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Argent

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In heraldry, argent /ˈɑːrdʒənt/ is the tincture of silver, and belongs to the class of light tinctures called "metals." It is very frequently depicted as white and usually considered interchangeable with it. In engravings and line drawings, regions to be tinctured argent are either left blank or indicated with the abbreviation ar. in them.

The name derives from Latin argentum, translated as "silver" or "white metal." The word argent had the same meaning in Old French blazon, from which it passed into the English language.

In some historical depictions of coats of arms, a kind of silver leaf was applied to those parts of the device that were argent, over time, the silver content of these depictions has tarnished and darkened. As a result, it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish regions that were intended as argent from those that were sable, this leaves a false impression that the rule of tincture has been violated in cases where, when applied next to a dark colour, argent now appears to be sable due to tarnish.

1 Argent versus white
2 Meaning
3 Gallery
4 References

Argent versus white[edit]

Arthur Charles Fox-Davies argued extensively in his book The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopaedia of Armory that, though extremely rare, the colour white existed as an independent tincture in heraldry separate from argent. He bases this in part on the "white labels" used to difference the arms of members of the British Royal Family. However, it has been argued that these could be regarded as "white labels proper", thus rendering white not a heraldic tincture.^[1]

White does seem to be regarded as a different tincture from argent in Portuguese heraldry, as evidenced by the arms of municipal de Santiago do Cacém in Portugal, in which the white of the fallen Moor's clothing and the knight's horse is distinguished from the argent of the distant castle, and in the arms of the Logistical and Administrative Command of the Portuguese Air Force.

Meaning[edit]

Sometimes, the different tinctures are said to be connected with special meanings or virtues, and represent certain elements and precious stones. Even if this is an idea mostly disregarded by serious heraldists throughout the centuries,^[2] it may be of anecdotal interest to see what they are, since the information is so often sought after. Many sources give different meanings, but argent is often said to represent the following:

Of jewels, the pearl
Of heavenly bodies, the Moon
Of metals, silver

Gallery[edit]

Arms of Guillemin family (France)
Arms of the municipality of Degerfors, Sweden.
Arms of Visdelou family (France)
Arms of Le Lagadec family (France)
Arms of Jégou family (France)

References[edit]

Look up argent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

^ "The Scottish Heraldry Forum Message: Paton - help". Archived from the original on 2003-09-10. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
^ Woodcock, Thomas; Robinson, John Martin (1988). The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 0-19-211658-4.

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1. Heraldry – The beauty and pageantry of heraldic designs allowed them to survive the gradual abandonment of armour on the battlefield during the seventeenth century. Heraldry has been described poetically as the handmaid of history, the shorthand of history, in modern times, heraldry is used by individuals, public and private organizations, corporations, cities, towns, and regions to symbolize their heritage, achievements, and aspirations. Various symbols have been used to represent individuals or groups for thousands of years, similar emblems and devices are found in ancient Mesopotamian art of the same period, and the precursors of heraldic beasts such as the griffin can also be found. In the Bible, the Book of Numbers refers to the standards and ensigns of the children of Israel, the Greek and Latin writers frequently describe the shields and symbols of various heroes, and units of the Roman army were sometimes identified by distinctive markings on their shields. The Book of Saint Albans, compiled in 1486, declares that Christ himself was a gentleman of coat armour, the medieval heralds also devised arms for various knights and lords from history and literature. Notable examples include the toads attributed to Pharamond, the cross and martlets of Edward the Confessor, and the arms attributed to the Nine Worthies. These too are now regarded as an invention, rather than evidence of the antiquity of heraldry. The development of the modern heraldic language cannot be attributed to an individual, time. Yet no individual is depicted twice bearing the arms, nor are any of the descendants of the various persons depicted known to have borne devices resembling those in the tapestry. A Spanish manuscript from 1109 describes both plain and decorated shields, none of which appears to have been heraldic, in England, from the time of the Norman conquest, official documents had to be sealed. A notable example of an armorial seal is attached to a charter granted by Philip I, Count of Flanders. Seals from the part of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries show no evidence of heraldic symbolism. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffreys widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a shield decorated with six golden lions rampant. He wears a helmet adorned with another lion, and his cloak is lined in vair. A medieval chronicle states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, Henry I, in 1128, but this account probably dates to about 1175. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffreys shield. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant and it is from this garment that the phrase coat of arms is derived

2. Tincture (heraldry) – Tinctures constitute the limited palette of colours and patterns used in heraldry. The need to define, depict, and correctly blazon the various tinctures is therefore one of the most important aspects of heraldic art, the colours and patterns of the heraldic palette are divided into three groups, usually known as metals, colours, and furs. In its original sense, tincture refers only to the group referred to as colours. Thus, when consulting various heraldic authorities, care must be taken to determine which meaning each term is given, the basic scheme and rules of applying the heraldic tinctures dates to the formative period of heraldry, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The practice of depicting certain charges as they appear in nature, in the English-speaking world, heraldic terminology is based largely on that of British armory, which in turn is based on Norman French. The metals are or and argent, representing gold and silver, respectively, although in practice they are depicted as yellow. Or derives its name from the Latin aurum, gold and it may be depicted using either yellow or metallic gold, at the artists discretion, yellow has no separate existence in heraldry, and is never used to represent any tincture other than or. Argent is similarly derived from the Latin argentum, silver, notwithstanding the widespread use of white for argent, some heraldic authorities have suggested the existence of white as a distinct heraldic colour. Five colours have been recognized since the earliest days of heraldry and these are, gules, or red, sable, or black, azure, or blue, vert, or green, and purpure, or purple. Two more were eventually acknowledged by most heraldic authorities, sanguine or murrey, a red or mulberry colour, and tenné. Gules is of uncertain derivation, outside of the heraldic context, Sable is named for a type of marten, known for its dark, luxuriant fur. Azure comes through the Arabic lāzaward, from the Persian lāžavard both referring to the mineral lapis lazuli, used to produce blue pigments. Vert is from Latin viridis, green, the alternative name in French, sinople, is derived from the ancient city of Sinope in Asia Minor, which was famous for its pigments. Purpure is from Latin purpura, in turn from Greek porphyra and this expensive dye, known from antiquity, produced a much redder purple than the modern heraldic colour, and in fact earlier depictions of purpure are far redder than recent ones. As a heraldic colour, purpure may have originated as a variation of gules. Sanguine or Murrey, from Latin sanguineus, blood red, and Greek morum, mulberry, although long shunned in the belief that it represented some dishonour on the part of the bearer, it has found some use in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Tenné or tenny, from Latin tannare, to tan, is the second of the so-called stains and it is most often depicted as orange, but sometimes as tawny yellow or brown. In earlier times it was used in continental heraldry

3. Silver (color) – Silver or metallic gray is a color tone resembling gray that is a representation of the color of polished silver. The visual sensation usually associated with the silver is its metallic shine. This cannot be reproduced by a solid color, because the shiny effect is due to the materials brightness varying with the surface angle to the light source. In addition, there is no mechanism for showing metallic or fluorescent colors on a computer without resorting to rendering software which simulates the action of light on a shiny surface, consequently, in art and in heraldry one would normally use a metallic paint that glitters like real silver. A matte grey color could also be used to represent silver color, the first recorded use of silver as a color name in English was in 1481. In heraldry, the word argent is used, derived from Latin argentum over Medieval French argent, displayed at right is the web color silver. Since version 3.2 of HTML silver is a name for one of the 16 basic-VGA-colors, hTML-example, <body bgcolor=silver> CSS-example, body Pale silver is the pale tone of silver color called silver in Crayola crayons. Silver has been a Crayola color since 1903, Crayola silver is not a neutral grayscale color, but rather a warm gray with a very slight tinge of orange-red. The color silver pink is displayed at right, the color name silver pink first came into use in 1948. The source of color is the Plochere Color System, a color system formulated in 1948 that is widely used by interior designers. At right is displayed the color silver sand, the color name silver sand for this tone of silver has been in use since 2001, when it was promulgated as one of the colors on the Xona. com Color List. At right is displayed the color silver chalice, the color name silver chalice for this tone of silver has been in use since 2001, when it was promulgated as one of the colors on the Xona. com Color List. At right is displayed the color Roman silver, Roman silver, a blue-gray tone of silver, is one of the colors on the Resene Color List, a color list widely popular in Australia and New Zealand. At right is displayed the old silver. Old silver is a color that was formulated to resemble tarnished silver, the first recorded use of old silver as a color name in English was in 1905. Sonic silver is a tone of silver included in Metallic FX crayons, plants A silver birch is a tree in the birch family. The leaves are silver on underside. A silver fir is a timber tree that originated in Europe

