1.
History of the United States
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The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of debate among historians. In recent decades American schools and universities typically have shifted back in time to more on the colonial period. Indigenous people lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years before European colonists began to arrive, mostly from England, the Spanish built small settlements in Florida and the Southwest, and the French along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast. By the 1770s, thirteen British colonies contained two and a million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains. After the end of the French and Indian Wars in the 1760s, Tax resistance, especially the Boston Tea Party, led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts. American Patriots adhered to an ideology called republicanism that emphasized civic duty, virtue. Armed conflict began in 1775 as Patriots drove the royal officials out of every colony and assembled in mass meetings, in 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared that there was a new, independent nation, the United States of America, not just a collection of disparate colonies. With large-scale military and financial support from France and the leadership of General George Washington. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River, the central government established by the Articles of Confederation proved ineffectual at providing stability, as it had no authority to collect taxes and had no executive officer. Congress called a convention to meet secretly in Philadelphia in 1787 and it wrote a new Constitution, which was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights, with Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief political and financial adviser, a strong central government was created. When Thomas Jefferson became president he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, a second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812. Encouraged by the notion of Manifest Destiny, federal territory expanded all the way to the Pacific, the U. S. always was large in terms of area, but its population was small, only 4 million in 1790. Population growth was rapid, reaching 7.2 million in 1810,32 million in 1860,76 million in 1900,132 million in 1940, Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster. However, compared to European powers, the military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940. The expansion was driven by a quest for land for yeoman farmers. The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles, the 1860 presidential election of Republican Abraham Lincoln was on a platform of ending the expansion of slavery and putting it on a path to extinction. Seven cotton-based deep South slave states seceded and later founded the Confederacy months before Lincolns inauguration, No nation ever recognized the Confederacy, but it opened the war by attacking Fort Sumter in 1861
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Rockville, Maryland
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Rockville is a city located in the central region of Montgomery County, Maryland. It is the county seat and is an incorporated city of Montgomery County. The 2010 census tabulated Rockvilles population at 61,209, making it the third largest incorporated city in Maryland, behind Baltimore, Rockville is the largest incorporated city in Montgomery County, Maryland, although the nearby census-designated place of Germantown is more populous. The city also has several upscale regional shopping centers and is one of the major hubs in Montgomery County. Situated in the Piedmont region and crossed by three creeks, Rockville provided an excellent refuge for semi-nomadic Native Americans as early as 8000 BC. By the first millennium BC, a few of these groups had settled down into year-round agricultural communities that exploited the native flora, including sunflowers and marsh elder. By AD1200, these groups were increasingly drawn into conflict with the Senecas and Susquehannocks who had migrated south from Pennsylvania. Within the present-day boundaries of the city, six sites have been uncovered and documented. By the year 1700, under pressure from European colonists, the majority of original inhabitants had been driven away. The indigenous population carved a path on the ground, known as Sinequa Trail. Later, the Maryland Assembly set the standard of 20 feet for main thoroughfares, in the mid-18th century, Lawrence Owen opened a small inn on the road. The location of the road, near the present Rockville Pike, was located on higher ground making it dry year-round. The first land patents in the Rockville area were obtained by Arthur Nelson between 1717 and 1735, within three decades, the first permanent buildings in what would become the center of Rockville were established on this land. Being a small, unincorporated town, early Rockville was known by a variety of names, including Owens Ordinary, Hungerfords Tavern, the first recorded mention of the settlement which would later become known as Rockville dates to the Braddock Expedition in 1755. Owens Ordinary was a small rest stop on Rock Creek Main Road, which stretched from George Town to Frederick Town, the southern portion of the county, of which Rockville was a part, was named Montgomery County. The most populous and prosperous urban center in this new county was George Town, Rockville, a small, but centrally located and well-traveled town, was chosen as the seat of the countys government. At the time, Rockville did not have a name, it was generally called Hungerfords Tavern, after being named the county seat, the village was referred to by all as Montgomery Court House. The tavern served as the county courthouse, and it held its first such proceedings on May 20,1777, in 1784, William Prather Williams, a local landowner, hired a surveyor to lay out much of the town
4.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
5.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
6.
American Association for State and Local History
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It is headquartered in Nashville, TN, and has about 5,500 members. The organization has eight staff members. AASLH is the only national organization dedicated to state and local history. AASLH publishes a magazine called History News. A series of instructional articles call Technical Leaflets are published quarterly, History News is also available as a PDF download for members. AASLH also publishes books through Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group including Nomenclature 4.0, Small Museum Toolkit, in 2009 AASLH launched the Standards and Excellence Program for History Organizations, or StEPS. This program helps small- and mid-sized history museums, historic sites and houses, including all-volunteer ones, assess policies and practices, manage daily operations, as opposed to a certification program, StEPS is a self-study program without a set timeline. Participating organizations use a workbook to assess and improve operations and they achieve certificates from AASLH after completing sections. As of 2015, over 650 organizations have participated in StEPs, AASLH sponsors, advocates, and lobbies on behalf of state and local history at the national level through strategic partnerships with several organizations. In 1998 AASLH began its American Indian Museums Program to advocate for, since 1941, AASLH has held an Annual Meeting where members gather to discuss the big issues of the field. In 2014, AASLHs Annual Meeting in St. Paul, MI had over 1000 attendees, in 2008, AASLH launched their Online Conference, which features hybrid sessions at the Annual Meeting designed to incorporate virtual attendees through an online classroom platform. AASLH records up to twenty sessions each meeting and place them online for free, in 1939, a group of Conference members, chaired by Christopher C. Crittenden, director of the North Carolina Department of Archives and History, discussed and its job would be to better coordinate the activities of historical societies and stimulate the writing and teaching of state and local history in North America. On December 27,1940, the Conference of State and Local History met, then the American Association for State and Local History was born. Its first charter stated that AASLH’s purpose was, simply, “the promotion of effort and activity in the fields of state, provincial, the mission was the promotion of effort and activity in the fields of state, provincial, and local history in the United States and Canada
7.
House organ
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A house organ is a magazine or periodical published by a company for its customers or its employees. This name derives from the use of organ as referring to a periodical for a special interest group, house organs come in two types, internal and external. An internal house organ is meant for consumption by the employees of the company as a channel of communication for the management. An external house organ is meant for consumption by the customers of the company, an example of a commercial house organ is the Avalon Hill General. It featured news, strategy articles, variants, and essays on game design—all about Avalon Hill games, employee magazines in the United States. Corporate conversations, a guide to crafting effective and appropriate internal communications, AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. pp. 84–86. Employees Magazines for Factories, Offices, and Business Organizations, control through communication, the rise of system in American management. The Corporate Eye, Photography and the Rationalization of American Commercial Culture, international film, radio, and television journals. The Place of In-House Journals in Business Interaction, A Case Study, in Leila Barbara, Mike Scott, Antonieta Celani. Juta and Company Ltd. pp. 289–290, arthur Judson Brewster & Herbert Hall Palmer. The Minerva Group, Inc. pp. 252–253, the house organ, how to make it produce results. Effective house organs, the principles and practice of editing and publishing successful house organs, publications, Trivandrum, KeralaState, India,1990, pages175-182
8.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
9.
