1.
Patricio Lynch
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He has been nicknamed the Last Viceroy of Peru and the Chinese slave-labourers he liberated from the Peruvian haciendas, called him the Red Prince because of his red-hair. His father, a former Colonel in the Army of the Andes, had settled in Chile from Argentina and was a grandson of Patrick Lynch and his connection to Patrick Lynch makes him a distant relative of Che Guevara. Entering the navy in 1837, at the age of 12, he took part in the Battle of Socabaya, next, he sought a wider field, and saw active service in the First Opium War on board the British frigate HMS Calliope and HMS Blenheim. He was mentioned in despatches for bravery, and received the grade of midshipman in the Royal Navy, returning to Chile in 1847, he became a lieutenant. Seven years later he received the command of a frigate, but was relieved of his command for refusing to allow arrested political suspects on board. The Chincha Islands War saw him again employed, and he was successively maritime Prefect of Valparaiso, colonel of National Guards, at the beginning of the War of the Pacific, Lynch was a Naval Commander. He asked for a position in the navy, but was refused due to the opposition of his fellow officers. He retaliated by asking for a position in the Army, but instead was named as Commander General of Transports, where he was able to show his great abilities as an organizer. In early September 1880, he led a raid against northern Peru to gather ransom payments from business and sugar plantation owners, that has become known as the Lynch Expedition. The Chinese also fought alongside the Chileans in the battles of San Juan-Chorrillis and Miraflores, as Heraclio Bonilla has observed, oligarchs soon came to fear the popular clashes more than the Chileans, and this was an important reason why they sued for peace. In the final campaign that led to the capture of Lima, he participated in the battles of Chorrillos and Miraflores, in which he led first a brigade and his services at the battle of Chorrillos led to his appointment as Supreme Military and Political Commandant of Peru in 1881. He returned to his own country in 1883 after the Treaty of Ancón was signed, promoted to Rear-admiral, in 1884 he was designated as Chilean minister plenipotentiary to Madrid. His mission was to negotiate a peace treaty with Spain to end the Chincha Islands War. Taking sick, he asked for leave to return to Chile and he died at sea on the return trip, off the Tenerife coast, on 13 May 1886. Irish military diaspora This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
2.
Santiago
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Santiago de Chile, or simply Santiago, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chiles largest and the most densely populated conurbation, the city is entirely located in the countrys central valley, at an elevation of 520 m above mean sea level. Founded in 1541, Santiago has been the city of Chile since colonial times. The city has a core of 19th century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets, dotted by art deco, neo-gothic. Santiagos cityscape is shaped by several hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River. The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city and these mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem, particularly during winter. The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within a few hours of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean, Santiago is the cultural, political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations. The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago, but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso, Santiago is named after the biblical figure St. James. In Chile, there are entities which bear the name of Santiago that are often confused. The Commune of Santiago, sometimes referred to as downtown or Central Santiago, is a division that comprises roughly the area occupied by the city during its colonial period. The city and regions demonym is santiaguinos and santiaguinas, according to certain archaeological investigations, it is believed that the first human groups of the X millennium settled in the Santiago basin. The groups were mainly nomadic hunter-gatherers, who traveled from the coast to the interior in search of guanacos during the time of the Andean snowmelt. The villages established in the belonging to picunches groups or promaucaes, were subject to the Inca Empire throughout the late fifteenth century. The Incas settled in the valley of mitimaes, the main installation settled in the center of the present city, with strengths as Huaca de Chena, the area would have served as a basis for the failed Inca expeditions southward road junction as the Inca Trail. Having been sent by Francisco Pizarro from Peru and having made the journey from Cuzco. The hosts of Valdivia camped by the river in the slopes of the Tupahue hill, the natives accepted and even recommended the foundation of the town on a small island between two branches of the river next to a small hill called Huelén. On 12 February 1541, Valdivia officially founded the city of Santiago del Nuevo Extremo in honor of St. James, patron saint of Spain, near the Huelén, renamed by the conqueror as St. Lucia. Following colonial rule, Valdivia entrusted the layout of the new town to master builder Pedro de Gamboa, in the center of the city, Gamboa designed a Plaza Mayor, around which various plots for the Cathedral and the governors house were selected
3.
Rioplatense Spanish
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Rioplatense Spanish is a dialect of the Spanish language spoken mainly in the areas in and around the Río de la Plata Basin of Argentina and Uruguay. Some features of this dialect are also shared with the varieties of Spanish spoken in Eastern Bolivia and this dialect is often spoken with an intonation resembling that of Neapolitan Italian, but not always. The usual word employed to name the Spanish language in this region is castellano, Rioplatense is also referred to as River Plate Spanish or Argentine Spanish. This regional form of Spanish is also found in areas, not geographically close. Rioplatense is the standard in media in Argentina and Uruguay. To the north, and northeast exists the hybrid Riverense Portuñol, the Spaniards brought their language to the area during the Spanish colonization in the region. Originally part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, the Río de la Plata basin had its status lifted to Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776. Until the massive immigration to the region started in the 1870s, English speakers—from Britain and Ireland—were not as numerous as the Italians, but were influential in industry, business, education and agriculture. English immigrants were influential within the middle class. European settlement decimated Native American populations before 1810, and also during the expansion into Patagonia, however, the interaction between Spanish and several of the native languages has left visible traces. Words from Guarani, Quechua and others were incorporated into the form of Spanish. Some words of Amerindian origin commonly used in Rioplatense Spanish are, From Quechua, guacho or guacha, pochoclo -- popcorn in Argentina From Guaraní, pororó—popcorn in Uruguay, Paraguay and some Argentine provinces. See Influences on the Spanish language for a comprehensive review of borrowings into all dialects of Spanish. Differences between dialects of Spanish are numerous, about 9,000 Rioplatense words are not used or, in many cases, even understood elsewhere. These include many terms from the vocabulary, such as words for fruits, garments, foodstuffs, car parts. Rioplatense Spanish distinguishes itself from other dialects of Spanish by the pronunciation of certain consonants, like many other dialects, Rioplatense features yeísmo, the sounds represented by ll and y have fused into one. Thus, in Rioplatense, se cayó he fell down is homophonous with se calló he became silent, as in most American dialects, also, Rioplatense Spanish has seseo. That is, casa is homophonous with caza, seseo is common to other dialects of Spanish in Latin America, Canarian Spanish, Andalusian Spanish
4.
Christianity
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Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
5.
Judaism
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Judaism encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic Abrahamic religion, with the Torah as its text, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world, Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic, today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditional interpretation of Judaisms requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law, today, these still exist. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, the history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years. Judaism has its roots as a religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions, the Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as Jews in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title Children of Israel. Judaisms texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam, many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law. Jews are a group and include those born Jewish and converts to Judaism. In 2015, the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million, Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism, the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of humankind. According to the Tanakh, God promised Abraham to make of his offspring a great nation, many generations later, he commanded the nation of Israel to love and worship only one God, that is, the Jewish nation is to reciprocate Gods concern for the world. He also commanded the Jewish people to one another, that is. These commandments are but two of a corpus of commandments and laws that constitute this covenant, which is the substance of Judaism
6.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
7.