4. White – White is an achromatic color, a color without hue. An incoming light to the eye that stimulates all its three types of color sensitive cone cells in nearly equal amounts results in white. White is one of the most common colors in nature, the color of sunlight, snow, milk, chalk, limestone, in many cultures white represents or signifies purity, innocence, and light, and is the symbolic opposite of black, or darkness. According to surveys in Europe and the United States, white is the color most often associated with perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, and exactitude. In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, in the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity, the widows of kings dressed in white rather than black as the color of mourning. It was also used in 20th century modern architecture as a symbol of modernity, simplicity. White is an important color for almost all world religions, the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, has worn white since 1566, as a symbol of purity and sacrifice. In Islam, and in the Shinto religion of Japan, it is worn by pilgrims, in Western cultures and in Japan, white is the most common color for wedding dresses, symbolizing purity and virginity. In many Asian cultures, white is also the color of mourning, the white color on television screens and computer monitors is created with the RGB color model by mixing red, green and blue light at equal intensities. The word white continues Old English hwīt, ultimately from a Common Germanic *χwītaz also reflected in OHG wîz, ON hvítr, the root is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European language *kwid-, surviving also in Sanskrit śveta to be white or bright and Slavonic světŭ light. The Icelandic word for white, hvítur, is derived from the Old Norse form of the word hvítr. Common Germanic also had the word *blankaz, borrowed into Late Latin as *blancus, the antonym of white is black. Some non-European languages have a variety of terms for white. The Inuit language has seven different words for seven different nuances of white, Japanese has six different words, depending upon brilliance or dullness, or if the color is inert or dynamic. White was one of the first colors used in art, the Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. Paleolithic artists used calcite or chalk, they sometimes as a background, sometimes as a highlight, along with charcoal and red, in ancient Egypt, white was connected with the goddess Isis. The priests and priestesses of Isis dressed only in white linen, in Greece and other ancient civilizations, white was often associated with mothers milk. In Greek mythology, the chief god Zeus was nourished at the breast of the nymph Amalthea, in the Talmud, milk was one of four sacred substances, along with wine, honey, and the rose

5. Latin – Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole

6. Silver – Silver is a metallic element with symbol Ag and atomic number 47. The symbol Ag stems from Latin argentum, derived from the Greek ὰργὀς, a soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earths crust in the pure, free form, as an alloy with gold and other metals. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, Silver is more abundant than gold, but it is much less abundant as a native metal. Its purity is measured on a per mille basis, a 94%-pure alloy is described as 0.940 fine. As one of the seven metals of antiquity, silver has had a role in most human cultures. Silver has long valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many premodern monetary systems in bullion coins, Silver is used in numerous applications other than currency, such as solar panels, water filtration, jewelry, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils, and as an investment medium. Silver is used industrially in electrical contacts and conductors, in specialized mirrors, window coatings, Silver compounds are used in photographic film and X-rays. Dilute silver nitrate solutions and other compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides, added to bandages and wound-dressings, catheters. Silver is similar in its physical and chemical properties to its two neighbours in group 11 of the periodic table, copper and gold. This distinctive electron configuration, with an electron in the highest occupied s subshell over a filled d subshell. Silver is a soft, ductile and malleable transition metal. Silver crystallizes in a cubic lattice with bulk coordination number 12. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in silver are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak and this observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of silver. Silver has a brilliant white metallic luster that can take a polish. Protected silver has greater optical reflectivity than aluminium at all wavelengths longer than ~450 nm, at wavelengths shorter than 450 nm, silvers reflectivity is inferior to that of aluminium and drops to zero near 310 nm. The electrical conductivity of silver is the greatest of all metals, greater even than copper, during World War II in the US,13540 tons of silver were used in electromagnets for enriching uranium, mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper

7. Metal – A metal is a material that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable—that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking—as well as fusible and ductile, about 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals, the others are nonmetals or metalloids. Some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms, astrophysicists use the term metal to collectively describe all elements other than hydrogen and helium, the simplest two, in a star. The star fuses smaller atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, to larger ones over its lifetime. In that sense, the metallicity of an object is the proportion of its matter made up of all chemical elements. Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under high pressures, the atoms of metallic substances are typically arranged in one of three common crystal structures, namely body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed. In bcc, each atom is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others, in fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve others, but the stacking of the layers differs. Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature, atoms of metals readily lose their outer shell electrons, resulting in a free flowing cloud of electrons within their otherwise solid arrangement. This provides the ability of metallic substances to easily transmit heat, while this flow of electrons occurs, the solid characteristic of the metal is produced by electrostatic interactions between each atom and the electron cloud. This type of bond is called a metallic bond, Metals are usually inclined to form cations through electron loss, reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over various timescales. Examples,4 Na + O2 →2 Na2O2 Ca + O2 →2 CaO4 Al +3 O2 →2 Al2O3, the transition metals are slower to oxidize because they form a passivating layer of oxide that protects the interior. Others, like palladium, platinum and gold, do not react with the atmosphere at all, some metals form a barrier layer of oxide on their surface which cannot be penetrated by further oxygen molecules and thus retain their shiny appearance and good conductivity for many decades. The oxides of metals are generally basic, as opposed to those of nonmetals, exceptions are largely oxides with very high oxidation states such as CrO3, Mn2O7, and OsO4, which have strictly acidic reactions. Painting, anodizing or plating metals are good ways to prevent their corrosion, however, a more reactive metal in the electrochemical series must be chosen for coating, especially when chipping of the coating is expected. Water and the two form an electrochemical cell, and if the coating is less reactive than the coatee. Metals in general have high conductivity, high thermal conductivity. Typically they are malleable and ductile, deforming under stress without cleaving, in terms of optical properties, metals are shiny and lustrous. Sheets of metal beyond a few micrometres in thickness appear opaque, although most metals have higher densities than most nonmetals, there is wide variation in their densities, lithium being the least dense solid element and osmium the densest

8. Blazon – In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image. The verb to blazon means to such a description. Blazon also refers to the language in which a blazon is written. This language has its own vocabulary, grammar and syntax, or rules governing word order, other objects — such as badges, banners, and seals — may also be described in blazon. The word blazon is not to be confused with the verb to emblazon, or the noun emblazonment, the word blazon is derived from French blason, shield. It was found in English by the end of the 14th century, formerly, experts in heraldry assumed that the word was related to the German verb blasen, to blow. Present-day lexicographers reject this theory as conjectural and disproved, the blazon of armorials follows a rigid formula, designed to eliminate ambiguity of interpretation, to be as concise as possible and to avoid repetition and extraneous punctuation. The nomenclature is equally significant, and its aim is to combine definitive exactness with a brevity that is indeed laconic. The rules of blazonry are as follows, Every blazon of a coat of arms begins by describing the field, with first letter as a capital, in a majority of cases this is a single tincture, e. g. Azure. If the field is complex, the variation is described, followed by the used, e. g. Chequy gules. The most common names are historically abbreviated. A Tincture is named only once in a given blazon, the principal charge are then named, with their tincture, e. g. a bend or. The principal charge is followed by any other charges placed around or on it, if a charge be a bird or beast, its attitude is described, followed by the animals tincture, followed by anything that may be differently coloured, e. g. An eagle displayed gules armed and wings charged with trefoils or, any accessories present — such as crown/coronet, helmet, torse, mantling, crest, motto, supporters and compartment — are then described in turn, using the same terminology and syntax. According to Boutell, It appears desirable always to print all heraldic blazon in italic, heraldry has its own vocabulary, word-order and punctuation, and showing it in italics thus indicates to the reader the presence of a quasi-foreign language. A quartered shield is blazoned one quarter at a time, proceeding by rows from chief to base, a divided shield is blazoned party per or parted per, though the word party or parted is almost always omitted. A tincture is sometimes replaced by of the first, of the second etc. to avoid repetition of tincture names, counterchanged means that a charge which straddles a line of division is tinctured of the same tinctures as the divided field, reversed. But as to the formulae of blazoning, John Brooke-Little, Norroy and Ulster King of Arms, wrote in 1985