Bruce Catton
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Charles Bruce Catton was an American historian and journalist, best known for his books on the American Civil War. Known as a historian, Catton specialized in popular history, featuring colorful characters and historical vignettes, in addition to the basic facts, dates. Although his books were well researched and supported by footnotes, they were not generally presented in an academic style. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1954 for A Stillness at Appomattox, Charles Bruce Catton was born in Petoskey, Michigan, to George R. and Adela M. Catton, and raised in Benzonia, Michigan. His father was a Congregationalist minister, who accepted a position in Benzonia Academy. As a boy, Catton first heard the reminiscences of the veterans who had fought in the Civil War. In 1916, Catton began attending Oberlin College, but he left without completing a degree because of World War I. After serving briefly in the United States Navy during World War I, Catton became a reporter and editor for The Cleveland News, the Boston American, Catton tried twice to complete his studies, but found himself repeatedly pulled away by his newspaper work. Oberlin College awarded him a degree in 1956. At the start of World War II, Catton was too old for military service, in 1941, he took a position as Director of Information for the War Production Board, and later he held similar posts in the Department of Commerce and the Department of the Interior. His experiences as a federal employee prepared him to write his first book, The War Lords of Washington, although the book was not a commercial success, it inspired Catton to leave the federal government to become a full-time author. In 1954, Catton accepted the position as founding editor of the new American Heritage magazine, Catton served initially as a writer, reviewer, and editor. In the first issue, he wrote, We intend to deal with great, unfinished. Our American heritage is greater than any one of us and it can express itself in very homely truths, in the end it can lift up our eyes beyond the glow in the sunset skies. Army of the Potomac trilogy In the early 1950s, Catton published three books known as the Army of the Potomac trilogy. In Mr. Lincolns Army, the first volume of his history of the Army of the Potomac, Catton covered the armys formation, mcClellan, the Peninsula Campaign, the Northern Virginia Campaign, and the Battle of Antietam. In the second volume, Glory Road, Catton covered the armys history under new commanding generals, from the Battle of Fredericksburg to the Battle of Gettysburg. In his final volume of the trilogy, A Stillness at Appomattox and it was his first commercially successful work and it won both the Pulitzer Prize for History and a National Book Award for Nonfiction
10.
David McCullough
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David Gaub McCullough is an American author, narrator, historian, and lecturer. He is a winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Born and raised in Pittsburgh, McCullough earned a degree in English literature from Yale University. His first book was The Johnstown Flood, and he has written nine more on such topics as Harry S. Truman, John Adams, the Brooklyn Bridge. McCullough has also narrated numerous documentaries, such as The Civil War by Ken Burns, as well as the 2003 film Seabiscuit, McCulloughs two Pulitzer Prize-winning books, Truman and John Adams, have been adapted by HBO into a TV film and a miniseries, respectively. McCullough was born in the Point Breeze neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and he was educated at Linden Avenue Grade School and Shady Side Academy, in his hometown of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. One of four sons, McCullough had a marvelous childhood with a range of interests, including sports. McCulloughs parents and his grandmother, who read to him often and his parents often talked about history, a topic he says should be discussed more often. McCullough loved school, every day, he contemplated many career choices, ranging from architect, actor, painter, writer, to lawyer, in 1951, McCullough began attending Yale University. He said that it was a privilege to study English at Yale because of faculty members such as John OHara, John Hersey, Robert Penn Warren, McCullough occasionally ate lunch with the Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist and playwright Thornton Wilder. Wilder, says McCullough, taught him that a competent writer maintains an air of freedom in the storyline, so that a reader will not anticipate the outcome, while at Yale, he became a member of Skull and Bones. He served apprenticeships at Time, Life, the United States Information Agency, and American Heritage, once I discovered the endless fascination of doing the research and of doing the writing, I knew I had found what I wanted to do in my life. While attending Yale, McCullough studied Arts and earned his bachelors degree in English and he graduated with honors in English literature. After graduation, McCullough moved to New York City, where Sports Illustrated hired him as a trainee and he later worked as an editor and writer for the United States Information Agency in Washington, D. C. After working for years, including a position at American Heritage, in editing and writing. McCullough had no anticipation that was going to write history, but stumbled upon a story that thought was powerful, exciting, while working at American Heritage, McCullough wrote in his spare time for three years. The Johnstown Flood, a chronicle of one of the worst flood disasters in United States history, was published in 1968 to high praise by critics, John Leonard, of The New York Times, said of McCullough, We have no better social historian. Despite rough financial times, he decided to become a full-time writer, after the success of The Johnstown Flood, two new publishers offered him contracts, one to write about the Great Chicago Fire and another about the San Francisco earthquake
11.
Johnstown Flood
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The Johnstown Flood occurred on May 31,1889, after the catastrophic failure of the South Fork Dam on the Little Conemaugh River 14 miles upstream of the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The dam broke after several days of heavy rainfall, releasing 14.55 million cubic meters of water from the reservoir known as Lake Conemaugh. With a volumetric flow rate that temporarily equaled that of the Mississippi River, the American Red Cross, led by Clara Barton and with 50 volunteers, undertook a major disaster relief effort. Support for victims came from all over the United States and 18 foreign countries, after the flood, survivors suffered a series of legal defeats in their attempts to recover damages from the dams owners. Public indignation at that failure prompted the development in American law changing a fault-based regime to strict liability, the village of Johnstown was founded in 1800 by the Swiss immigrant Joseph Johns where the Stony Creek and Little Conemaugh rivers joined to form the Conemaugh River. It began to prosper with the building of the Pennsylvania Main Line Canal in 1836 and the construction in the 1850s of the Pennsylvania Railroad, by 1889, Johnstowns industries had attracted numerous Welsh and German immigrants. With a population of 30,000, it was an industrial community known for the quality of its steel. The high, steep hills of the narrow Conemaugh Valley and the Allegheny Mountains range to the east kept development close to the riverfront areas, the valley had large amounts of runoff from rain and snowfall. The area surrounding Johnstown is prone to flooding due to its location on the rivers, adding to these factors, slag from the iron furnaces of the steel mills was dumped along the river to create more land for building. Developers artificial narrowing of the riverbed to maximize early industries left the city even more flood-prone, the Conemaugh River immediately downstream of Johnstown is hemmed in by steep mountainsides for about 10 miles. High above the city, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania built the South Fork Dam between 1838 and 1853, as part of a canal system, the Main Line of Public Works. Johnstown was the terminus of the Western Division Canal, supplied with water by Lake Conemaugh. As railroads superseded canal barge transport, the Commonwealth abandoned the canal, the dam and lake were part of the purchase, and the railroad sold them to private interests. Many were connected through business and social links to Carnegie Steel, development included lowering the dam to make its top wide enough to hold a road, and putting a fish screen in the spillway. These alterations are thought to have increased the vulnerability of the dam, the members built cottages and a clubhouse to create the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, an exclusive and private mountain retreat. Membership grew to more than 50 wealthy Pittsburgh steel, coal. Lake Conemaugh at the site was 450 feet in elevation above Johnstown. The lake was about 2 miles long, about 1 mile wide, the dam was 72 feet high and 931 feet long
12.
Portfolio Magazine
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Portfolio Magazine, also known as Portfolio, The Magazine of the Fine Arts, was published bimonthly from 1979 to 1983 by Portfolio Associates of New York City. The editor and publisher was Edwin S. Grosvenor, who went on to edit American Heritage magazine, other staff editors included Alexandra Anderson, Manuela Hoelterhoff, Denise Martin, Isolde McNichol, and Carter Wiseman. The first issue was published in April,1979, with articles by Hilton Kramer, Charles Moffett, Portfolio covered European and American painting, photography, architecture, and non-Western art. It aimed at an audience, rather academics or art insiders. Portfolio addresses people like me who are collectors, not scholars and its comprehensive, superbly done, helps widen my horizons. Contributing Editors included Paul Goldberger, Linda Nochlin, Robert Rosenblum, other contributors included Kenneth Clark, Michael Coe, Owen Edwards, H. W. Janson, Hilton Kramer, Ben Lifson, Barbara Novak, Carter Ratcliff, John Russell, Kirk Varnedoe, and John Wilmerding. In 1983, Portfolio was a Finalist for a National Magazine Award in the General Excellence category and it was forced to suspend publication that year when a recession caused a drop in advertising pages. Library of Congress call number N1. P79 Zito, Tom, Building a Portfolio, Grosvenor Scion With a Slick Idea Building a Portfolio
13.