Chileans
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Chileans are natives of and long-term immigrants to Chile. Chileans are mainly of Spanish descent with some indigenous admixture, with degrees of 19th-. Indigenous inheritance is most visible in areas and in aspects of culture such as Chilean cuisine. Though the majority of Chileans reside in Chile, significant communities have established in multiple countries, most noticeably Argentina. Other large Chilean communities are in Australia, Canada and Sweden, although small in number, Chilean people also make up a substantial part of the permanent population of Antarctica and the Falkland Islands. As in other Latin American countries, in Chile, from the onset of Spanish colonization and settlement, today, ethnic and racial self-identities are highly fluid and can differ between persons of the same family, including siblings of the same parentage. It is dictated not only by physical appearance, nor more loosely by ancestry, but by cultural patterns, social class, wealth and access, language. These very factors, indeed, lend to the significantly varying ethnic structure figures from one source to the next and these concepts should not be confused, and the figures represented in one source might not be corresponding to figures of concepts from another source. Other social studies put the amount of Whites at over 60 percent. Some publications, such as the CIA World Factbook, state that the population consist of a combined 95. 4% of Whites and White-Amerindians. These figures are based on a census held in 2002. An autosomal DNA study from 2014 found out Chile to be 44. 34% Native American,51. 85% European and 3. 81% African. The low class average was 49% European and 51% Amerindian, whilst the results for the class were 91% European. While in the north of the country, studies revealed that most people had a higher Native American component, regardless of genetic considerations, many Chileans, if asked, would self-identify as white. The 2011 Latinobarómetro survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to belong to, most answered white, while 25% said mestizo and 8% self-classified as indigenous. A2002 national poll revealed that a majority of Chileans believed they possessed some or much indigenous blood, for at least 12,000 years, numerous indigenous peoples settled in central and southern Chile. The predominant Mapuche inhabited these areas up until the Spanish conquest, during the colonial period, troops were sent out to the Americas by the Spanish Crown in order to protect distant colonies. Spanish folk immigrated from all regions of Spain, particularly Andalusia, Extremadura, Basque Country, Asturias, Navarra, of the Spanish, many immigrants ultimately settled in Chile after the Mapuche resistance to the conquest
8.
Chile
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Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres of Antarctica, the arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes, the southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. Spain conquered and colonized Chile in the century, replacing Inca rule in northern and central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic, in the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. The regime, headed by Augusto Pinochet, ended in 1990 after it lost a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a coalition which ruled through four presidencies until 2010. Chile is today one of South Americas most stable and prosperous nations and it leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile, another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili. Another origin attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a locally known as trile. The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas, ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such. The older spelling Chili was in use in English until at least 1900 before switching over to Chile, stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the Monte Verde valley area as long as 18,500 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys, settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Craters lava tube. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army, the result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, the Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarros lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chiles central valley
9.
Indigenous peoples in Chile
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The Mapuches, from the south, accounted for approximately 85% of this number. The Indigenous Law recognized in particular the Mapuche people, victims of the Occupation of the Araucanía from 1861 to 1883, other indigenous people officially recognized included Aymaras, Atacameñas, Collas, Quechuas, Rapa-Nui, Yámanas, Kawashkars and Diaguita. It also gives indigenous people a voice in decisions affecting their lands, cultures, approximately one-half the self-identified indigenous population remained separated from the rest of society, largely due to historical, cultural, educational, and geographical factors. Indigenous people also experienced some societal discrimination and reported incidents in which they were attacked and harassed, a 2003 Ministry of Planning survey reported that indigenous people earned 26% less than nonindigenous citizens for similar work. Chile is one of the twenty countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and it was adopted in 1989 as the International Labour Organization Convention 169. Chile ratified the convention in 2008, in November 2009, a court decision in Chile, considered to be a landmark in indigenous rights concerns, made use of the ILO convention 169. In 2005, CONADI regularized the property titles to approximately 173,000 acres of land that were restored to 300 Aymara families in the north, however, some observers criticized a lack of transparency in CONADIs land restoration processes and favoritism of the Mapuche over other indigenous groups. The Ministry of Education provided a package of financial aid consisting of 1,200 scholarships for indigenous elementary, the government also implemented the Indigenous Scholarship Program that benefited 36,000 low-income indigenous elementary, high school, and college students with good academic performances. As of 2009, there were instances of violent confrontations between indigenous Mapuche groups and landowners, logging companies, and local government authorities in the part of the country. The actions took the form of protests and, occasionally, instances of rock throwing, land occupations, many of these actions were initiated by the Coordinadora Arauco Malleco, an indigenous group that has been accused of terrorist acts. Three CAM-related Mapuches and a non-indigenous sympathizer remained imprisoned in a 2001 arson case in which antiterrorism penalties were applied, the four initiated a hunger strike in March, demanding the terrorism convictions be voided to allow their release on parole. In April the court acquitted two other individuals of all charges, criminal and terrorist, in the same case, in September the Senate rejected a proposed law to allow the release of the four imprisoned on terrorist charges. Government-sponsored legislation which would clarify the application of the law remained pending at years end. The government did not act on a United Nations special rapporteurs 2003 recommendation that there be a review of cases affecting Mapuche leaders. The government had not applied the law in Mapuche-related prosecutions since 2002. However, it again to apply this law in August,2009, as the Mapuche conflict deepened following several acts of occupation and arson
10.
Huilliche people
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The Huilliche, Huiliche or Huilliche-Mapuche are the southern partiality of the Mapuche macroethnic group of Chile. The Huilliche are the indigenous population of Chile from Toltén River to Chiloé Archipelago. Huilliche means southerners The majority of the Huilliche speaks Spanish while a minority dominated by older adults speaks Huillice language, the Huilliche calls the territory between Bueno River and Reloncaví Sound Futahuillimapu, meaning great land of the south. In the 1540s Spanish conquereros led by Pedro de Valdivia arrived to Central Chile from newly conquered Peru, between 1549 and 1553 the Spanish founded several cities in Mapuche territory and one in Huilliche territory, Valdivia. Albeit the death of Pedro de Valdivia in 1553 halted the Spanish conquests for a while Osorno, the Spanish defeat by Mapuches in the battle of Curalaba in 1598 triggered a general uprising that led to the destruction of all Spanish cities in Huilliche territory except Castro. After Valdivia was refounded in 1645 the Spanish struggled to establish a route to Chiloé Archipelago across independent Huilliche territory. In 1792 the Huilliches were defeated by a Spanish army, a peace parliament and treaty was signed in 1793. In the treaty Huilliche property was recognized by the Spanish, sociedad Stuttgart, a society established in the 19th century to bring German settlers, purchased about 15000 km2 under fraudulent conditions from Huilliches in the Precordillera east of Osorno. This purchase was ratified by in Chilean courts and serves to illustrate how Chilean authorities ignored its own legal order that guaranteed Huilliche property. As result of the establishment of Chilean and European settlers, including Germans, around Bueno River, the economy of Osorno turned in the 1920s towards cattle farming, with land ownership concentrated among German immigrants and many Huilliches became peasants of large estates. 1712 Huilliche rebellion Colonial alerce logging and trade German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue Alberto Trivero, Trentrenfilú, la huella del fuego, Historia de los bosques nativos. Poblamiento y cambios en el paisaje del sur de Chile, villalobos R. Sergio, Silva G. Osvaldo, Silva V. Fernando, Estelle M. Patricio
11.