9. Coat of arms – A coat of arms is an heraldic visual design on an escutcheon, surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the heraldic achievement which in its whole consists of shield, supporters, crest. A coat of arms is traditionally unique to a person, family, state. The ancient Romans used similar insignia on their shields, but these identified military units rather than individuals, the first evidence of medieval coats of arms has been attributed to the 11th century Bayeux Tapestry in which some of the combatants carry shields painted with crosses. However, that heraldic interpretation remains controversial, coats of arms came into general use by feudal lords and knights in battle in the 12th century. By the 13th century, arms had spread beyond their initial battlefield use to become a flag or emblem for families in the social classes of Europe. Exactly who had a right to use arms, by law or social convention, in the German-speaking regions both the aristocracy and burghers used arms, while in most of the rest of Europe they were limited to the aristocracy. The use of spread to the clergy, to towns as civic identifiers. Flags developed from coats of arms, and the arts of vexillology, the coats of arms granted to commercial companies are a major source of the modern logo. Despite no widespread regulation, heraldry has remained consistent across Europe, some nations, like England and Scotland, still maintain the same heraldic authorities which have traditionally granted and regulated arms for centuries and continue to do so in the present day. In England, for example, the granting of arms is and has controlled by the College of Arms. Unlike seals and other emblems, heraldic achievements have a formal description called a blazon. Many societies exist that also aid in the design and registration of personal arms, in the heraldic traditions of England and Scotland, an individual, rather than a family, had a coat of arms. In those traditions coats of arms are legal property transmitted from father to son, wives, undifferenced arms are used only by one person at any given time. Other descendants of the bearer could bear the ancestral arms only with some difference. One such charge is the label, which in British usage is now always the mark of an apparent or an heir presumptive. Because of their importance in identification, particularly in seals on legal documents and this has been carried out by heralds and the study of coats of arms is therefore called heraldry. In time, the use of arms spread from military entities to educational institutes, the author Helen Stuart argues that some coats of arms were a form of corporate logo

10. Tarnish – Tarnish is a thin layer of corrosion that forms over copper, brass, silver, aluminum, magnesium and other similar metals as their outermost layer undergoes a chemical reaction. Tarnish does not always result from the effects of oxygen in the air. For example, silver needs hydrogen sulfide to tarnish, although it may tarnish with oxygen over time and it often appears as a dull, gray or black film or coating over metal. Tarnish is a phenomenon that is self-limiting, unlike rust. Only the top few layers of the metal react, and the layer of tarnish seals, tarnish actually preserves the underlying metal in outdoor use, and in this form is called patina. The formation of patina is necessary in such as copper roofing, and outdoor copper, bronze. Patina is the given to tarnish on copper based metals. Tarnish is a product of a reaction between a metal and a nonmetal compound, especially oxygen and sulfur dioxide. It is usually a metal oxide, the product of oxidation, sometimes it is a metal sulfide. The metal oxide sometimes reacts with water to make the hydroxide, using a thin coat of polish can prevent tarnish from forming over these metals. Tarnish can be removed by using wool, sandpaper, emery paper. Gentler abrasives, like calcium carbonate, are used by museums to clean tarnished silver as they cannot damage or scratch the silver. Herman Silver Restoration, Conservation & Preservation – the most thoroughly researched and practiced silver care information on the Web, common causes of gold tarnishing & prevention

11. Sable (heraldry) – In heraldry, sable is the tincture black, and belongs to the class of dark tinctures, called colours. In engravings and line drawings, it is depicted as a region of crossed horizontal and vertical lines or else marked with sa. as an abbreviation. The name derives from the fur of the sable, a species of marten. Centuries ago, arms were often described poetically and the tinctures were connected to different gemstones, flowers, however, in the heraldry of Germany, Polish heraldry and other parts of central Europe, sable is not infrequently placed on colour fields. As a result, a cross may appear on a red shield, or a sable bird may appear on a blue or a red field. Polish examples abound as early as the fifteenth century, józef Szymański includes no fewer than seven examples of sable primary charges on either gules or azure fields out of the approximately 200 shields from this period whose blazons are known. In addition to the seven major examples, he describes occasional variants for the arms of some rody which also use sable charges on azure or gules fields, sable charges on gules fields also appear in the armory used in Lithuania. This is not surprising, since a significant fraction of Lithuanias personal coats of arms are of Polish origin, among these coats are those of Great Žemaitija, a black bear with an argent chain on its neck on a field gules

12. Rule of tincture – The most basic rule of heraldic design is the rule of tincture, metal should not be put on metal, nor colour on colour. This means that Or and argent may not be placed on each other, heraldic furs as well as proper are exceptions to the rule of tincture. The main duty of a device is to be easily recognisable. Certain tincture pairs are difficult to distinguish when placed atop or over each other, though this is the practical genesis of the rule, the rule is technical and appearance is not used in determining whether arms conform to the rule. Another reason sometimes given to justify this rule is that it was difficult to paint with enamel over enamel, the rule of tincture does not apply to furs, nor to charges blazoned proper. The blazoning of a charge proper can therefore be used as a loophole when its natural coloration equates to or approaches another heraldic tincture it is desired to overlie. An example would be a horse proper, since without breaking the rule of no metal on metal it could be placed on a field Or. Furs and charges blazoned as proper can be placed on colour, metal, fur, simple divisions of the field are considered to be beside each other, not one on top of the other, so the rule of tincture does not apply. In practice, however, fields divided into multiple partitions, such as barry or checky, use a pattern of metal. Likewise, a charge may be placed on either a colour or metal background. For instance, a gold collar about the neck of an argent supporter is common, but if eagle wings are used as a crest and charged with a trefoil, how technical the rule is can be seen by the fact that if this were blazoned as Gules. Though of identical appearance, it would be considered a blatant violation, the colours bleu celeste and the U. S. Institute of Heraldry-invented buff have sometimes been treated as if they are metals, marks of cadency, and presumably marks of distinction, can be exceptions to this rule. For example, many members of the French royal house had a red border or bend against the blue field, also, in Great Britain, cantons added to indicate baronetcy of Ulster ignore this rule, otherwise they could be displayed by no one with a metal field. Augmentations and, in theory, abatements do not have to conform to the rule. Another violation which is not worried about is a green mount on a blue field representing the sky. A green trimount also appears in the coat of arms of Hungary, in this case the field is gules, the rule of tincture should therefore exclude this use of a vert trimount. Instead, there is a trimount vert used in violation of the rule, however, it has been argued by some that the mount vert or trimount issues from the base of the shield rather than being a charge on it, causing the rule not to apply

13. Book – A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side, with text and/or images printed in ink. A single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page, a set of text-filled or illustrated pages produced in electronic format for reading on a computer screen, smartphone or e-reader device is known as an electronic book, or e-book. The term books may refer the body of works of literature. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazines, journals, in novels and sometimes other types of books, a book may be divided into several large sections, also called books. An avid reader or collector of books or a lover is a bibliophile or colloquially. A shop where books are bought and sold is a bookshop or bookstore, Books are also sold in some department stores, drugstores and newspaper vendors. Books can also be borrowed from libraries, google has estimated that as of 2010, approximately 130,000,000 distinct titles had been published. In some wealthier nations, printed books are giving way to the usage of electronic or e-books, the word book comes from Old English bōc, which in turn comes from the Germanic root *bōk-, cognate to beech. Similarly, in Slavic languages буква is cognate with beech, in Russian and in Serbian and Macedonian, the word букварь or буквар refers specifically to a primary school textbook that helps young children master the techniques of reading and writing. It is thus conjectured that the earliest Indo-European writings may have been carved on beech wood, similarly, the Latin word codex, meaning a book in the modern sense, originally meant block of wood. When writing systems were created in ancient civilizations, a variety of objects, such as stone, clay, tree bark, metal sheets, the study of such inscriptions forms a major part of history. The study of inscriptions is known as epigraphy, the Ancient Egyptians would often write on papyrus, a plant grown along the Nile River. At first the words were not separated from other and there was no punctuation. Texts were written right to left, left to right. The technical term for that last type of writing is boustrophedon, a tablet might be defined as a physically robust writing medium, suitable for casual transport and writing. See also stylus, the instrument used to write on a tablet, clay tablets were flattened and mostly dry pieces of clay that could be easily carried, and impressed with a stylus. They were used as a medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age. Tablets were used by traders to record sales of such as bushels of grain