Marriott Hotels & Resorts
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Marriott Hotels & Resorts is Marriott Internationals flagship brand of full-service hotels and resorts. The company, based in Washington D. C. is repeatedly included on the Forbes Best Companies to Work for list, as of January 2017, there were 552 hotels and resorts operating under the brand. The loyalty program is called Marriott Rewards, the Marriott chain began with two motels in the 1950s. The first opened as a Quality Inn airport motel near Washington D. C. and another nearby, the Twin Bridges. With the opening of the motel, Marriott was born as a brand name. The Twin Bridges motel is still operating, but as a full-service hotel, the Twin Bridges property was demolished in 1990, but the Key Bridge property still operates. In 1967, Marriott opened its first resort hotel, Camelback Inn, in Arizona, Marriott Hotels & Resorts expanded outside of the United States for the first time in 1969 with the opening of the Marriott in Acapulco, Mexico. By 1975, Marriott Hotels & Resorts had expanded to Europe, in these first several decades, Marriott International owned and managed many of the hotels within its portfolio. In 1993, the decided to spin off the real estate ownership operations as a new company, Host Marriott. In September 2005, Marriott Hotels & Resorts unveiled its first new designs in ten years. Dubbed mSpot, the new rooms feature clean lines and updated technology
14.
Hyatt
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Hyatt Hotels Corporation is an American multinational owner, operator, and franchiser of hotels, resorts, and vacation properties. The Hyatt Corporation came into being upon purchase of the Hyatt House, at Los Angeles International Airport, as of September 30,2016, Hyatt has 679 properties in 54 countries. In 2017, Fortune magazine listed Hyatt as the 32nd-best U. S. company to work for, the original owners were entrepreneurs Hyatt Robert von Dehn and Jack Dyer Crouch, after a few years, Von Dehn sold his share in the hotel to entrepreneur Jay Pritzker. Jays younger brother Donald Pritzker also took on an important role in the company, over the following decade, acquisitions were made, and Hyatt became the fastest-growing hotel chain in the United States. Donald died in 1972, Jay continued to run the company, in 1969, Hyatt opened its first hotel outside the United States, the Hyatt Regency Hong Kong. In 1980 the Grand Hyatt and Park Hyatt brands were introduced, Hyatt runs resort hotels, starting with the Hyatt Regency Maui in 1980. As of 30 November 2015 Hyatt had over 627 hotels worldwide, in 1972 Hyatt formed Elsinore Corporation, a subsidiary to operate the Four Queens Hotel and Casino and the Hyatt Regency Lake Tahoe Resort, Spa & Casino. After Hyatt became a company in 1979, Elsinore was spun off as a public company. The company opened the Playboy Hotel and Casino as a joint venture with Playboy Enterprises, on June 30,2009, Global Hyatt Corporation changed its name to Hyatt Hotels Corporation. Blackstone had inherited AmeriSuites from its 2004 acquisition of Prime Hospitality, the AmeriSuites chain was rebranded and called Hyatt Place, a competitor to the limited-service products Marriott Internationals Courtyard by Marriott and Hilton Worldwides Hilton Garden Inn. In December 2005 Hyatt acquired limited service company Summerfield Suites from the Blackstone Group, Blackstone had inherited Summerfield Suites from its purchase of Wyndham International. In August 2009 it was reported that Hyatt Hotels Corporation filed plans to raise up to $1.15 billion in a share sale. That November Hyatt completed a public offering and began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol H. According to the filing Mark S. Hoplamazian was to serve as CEO, the public offering is a result of the acrimonious breakup of the Pritzker family empire. As of 31 December 2014 Hyatt Corporations worldwide portfolio consisted of 587 properties, on September 1,2011, Hyatt acquired Hotel Sierra, which has 18 properties in 10 states. Along with Hyatt Summerfield Suites hotels, several of these properties were rebranded as Hyatt house in January 2012, Hyatt Hotels Corporation operates several chains. The Human Rights Campaign awarded the company 100% in the HRC Equality Index for eight consecutive years, the Hyatt Regency brand is the oldest brand in the company, with the Grand Hyatt and Park Hyatt brands being introduced in 1980. Some of these are styled as resort properties, and may have spas or other recreational facilities, other brands include Hyatt Place, designed as a limited service offering for business travelers
15.
Henry Louis Gates Jr.
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It combines the work of expert researchers in genealogy, history, and genetics historic research to tell guests about their ancestors lives and histories. Gates was born in Keyser, West Virginia, to Henry Louis Gates, Sr. and he grew up in neighboring Piedmont. His father worked in a mill and moonlighted as a janitor, while his mother cleaned houses. He has learned through research that his family is descended in part from the Yoruba people of west Africa. He also has European ancestry, and is connected to the distinctive multiracial West Virginia community of the Chestnut Ridge people and he is also of part Irish descent. At the age of 14 Gates was injured playing football, fracturing the ball and socket joint of his hip. The injury was misdiagnosed by a physician, who told Gates mother that his problem was psychosomatic, when the physical damage finally healed, his right leg was two inches shorter than his left. Because of the injury, Gates now uses a cane to help him walk, Gates graduated from Piedmont High School in 1968 and attended Potomac State College of West Virginia University. He completed his BA degree in history at Yale University, summa cum laude and they had two daughters together before they divorced. After a month at Yale Law School, Gates withdrew from the program, in October 1975 he was hired by Charles T. Davis as a secretary in the Afro-American Studies department at Yale. In July 1976, Gates was promoted to the post of Lecturer in Afro-American Studies with the understanding that he would be promoted to assistant professor upon completion of his doctoral dissertation. Jointly appointed to assistant professorships in English and Afro-American Studies in 1979, in 1984, Gates was recruited by Cornell University with an offer of tenure, Gates asked Yale if they would match Cornells offer, but they declined. Gates moved to Cornell in 1985, where he taught until 1989, following a two-year stay at Duke University, he was recruited to Harvard University in 1991. At Harvard, Gates teaches undergraduate and graduate courses as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor, a chair he was appointed to in 2006. Additionally, he is the Director of the Hutchins Center for African & African American Research, as a black intellectual and public figure, Gates has been an outspoken critic of the Eurocentric literary canon. In his major work, The Signifying Monkey, a 1989 American Book Award winner. The work extended application of the concept of signifyin to analysis of African-American works, signifyin refers to the significance of words that is based on context, and is accessible only to those who share the cultural values of a given speech community. It is rooted African-American literary criticism in the African-American vernacular tradition, while Gates has stressed the need for greater recognition of black literature and black culture, he does not advocate a separatist black canon
16.