Mapuche
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The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of present-day Patagonia. Their influence once extended from the Aconcagua River to the Chiloé Archipelago, today the collective group makes up over 80% of the indigenous peoples in Chile, and about 9% of the total Chilean population. They are particularly concentrated in Araucanía, many have migrated to the Santiago area for economic opportunities. The Mapuchen is used both to refer collectively to the Picunche, Huilliche and Moluche or Nguluche from Araucanía, or at other times, the Mapuche traditional economy is based on agriculture, their traditional social organisation consists of extended families, under the direction of a lonko or chief. In times of war, they would unite in larger groupings and they are known for the textiles woven by women, which have been goods for trade for centuries, since before European encounter. The Araucanian Mapuche inhabited at the time of Spanish arrival the valleys between the Itata and Toltén rivers, South of it, the Huilliche and the Cunco lived as far south as the Chiloé Archipelago. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, Mapuche groups migrated eastward into the Andes and pampas, fusing and establishing relationships with the Poya and Pehuenche. At about the time, ethnic groups of the pampa regions. The Tehuelche adopted the Mapuche language and some of their culture, historically the Spanish colonizers of South America referred to the Mapuche people as Araucanians. However, this term is now considered pejorative by some people, the name was likely derived from the placename rag ko, meaning clayey water. The Quechua word awqa, meaning rebel, enemy, is not the root of araucano. Some Mapuche mingled with Spanish during colonial times, and their descendants make up the group of mestizos in Chile. But, Mapuche society in Araucanía and Patagonia remained independent until the Chilean Occupation of Araucanía, since then Mapuches have become subjects, and then nationals and citizens of the respective states. Today, many Mapuche and Mapuche communities are engaged in the so-called Mapuche conflict over land, archaeological finds have shown the existence of a Mapuche culture in Chile and Argentina as early as 600 to 500 BC. Genetically Mapuches differ from the adjacent indigenous peoples of Patagonia and this suggests a different origin or long lasting separation of Mapuche and Patagonian populations. Troops of the Inca Empire are reported to have reached the Maule River and had a battle with the Mapuches between the Maule River and the Itata River there. The southern border of the Inca Empire is believed by most modern scholars to have been situated between Santiago and the Maipo River or somewhere between Santiago and the Maule River, thus the bulk of the Mapuche escaped Inca rule. Through their contact with Incan invaders Mapuches would have for the first time met people with state organization and their contact with the Incas gave them a collective awareness distinguishing between them and the invaders and uniting them into loose geo-political units despite their lack of state organization
12.
Moluche
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The Moluche or Nguluche are an indigenous people of Chile. Their language was a dialect of Mapudungun, a Mapuche language, at the beginning of the Conquest of Chile by the Spanish Empire the Moluche lived in what came to be known as Araucanía. The Moluche were called Araucanos by the Spanish, descendants of the Moluche and the Pehuenche and Huilliche later migrated into Argentina in later centuries mixing with the local tribes. This Araucanization made their language the common language in the region
13.
Pehuenche
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Pehuenche are an indigenous people who are part of the Mapuche peoples, they live in the Andes in south central Chile and Argentina. Their name derives from their habit of harvesting piñones, the seeds of the Araucaria araucana or pewen, in the 14th century, the Pehuenche lived in the mountainous territory marked by Lonquimay volcano and Maule River. Later they became Araucanized and partially merged with the Mapuche tribes, the Pehuenche adopted horse meat into their diet after feral horses of Spanish origin reached the eastern foothills of the Andes. These herds had developed in the humid pampa, after the Spanish abandoned Buenos Aires the second time in 1541, at first, the Pehuenche hunted horses as any other game, but later they began to raise horses for meat and transport. To conserve horse meat, they processed it as charqui after being sun-dried in the high Andes, the men wore skirts rather than trousers, as well as earrings and manillas. Molina described them as nomadic and the most industrious and laborious among all the savages
14.
Picunche
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The Picunche, also referred to as picones by the Spanish, were a Mapudungun-speaking Chilean people living to the north of the Mapuches or Araucanians and south of the Choapa River and the Diaguitas. Until the Conquest of Chile the Itata was the limit between the Mapuche, located to the south, and Picunche, to the north. During the Inca attempt to conquer Chile the southern Picunche peoples that successfully resisted them were known as the Promaucaes. The Picunche living north of the Promaucaes were called Quillotanes and Mapochoes by the Spanish, among the peoples the Spanish called the Promaucaes, the people of the Rapel River valley were particularly called by this name by the Spanish. Those of the Mataquito River valley were called the Cures and they did not survive as a separate society into the present day, suffering a general reduction in numbers and having been absorbed into the general Chilean population during the colonial period. The Picunches primary crops consisted of corn and potatoes, and they lived in thatched-roof adobe houses
15.