14. Label (heraldry) – In heraldry, a label is a charge resembling the strap crossing the horse’s chest from which pendants are hung. It is usually a mark of difference, but has sometimes been borne simply as a charge in its own right, the pendants were originally drawn in a rectangular shape, but in later years have often been drawn as dovetails. The label is almost always placed in the chief, in most cases the horizontal band extends right across the shield, but there are several examples in which the band is truncated. In European heraldry in general, the label was used to mark the elder son, differences, or marks of cadency, are the distinctions used to indicate the junior branches of a family. On the death of his father, the eldest son would remove the label from his coat of arms, according to some sources, the elder son of an elder son places a label upon a label. The label appears as a charge in the coats of arms of families and municipalities, often having begun as a mark of difference. It has also used in canting arms. The number of pendants varies from three to seven, there are also several examples of the pendants bearing charges, especially in the coats of arms of the British Royal Family. A C Fox-Davies A Complete Guide to Heraldry, Thomas Nelson and Sons, London 1969

15. British royal family – The British royal family comprises the monarch of the United Kingdom and her close relations. There is no legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member of the British royal family. Different terms may be applied to the same or similar group of relatives of the monarch in his or her role as sovereign of any of the other Commonwealth realms, for example, in Canada, the family is known as the Canadian royal family. Some members of the family have official residences named as the places from which announcements are made in the Court Circular about official engagements they have carried out. The state duties and staff of some members of the family are funded from a parliamentary annuity. Since 1917, when King George V changed the name of the house from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, members of the royal family belong, either by birth or by marriage. In 2014, the family were regarded as British cultural icons. Today, they often perform ceremonial and social duties throughout the United Kingdom, in the other countries of the Commonwealth royalty do not serve as Counsellors of State, although they may perform ceremonial and social duties on behalf of individual states or the organisation. Wives of the said enjoy their husbands precedence, and husbands of princesses are unofficially but habitually placed with their wives as well and she did not alter the relative precedence of other born-princesses, such as the daughters of her younger sons. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy and they Serve the Queen, A New and Authoritative Account of the Royal Household. The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England, symbol and Privilege, The Ritual Context of British Royalty. Britains Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy, Royal Family is a celebrated and reverential BBC documentary made by Richard Cawston to accompany the investiture of the current Prince of Wales. The documentary is frequently responsible for the greater press intrusion into the royal familys private life since its first broadcast. Official website of the royal family Official YouTube Channel House of Windsor Family Tree, archived from the original on 2010-12-02

16. Portuguese heraldry – Portuguese heraldry encompasses modern and historic heraldic achievements in Portugal and in the former Portuguese Empire. Heraldry has been in use in Portugal at least since the 12th century, most of its present general characteristics were fixed in the 16th century by the heraldic ordinances of King Manuel I of Portugal. Unlike the highly stylized and macaronic language used in the heraldry of other countries. Portuguese heraldry was born within the Iberian heraldry tradition, itself a constituent part of the Latin heraldry family, in the late 14th century it came under significant influence from English heraldry, also absorving part of its features. Portuguese heraldry then evolved autonomously, and by the 16th century had many features of its own and these reached their peak with the ordinances of King Manuel I of 1521, which defined strict heraldic rules and established the statutes for the officers of arms. Heraldry declined in Portugal from the 17th to the 19th century, however, in the late 19th century, and especially in the 20th, it had a strong revival, mainly driven by the high development of the civic, corporate and military heraldries. However, Portuguese heraldry departs from tradition in that almost all armorial bearings are granted with a crest. Additionally, it is characterized by the rarity of the granting of armorial bearings that include supporters, with the beginning of the Age of Discovery in the 15th century, many coats of arms came to include charges related to Portuguese overseas expansion. These included padrões, ships, flags and weapons, Moor and African heads, exotic animals, another feature of Portuguese heraldry is that when an achievement of arms includes a coronet, it is represented over the helm - when it is represented - and not below it. In Portuguese heraldry works, it is common to represent family coats of arms without the helmets, with the respective torses and crests seating directly on the shields. Since the very early, the round bottom shield has been the preferred shape to display the coat of arms in Portugal, causing this shape to often be referred as the Portuguese shield. In 1911, it was adopted as the shield shape for the national coat of arms. Womens coats of arms are represented in a lozenge, with the single exception of those of the Portuguese queens. The Portuguese system of heraldic cadency originates in the regulations of King Manuel I and these regulations state that the head of a lineage, whether royal or common, is the only person to have the right to bear the full arms of the lineage without defacement. No other person can bear such full and undifferentiated arms, not even the heir apparent of the lineage. The system of cadency for the family has the same features of similar systems of other European countries. However, the system of cadency of non-royal lineages is unlike any other, although it is true that the brisure personalizes the arms, in Portugal anyone is entitled to choose their surname and coat of arms from any of ancestors, not necessarily the same ancestor for both. It was common for Portuguese monarchs to grant augmentations of honour to the achievements of arms as a reward or recognition to their bearers

17. Portugal – Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north

18. Portuguese Air Force – The Portuguese Air Force is the aerial warfare force of Portugal. Locally, it is referred to by the acronym FAP, and it is the youngest of the three branches of the Portuguese Armed Forces. The Portuguese Air Force was formed on July 1,1952, the CEMFA is the only officer in the Air Force with the rank of general. Presently, the FAP is a professional force made of career personnel. As 2015, the FAP employed a total of 5957 military personnel, the Air Force further included 842 civilian employees. Besides its warfare role, the FAP has also public service roles, namely assuring the Portuguese Air Search, until 2014, the FAP also integrated the National Aeronautical Authority. The AAN is now a body, but continues to be headed by the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, with the Air Force assuring most of its activities. Its aerobatic display teams are the Asas de Portugal jet aircraft display team, the remote origins of the Portuguese Air Force lay in the origins of the Portuguese military aeronautics. Portugal was directly linked with the history of the aeronautics since its early beginnings, in 1709, the Portuguese priest Bartolomeu de Gusmão requested a patent for a device to move through the air, which consisted in a kind of hot air balloon. The patent was granted on the 19 April 1709 and small models of this device were tested with success in several occasions. Accordingly, with some opinions, a real device would have performed a crewed flight over Lisbon, taking off from the São Jorge Castle. This may have been the first manned flight in history, the AeCP becomes one of the major boosters of the development of the aviation in Portugal in the early 20th century, including of its military use. Despite the previous use of balloons by the Portuguese Army, its first air unit was created in 1911. This unit was the Aerostation Company, which was part of the Army Telegraphic Service and was intended to operate observation aerostats and this unit would later receive a handful of airplanes. In 1912, the Portuguese Government receives its first airplane, a Deperdussin B, the Government further receives a Maurice Farman MF4 offered by the O Comércio do Porto newspaper and an Avro 500 offered by the Portuguese Republican Party. These aircraft would be integrated in the Aerostation Company, but remained years without use because of the inexistence of pilots, still in 1912, midshipman Miguel Freitas Homem of the naval purser branch applied for admission to any course that would qualify him as an aviator. He was so the first so the first member of the Portuguese Military to formally request to be an aircraft pilot. In the same year, by request of the AeCP, the legislator António José de Almeida presents a bill to the Portuguese Parliament for the creation of a Military Aviation Institute

19. Pearl – A pearl is a hard object produced within the soft tissue of a living shelled mollusk or another animal, such as a conulariid. Just like the shell of a clam, a pearl is composed of calcium carbonate. in minute crystalline form, the ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but many other shapes, known as baroque pearls, can occur. The finest quality natural pearls have been valued as gemstones. Because of this, pearl has become a metaphor for something rare, fine, the most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild, but are extremely rare. These wild pearls are referred to as natural pearls, cultured or farmed pearls from pearl oysters and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those currently sold. Imitation pearls are widely sold in inexpensive jewelry, but the quality of their iridescence is usually very poor and is easily distinguished from that of genuine pearls. Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in jewelry and they have also been crushed and used in cosmetics, medicines and paint formulations. Whether wild or cultured, gem-quality pearls are almost always nacreous and iridescent, however, almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls of lesser shine or less spherical shape. The English word pearl comes from the French perle, originally from the Latin perna meaning leg, nacreous pearls, the best-known and most commercially significant, are primarily produced by two groups of molluskan bivalves or clams. A nacreous pearl is made from layers of nacre, by the same living process as is used in the secretion of the mother of pearl which lines the shell, natural pearls, formed without human intervention, are very rare. Cultured pearls are formed in pearl farms, using human intervention as well as natural processes, saltwater pearls can grow in several species of marine pearl oysters in the family Pteriidae. Freshwater pearls grow within certain species of mussels in the order Unionida. The unique luster of pearls depends upon the reflection, refraction, the thinner and more numerous the layers in the pearl, the finer the luster. The iridescence that pearls display is caused by the overlapping of successive layers, in addition, pearls can be dyed yellow, green, blue, brown, pink, purple, or black. The very best pearls have a metallic mirror-like luster, because pearls are made primarily of calcium carbonate, they can be dissolved in vinegar. Calcium carbonate is susceptible to even a weak acid solution because the crystals of calcium carbonate react with the acid in the vinegar to form calcium acetate. Freshwater and saltwater pearls may sometimes look quite similar, but they come from different sources, Freshwater pearls form in various species of freshwater mussels, family Unionidae, which live in lakes, rivers, ponds and other bodies of fresh water. These freshwater pearl mussels occur not only in hotter climates, most freshwater cultured pearls sold today come from China