John Adams (book)
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It has been made into a TV miniseries with the same name by HBO Films. Since the TV miniseries debuted, a cover has been added to the book showing Paul Giamatti as John Adams. The book is available as hardcover and paperback. Although the book was intended to be a dual biography of Adams and Jefferson, McCullough was increasingly drawn to Adams. The author spent six years studying Adams, reading the books he had read. Also invaluable was his correspondence with his successor as President, Thomas Jefferson. Booklist wonderfully stirring biography, to read it is to feel as if you are witnessing the birth of a country firsthand, Library Journal This life of Adams is an extraordinary portrait of an extraordinary man. This excellent biography deserves a wide audience. Kirkus Reviews Despite the whopping length, theres not a word in this superb, swiftly moving narrative. Publishers Weekly Here a preeminent master of narrative history takes on the most fascinating of our founders to create a benchmark for all Adams biographers, book Reporter Lavish and abundant in documentation, readers will be delighted with the fascinating, colorful narrative in John Adams. New York Times. a lucid and compelling work, the New York Review of Books This big but extremely readable book is by far the best biography of Adams ever written. Claremont Institute Oddly, McCullough has almost nothing to say about Adamss political thought, the Henry James Award/ Edith Wharton Women of Achievement Awards The Holland Society Gold Medal for Distinguished Literacy Achievement The Los Angeles Public Library Literary Award Theodore H. He was criticized in a Harpers Magazine review of the book, upon being confronted with the accusation, McCullough admitted that he had, in fact, erred. Its hard work, youre trying to get the truth about distant times, when you make the mistakes, its very painful, but you will make mistakes. Were imperfect, in an imperfect world
17.
Bernard DeVoto
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Bernard Augustine DeVoto was an American historian and author who specialized in the history of the American West. He was born in Ogden, Utah and he attended the University of Utah for one year, then transferred to Harvard University, entering as a member of the class of 1918. He interrupted his education to serve in the Army in World War I, then returned to school and he began his career in 1922 as an English instructor at Northwestern University and began to write articles and novels, which often provoked controversy for their liberal viewpoint. Sometimes he used the pseudonyms John August and Cady Hewes, in 1927, DeVoto resigned from Northwestern and moved to Massachusetts with his wife Avis. He began to dedicate himself to serious writing along with part-time instructing at Harvard University, DeVoto wrote influential articles for periodicals, succeeding, for example, in promoting the Vilfredo Pareto vogue with a number of articles in Harpers Magazine in 1933. This led to a regular Harpers column, The Easy Chair, from 1936 to 1938 he worked in New York City, where he was editor of the Saturday Review of Literature, after which he returned to Massachusetts. Perkins and the assembly-line at Scribners, the effect of this essay on Wolfes self-confidence was perhaps the greatest influence on his cutting ties with Scribners and editor Maxwell Perkins shortly before his death in 1938. Across the Wide Missouri won the Pulitzer Prize for History and The Course of Empire won the National Book Award for Nonfiction. From the 1940s to the end of his life, he was renowned for his championing of public lands and of conservation of natural resources, and for his pugnacious defense of civil liberties. A book on the history, geography, and ecology of the American West remained unfinished at his death in 1955, in 2001, Bernard DeVotos wife Avis DeVoto was a book reviewer, editor, and avid cook. She became friends with Julia Child, the author of cookbooks. Child had written a fan letter to Bernard DeVoto regarding an article of his in Harpers Magazine, he had said that he detested stainless steel knives, which she thought 100% right. Avis response began a correspondence and friendship between the two women during Childs work on her groundbreaking Mastering the Art of French Cooking. Child acknowledged Avis as wet nurse and mentor to the undertaking and their older son, Gordon, an amateur writer, died in 2009. The Crooked Mile novel The Chariot of Fire novel The House of Sun-Goes-Down, the Uneasy Chair, A Biography of Bernard DeVoto Stegner, Wallace E. ed. The Letters of Bernard DeVoto Topping, Gary, Utah Historians and the Reconstruction of Western History, ISBN 0-8061-3561-1 Saveur Magazine, #134, December 2010, p.41
18.
Ken Burns
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Kenneth Lauren Ken Burns is an American filmmaker, known for his style of using archival footage and photographs in documentary films. His most widely known documentaries are The Civil War, Baseball, Jazz, The War, The National Parks, Americas Best Idea, Prohibition, The Central Park Five and he was also executive producer of both The West, and Cancer, The Emperor of All Maladies. Burnss documentaries have been nominated for two Academy Awards and have won Emmy Awards, among other honors, the documentary filmmaker Ric Burns is his younger brother. He is a distant relative of Scottish poet Robert Burns, among places they called home were Saint-Véran, France, Newark, Delaware, and Ann Arbor, where his father taught at the University of Michigan. Well-read as a child, he absorbed the family encyclopedia, preferring history to fiction, upon receiving an 8 mm film movie camera for his 17th birthday, he shot a documentary about an Ann Arbor factory. He graduated from Pioneer High School in Ann Arbor in 1971 and he worked in a record store to pay his tuition. Studying under photographers Jerome Liebling and Elaine Mayes and others, Burns earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in film studies, upon graduation, he, Mayes and college classmate Roger Sherman founded Florentine Films in Walpole, New Hampshire. The companys name was borrowed from Mayes hometown of Florence, Massachusetts, another Hampshire College graduate Buddy Squires subsequently succeeded Mayes one year later in 1976. Following another documentary, The Shakers, Hands to Work, Hearts to God, in 1982, Burns married Amy Stechler, with whom he had two daughters, Sarah and Lily, the marriage ended in divorce. As of 2011, Burns resides in Walpole, New Hampshire, with his wife, Julie Deborah Brown. They have two daughters, Olivia and Willa Burns, Burns is a longtime supporter of the Democratic Party, with almost $40,000 in political donations. In August 2009, Kennedy died, and Burns produced a short video at his funeral. In endorsing Barack Obama for the U. S. presidency in December 2007 and he said he had planned to be a regular contributor to Countdown with Keith Olbermann on Current TV. Burns is the recipient of more than 20 honorary degrees, W. Griffith Award, and the $50,000 Lincoln Prize. As of 2010, there is a Ken Burns Wing at the Jerome Liebling Center for Film, Photography, in 2004, Burns received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. In 2012, Burns received the Washington University International Humanities Medal, past winners include Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk in 2006, journalist Michael Pollan in 2008, and novelist and nonfiction writer Francine Prose in 2010. Burns was the Grand Marshal for the 2016 Pasadena Tournament of Roses Rose Parade on New Years Day in Pasadena, in 2016, he also gave a commencement speech for Stanford University criticizing Donald Trump. Burns frequently incorporates simple musical leitmotifs or melodies, for example, The Civil War features a distinctive violin melody throughout, Ashokan Farewell, which was performed for the film by its composer, fiddler Jay Ungar
19.
Barbara W. Tuchman
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Barbara Wertheim Tuchman was an American historian and author. Tuchman focused on writing popular history and she was born January 30,1912, the Jewish daughter of the banker Maurice Wertheim and his first wife Alma Morgenthau. Her father was an individual of wealth and prestige, the owner of The Nation magazine, president of the American Jewish Congress, prominent art collector, and her mother was the daughter of Henry Morgenthau, Sr. Woodrow Wilsons ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Wertheim was influenced at an age by the books of Lucy Fitch Perkins. Henty, as well as the novels of Alexandre Dumas. She attended the Walden School on Manhattans Upper West Side and she received her Bachelor of Arts from Radcliffe College in 1933, having studied history and literature. She also contributed to The Nation as a correspondent until her fathers sale of the publication in 1937, traveling to Valencia, a first book resulted from her Spanish experience, The Lost British Policy, Britain and Spain Since 1700, published in 1938. In 1940 Wertheim married Lester R. Tuchman, an internist, medical researcher and they had three daughters, including Jessica Mathews, who became president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. During the years of World War II, Tuchman worked in the Office of War Information, with the publication of Bible and Sword in 1956, Tuchman dedicated herself to historical research and writing, turning out a new book approximately every four years. Tuchman favored an approach to the writing of history, providing eloquent explanatory narratives rather than concentration upon discovery. In the words of one biographer, Tuchman was not a historians historian, in 1971, Tuchman received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. Tuchman received a second Pulitzer in 1972 for her biography of Joseph Stilwell, Stilwell, in 1978, Tuchman was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She became the first female president of the American Academy of Arts and she won a U. S. National Book Award in History for the first paperback edition of A Distant Mirror in 1980. Also in 1980 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Tuchman for the Jefferson Lecture, Tuchmans lecture was entitled Mankinds Better Moments. Tuchman was a trustee of Radcliffe College and a lecturer at Harvard, the University of California, and she died in 1989 in Greenwich, Connecticut, following a stroke, at 77. A tower of Currier House, a residential division first of Radcliffe College, the fact of being on the record makes it appear continuous and ubiquitous whereas it is more likely to have been sporadic both in time and place. Besides, persistence of the normal is usually greater than the effect of the disturbance, the fact is that one can come home in the evening — on a lucky day — without having encountered more than one or two of these phenomena. This has led me to formulate Tuchmans Law, as follows, Tuchmans Law has been defined as a psychological principle of perceptual readiness or subjective probability
20.