Aymara people
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The Aymara or Aimara people are an indigenous nation in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America, about 1 million live in Bolivia, Peru and Chile. Their ancestors lived in the region for centuries before becoming a subject people of the Inca in the late 15th or early 16th century. With the Spanish American Wars of Independence, the Aymaras became subjects of the new nations of Bolivia, after the War of the Pacific, Chile acquired territory occupied by the Aymaras. Archeologists have found evidence that the Aymaras have occupied the Andes, in what is now western Bolivia, southern Peru and northern Chile and their origin is a matter of scientific dispute. The region where Tiwanaku and the modern Aymaras are located, the Altiplano, was conquered by the Incas under Huayna Capac and it is most likely that the Inca had a strong influence over the Aymara region for some time. Though conquered by the Inca, the Aymaras retained some degree of autonomy under the empire, the Spanish later classified a number of ethnic groups as Aymara in their effort to identify the native peoples. These were identified by chieftainties and included the following, the Charqa, Qharaqhara, Quillaca, Asanaqui, Carangas, SivTaroyos, Haracapi, Pacajes, Lupacas, Soras, at the time of Spanish encounter, these groups were living throughout the territory now included in Bolivia. Linguists have learned that Aymara was once spoken much further north, most Andean linguists believe that it is likely that the Aymara originated or coalesced as a people in this area. The Aymaras overran and displaced the Uru, a population from the Lake Titicaca. The Uru lived in area as recently as the 1930s. Most present-day Aymara-speakers live in the Lake Titicaca basin, a territory from Lake Titicaca through the Desaguadero River and they are concentrated south of the lake. The capital of the ancient Aymara civilization is unknown, according to research by Cornell University anthropologist John Murra, there were at least seven different kingdoms. The capital of the Lupaqa Kingdom may be the city of Chucuito, the present urban center of the Aymara region may be El Alto, a 750, 000-person city near the Bolivian capital, La Paz. For most of the 20th century, the center of cosmopolitan Aymara culture mightve been Chuquiago Marka, Bolivias capital mightve had moved from Sucre to La Paz during the government of General Pando and during the Bolivian Civil War. The Aymara flag is known as the Wiphala, it consists of seven colors quilted together with diagonal stripes, the native language of the Aymaras is Aymara. Many of Aymaras speak Spanish as a language, when it is the predominant language in the areas where they live. The Aymara language has one surviving relative, spoken by a small and this language, whose two varieties are known as Jaqaru and Kawki, is of the same family as Aymara. Some linguists refer to language as Central Aymara
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Atacama people
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According to the Argentinean Census in 2010,13,936 people identified as first-generation Atacameño in Argentina, while Chile was home to 21,015 Atacameño people as of 2002. The origins of Atacameño culture can be traced back to 500 AD, at the start of the 15th century, the Atacameño were conquered by the Inca Topa Inca Yupanqui, who introduced a new social order, the Inca sun cult and various customs including coca leaves. The Inca regime constructed roads from the Salar de Atacama to what is now north east Argentina, in 1512, the first Spanish conquistadors arrived in the area and it was finally annexed under Spanish control in 1556. In the 18th century, the Atacameño Tomás Paniri joined the uprisings led by the Peruvian Túpac Amaru II, in 1824, the region became part of Bolivia and in 1883 fell into Chilean hands. In 2007, the Atacameño population was estimated at 21,015 people, the Atacameños protected their villages with strong stone walls known as pukara, a Quechua word. They also developed ceramic crafts, copper work and gold work, the original language of the Atacameños was the recently extinct language of kunza. The Atacameño were lamini herders who made best use of the water and sparse terrain by using their livestock - llama. Like many other Andean peoples, the Atacameño created a terraced agriculture to prevent water run-off and they grew various crops, including pumpkins, zucchini, chili, beans, tobacco, melon, corn, and, above all, potatoes and quinoa. They fertilised the crops with guano from seabirds, which they transported inland on llama and they also ate meat from their livestock and bought fish and shellfish from coastal peoples in return for charki, a dried, salted meat they produced. The first period, between the years of 400 AD and 900 AD, saw the Atacameño produce pink glazed pottery, including jugs, as well as golden jewelry. During the second period, between 900 AD and 1200 AD, black glaze pottery was used, showing the influence of Tiwanaku culture, artifacts included tablets for inhaling hallucinogens from the Huilco tree and San Pedro cactus, with carved images of human figurines, condors and religious objects. In the third period, from 1200 AD to 1500 AD, smoking hallucinogenic substances was a central part of Atacameño religious culture. “Rapé” smoking ceremonies were believed to bring closer to the gods, allowing the smoker to take on the power of birds. Finely carved tablets were used to hold the drug, which was then inhaled using wooden or bone tubes, the Atacameños also adopted the Inca sun cult and constructed altars in high places, especially on Licancabur volcano, which was considered sacred and the home of their many gods. They believed in life after death and buried their dead with all the belongings they would need for the journey. San Pedro de Atacama was the Atacameños primary oasis settlement and the centre of their cultural development, today, tourism is its main economic activity along with agriculture. The R. P. Gustavo Le Paige Archeological Museum, located in San Pedro de Atacama and it was founded by the Belgian Jesuit priest Gustavo Le Paige, who moved to San Pedro in 1955 and became fascinated with Atacameño culture. Over the years he collected a range of artifacts from ancient burial sites, workshops and settlements, housing them in the museum which bears his name
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Diaguita
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The Diaguita people are a group of South American indigenous people native to the Chilean Norte Chico and the Argentine Northwest. Western or Chilean Diaguitas lived mainly in the Transverse Valleys incised in a semi-arid environment, Eastern or Argentine Diaguitas lived in the provinces of La Rioja and Catamarca and part of the provinces of Salta, San Juan and Tucumán. The term Diaguita was first applied to peoples and archaeological cultures by Ricardo E. Latcham in early 20th century. Ancient Diaguitas were not a people, the language or dialects used by them seems to have varied from valley to other valleys. Coastal and inland Chilean Diaguitas traded as evidenced by the findings of mollusc shells in the upper course of Andean valleys. According to the 2010 census there are 67,410 self-identified Diaguita descendants in Argentina, early Spanish accounts, including Jerónimo de Vivar, claims the Diaguitas inhabiting the different Transverse Valleys spoke different languages. Jesuits active in western Argentina also report a number of languages. For the Chilean Diaguitas scholar Herman Carvajal claims however that they could well have spoken not different languages. According to this hypothesis the main difference between dialects could have been in the lexicon, kakán was proposed by Rodolfo Schuller and Ricardo E. Latcham to be the single language of the Diaguitas. This proposal has been questioned but is accepted among others by Sergio Villalobos, the origin of the Diaguita culture is traced back to an archaeological culture known as El Molle complex which existed from 300 to 700 CE. Later this culture was replaced in Chile by las Las Ánimas complex that developed between 800 and 1000 CE and it is from this last culture that the Archaeological Diaguita culture emerged around 1000 CE. The classical Diaguita period was characterized by advanced irrigation systems and by pottery painted in black, white and it has been claimed that the Inca Empire expanded into Diaguita lands because of its mineral wealth. This hypothesis is currently under dispute, another possibility is that the Incas invaded the relatively well-populated Eastern Diaguita valleys to obtain labor to send to Chilean mining districts. It is generally accepted that Diaguita incorporation into the Inca Empire was through warfare which caused a depopulation in the Transverse Valleys of Norte Chico. According to scholar Ana María Lorandi the Diaguitas, and specially the Calchaquí Diaguitas, once conquered the eastern Diaguitas did not unanimously accepted Inca rule. The Incas appointed kurakas and established mitmas in the Chilean Diaguita lands, the Incas did also influence the Diaguitas who adopted pottery designs from Cuzco and Inca techniques in agriculture and metalworking. The Chilean Diaguitas were conquered by Spaniards coming from Peru, the eastern Diaguitas lands were explored by Spaniards coming from Chile, Paraná River and Peru. The Spanish initially failed to conquer the fertile valleys inhabited by the Eastern Diaguitas, by founding the cities of Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, Salta, La Rioja and Jujuy the Spanish established an effective fence around the rebellious Eastern Diaguita valleys
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Alacalufe