20. Moon – The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth, being Earths only permanent natural satellite. It is the fifth-largest natural satellite in the Solar System, following Jupiters satellite Io, the Moon is second-densest satellite among those whose densities are known. The average distance of the Moon from the Earth is 384,400 km, the Moon is thought to have formed about 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth. It is the second-brightest regularly visible celestial object in Earths sky, after the Sun and its surface is actually dark, although compared to the night sky it appears very bright, with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt. Its prominence in the sky and its cycle of phases have made the Moon an important cultural influence since ancient times on language, calendars, art. The Moons gravitational influence produces the ocean tides, body tides, and this matching of apparent visual size will not continue in the far future. The Moons linear distance from Earth is currently increasing at a rate of 3.82 ±0.07 centimetres per year, since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, the Moon has been visited only by uncrewed spacecraft. The usual English proper name for Earths natural satellite is the Moon, the noun moon is derived from moone, which developed from mone, which is derived from Old English mōna, which ultimately stems from Proto-Germanic *mǣnōn, like all Germanic language cognates. Occasionally, the name Luna is used, in literature, especially science fiction, Luna is used to distinguish it from other moons, while in poetry, the name has been used to denote personification of our moon. The principal modern English adjective pertaining to the Moon is lunar, a less common adjective is selenic, derived from the Ancient Greek Selene, from which is derived the prefix seleno-. Both the Greek Selene and the Roman goddess Diana were alternatively called Cynthia, the names Luna, Cynthia, and Selene are reflected in terminology for lunar orbits in words such as apolune, pericynthion, and selenocentric. The name Diana is connected to dies meaning day, several mechanisms have been proposed for the Moons formation 4.51 billion years ago, and some 60 million years after the origin of the Solar System. These hypotheses also cannot account for the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system. This hypothesis, although not perfect, perhaps best explains the evidence, eighteen months prior to an October 1984 conference on lunar origins, Bill Hartmann, Roger Phillips, and Jeff Taylor challenged fellow lunar scientists, You have eighteen months. Go back to your Apollo data, go back to computer, do whatever you have to. Dont come to our conference unless you have something to say about the Moons birth, at the 1984 conference at Kona, Hawaii, the giant impact hypothesis emerged as the most popular. Afterward there were only two groups, the giant impact camp and the agnostics. Giant impacts are thought to have been common in the early Solar System, computer simulations of a giant impact have produced results that are consistent with the mass of the lunar core and the present angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system

21. Degerfors – Degerfors is a locality and the seat of Degerfors Municipality, Örebro County, Sweden with 7,160 inhabitants in 2010. Degerfors has traditionally been a community closely connected to the large ironworks. The settlement grew up around this industry and got the status of a municipalsamhälle in 1912, today it acts as seat of the larger Degerfors Municipality. Nationally, Degerfors is best known for the football team Degerfors IF, despite the relatively small size of the town, Degerfors has always had strong local support, and played a total of 29 years in the highest division Allsvenskan. In 1997 the team were relegated and are playing in the second highest Swedish league. Another sports club located in Degerfors is Strömtorps IK

22. Thomas Woodcock (officer of arms) – Thomas Woodcock CVO DL FSA is the Garter Principal King of Arms. Woodcock was educated at Eton College and he went to University College, Durham, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He then went to Darwin College, Cambridge where he received his LLB degree and he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple. In 1998, Woodcock married Lucinda Harmsworth King and he was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple. He began his career in 1975 as a research assistant to Sir Anthony Wagner, Garter King of Arms. In 1978 he was appointed Rouge Croix Pursuivant, in 1982 he was promoted to Somerset Herald. He held this office until his appointment as Norroy and Ulster in 1997, Woodcock was appointed the Garter Principal King of Arms on 1 April 2010. Woodcock was appointed Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order in the 1996 Birthday Honours and was advanced to Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in the 2011 Birthday Honours. In December 2005 he was appointed a deputy lieutenant for the County of Lancashire, in which capacity he assists the Lord Lieutenant, Lord Shuttleworth, to represent Queen Elizabeth II in the county. Heraldry College of Arms King of Arms Herald Pursuivant Thomas Woodcocks Coat of Arms - Granted in 1961 CUHAGS Officer of Arms Index Debretts People of Today

23. John Martin Robinson – John Martin Robinson FSA is a British architectural historian and officer of arms. The doctoral degree was awarded in 1974 for work on the architect Samuel Wyatt, as an independent consultant since 1988 he has advised on the restoration of numerous country houses churches and other listed buildings. His contribution to the Conservation Plan for 7 Dials and Covent Garden in London won the 1998 Camden Environmental Award and he also wrote the Conservation Plan for the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, in association with Rick Mather Architects. He has been an Architectural Writer for Country Life for over 40 years contributing nearly 400 articles, Robinson was Fitzalan Pursuivant Extraordinary at the College of Arms from 1982 and is now Maltravers Herald Extraordinary. In 1978 he was appointed Librarian to the Duke of Norfolk Earl Marshal, Robinson is also a Knight of Magistral Grace of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. He served on the North West Regional Committee of the National Trust for 10 Years and is Heraldic Adviser to the National Trust and he was a founder member of the Friends of Christ Church Spitalfields and helped establish the music Festival there. His scholarly book on James Wyatt is the treatment of the subject. His New Georgian Handbook, co-authored with Alexandra Artley of Harpers Magazine, was the face of the Young Fogey Movement in the 1980s. Cardinal Consalvi 1757-1824 The Bodley Head, the Wyatts, An Architectural Dynasty Foreword by Woodrow Wyatt, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-817340-3. The Dukes of Norfolk ISBN 978-0-85033-973-4, the Latest Country Houses, 1945-83 The Bodley Head Ltd, ISBN 978-0370305622. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry John Martin Robinson & Thomas Woodcock, Oxford University Press, the Country House at War The Bodley Head Ltd, ISBN 0-370-31306-2, ISBN 978-0-370-31306-1. Temples of Delight, Stowe Landscape Gardens ISBN 0-540-01217-3, ISBN 978-0-540-01217-6, a Guide to the Country Houses of the North West Constable, ISBN 0-09-469920-8. Georgian Model Farms, A Study of Decorative and Model Farm Buildings in the Age of Improvement, francis Johnson Architect J. M. Robinson & David Neave, Oblong Creative, ISBN 978-0-9536574-3-8. The Regency Country House Aurum Press, ISBN 978-1-84513-053-4, grass Seed in June - The Making of an Architectural Historian Michael Russell Ltd, ISBN 978-0-85955-301-8. Felling the Ancient Oaks, How England Lost its Great Country Estates Aurum Press Ltd, requisitioned, The British Country House in the Second World War Aurum Press, ISBN 978-1781310953. The Observations of Humphrey Repton James Wyatt, Architect to George III Treasures of English Churches Uppark Restored. JMR & Christopher Rowell The Staffords The New Georgian Handbook, JMR & Alexandra Artley The English Country Estate Chatto Curiosities -Heraldry The National Trust Guide to Heraldry. JMR & Thomas Woodcock Royal Residences Buckingham Palace, the Official Illustrated History Windsor Castle