Walter Lord
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John Walter Lord, Jr. was an American author, best known for his documentary-style non-fiction account A Night to Remember, about the sinking of the RMS Titanic. Lord was born in Baltimore, Maryland to John Walterhouse Lord and his father, who was a lawyer, died when Lord was just three years old. Lords grandfather, Richard Curzon Hoffman, was president of the Baltimore Steam Packet Company steamship firm in the 1890s. In July 1926, at the age of 9, Lord traveled across the Atlantic Ocean, from New York to Cherbourg and Southampton, on the RMS Olympic, following high school at Baltimores Gilman School, he studied history at Princeton University and graduated in 1939. Lord then enrolled at Yale Law School, interrupting his studies to join the United States Army after the attack on Pearl Harbor, during World War II, he was assigned to the Office of Strategic Services as a code clerk in London, in 1942. He was the agencys secretariat when the war ended in 1945, afterwards, Lord returned to Yale, where he earned a degree in law. Shortly after going to work as a copywriter for the J and it became a mild, but surprising, success in 1954, as Lord was well into completing A Night to Remember, which would win him much popular acclaim. A Night to Remember, about the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the historian tracked down 63 Titanic survivors and wrote a dramatic, minute-by-minute account of the ocean liners sinking during her maiden voyage. Lords knowledge of the Titanic catastrophe achieved considerable renown, and he lectured at meetings of the Titanic Historical Society. In his final years, Lord wrote another book about the Titanic titled The Night Lives On, Thoughts, Theories and Revelations about the Titanic, in the next decade, Lord served as a consultant to director James Cameron during the filming of Titanic. The sequel documentary to Camerons film Titanic, Ghosts of the Abyss, was dedicated to Lords memory, Lord, a lifelong bachelor, died at age 84 on May 19,2002, after a long struggle with Parkinsons disease, at his Manhattan home. Ill always be indebted to him, Lord is buried in his maternal familys plot at historic Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore. His grave is marked by a marble bench listing the books he authored, in 2009, Jenny Lawrence edited and published The Way It Was, Walter Lord on His Life and Books. In the late 1980s, Lawrence had recorded hours of interviews she had with Lord, in which he discussed his writing and life. After chapters on his life in Baltimore and up to his time with the OSS in London and Paris, chapters are devoted to his research. Archived from the original on July 15,2002, cS1 maint, Uses authors parameter Walter Lord at Find a Grave
21.
A Night to Remember (book)
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A Night to Remember is a 1955 non-fiction book by Walter Lord about the sinking of the RMS Titanic on 15 April 1912. The book was successful, and is still considered a definitive resource about the Titanic. Lord interviewed many survivors of the disaster as well as drawing on books, memoirs and he authored a follow-up book, The Night Lives On, in 1986 following renewed interest in the story after the wreck of Titanic was found. The film A Night to Remember, based on the book, Lord traveled on the RMS Olympic, Titanics sister ship, when he was a boy and the experience gave him a lifelong fascination with the lost liner. As he later put it, he spent his time on the Olympic prowling around and he started reading about and drawing Titanic at the age of ten and spent many years collecting Titanic memorabilia, causing people to take note of this oddity. He majored in history at Princeton University and graduated from Yale Law School before joining the New York-based advertising agency J. Walter Thompson, writing in his spare time, he interviewed 63 survivors of the disaster. A Night to Remember was only Lords second book but was a huge success, the book also undoubtedly benefited from the popularity of the 1953 film Titanic and other coverage of the disaster that was published around the same time. Within two months of its publication, the book had sold 60,000 copies and remained listed as a best-seller for six months, the Ladies Home Journal and Readers Digest both published condensed versions and it was selected in June 1956 by the Book of the Month Club. The first paperback edition was published by Bantam Books in October 1956, since then the book has never been out of print and has been translated into over a dozen languages. Its success enabled Lord to leave the world of advertising and become a full-time writer, after the discovery of the wreck of the Titanic in 1985 sparked a new wave of public interest in the disaster he wrote a follow-up book, The Night Lives On. Daniel Allen Butler comments that although it was of immense interest to Titanic buffs the world over, it lacked the spark of the original, the book received widespread praise from contemporary critics. The New York Times called it stunning, one of the most exciting books of this or any other year. The Atlantic Monthly praised the book for doing a magnificent job of re-creative chronicling, enthralling from the first word to the last, entertainment Weekly said that it was seamless and skillful. Its clear why this is many a researchers Titanic bible, while USA Today described it as the most riveting narrative of the disaster, Steven Biel, an American cultural historian, notes the novelistic way in which Lord tells the story. The book depicts events through the eyes of individuals, violating simple chronology to present an overlapping series of narratives. The narrative builds suspense, making the reader care about the characters and revisit the disaster from their perspective. It tells the story in a visual and aural way, describing the sights and sounds of the night of the disaster with the immediacy of a live broadcast or a television documentary. In short it is a modernist narrative around a modernist event, while the legendary acts of gallantry stood out, the book invites readers to put themselves in the place of those aboard and implicitly asks how they would react in the same situation
22.
A Night to Remember (1958 film)
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A Night to Remember is a 1958 British drama film adaptation of Walter Lords eponymous 1955 book, which recounts the final night of the RMS Titanic. Adapted by Eric Ambler and directed by Roy Ward Baker, the film stars Kenneth More and features Ronald Allen, Robert Ayres, Honor Blackman, Michael Goodliffe and it was filmed in the United Kingdom. The films World Premiere was on Thursday,3 July 1958 at the Odeon Leicester Square, Titanic survivor Elizabeth Dowdell attended the American premiere in New York on Tuesday 16 December 1958. The film received acclaim upon release. The Titanic was built to be the largest vessel afloat and was believed to be unsinkable. It included the cream of American and British society, the story of its sinking is told from the point of view of her passengers and crew, principally Second Officer Charles Lightoller. Once in the sea on its maiden voyage, the ship receives a number of ice warnings from other steamers. Late on 14 April 1912, lookout Frederick Fleet spots an iceberg directly in front of the ship, the vessel turns hard to port but collides with the iceberg on its starboard side, opening the first five compartments to the sea, below the waterline. A distress signal is sent out, and efforts begin to signal the SS Californian, visible on the horizon, but its radio operator is off duty and does not hear the distress signal. Unfortunately, the ship is 58 miles away, which means it will take four hours to reach the Titanic. Captain Smith orders Officers Lightoller and William Murdoch to start lowering the lifeboats, many women and children are reluctant to board in the small, cramped lifeboats, and Murdoch and Lightoller must use force to put them in. Many men try to sneak on board, but Lightoller will not allow them, Murdoch, working the other side of the ship, is shown as more accommodating to men. As the stewards struggle to hold back women and children in third-class, most of those from first- and second-class board the lifeboats, the Carpathia is racing to the site, using all possible steam in hopes of saving more lives. The Titanic sinks amid much chaos on the deck, with passengers allowed up from below only after all the lifeboats have gone. The Titanics bow submerges, and there are only two lifeboats left. Lightoller and other able seamen struggle to untie them as the lights flicker off, then the last funnel collapse, then takes its final plunge, Lightoller. One of the collapsible boats is floating, so Lightoller. Chief Baker Charles Joughin is found in the water, not minding the cold because hes been drinking, Lightoller spots another boat, and the men are saved
23.