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Their traditional language is known as Kawésqar, it is endangered as few native speakers survive. Their own name for themselves is Kawésqar, like the Yahgan in southern Chile and Argentina, the Kawésqar were a nomadic seafaring people, called canoe-people by some anthropologists. They made canoes that were eight to nine long and one meter wide. They continued this fishing, nomadic practice until the twentieth century, because of their maritime culture, the Kawésqar have never farmed the land. The total population of the Kawésqar was estimated not to exceed 5,000 and they ranged from the area between the Gulf of Penas to the north and the Brecknock Peninsula to the south. Like other indigenous peoples, they suffered high fatalities from endemic European infectious diseases and their environment was disrupted as Europeans began to settle in the area in the late 1880s. In the 1930s many remaining Alacaluf were relocated to Wellington Island, in the town of Puerto Edén, later they moved further south, to Puerto Natales and Punta Arenas. In the 21st century, few Kawésqar remain, the 2002 census found 2,622 people identifying as Kawésqar. In 2006, only 15 full-blooded members remained, but numerous mestizo have Kawésqar ancestry, lessons in the Kawésqar language are part of the local curriculum, but few native speakers remain to encourage daily use of their traditional language. Adwipliin, Aksánas, Alacaluf, Cálen, Caucahue, Enoo, Lecheyel, Taíjataf and it was in the form of a manuscript. Through the late 19th and early 20th centuries, numerous missionaries and anthropologists moved among the peoples to aid, record. In 1881, European anthropologists took eleven Kawéskar people from Patagonia to be exhibited in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris, only four survived to return to Chile. Early in 2010, the remains of five of the seven who died in Europe were repatriated from the University of Zurich, Switzerland, Kawésqar language Alberto Achacaz Walakial, Kawésqar man who died in 2008 Who Will Remember the People. A1986 novel by Jean Raspail about the history of the Alacalufe people The Pearl Button, national Museum of the American Indian. Los Alacalufes Los indios Alacalufes Photo Gallery
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Quechua people
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The Quechua people are the indigenous peoples of South America who speak any of the Quechua languages. Most Quechua speakers live in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, the most common Quechua dialect is Southern Quechua. The Kichwa people of Ecuador speak the Kichwa dialect, in Colombia, the Quechua word for a Quechua speaker is runa or nuna, the plural is runakuna or nunakuna. Some historical Quechua peoples are, The Chanka people, who lived in the Huancavelica, Ayacucho, the Huanca people of the Junín Region of Peru, who spoke Quechua before the Incas did. The Inca, who established the largest empire of the pre-Columbian era, the Cañari of Ecuador, who adopted the Quechua language from the Inca. The Chincha, an extinct merchant kingdom of the Ica Region of Peru, have an only slight sense of common identity. The various Quechua dialects are in some cases so different that no mutual understanding is possible, Quechua was not only spoken by the Incas, but in some cases also by long-term enemies of the Inca Empire. These include the Huanca and the Chanka of Peru, and the Kañari in Ecuador, Quechua became Peru’s second official language in 1969 under the military regime of Juan Velasco Alvarado. An indication of this effort is the organization of the Kichwa peoples in Ecuador. Some Christian organizations also refer to a people, ” such as the Christian shortwave radio station HCJB. Some Quechua speakers claim that if nation states in Latin America had been following the European pattern, they should be a single. Despite their ethnic diversity and linguistic distinctions, the various Quechua ethnic groups have numerous cultural characteristics in common and they also share many of these with the Aymara, or other indigenous peoples of the central Andes. Traditionally, Quechua identity is locally oriented and inseparably linked in each case with the economic system. It is based on agriculture in the lower regions. The typical Andean community extends over several altitude ranges and thus includes the cultivation of a variety of arable crops and/or livestock, the land is usually owned by the local community and is either cultivated jointly or redistributed annually. Harsh conditions of exploitation led to revolts by the indigenous farmers. The largest of these revolts occurred 1780-1781 under the leadership of José Gabriel Kunturkanki, the agrarian reforms included the expropriation of large landowners. In Bolivia there was a redistribution of the land to the population as their private property
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Rapa Nui people
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The Rapa Nui are the native Polynesian inhabitants of Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. The easternmost Polynesian culture, the Rapa Nui people currently make up 60% of Easter Islands population and have a significant portion of their population residing in mainland Chile and they speak both the traditional Rapa Nui language and the primary language of the island, Spanish. At the 2002 census there were 3,304 island inhabitants—almost all living in the village of Hanga Roa on the sheltered west coast, as of 2011, Rapa Nuis main source of income derived from tourism, which focuses on the giant sculptures called Moai. Rapa Nui activists have been fighting for their right of self-determination and possession of the island, recent protests by the indigenous Rapa Nui on Easter Island against Chilean rule have led to violence against the Rapa Nui by the Chilean police. The Rapa Nui are believed to have settled Easter Island between 300 and 1200 CE, previously, the date of arrival was estimated to be around 700–800 CE, but more-recent evidence from radiocarbon dating supports an arrival date as late as 1200 CE. The Rapa Nui People have been found to be of Polynesian origin through genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA of pre-historic skeletons, scholars believe that the Rapa Nui had early contact with South America due to the introduction of sweet potato and bottle gourd plants to Easter Island. The bottle gourd was previously thought to have introduced to Polynesia in ancient times by the Polynesians themselves. However, more-recent research found no evidence of its existing historically in Fiji, Samoa, the sweet potato also has South American origin and must have been transferred to Easter Island early to have become such a staple part of the Rapa Nui pre-contact diet. It is believed that there must have contact between the Rapa Nui and South America by 1200–1300 CE. Jacob Roggeveen was the first European to record contact with the Rapa Nui. Roggeveen allegedly set sail either in search of Juan Fernandez Islands or Davids Island and he remained on the island for about a week. Felipe González de Ahedo visited the Rapa Nui in 1770 and claimed the island for Spain on a document which the islanders wrote on in rongorongo, james Cook and Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse visited the island for a few days in 1774 and 1786 respectively. The Rapa Nui currently speak Spanish and the traditional Rapanui language, the Rapanui language, also known as Pascuan, is classified as an Eastern Polynesian language and is currently written in Latin script. Rapanui is a minority language, as most Rapa Nui people speak Spanish as their first language, Spanish is the most widely spoken language on Easter Island and the primary language of education and administration. It is believed that Rapanui is currently undergoing a shift towards more Spanish sentence structure, Rongorongo, a system of glyphs discovered in the 1800s, is believed to represent an older version of the Rapanui language. However, the decipherment of rongorongo is a process and it is not yet clear whether Rongorongo is a form of writing or some other form of cultural expression. The main stories of Rapa Nui mythology are that of Hotu Matua, believed to be the first settler of Easter Island, and the Tangata manu. The Tangata manu is the mythology of the Birdman religion and cult which had creator god Makemake, more recent Rapa Nui mythology includes the story of the epic battle between the Hanau epe and the Hanau momoko. The trans-Neptunian dwarf planet Makemake is named after this creator deity, the best known aspect of the Rapa Nui culture is the moai, the 887 human figures carved from rock between 1250 and 1500 CE and transported throughout Easter Island
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Selk'nam people
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The Selknam, also known as the Onawo or Ona people, are an indigenous people in the Patagonian region of southern Argentina and Chile, including the Tierra del Fuego islands. They were one of the last native groups in South America to be encountered by migrant ethnic Europeans or Westerners in the late 19th century and they are considered extinct as a tribe. While the Selknam are closely associated with living in the area of Tierra del Fuego. Thousands of years ago, they migrated by canoe across the Strait of Magellan and their territory in the early Holocene probably ranged as far as the Cerro Benitez area of the Cerro Toro mountain range in Chile. Traditionally, the Selknam were nomadic people who relied on hunting for survival and they dressed sparingly despite the cold climate of Patagonia. They shared Tierra del Fuego with the Haush, another nomadic culture who lived in the part of the island. Also in the region were the Yámana or Yahgan, the Selknam had little contact with ethnic Europeans until settlers arrived in the late 19th century. These newcomers developed a great part of the land of Tierra del Fuego as large estancias, Selknam, who considered the sheep herds to be game rather than private property hunted the sheep. The ranch owners considered this to be poaching, and paid armed groups or militia to hunt down and kill the Selknam, to receive their bounty, such groups had to bring back the ears of victims. Salesian missionaries worked to protect and preserve Selknam culture, father José María Beauvoir explored the region and studied the native Patagonian cultures and languages between 1881 and 1924. He compiled a vocabulary of Selknam of 4,000 words and 1400 phrases and sentences and he included a comparative list of 150 Ona-Tehuelche words, as he believed that there were connections to the Tehuelche people and language to the north. Relations with Caucasians in the Beagle Channel area in the area of the island of Tierra del Fuego were somewhat more cordial than with the ranchers. Thomas Bridges, who had been an Anglican missionary at Ushuaia and he was given a large land grant by the Argentine government, where he founded Estancia Harberton. Lucas Bridges, one of his three sons, did much to help the local cultures, like his father, he learned the languages of the various groups and tried to provide the natives with some space in which to live their customary lives as lords of their own land. The forces of change were against them, and the people continued to have high fatality rates as their cultures were disrupted. Lucas Bridges book, Uttermost Part of the Earth, provides insight into the lives of the Selknam. Two Christian missions were established to save the Selknam, the last ethnic Selknam died in the mid-twentieth century. Alejandro Cañas estimated that in 1896 there was a population of 3,000 Selknam, martín Gusinde, an Austrian priest and ethnologist who studied them in the early 20th century, wrote in 1919 that only 279 Selknam remained