24. Oxford University Press – Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the known as the delegates of the press. They are headed by the secretary to the delegates, who serves as OUPs chief executive, Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century. The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a printer of Bibles, prayer books. OUP took on the project became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, by contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year. OUP was first exempted from United States corporation tax in 1972, as a department of a charity, OUP is exempt from income tax and corporate tax in most countries, but may pay sales and other commercial taxes on its products. The OUP today transfers 30% of its surplus to the rest of the university. OUP is the largest university press in the world by the number of publications, publishing more than 6,000 new books every year, the Oxford University Press Museum is located on Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. Visits must be booked in advance and are led by a member of the archive staff, displays include a 19th-century printing press, the OUP buildings, and the printing and history of the Oxford Almanack, Alice in Wonderland and the Oxford English Dictionary. The first printer associated with Oxford University was Theoderic Rood, the first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinuss Expositio in symbolum apostolorum, was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as 1468, thus apparently pre-dating Caxton, roods printing included John Ankywylls Compendium totius grammaticae, which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar. After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century, the chancellor, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, pleaded Oxfords case. Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, Oxfords chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, consolidated the legal status of the universitys printing in the 1630s. Laud envisaged a unified press of world repute, Oxford would establish it on university property, govern its operations, employ its staff, determine its printed work, and benefit from its proceeds. To that end, he petitioned Charles I for rights that would enable Oxford to compete with the Stationers Company and the Kings Printer and these were brought together in Oxfords Great Charter in 1636, which gave the university the right to print all manner of books. Laud also obtained the privilege from the Crown of printing the King James or Authorized Version of Scripture at Oxford and this privilege created substantial returns in the next 250 years, although initially it was held in abeyance. The Stationers Company was deeply alarmed by the threat to its trade, under this, the Stationers paid an annual rent for the university not to exercise its full printing rights – money Oxford used to purchase new printing equipment for smaller purposes

25. International Standard Book Number – The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

26. Tricking – Tricking is a method for indicating the tinctures used in a coat of arms by means of text abbreviations written directly on the illustration. Tricking and hatching are the two primary methods employed in the system of heraldry to show colour in black and white illustrations, the system of heraldry has always had some methods to designate the tinctures of arms. The earliest such method was blazon, which is describing the arms by words and is as old as heraldry itself and we can find the first blazon in the work of Chrétien de Troyes titled Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la Charette. The English heraldry system still uses a form of blazon almost unchanged since the reign of Edward I, traditionally, the images of heraldic manuscripts like the rolls of arms and armorial books are all coloured. While the first method was introduced and developed by the heralds, in addition, some other methods were also in use such as giving designations to tinctures by using the numbers from 1 to 7. In the beginning, tinctures were designated with the names of the colours as described in the 1576 book by Martin Schrot. In his book Baselische Chronik Cristian Urstis named the tinctures after the initials of the given colours, earlier, this method was applied by Virgil Solis, and Johann von Francolin. Almost simultaneously with Urstis, Don Alphonsus Ciacconius, a Rome-based Spanish Dominican scholar, or was designated with A, argent or white, respectively with a, azure with c, gules with r, and vert by v. Though the sign for sable was not present in his system traditionally it was designated with the colour itself. That was a time when heraldry was ruled by allegorical and astrological views, all this was in connection with the ancient lore of sympathies, which examined sympathies and antipathies among the stars, minerals, animals, plants, and people. Some additional tinctures were also designed by astrological symbols, the Babylonians, according to the lore of sympathies, had great esteem for gems, semi-precious stones and scarce minerals. They saw them as the concentrates of cosmic powers. Pliny the Elder stressed several times that he wrote his work to reveal this universal law and this doctrine was taken over by the Medieval medicine, pharmacy, alchemy, heraldry etc. During the 1350s, the work of Bartolo de Sassoferrato linked Or to the sun, Azure to the element air, between 1382 and 1387 he was followed by Honoré Bonet, a heraldist from Provence. In his work Arbre des Batailles Bonet declares that the gold is the noblest in the world because, due to its very nature, is bright and shining. The work of Bonet was thoroughly studied by the 15th century Burgundian heraldists, in his work Le Blason des Couleurs, Courtois developed a heraldic system consisting of the tinctures, planets and carbuncles. He was familiar with the Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, however, his main contribution was the development of gemstone-planetary blazon. Tenné and Sanguine were the used in the abatements of arms which were dishonorable charges placed upon the coats of arms of malefactors. Dragons head and dragons tail were in use from the ancient times

27. Hatching (heraldry) – Hatchings are distinctive and systematic patterns of lines and dots used for designating heraldic tinctures or other colours on uncoloured surfaces, such as woodcuts or engravings, seals and coins. Several systems of hatchings were developed during the Renaissance as an alternative to tricking, the present day hatching system was developed during the 1630s by Silvester Petra Sancta and Marcus Vulson de la Colombière. Some earlier hatching methods were developed, but did not come into wide use. Hatching developed as a method of screening used by Renaissance painters, for copperplate engravers and artists such as Zangrius and Franquart, it served as a natural method to designate heraldic tinctures. Copper plate engravers faced difficulties producing coloured illustrations, the first tests of colour copperplate engravings were done by François Perrier around the middle of the 17th century. According to some views, however, multi-coloured copperplate engravings were invented by Abraham Bosse, heralds did not like hatching, and the College of Arms gave preference to tricking even beyond the 17th century. Tricking was a simpler and quicker way than hatching to designate the tinctures, Otto Titan von Hefner maintained that the first traces of hatching on the woodcuts began during the 15th and 16th centuries. Both tricking and hatching were applied by the Benedictine monk, philologist and he drew a difference between metals and colours of arms on his woodcuts by leaving the places for metals blank, similarly, all colours were hatched the same way the colour vert is today. Besides this, tinctures were designated in the fields and on the ordinaries and charges by tricking, R for rosso, A for azure, N for nigro, G for gialbo, vert was not represent among his works. Painting and graphics advanced greatly in the Low Countries during the 15-18th centuries, for this reason, different hatching methods emerged in the system of heraldry in these territories, such as the methods of Zangrius, Franquart, Butkens, and de Rouck. The earliest hatching system was developed by Jan Baptist Zangrius, an engraver, publisher, typographer and bookseller from Leuven. The hatching systems of Petra Sancta and de la Colombière differed from Zangriuss method only in their hatchings of the colour Sable, the primacy of developing a hatching method belongs undoubtedly to Zangrius. In comparison to his system, Petra Sancta and de la Colombière made only minor changes to Zangrius‘ system such as different hatching for the colour Sable. It seems that de la Colombière preceded Petra Sancta and the chart of Zangrius published in French could possibly be known to him pretty well. The artists from the Spanish Low Countries, that is to say from the territories to France. We have only some fragmental data about the life of Marcus Vulson de la Colombière and he visited Paris in 1618, but by all probability, until 1635 he was staying in Grenoble as he was a royal counselor in the Dauphiné parliament. He also published a book in the spirit of the Gallicanism in Geneva that year, colombière’s ideas suited the king’s taste too, as a result he departed Grenoble and settled in Paris, where he devoted his entire energy to study heraldry. His next book was published in Paris in 1638 and he had wide-ranging correspondence with the most renowned heraldists of his time

28. Or (heraldry) – In heraldry, or is the tincture of gold and, together with argent, belongs to the class of light tinctures called metals, or light colours. In engravings and line drawings, it is hatched using a field of evenly spaced dots and it is very frequently depicted as yellow, though gold leaf was used in many illuminated manuscripts and more extravagant rolls of arms. The use of gold for or was a fashion amongst certain heraldic writers in the mid-20th century who attempted to demystify. Or is sometimes spelled with a letter so as not to confuse it with the conjunction or. However, this incorrect heraldic usage is not met with in standard works such as Bernard Burkes General Armory,1884. Fox-Davies advocated leaving all tinctures uncapitalized, a correctly stated blazon should eliminate any possible confusion between the tincture or and the conjunction or, certainly for the reader with a basic competence in heraldry. Sometimes, the different tinctures are said to be connected with special meanings or virtues, even if this is an idea mostly disregarded by serious heraldists throughout the centuries, it may be of anecdotal interest to see what they are, since the information is so often sought after