Seabiscuit: An American Legend
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Seabiscuit, An American Legend is a non-fiction book written by Laura Hillenbrand, published in 2001. The book is a biography of the Thoroughbred racehorse Seabiscuit and it won the William Hill Sports Book of the Year and was adapted as a feature film in 2003. It has also published under the title, Seabiscuit, The True Story of Three Men. The author has been praised for her ability to convey a sense of historical times, the 2003 film Seabiscuit was adapted from the book. Seabiscuit, An American Legend enjoyed near universal acclaim, with most praise centering on the nature of the story and expert storytelling of Hillenbrand. Newsweek noted that what distinguishes this account is the straightforward pleasure Hillenbrand takes in the accomplishments of her heroes. People magazine said that Hillenbrands jargon-free language makes the races--and the period--exhilarating, more conservatively, Karen Valby with Entertainment Weekly found Hillenbrands account. Saddled by loosely connected anecdotes and confused scene-setting, finally giving the book a grade of a B. William Nack, the author of Secretariat, The Making of a Champion, stated, You had clearly created a world, and you had done so with a distinctly lyrical feel and touch
24.
Seabiscuit (film)
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Seabiscuit is a 2003 American equestrian sports film directed by Gary Ross and based on the best-selling non-fiction book Seabiscuit, An American Legend by Laura Hillenbrand. Seabiscuit was nominated for seven Academy Awards, three men, Red Pollard, Charles S. Red is the child of a Canadian family financially ruined by the Great Depression, in desperate need of money, the family leaves Red with a horse trainer. Red eventually becomes a jockey, but makes extra money through illegal boxing matches which left him blind in one eye, Howard is a clerk in a bicycle shop who gets asked by a passing motorist to repair his automobile, a technology which has recently been introduced. However, his son is killed in an accident while driving the family car, which sends Howard into a bout of deep depression. On a trip to Mexico to obtain a divorce and to drown his sorrows, Marcela helps Howard overcome his depression, mainly through horse-riding. After marrying Marcela, Howard acquires a stable of horses and later has an encounter with the skilled. Smith convinces Howard to acquire the colt Seabiscuit, who comes from noted lineage but had been deemed incorrigible by past handlers and was later broken, Seabiscuit and Pollard become close and they begin to race. Inspired, Howard tries repeatedly to provoke a race with the mocking New York tycoon Samuel Riddle and his fearsome stallion War Admiral, the top race horse in the country. Riddle eventually relents to a race on his terms between War Admiral and Seabiscuit, but while the date approaches, Pollard is injured in a riding accident. When the doctor reports that he will be unable to again, Red suggests that Howard get an old friend. Red teaches Woolf about Seabiscuits handling and mannerisms, later on, Seabiscuit is racing at Santa Anita when he is injured and has to stop. Red helps him to recover and get fit enough to race again, the last race is again at the Santa Anita, and Red rides him this time after putting a special self-made brace on his own leg to keep it stable. Woolf is on a different horse, Seabiscuit drops to last place and trails the pack, but Woolf holds back to be alongside Red and let Seabiscuit get a good look. After a short conversation, Seabiscuit surges and wins the race, Red says, You know, everyone thinks that we found this broken down horse and fixed him, but we didnt. And I guess in a way, we kinda fixed each other, the film also marks a second collaboration between director Gary Ross and actors Tobey Maguire and William H. Macy, who worked together in Rosss 1998 film Pleasantville. The film received reviews from critics. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists,2006, AFIs 100 Years
25.
Board game
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A board game is a tabletop game that involves counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or board, according to a set of rules. Some games are based on strategy, but many contain an element of chance. Games usually have a goal that a player aims to achieve, early board games represented a battle between two armies, and most modern board games are still based on defeating opposing players in terms of counters, winning position, or accrual of points. There are many varieties of board games and their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, like checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, like Cluedo. Board games have been played in most cultures and societies throughout history, the Pilgrims and Puritans of New England frowned on game playing and viewed dice as instruments of the devil. In Thoughts on Lotteries Thomas Jefferson wrote, Almost all these pursuits of chance produce something useful to society, but there are some which produce nothing, and endanger the well-being of the individuals engaged in them or of others depending on them. Such are games with cards, dice, billiards, etc. and suppress the pursuit altogether, there are some other games of chance, useful on certain occasions, and injurious only when carried beyond their useful bounds. Such are insurances, lotteries, raffles, etc and these they do not suppress, but take their regulation under their own discretion. As the US shifted from agrarian to urban living in the century, greater leisure time. The American home, once the center of production, became the locus of entertainment, enlightenment. Children were encouraged to board games that developed literacy skills. The earliest board games published in the United States were based upon Christian morality, the Mansion of Happiness, for example, sent players along a path of virtues and vices that led to the Mansion of Happiness. The missionaries are cast in white as the symbol of innocence, temperance, and hope while the pope and pagan are cast in black, the color of gloom of error, and. grief at the daily loss of empire. Commercially produced board games in the century were monochrome prints laboriously hand-colored by teams of low-paid young factory women. Advances in paper making and printmaking during the period enabled the production of relatively inexpensive board games. The most significant advance was the development of chromolithography, an achievement that made bold. Games cost as little as US$.25 for a small boxed card game to $3.00 for more elaborate games, American Protestants believed a virtuous life led to success, but the belief was challenged mid-century when Americans embraced materialism and capitalism. The accumulation of material goods was viewed as a divine blessing, in 1860, The Checkered Game of Life rewarded players for mundane activities such as attending college, marrying, and getting rich
26.
Milton Bradley Company
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The Milton Bradley Company was an American board game manufacturer established by Milton Bradley in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1860. In 1920, it absorbed the game production of McLoughlin Brothers, Milton Bradley was taken over by Hasbro, Inc. in 1984. The name was retained as one of Hasbros brands until it was discontinued in the 2000s, Milton Bradley found success making board games. In 1860, Milton Bradley moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, and its graphic design of Abraham Lincoln sold very well until Lincoln grew his beard and rendered the likeness out-of-date. Struggling to find a new way to use his lithography machine, Tapley challenged him to a game, most likely an old English game. Bradley conceived the idea of making a purely American game and he created The Checkered Game of Life, which had players move along a track from Infancy to Happy Old Age, in which the point was to avoid Ruin and reach Happy Old Age. Squares were labeled with moral positions from honor and bravery to disgrace, players used a spinner instead of dice because of the negative association with gambling. By spring of 1861, over 45,000 copies of The Checkered Game of Life had been sold, Bradley became convinced board games were his companys future. When the Civil War broke out in early 1861, Milton Bradley temporarily gave up making board games, however, upon seeing bored soldiers stationed in Springfield, Bradley began producing small games the soldiers could play during their down time. This is regarded as the first travel game in the country and these games included chess, checkers, backgammon, dominoes, and The Checkered Game of Life. They were sold for one dollar a piece to soldiers and charitable organizations that bought them in bulk to distribute, by the 1870s, the company was producing dozens of games and capitalizing on fads. Milton Bradley became the first manufacturer in America to make croquet sets, the sets included wickets, mallets, balls, stakes, and an authoritative set of rules to play by that Bradley himself had created from oral tradition and his own sense of fair play. In 1880, the company began making jigsaw puzzles, in the late 1860s, Bradley became involved in the Kindergarten movement. Deeply invested in the cause, his company began manufacturing educational items such as colored papers, the company was hurt by Bradleys generosity. He gave these materials away free of charge, which cost them, due to the recession of the late 1870s, his investors told him either his kindergarten work must go or they would go. Bradley chose to keep his kindergarten work and his friend George Tapley bought the interest of the lost investors and took over as president of the Milton Bradley Company. The Milton Bradley Company took a new direction in 1869 after Milton Bradley went to hear a lecture about the movement by early education pioneer. Peabody promoted the philosophy of the German scholar Friedrich Froebel, Froebel stated that through education children learn and develops through creative activities
27.