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Tehuelche people
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The Tehuelche people is the generic name given to a group of indigenous peoples of Patagonia and the southern pampas regions of Argentina and Chile. Tehuelche is a Mapuche language word meaning Fierce People and they were also called Patagones by Spanish explorers, who found large footprints made by the tribes on the Patagonian beaches. These large footprints were made by the guanaco leather boots that the Tehuelche used to cover their feet. According to the 2001 census,4,300 Tehuelche lived in the provinces of Chubut and Santa Cruz, there are now no Tehuelche tribes living in Chile, though some Tehuelche were assimilated into Mapuche groups over the years. The Tehuelche people have a history of over 14,500 years in the region, the nomadic lifestyle of Tehuelches left scarce archeological evidence of their past. They were hunter-gatherers living as nomads, during the winters they lived in the lowlands, catching fish and shellfish. During the spring they migrated to the highlands of Patagonia and the Andes Mountains, where they spent the summer and early fall. Although they developed no original pottery, they are known for their cave paintings. The Spanish arrived in the early 16th century, on March 31,1520, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan landed and made contact with the Tehuelche people. The Spanish never colonized their lands, with the exception of coastal settlements. It took more than 300 years before the Argentine government occupied the southern Patagonia, as nomads, the Tehuelche lived with limited possessions, as they had to move across long distances. Their rock tools were made of obsidian or basalt, as those rocks were malleable. Those rocks, however, could be found in certain parts of Patagonia. The Tehuelche hunted many species in the Patagonia, including whales, sea mammals, small rodents and sea birds, their prey was guanacos. Both species were found at the same places, as the rheas eat the larvae that grow in the guanacos manure. Everything from the guanaco was used by the Tehuelche, the meat and blood were used for food, the fat to grease their bodies during winter, the Tehuelches also gathered fruits that grew during the Patagonian summer. Those fruits were the sweet foods in their diet. The Tehuelche originally spoke Tehuelche, also known as Aonikenk, one of the Chonan languages, later, with the Araucanization of Patagonia, many tribes started to speak variants of Mapudungun, the Mapuche language
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Yaghan people
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The Yaghan, also called Yagán, Yahgan, Yámana, Yamana, or Tequenica, are one of the indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone, who are regarded as the southernmost peoples in the world. Their traditional territory includes the south of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. They have been there for more than 10,000 years, in the 19th century, they were known as Fuegians by the English-speaking world, but the term is now avoided as it can refer to any of the several indigenous peoples of Tierra del Fuego. Some are reputed to speak the Yaghan language, which is considered to be a language isolate, however. As of 2012, Cristina Calderón, who lives in Chile territory, is known as the last full-blooded Yaghan, the Yaghan were traditionally nomads, who were hunter-gatherers. They traveled by canoes between islands to collect food, the men hunted sea lions, while the women dived to collect shellfish. In 1871, Anglican missionary and linguist Thomas Bridges and George Lewis established a mission at Tierra del Fuego, he and he had learned the language starting when he lived on Keppel Island at the age of 17. Over more than a decade, he compiled a grammar and a 30 and his second son, Lucas Bridges, also learned the language and is one of the few Europeans to do so. In his 1948 book, which was a history of that period, he writes that in Yaghan, the name Yaghan, was first used by his father Thomas Bridges as a shortened form of Yahgashagalumoala. It was the name of the inhabitants of the Murray Channel area, the name Tekenika, first applied to a sound in Hoste Island, simply means I do not understand, and evidently originated as the answer to a misunderstood question. Despite the extremely cold climate in which they lived, early Yaghan wore little to no clothing until after their contact with Europeans. They were able to survive the harsh climate because, They kept warm by huddling around small fires when they could, the name of Tierra del Fuego was based on the many fires seen by passing European explorers. They made use of rock formations to shelter from the elements and they covered themselves in animal grease. Over time, they had evolved significantly higher metabolisms than average humans and their natural resting position was a deep squatting position, which reduced their surface area and helped to conserve heat. The Yaghan may have driven to this inhospitable area by enemies to the north. They were famed for their indifference to the bitter weather around Cape Horn. Although they had fire and small domed shelters, they went about completely naked in the frigid cold. Women swam in its 48-degree-south waters hunting for shellfish and they often were observed to sleep in the open, completely unsheltered and unclothed, while Europeans shivered under blankets
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Immigration to Chile
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Immigration to Chile has contributed to the demographics and the history of this South American nation. Between 1880 and 1940, an estimated 43,000 immigrants arrived from Spain, at the same time some separate cultural aspects, such as British afternoon tea, German cakes, and Italian pasta, were preserved. This fusion is also visible in the architecture of Chilean cities, most of the immigrants to Chile during the 19th and 20th centuries came from abroad. Settlers from Europe came from Spain, Italy, France, Croatia, Austria, Germany, Great Britain, refugees from the Spanish Civil War came in the 1930s. Today, most immigrants come from neighboring countries, the largest immigrant group comes from Argentina, followed by Peru. Immigrants from other Latin American countries have made important contributions to Chile, for example, one of the founders of the famous Universidad de Chile, was the Venezuelan Andrés Bello. Today, copper and nitrate mines in the Atacama depend on contract workers from neighboring Bolivia, maritime commerce resulted in the creation of British, French, Italian, Dutch, Greek, Portuguese and Scandinavian settlements. The Palestinians, Syrians and Lebanese arrived in number in the 1920s. Chile was never an attractive destination for migrants simply because it was far from Europe. A situation recognized in the census of 1907, census which recorded the highest percentage of Europeans versus the population of Chile. The observed increase in 1885 is due in part to the annexation of three provinces after the Pacific War and the final conquest of the Araucanía. Given that our country receives almost no foreign immigration, this increase is significant, the European migration did not result in a remarkable change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the region of Magellan. The Spaniard was actually the only relevant among European immigration to Chile, since there was never massive immigration, therefore, neither have whitened the Chilean population to level of overall percentages. However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a role in Chilean society. Between 1851 and 1924 Chile only received the 0. 5% of the European immigration flow to Latin America, against 46% of Argentina, 33% of Brazil, 14% of Cuba, and 4% of Uruguay. This was because most of the migration occurred across the Atlantic, not the Pacific, also, Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking that long tour across the Straits of Magellan or crossing the Andes. In 1907, European-born reached a top of 2. 2% of Chilean population, it down to 1. 9% in 1920, and 1. 6% in 1930. Although the majority of European immigrants during the first half of the 20th century came from Spain and Italy, the largest ethnic group in Chile arrived from Spain during the colonial age, prior to 1810
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Basque Chilean
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This union is the basis of the Chilean elite of today. But also, they contributed to the ethnic make up of the bulk of the Chilean population. An estimated 1.6 million to 3.2 million Chileans have a surname of Basque origin, miguel de Unamuno once said, There are at least two things that clearly can be attributed to the Basques, the Society of Jesus and the Republic of Chile. The Basque presence in Chile began in the period, for in the armies of the first colonizers came a contingent important soldiers from the Basque Provinces. In the 16th century, of the 157 Peninsular families that settled in Chile,39 had Basque surnames and this number progressively grew, as reflected in the number of governors of Basque origin. Forms a regional immigration corridor between Spain and Chile, one that is large, visible, and continues over time. Basque immigration can be divided into periods, discovery, foundation, and colonial period, the wave of immigration of the 18th century. During the 18th century, the country experimented a mass coming from the Basque provinces and Navarre. This raised the Basques to being the most important regional group in the population, displacing the natives and descendants of those born in New Castile, Old Castile, and Andalucía. In the second half of the 19th century came a new wave of Basque immigration and this migratory flood are extended until the end of the Spanish Civil War
26.