29. Azure (heraldry) – In heraldry, azure is the tincture with the colour blue, and belongs to the class of tinctures called colours. In engraving, it is depicted as a region of horizontal lines or else is marked with either az. or b. as an abbreviation. The term azure derives from the name of the blue stone now called lapis lazuli. The word was adopted into Old French by the 12th century, as an heraldic colour, the word azure simply means blue. So while French-speaking heralds described banners as azure, commoners simply called them blue, because it comes from a French word that simply means blue, a wide range of colour values is used in the depiction of azure in armory and flags. In addition to the standard blue tincture called azure, there is a lighter blue sometimes found that is called bleu celeste or sky blue, neither azure nor bleu celeste is precisely defined as a particular shade of blue, but azure is consistently depicted in a much darker shade. Sometimes, the different tinctures are said to be connected with special meanings or virtues, even if this is an idea mostly disregarded by serious heraldists throughout the centuries, it may be of anecdotal interest to see what they are, since the information is often asked for. Many sources give different meanings, but azure is often said to represent the following, Of jewels, the sapphire Of heavenly bodies, Jupiter Bleu celeste

30. Gules – In heraldry, gules is the tincture with the colour red, and belongs to the class of dark tinctures called colours. In engraving, it is depicted as a region of vertical lines or else marked with gu. as an abbreviation. In Polish heraldry, gules is the most common tincture of the field, through the sixteenth century, nearly half of all noble coats of arms in Poland had a field gules with one or more argent charges on them. The original coat of arms of the family was plain gules. Sometimes, the different tinctures are said to be connected with special meanings or virtues, even if this is an idea mostly disregarded by serious heraldists throughout the centuries, it may be of anecdotal interest to see what they are, since people often ask for this information. Many sources give different meanings, but the gules tincture is said to represent the following, of jewels. The term gules derives from the Old French word goules, literally meaning throats, for many decades, heraldic authors have believed that the term may have arisen from the Persian word گل, but according to Brault there is no evidence to support this derivation

31. Vert (heraldry) – In classical heraldry, vert is the name of the tincture roughly equivalent to the colour green. It is one of the five dark tinctures, the word vert is simply the French for green. It is used in English in the sense of a heraldic tincture since the early 16th century, in Modern French, vert is not used as a heraldic term. Instead, the French heraldic term for green tincture is sinople and this has been the case since c. the 16th century. In medieval French heraldry, vert also meant green while sinople was a shade of red. Vert is portrayed by the conventions of heraldic hatching by lines at a 45-degree angle from upper left to lower right, or indicated by the abbreviation vt. when a coat of arms is tricked. The colour green is found in modern flags and coat of arms, and to a lesser extent also in the classical heraldry of the Late Middle Ages. Green flags were carried by the Fatimid Caliphate in the 10th to 12th centuries. In the modern period, a Green Ensign was flown by Irish vessels, the Empire of Brazil used a yellow rhombus on a green field from 1822, now seen in the flag of Brazil. Sometimes, the different tinctures are said to be connected with special meanings or virtues, and represent certain elements and precious stones. Even if this is an idea mostly disregarded by serious heraldists throughout the centuries, it may be of anecdotal interest to see what they are, since the information may be used for poetic purposes. Many sources give different meanings, but the vert tincture is said to represent the following, of jewels, the emerald, of heavenly bodies, Venus. The green tincture was left out of some works in the Middle Ages, but the first known English treatise. Descriptions of knightly shields as painted at least partly green in Arthurian romance are found earlier, here, the Chevalier au Vert Escu often marks a kind of supernatural character outside of normal chivalric society, perhaps in connection with the Wild Man or Green Man of medieval figurative art. The Anglo-Norman prose Brut has Brutus of Troy bear a shield, Brutus Vert-Escu. A curious example occurs in an armorial of the Burgundian Order of the Knights of the Golden Fleece where the arms of the Lannoy family are recorded as argent. Despite the fact that sinople signified a shade of red in early heraldry, the fugitive nature of the green pigments of that day may have had some influence on the low use of that color in early heraldry. Thus, the coat of arms of Hungary shows a cross on a hill as a symbol of the Árpád kings, where the cross was shown in silver

32. Ermine (heraldry) – Ermine in heraldry is a fur, or varied tincture, consisting of a white background with a pattern of black shapes representing the winter coat of the stoat. When ermine is specified as the tincture of the field, the spots are part of the tincture itself, the ermine spot, however, may also be used singly as a mobile charge, or as a mark of cadency signifying the absence of a blood relationship. On a bend ermine, the follow the line of the bend. In the arms of William John Uncles, the field ermine is cut into bendlike strips by the three bendlets azure, so the ermine tails are depicted bendwise, though ermine and vair were the only two furs known to early armory, other variations of these developed later. Ermines is the reverse of ermine – a field sable semé of ermine-spots argent, erminois is ermine with a field Or instead of argent, and pean is the reverse of erminois. Erminites is supposed to be the same as ermine, except that the two lateral hairs of each spot are red, james Parker mentions it, as does Pimbley, though by the formers admission this is of doubtful existence. Arthur Charles Fox-Davies describes it as a silly of former heraldic writers, other combinations of tinctures are explicitly stated, as in gules ermined argent. Flag of Brittany Flag of Norfolk Fox-Davies, A. C, the Art of Heraldry, An Encyclopædia of Armory. Continued, from Every Womans Encyclopaedia, an article detailing the fashion and history of ermine coats and cloaks

33. Vair – Vair is a fur, and a set of patterns in heraldry. It represents a kind of fur common in the Middle Ages, vair is the second-most common fur in heraldry, after ermine. The word vair, with its variant forms veir and vairé, was brought into Middle English from Old French, from Latin varius variegated, the squirrel in question is a variety of the Eurasian red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris. In early heraldry, vair was represented by means of horizontal lines alternating with wavy lines. Later it mutated into a pattern of bell or pot-like shapes, the early form of the fur is still sometimes found, under the name vair ondé or vair ancien. The only mandatory rule concerning the choice of tincture is the respect of the rule of tincture, that orders the use of a metal. When vair occurs in two other than argent and azure, or when it includes three or even four distinct tinctures, it is blazoned vairy and. There are three forms of vair in which the pieces are arranged differently, countervair, vair in pale, the height of a row of vair is not strictly specified and thus can variate, but is typically about one-fifth that of the shield. Despite not being officially sized, the number of rows in a pattern is specific, for six rows or more. This is the origin of the English word miniver, which was the word for the fur lining used for robes of state. Vair of fewer than four rows is to be called beffroi, vair of two rows, called gros-vair, is also occasionally seen, although in most cases considered as a beffroi. Potent is a pattern, consisting of T-shapes. It is believed to originate from badly-drawn vair, the name comes from an old word for a crutch, based on the resemblance of a crutch to a T-shape. It is found but rarely, its variations being rarer still and it is widely believed that Perraults version of the fairytale Cinderella was mistranslated into English. The story says that the original French had the slippers made of vair, tincture This article incorporates text from A. C. Fox-Davies 1914 edition of Charles Boutells The Handbook to English Heraldry at Project Gutenberg, the English Fur Trade in the Later Middle Ages, 2nd Edition, London Folio Society 2005. ISBN 0-900952-38-5 comment about the translation in Cinderella

34. Bleu celeste – Bleu celeste is a rarely occurring and non-standard tincture in heraldry. This tincture is sometimes also called ciel or simply celeste and it is depicted in a lighter shade than the range of shades of the more traditional tincture azure, which is the standard blue used in heraldry. In the arms of the University of Natal Athletic Union the azure is defined as sky blue, when in 1965 that borough merged with its neighbours to form the Borough of Richmond upon Thames, the coloured oars were transferred to the supporters in the arms of the new borough. Tincture Azure Columbia blue Sky blue Scott-Giles, C. W. Boutells Heraldry, london & New York, Frederick Warne & Co

35. Rose (heraldic tincture) – Rose is the tincture of rose or pink as used in heraldry. Rose has been introduced in Canadian heraldry from the late 20th Century and it is considered a colour along with azure, gules, vert and sable. The colour features e. g. in the coat of arms of former Canadian prime minister Kim Campbell and it is yet to be seen, if the tincture will be used in any arms in other countries

Heraldry [videos]

Heraldry is a broad term, encompassing the design, display, and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as …

The German Hyghalmen Roll was made in the late 15th century and illustrates the German practice of repeating themes from the arms in the crest. (See Roll of arms).

Enamel from the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, one of the earliest depictions of modern heraldry.

Two pursuivants wearing tabards, Windsor Castle, 2006.

An extravagant example of marshalling: the 719 quarterings of the Grenville Armorial at Stowe.

White [videos]

White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue), because it fully reflects and scatters all the visible …

Silver [videos]

Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Greek ἀργός: "shiny" or "white") …

The three common silver halide precipitates: from left to right, silver iodide, silver bromide, and silver chloride.