Geoffrey Ward
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Geoffrey Champion Ward is an American editor, author, historian and writer of scripts for American history documentaries for public television. He is the author or co-author of 18 books, including five books to the documentaries he has written. He is the winner of seven Emmy Awards, Ward was born in Newark, Ohio, and a graduate of Oberlin College. Champion Ward, educator and a devisor of the MacArthur Foundation Genius Grant, Ward spent some of his boyhood years in India. Ward was the editor of Audience Magazine and the editor of American Heritage Magazine. His 1989 biography of Franklin D. Anthony and this work has garnered him five Emmy Awards. He also won two Emmys for the American Experience series, including The Kennedys, in 1992 and TR, work is always his own, but he has also helped free ideas that otherwise might have been imprisoned in the academy and helped them find a wider world. He has helped historians understand the possibilities, limits. The 2011 Burns/Ward collaboration, Prohibition, brought Ward his seventh Emmy for Outstanding Writing for Nonfiction Programming and he is currently at work on a multi-part series Vietnam, with Lynn Novick and Ken Burns. In 2012, Ward published a biography of his grandfather, Ferdinand Ward. A Disposition to be Rich was written with the assistance of private family materials, Ward spent some of his boyhood years in India and has remained involved with India and in Indian issues. Working and writing about the struggle to save the Bengal tiger in the wild has meant friendships with great tiger men like Fateh Singh Rathore. His essays and pieces on India have appeared in an array of publications, including Geo, Audubon, National Geographic, Smithsonian, Aperture. In 2011, he wrote an introduction for the book Varanasi, Portrait of a Civilization, by the photographer Raghu Rai and he is currently at work on a book about the partition of the Indian subcontinent. Ward is involved in the world of jazz and has collaborated with Wynton Marsalis, I think jazz music is so important to this country. I find these characters, Armstrong, Ellington, working in a Jim Crow world, Ward is married to the writer and social/environmental activist Diane Raines Ward. When he was nine years old, Ward contracted poliomyelitis, and he later cited Franklin Roosevelt as a source of inspiration on how to overcome his handicap. The Civil War, An Illustrated History, with Ric and Ken Burns, based upon PBS television series, Alfred A. Knopf
28.
Dean Acheson
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Dean Gooderham Acheson was an American statesman and lawyer. As United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953, Acheson helped design the Marshall Plan and was a key player in the development of the Truman Doctrine and creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Achesons most famous decision was convincing President Truman to intervene in the Korean War in June 1950 and he also persuaded Truman to dispatch aid and advisors to French forces in Indochina, though in 1968 he finally counseled President Lyndon B. Johnson to negotiate for peace with North Vietnam. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy called upon Acheson for advice, bringing him into the executive committee, Dean Gooderham Acheson was born in Middletown, Connecticut. Like his father, Acheson was a staunch Democrat and opponent of prohibition, Acheson attended Groton School and Yale College, where he joined Scroll and Key Society, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. At Groton and Yale he had the reputation of a partier and prankster, he was somewhat aloof, Achesons well-known, reputed arrogance—he disdained the curriculum at Yale as focusing on memorizing subjects already known or not worth knowing more about—was apparent early. At Harvard Law School from 1915 to 1918, however, he was swept away by the intellect of professor Felix Frankfurter, on May 15,1917, while serving in the National Guard, Acheson married Alice Caroline Stanley. She loved painting and politics and served as an influence throughout their enduring marriage. Frankfurter and Brandeis were close associates, and future Supreme Court Justice Frankfurter suggested that Brandeis take on Acheson, when Secretary William H. Woodin fell ill, Acheson suddenly found himself acting secretary despite his ignorance of finance. Because of his opposition to FDRs plan to deflate the dollar by controlling gold prices, he was forced to resign in November 1933, in 1939–1940 he headed a committee to study the operation of administrative bureaus in the federal government. Brought back as assistant secretary of state in 1941, Acheson implemented much of United States economic policy aiding Great Britain, Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets merely to disconcert them. He did not intend the flow of oil to Japan to cease, the president then departed Washington for Newfoundland to meet with Churchill. While he was gone Acheson used those frozen assets to deny Japan oil, upon the presidents return, he decided it would appear weak and appeasing to reverse the de facto oil embargo. In 1944, Acheson attended the Bretton Woods Conference as the delegate from the State department. At this conference the post-war international economic structure was designed, the conference was the birthplace of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the last of which would evolve into the World Trade Organization. And, as late as 1945 or 1946 Acheson sought détente with the Soviet Union, in 1946, as chairman of a special committee to prepare a plan for the international control of atomic energy, he wrote the Acheson–Lilienthal report. At first Acheson was conciliatory towards Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Unions attempts at regional hegemony in Eastern Europe and in Southwest Asia, however, changed Achesons thinking. From this point forward, one writes, Acheson was more than present at the creation of the Cold War
29.
Stephen E. Ambrose
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Stephen Edward Ambrose was an American historian and biographer of U. S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. He was a professor of history at the University of New Orleans. In response to one of the reports, Ambrose said he was not out there stealing other peoples writings. Ambrose was born in Lovington, Illinois, to Rosepha Trippe Ambrose and his father was a physician who served in the U. S. Navy during World War II. Ambrose was raised in Whitewater, Wisconsin, where he graduated from Whitewater High School and his family also owned a farm in Lovington, Illinois, and vacation property in Marinette County, Wisconsin. He attended college at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he was a member of Chi Psi Fraternity and played on the University of Wisconsin football team for three years. Ambrose originally wanted to major in pre-medicine, but changed his major to history after hearing the first lecture in a U. S. history class entitled Representative Americans in his sophomore year, the course was taught by William B. Hesseltine, whom Ambrose credits with fundamentally shaping his writing and igniting his interest in history, while at Wisconsin, Ambrose was a member of the Navy and Army ROTC. He graduated with a B. A. in 1957, Ambrose received a masters degree in history from Louisiana State University in 1958, studying under T. Harry Williams. Ambrose then went on to earn a Ph. D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1963, during the academic year 1969-70, he was Ernest J. King Professor of Maritime History at the Naval War College. In 1970, while teaching at Kansas State University, Ambrose participated in heckling of Richard Nixon during a speech the president gave on the KSU campus. Given pressure from the KSU administration and having job offers elsewhere, upon finishing out the year Ambrose offered to leave, Ambrose also taught at Louisiana State University, Johns Hopkins University, Rutgers University, U. C. Berkeley, and a number of European schools, including University College Dublin and he founded the Eisenhower Center at the University of New Orleans in 1989 serving as its director until 1994. The Centers first efforts, which Ambrose initiated, involved the collection of oral histories from World War II veterans about their experiences, particularly any participation in D-Day. By the time of publication of Ambroses D-Day, June 6,1944, The Climactic Battle of World War II, in 1994, Ambrose donated $150,000 to the Center in 1998 to foster additional efforts to collect oral histories from World War II veterans. Ambroses earliest works concerned the Civil War and he wrote biographies of the generals Emory Upton and Henry Halleck, the first of which was based on his dissertation. Early in his career, Ambrose was mentored by World War II historian Forrest Pogue, in 1964, Ambrose took a position at Johns Hopkins as the Associate Editor of the Eisenhower Papers, a project aimed at organizing, cataloging and publishing Eisenhowers principal papers. Ambrose expanded this into a book, Eisenhower and Berlin,1945, Ambrose was aided in the books writing by comments and notes provided by Eisenhower, who read a draft of the book
30.