British Chilean
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The British Chileans are people of British ancestry, in full or in part, who reside in Chile. The British have been important in the formation of the Chilean nation. They include Chileans of English, Scottish and Welsh ancestry, the numbers of Scottish and Welsh are higher in Patagonia, in Aysen and Magallanes regions. The highest percentage of British Chileans is found in Punta Arenas, followed by Santiago, Valparaiso, Concepcion, Viña del Mar, Chile, facing the Pacific Ocean, has for many years had an important British presence. Over 50,000 British immigrants settled in Chile from 1840 to 1914, however, the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 and the outbreak of the First World War drove many of them away from the city or back to Europe. Even today their influence is apparent in areas, such as the banks and the navy, as well as in certain social activities, such as football, horse racing. During the movement for independence, it was mainly the British who formed the Chilean Navy, British investment helped Chile become prosperous and British seamen helped the Chilean navy become a strong force in the South Pacific. Chile won two wars, the first against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation and the second, the War of the Pacific, in 1878-79, the liberal-socialist Revolution of 1891 introduced political reforms modeled on British parliamentary practice and lawmaking. British immigrants were important in the northern zone of the country during the saltpetre boom, in the ports of Iquique. The King of Saltpetre, John Thomas North, was the principal tycoons of nitrate mining, the British legacy is reflected in the streets of the historic district of the city of Iquique, with the foundation of various institutions, such as the Club Hípico. Nevertheless, the British active presence came to an end with the crisis during the 1930s. The Irish immigrants, who were confused with the British, arrived as merchants, tradesmen and sailors, settling along with the British in the main trading cities. An important contingent of British immigrants arrived between 1914 and 1950, settling in the region of Magallanes. British families were established in areas of the country, such as Santiago, Coquimbo, the Araucanía. The cultural legacy of the British in Chile is notable and has spread beyond the British Chilean community onto society at large, one custom taken from the British is afternoon tea, called onces by Chileans. Another interesting, although peculiar, legacy is the amount of use of British first surname by Chileans. British technology in mining, railway, maritime infrastructure, and other industrial applications predominated in Chile in the half of the 19th century. Manuel A. Fernández book, Technology and British Nitrate Enterprises in Chile, similar benefits were seen in the railway and meat-processing industries in Chile
27.
Scottish Chilean
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Scottish Chileans are Chileans of Scottish descent who came from Scotland and in some cases, Scots-Irish people from Northern Ireland. A famous Scot, Thomas, Lord Cochrane formed the Chilean Navy to help liberate Chile from Spain in the independence period, Chile developed a strong diplomatic relationship with Great Britain and invited more British settlers to the country in the 19th century. The Chilean government land deals invited settlement from Scotland and Wales in its provinces in the 1840s and 1850s. The number of Scottish Chileans is still higher in Patagonia and Magallanes regions, the Mackay School, in Viña del Mar is an example of a school set up by Scottish Chileans. The Scottish and other British Chileans are primarily found in education as well in economic management. Scottish Chileans also played a prominent role in the annexation of Easter Island/Rapa Nui by Chile, maría Edwards Enrique Mac Iver Sergio Livingstone, Chilean goal keeper. Alexander Selkirk Andrés Wood, director Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald Ian Campbell Scottish place names in Chile
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Welsh Chilean
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Welsh Chileans are Chileans of Welsh descent whose family roots came from Wales. The Welsh did not settle in Chile, generally, they were identified with the other British groups in Chile. About 30,000 residents of the Patagonia region have Welsh surnames and they are descendants of Welsh settlers in Y Wladfa who may have crossed the once disputed Argentina–Chile border and established farms or ranches in the late 19th century. Later, in 1889 he moved to Chile and obtained some lands in Nueva Imperial where he died and he left a wife and two small children. Robert Watkins Jones He is the eldest son of Watkin Watkins and he worked in Sewell, Rancangua since 1914. He left three children from his marriage with Rosa Urrutia Robert Watkins Urrutia, eugenio Chinchon Barrientos, Electrical Engineer and MBA. He currently lives in Santiago, Chile and he currently lives in Temuco, Chile. Map of Nueva Imperial, Chile, Drawn 1893 - Showing Land Plots Occupied by English Colony, Plots are located within the arc of the Chol-Chol river. Map Coordinates of plot 2, -38.710847, -72, Plot 2232 ha fiscal Plot 219a 80 ha Peter Pilkington with his sons Kaerhi and William Plot 20450 ha Neculques Reserva indígena abandonada – Map signed by Christian Sommermeier. Copy of map held by The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, original given by the Rowlands family and believed to be in the Melbourne Museum, Australia. Hugo Davis of plot 2 married Widow Elionor Watkins nee Jones of Plot 4, family moved to Sewell, Rancagua to work in Copper Mines and Hugo Davis became an English Lecturer in Santiago. His book ‘Metodo Davis’, for learning English from Spanish, is in Bangor University Archives and his Welsh music and poetry are in The National Library of Wales Aberystwyth
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Croatian Chilean
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Chile has one of the largest communities of ethnic Croats outside the Balkan Peninsula and it is one of the most significant Croatian communities – second only to Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They are one of the examples of successful assimilation of a non-Spanish-speaking European ethnic group into Chilean society. Many successful entrepreneurs, scientists, artists and prominent politicians holding the highest offices in the country have been of Croatian descent, the oppression of the Croatian people and the denial of an internationally recognised nation was the principal factor leading them to embark on a constant migration to Chile. At first they were recognised and officially registered as citizens of the countries or empires from which they had fled. For example, until 1915 they were recognised as Austrians, since 1990, and in accordance to the establishment of the new internationally recognised Republic of Croatia, Chilean Croats have reasserted their cultural and ethnic identity. The massive arrival of Croats in Chile began in 1864 and the migration grew steadily until 1956 – reaching a number of more than 6,000, in the early part of this 1864-1956 era more Croats settled in Argentina than in Chile. For example, in Argentina the number reached 80,000 and it is estimated that there are up to 100, 000-140,000 Chileans of Croatian descent. Even though the number may be higher with some demographic analysts estimating a figure of 200,000. The first issue of the publication Sloboda was published in March 1902 and it was the first newspaper of the Croatian immigrants in Latin America. The Croatian immigrants in Chile conducted extensive work since 1902. The Dalmatian coast, with its thousands of islands of white rock covered with vineyards, pine forests, most families have a relative or descendant in Chile. Chiles name, unlike parts of the world where it is almost unknown, is loved and admired by many Dalmatians as a second home. Punta Arenas is the most prominent settlement on the Strait of Magellan and it has a population of over 146,000 inhabitants. The city has its roots among the population origin of the European colonists that populated the area in the mid-nineteenth century, there are also descendants of people from other countries. Croatian immigration in Punta Arenas was a development in the region of Magallanes. Currently, it is possible to see this influence in the names of shops and many buildings