Crystals of silver nitrate

Silver plate from the 4th century

Metal [videos]

A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is …

Gallium crystals

Hot metal work from a blacksmith.

Zinc, a base metal, reacting with an acid

A gold nugget

Portuguese heraldry [videos]

Portuguese heraldry encompasses modern and historic heraldic achievements in Portugal and in the former Portuguese …

Coat of arms of King Manuel I of Portugal, in the Livro do Armeiro-Mor, 1509

Coat of arms of some of the most notable Portuguese lineages, in the 17th century armorial Thesouro da Nobreza.

Portugal ancient as the main charge of the arms of the Eça family.

Coat of arms of George, duke of Coimbra, as bastard son of King John II.

Santiago do Cacém [videos]

Santiago do Cacém (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃tiˈaɣu ðu kɐˈsɐ̃j] or [sɐ̃tiˈaɡu du kɐˈsẽj]) is a municipality in …

Portugal [videos]

Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa [ʁɛ'puβlikɐ …

Roman Temple of Évora, one of the best preserved Roman-built structures in the country

Suebic King Miro and St. Martin of Braga from an 1145 manuscript of Martin's De virtutibus quattuor

Silves Castle, a Moorish-era fortification in the Algarve

A statue of Count Vímara Peres, first Count of Portugal

Portuguese Air Force [videos]

The Portuguese Air Force (Portuguese: Força Aérea Portuguesa) is the aerial warfare force of Portugal. Locally, it is …

Bartolomeu de Gusmão presenting his invention to the court of John V of Portugal.

Portuguese Farman F.40 in Mozambique, during the East African Campaign of World War I.

Vickers Valparaiso bomber of the GEAR.

Portuguese Military Aeronautics Breguet 16 biplane bomber Pátria, used by Army aviators Sarmento de Beires, Brito Pais and Manuel Gouveia in the first aerial connection between Lisbon and Macau in 1924.

Pearl [videos]

A pearl is a hard glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled …

Various pearls

Georgian seed pearl gold ring.jpg

$Pearl - Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre$

A black pearl and a shell of the black-lipped pearl oyster. The iridescent colors originate from nacre layers.

Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre

Moon [videos]

The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. It is the …

Full moon as seen from North America in Earth's Northern Hemisphere

The Moon, tinted reddish, during a lunar eclipse

Near side of the Moon

Far side of the Moon

Oxford University Press [videos]

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge …

Oxford University Press on Walton Street

Matrices for casting type collected by Bishop Fell, part of his collection now known as the "Fell Types", shown in the OUP Museum.

Oxford University Press early logo

A conference booth (2008).

Book [videos]

A book is a series of pages assembled for easy portability and reading, as well as the composition contained in it. The …

Books

Egyptian papyrus showing the god Osiris and the weighing of the heart.

Book - Folio 14 recto of the 5th century Vergilius Romanus contains an author portrait of Virgil. Note the bookcase (capsa), reading stand and the text written without word spacing in rustic capitals.

A Chinese bamboo book meets the modern definition of Codex

Folio 14 recto of the 5th century Vergilius Romanus contains an author portrait of Virgil. Note the bookcase (capsa), reading stand and the text written without word spacing in rustic capitals.

Tincture (heraldry) [videos]

Tinctures constitute the limited palette of colours and patterns used in heraldry. The use of these tinctures dates …

Canons from the chapter of Bruges, solemn winterdress in fur

Hatching guide by Jan Baptist Zangrius, 1600

Coat of arms [videos]

A coat of arms is an heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an …

Arms of the Duke of Richmond c.1780

Coat of Arms of Liptov County in today Slovakia.

Coat of arms of Sir Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby, KG

Hatching (heraldry) [videos]

Hatchings are distinctive and systematic patterns of lines and dots used for designating heraldic tinctures or other …

Hatching table of Aegidius Gelenius, published 1645

The original of the armorial chart of Jan Baptist Zangrius from the Helmond archive

Hatching table of Charles Segoing (1660 edition)

Vair [videos]

Vair (from Latin varius "variegated") is a fur, and a set of patterns in heraldry. It represents a kind of fur common …

Vair fur

Barry of six vair and gules, arms of the Lords of Coucy

Tricking [videos]

Tricking is a method for indicating the tinctures (colours) used in a coat of arms by means of text abbreviations …

Tricked arms of John Browne of Spexhall, Suffolk (1591)

An example of early tricking. Coat of arms of Cardinal Giovanni di Aragona (1456-1485), archbishop of Esztergom, from the book of Alphonsus Ciacconius titled Historia Rom. Pontificum.

Murrey [videos]

In heraldry, murrey is a "stain", or a non-standard tincture, of a dark reddish purple colour. — Overview …

Murrey is used on these de Jong arms: Azure, a bezant; a chief per saltire, murrey and azure, filleted argent, over the partition a fillet saltire nowy, also argent.

The mulberry (Morus nigra), with its reddish-purple fruit, gives its name to the stain murrey.

Murrey shield

Thomas Woodcock (officer of arms) [videos]

Thomas Woodcock (born 20 May 1951) is the Garter Principal King of Arms. — Personal — Woodcock was educated at Eton …

Woodcock at Garter Day, Windsor Castle on 19 June 2006 (as Norroy and Ulster) (Photograph by: Philip Allfrey)

Label (heraldry) [videos]

In heraldry, a label (occasionally lambel, the French form of the word) is a charge resembling the strap crossing the …

Label of three points azure, as may be seen for example on the ancient arms of the Courtenay Earls of Devon

Tenné [videos]

In heraldry, tenné (sometimes termed tenny or tawny) is a "stain", or non-standard tincture, of orange, brown or …

Fig. 36 from Fox-Davies, Complete Guide to Heraldry (1909): Extended hatching scheme used in continental heraldry. a, brown; b, blood-red; c, earth-colour; d, iron-grey; e, water-colour; f, flesh-colour; g, ashen-grey; h, orange; and i, colour of nature.

Coat of arms of West Yorkshire, supported by a lion per fess gules and sable (dexter) and a lion per fess tenne and vert (sinister), with a lion per fess gules and tenne in crest

Brunâtre

Vert (heraldry) [videos]

In classical heraldry, vert is the name of the tincture roughly equivalent to the colour "green". It is one of the …

Vert tincture

The Irish Green Ensign, used from the late 17th century. During the 18th century, the harp was modified to appear in the shape of a winged female figure.

Bleu celeste [videos]

Bleu celeste ("sky blue") is a rarely occurring and non-standard tincture in heraldry (not being one of the seven …

Bleu celeste - The supporters of the arms of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames: On either side a Griffin Gules armed and beaked Azure each supporting an Oar proper the blade of the dexter Dark Blue and that of the sinister Light Blue.

Blue celeste tincture

The supporters of the arms of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames: On either side a Griffin Gules armed and beaked Azure each supporting an Oar proper the blade of the dexter Dark Blue and that of the sinister Light Blue.

Coat of arms of Argentina.

Ermine (heraldry) [videos]

Ermine in heraldry is a "fur", a type of tincture, consisting of a white background with a pattern of black shapes …

A stoat in winter fur.

The coat of arms of the former Duchy of Brittany, blazoned "Ermine"

Silver (color) [videos]

Silver or metallic gray is a color tone resembling gray that is a representation of the color of polished silver. — The …

A silver crystal

Tarnish [videos]

Tarnish is a thin layer of corrosion that forms over copper, brass, silver, aluminum, magnesium and other similar …

Tungsten rods with evaporated crystals, partially oxidized with colorful tarnish

British royal family [videos]

The British royal family comprises the monarch of the United Kingdom and her close relations. There is no strict legal …

Royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the annual Trooping the Colour in 2013.

Degerfors [videos]

Degerfors is a locality and the seat of Degerfors Municipality, Örebro County, Sweden with 7,160 inhabitants in 2010. …

Degerfors Train Station

John Martin Robinson [videos]

John Martin Robinson FSA (born 1948) is a British architectural historian and officer of arms. — He was born in Preston, …

John Robinson in the procession to the annual service of the Order of the Garter

Purpure [videos]

In heraldry, purpure is a tincture, more or less the equivalent of the colour "purple", and is one of the five main …

Purpure tincture

Argent

Contents

Argent versus white[edit]

Meaning[edit]

Gallery[edit]

References[edit]