Cleveland Amory
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Cleveland Amory was an American author, reporter and commentator and animal rights activist. He originally was known for writing a series of popular books poking fun at the pretensions and customs of society, from the 1950s through the 1990s, he had a long career as a reporter and writer for national magazines, and as a television and radio commentator. In the late 1980s and 1990s, he was best known for his books about his adopted cat, Polar Bear. Amory was born September 2,1917, into a privileged and established Boston family, his parents were Robert Amory and Leonore Cobb Amory, daughter of Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. In 1936, when he was 18, Amory held a job as tutor and companion to 13-year-old William Zinsser. Zinsser later recalled that they had discussions about their shared interest in journalism. Amory attended Harvard where he was president of The Harvard Crimson, after graduating from Harvard in 1939, Amory became the youngest editor ever hired by The Saturday Evening Post, a position he held until 1941 when he left to serve in the Second World War. Amory served in intelligence in the United States Army from 1941 to 1943. Upon returning, he worked as a writer and reporter for various publications, around 1945, Amory witnessed a bullfight in Nogales, Mexico which strongly influenced him to become an activist for animal rights. That satirized the pretensions of the class society, particularly in Boston. In 1952, he became a regular columnist for the weekly magazine Saturday Review and he continued to write the column for 20 years, until 1972. He also wrote articles for other publications. In the spring of 1955, he traveled to France with his then-wife Martha for an assignment with the Duke, Amory agreed to ghostwrite the Duchess autobiography, but after realizing that she wanted him to sugar-coat her life, he quickly left the project. In 1952, Amory was hired as a commentator on the NBC morning news and talk program, Today, which at that time was new. He provided a televised commentary every few weeks, usually containing light humor or satire, because his subject matter tended to be light, the network did not review his planned commentaries in advance. Amory continued as a regular commentator for eleven years until 1963. In 1963, Amory learned that the American Legion in Harmony, at that time, wild rabbits in the United States were widely regarded as both agricultural pests and game animals for hunting and eating. After learning of the bop, Amory and his assistant traveled to Harmony to engage in a debate with its planners
31.
Douglas Brinkley
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Douglas Brinkley is an American author, professor of history at Rice University and a fellow at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Brinkley is the commentator for CNN News and a contributing editor to the magazines Vanity Fair. A public spokesperson on issues, Brinkley serves as an editor at Audubon Magazine. He joined the faculty of Rice University as a professor of history in 2007, Brinkley was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1960, but raised in Perrysburg, Ohio. His parents were school teachers. He has been on the faculty of Hofstra University, the University of New Orleans, Tulane University and he received an honorary doctorate for his contributions to American letters from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. In 1993, he left Hofstra to teach at the University of New Orleans, Ambrose chose Brinkley to become director of the Eisenhower Center, a post he held for five years before moving to Tulane University. Brinkleys first book was Jean Monnet, The Path to European Unity, the publication of Dean Acheson, The Cold War Years brought Brinkley popular acclaim. He then co-edited a monograph series with Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. Brinkley also edited a volume on Dean Acheson and the Making of US Foreign Policy with Paul H. Nitze. In 1999, he published The Unfinished Presidency about Jimmy Carters active, Brinkley is the literary executor for his late friend, the journalist and author Hunter S. Thompson. He is also the editor of a collection of Thompsons letters. Brinkley is also the authorized biographer for Beat generation author Jack Kerouac and he has also written profiles of popular writers Kurt Vonnegut, Norman Mailer, and Ken Kesey for Rolling Stone magazine. In 2009, Brinkley interviewed Bob Dylan in Paris and Amsterdam for a Rolling Stone cover story, in 2004, Brinkley released Tour of Duty, John Kerry and the Vietnam War, about U. S. Senator John Kerrys military service and anti-war activism during the Vietnam War, the 2004 documentary movie, Going Upriver, The Long War of John Kerry, is loosely based on Brinkleys book. Brinkley also wrote the Atlantic Monthly cover story of December 2003 on Kerry, Brinkleys book The Great Deluge, Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast is a record of the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the Gulf Coast. The book won the 2007 Robert F. Kennedy Book Award and was a Los Angeles Times book prize finalist and he also served as the primary historian for Spike Lees documentary about Hurricane Katrina, When the Levees Broke, A Requiem in Four Acts. Critic Nancy Franklin in The New Yorker noted that Brinkley made up a part of the films conscience. FX Productions has announced that they will develop The Great Deluge for the season of the network’s award-winning American Crime Story series
32.
Malcolm Cowley
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Malcolm Cowley was an American novelist, poet, literary critic, and journalist. Born August 28,1898, in the town of Belsano in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, Cowley grew up in the East Liberty neighborhood of Pittsburgh, where his father William was a homeopathic doctor. He attended Shakespeare Street elementary school and graduated from Peabody High Schools first graduating class in 1915 where his boyhood friend Kenneth Burke was also a student, in 1920 he earned a B. A. from Harvard University. He interrupted his studies to join the American Field Service in France during World War I. From the Western Front he reported on the war for The Pittsburgh Gazette, upon returning to the USA, Cowley married artist Peggy Baird, they were divorced in 1931. His second wife was Muriel Maurer, together they had one son, Robert William Cowley, who is an editor and military historian. He died of a heart attack March 27,1989, scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, Ezra Pound, E. E. Cummings, Gerald and Sara Murphy, Edmund Wilson, Erskine Caldwell, Harry Crosby, Caresse Crosby and others. He is usually regarded as representative of Americas Lost Generation, from his two decades of struggling, he later became a well-known chronicler of the expatriate generation. Perhaps the most famous work he wrote was his book of poetry, Blue Juniata. His most autobiographical was Exiles Return, published in 1934, the second book is one of the first published in the United States about the Lost Generation, and was reissued in a less radical edition with new material, like his Fitzgerald revivals, in 1951. American literary historian Van Wyck Brooks described it as a literary record of the most dramatic period in American literary history. Coming under the influence of Theodore Dreiser, Cowley became increasingly involved in radical politics, in 1932 Cowley joined Mary Heaton Vorse, Edmund Wilson and Waldo Frank as union-sponsored observers of the miners strikes in Kentucky. Their lives were threatened by the owners and Frank was badly beaten up. The following year Cowley published Exiles Return, the book was largely ignored and sold only 800 copies in the first twelve months. The following year he published an autobiography, The Dream of Golden Mountains, in 1935 Cowley and other left-wing writers established the League of American Writers. However, he resigned in 1940 because he felt the organization was under the control of the American Communist Party, in 1941 President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Archibald MacLeish as head of the Office of Facts and Figures. MacLeish recruited Cowley as his deputy and this decision soon resulted in anti-communist journalists such as Whittaker Chambers and Westbrook Pegler writing articles pointing out Cowleys left-wing past. One member of Congress, Martin Dies of Texas, accused Cowley of having connections to 72 communist or communist-front organizations, MacLeish came under pressure from J. Edgar Hoover, head of the FBI, to fire Cowley
