Planet. Then some posthumous book with that title did come out, I know that Robert wrote some much more raunchy letters than any of those, because I myself got one or two. But all the raunch has been edited out, the book was a finalist for the 1990 Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book. How long has this racket been going on, — Heinleins remark after receiving a $70 US check for his first published story
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Robert A. Heinlein bibliography
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Four films, two TV series, several episodes of a radio series, and a board game derive more or less directly from his work. He wrote a screenplay for one of the films, Heinlein edited an anthology of other writers SF short stories. Three non-fiction books and two poems have been published posthumously, One novel has been published posthumously and another, an unusual collaboration, was published in 2006. Four collections have been published posthumously, Heinleins fictional works can be found in the library under PS3515. E288, or under Dewey 813.54. Known pseudonyms include Anson MacDonald, Lyle Monroe, John Riverside, Caleb Saunders, novels marked with an asterisk * are the Scribners juvenile series. Coventry,1940 Blowups Happen,1940 Universe,1941 —We Also Walk Dogs,1941 Common Sense,1941 Methuselahs Children,1941 Logic of Empire,1941 Space Jockey,1947 Its Great to Be Back. 1947 The Green Hills of Earth,1947 Ordeal in Space,1948 The Long Watch,1948 Gentlemen, at Heinleins insistence, the three Lyle Monroe stories marked with the symbol § were never reissued in a Heinlein anthology during his lifetime. Meisha Merlin went out of business in May 2007 after producing six volumes, I Will Fear No Evil, Time Enough for Love, Starship Troopers, For Us, the Living, The Door into Summer, and Double Star. The Heinlein Prize Trust then decided to publish the edition itself, as was true for the Meisha Merlin effort, individual volumes are not offered, subscribers must purchase the entire 46-volume set. The final five volumes were shipped to subscribers in June 2012, the Trust makes grants available to those using the archives for scholarly purposes. Tomorrow, the Stars,1952, anthology of stories by 14 authors selected by Frederik Pohl and Judith Merril, No Bands Playing, No Flags Flying, written 1947, published 1973 Where To. Among other writers, episodes were based on Heinleins Destination Moon, The Green Hills of Earth, Requiem, The Roads Must Roll, and Universe. X Minus One, radio series in 1955 -58, Universe Language arts materials for teachers based on Heinleins works, list of Robert A. Heinlein characters The Heinlein Society and their FAQ. Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award Robert A. Heinlein, Grandmaster of Science Fiction Robert A. Heinlein at the Internet Book Database of Fiction Good bibliography, essays, news, links, etc
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Future History (Heinlein)
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The Future History, by Robert A. Heinlein, describes a projected future of the human race from the middle of the 20th century through the early 23rd century. The term Future History was coined by John W. Campbell, Campbell published an early draft of Heinleins chart of the series in the March 1941 issue. Heinlein wrote most of the Future History stories early in his career, most of the Future History stories written prior to 1967 are collected in The Past Through Tomorrow, which also contains the final version of the chart. That collection does not include Universe and Common Sense, they were published separately as Orphans of the Sky, for the most part, The Past Through Tomorrow defines a core group of stories that are clearly within the Future History series. However, Heinlein scholars generally agree that some stories not included in the anthology belong to the Future History series, however, he considers Time Enough for Love to be a borderline case. He considers The Number of the Beast, The Cat Who Walks Through Walls and he agrees with Gifford that Let There Be Light should be included. The story —And He Built a Crooked House— was included only in the pre-war chart, the Heinlein juveniles do not hew closely to the Future History outline. Gifford states that Although the twelve juvenile novels are not completely inconsistent with the Future History and it is not often recognized that they are a reasonably consistent Future History of their own. At least one major story specified in the Future History chart, the novel Variable Star, written by Spider Robinson from Heinleins detailed outline, incorporates some elements of both the Future History and the universe of the Heinlein juveniles. The following is a chronology of the Future History, years are included to indicate when each story takes place within the narrative timeline. Stories that were planned but never written are noted, see explanatory comments below, life-Line Let There Be Light Word Edgewise The Roads Must Roll Blowups Happen The Man Who Sold the Moon Delilah and the Space Rigger Space Jockey Requiem The Long Watch Gentlemen, Be Seated. The Black Pits of Luna Its Great to Be Back, fire Down Below, about a revolution in Antarctica, would have been set in the early 21st century. Three more unwritten stories fill in the history from just before Logic of Empire in the early 21st century through the beginning of If This Goes On—, the Sound of His Wings covers Nehemiah Scudders early life as a television evangelist through his rise to power as the First Prophet. Eclipse describes independence movements on Mars and Venus, the Stone Pillow details the rise of the resistance movement from the early days of the theocracy through the beginning of If This Goes On—. His rise to power began when one of his flock, the widow of a man who would have disapproved of Scudder, died. He then teamed up with an ex-Senator and hired an advertising agency. He was soon famous even off-world—many bonded laborers on Venus saw him as a messianic figure and he had muscle as well—a recreation of the Ku Klux Klan in everything but name. Blood at the polls and blood in the streets, but Scudder won the election, the next election was never held