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Dutch Chilean
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In 1600, the Chilean city of Valdivia was conquered by Dutch pirate Sebastian de Cordes. He left the city after a few months, four decades later, in 1642, the VOC and the WIC sent a fleet of ships to Chile to take control of Valdivia and its Spanish gold mines. The expedition was conducted by Hendrik Brouwer, a Dutch general, in 1643 Brouwer conquered the Chiloé Archipelago and Valdivia. After Brouwer died on 7 August 1643, vice-general Elias Herckmans took control, the second emigration from the Netherlands to Chile occurred in 1895. A dozen Dutch families settled between in Chile 1895 and 1897, particularly in Mechaico, Huillinco and Chacao, egbert Hageman arrived in Chile with his family, on 14 April 1896, settling in Rio Gato, near Puerto Montt. The Wennekool family inaugurated the Dutch colonization of Villarrica, in the early twentieth century, a large group of Dutch people arrived in Chile from South Africa. These migrants, after a stay in African camps, were presented with the opportunity to emigrate to Chile with the help of the Chilean government. On 4 May 1903, a group of over 200 Dutch sailed on the steamship Oropesa owned by the shipping company Pacific Steam Navigation Company, the majority had been born in the Netherlands. Only a dozen children had been born in South Africa, on June 5, the arrived by train to the city of Pitrufquén. Another group of Dutchmen arrived shortly after to Talcahuano, in the Oravi, the Netherlands colony in Donguil was christened New Transvaal Colony. More than 500 Dutch families moved there, the last group of Boers arrived between 7 February 1907 and February 18,1909. Some 50,000 descendants remain, mostly located in Malleco, Gorbea, Pitrufquén, Faja Maisan and around Temuco
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French Chilean
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A French Chilean is a Chilean citizen of full or partial French ancestry. Between 1840 and 1940,20,000 to 25,000 French people immigrated to Chile, the country received the fourth largest number of French immigrants to South America after Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. The Araucanía Region also has an important number of people of French ancestry, with akin Latin culture, the French immigrants quickly assimilated into mainstream Chilean society. From 1840 to 1940, around 25,000 Frenchmen immigrated to Chile, 80% of them were coming from Southwestern France, especially from Basses-Pyrénées, Gironde, Charente-Inférieure and Charente and regions situated between Duran, Gers, and Dordogne. Most of French immigrants settled in the country between 1875 and 1895, between October 1882 and December 1897,8,413 Frenchmen settled in Chile, making up 23% of immigrants from this period. In 1863,2,650 French citizens were registered in Chile, at the end of the century they were almost 30,000. According to the census of 1865, out of 83,220 foreigners established in Chile,6,483 were French, in 1875, the community reached 3,000 members, 12% of the almost 85,000 foreigners established in the country. It was estimated that 10,000 Frenchmen were living in Chile in 1912, in World War II, a group of over 10,000 Chileans of French descent joined the Free French Forces and fought the Nazi occupation of France. Today it is estimated that 500,000 Chileans are of French descent, current president of Chile, Michelle Bachelet is of French origin. Former dictator Augusto Pinochet is another Chilean of French descent, a large percentage of politicians, businessmen, professionals and entertainers in the country are of French ancestry. French painter Raymond Monvoisin lived in Chile from 1842 to 1854, French architect François Brunet de Baines founded the citys first school of architecture. lycos. fr/emigrationchili/emigracion%20cl. htm
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German Chileans
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German Chileans are Chilean citizens who derive their German ancestry from one or both parents. They are chiefly descendants of about 30,000 immigrants who arrived between 1846–1914, most following the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, in the 1907 census, Germans were the fifth-largest immigrant group in Chile, after Bolivians, Peruvians, Spaniards and Italians. From the middle of the 19th century to the present, they have played a significant role in the economic, the 19th-century immigrants settled chiefly in Chile’s Araucanía, Los Ríos and Los Lagos regions in the so-called Zona Sur of Chile, including the Chilean lake district. The first German to feature in the history of what is now Chile is Bartolomé Blumenthal during the 16th century who accompanied Pedro de Valdivia, the latter conquistador ousted the indigenous population and founded the city of Santiago. Valdivia also arrested and took hostage the Cacique to weaken the society of the local Mapuche people, later Blumenthal took part in the consolidation of the Spanish settlement that would become the Talagante Province, he was the first engineer in the remote colony. Blumenthal’s son-in-law, Pedro Lisperguer, was appointed as mayor of Santiago in 1572, johann von Bohon was also part of Valdivias expedition and was ordered to establish the city of La Serena in 1544. In 1818 Chile became independent from Spain and began to engage in trading with more nations, the port city of Valparaíso became a major center for trade with Hamburg, with commercial travellers and merchants from Germany staying for lengthy periods of time to work in Valparaíso. On 9 May 1838 Club Alemán de Valparaíso, the first German cultural organization was established in the city, German residents and visitors held cultural functions here. The club began to organize literary, musical and theatre productions, aquinas Ried, a physician, became widely known in the city for composing operas, and for writing poetry and plays. The club had its own orchestras and academic choir which would perform works composed by local musicians, the Chilean government encouraged German immigration in 1848, a time of revolution in Germany. Before that Bernhard Eunom Philippi recruited nine working families to emigrate from Hesse to Chile, the origin of the German immigrants in Chile began with the Law of Selective Immigration of 1845. The objective of this law was to bring people of a medium social/high cultural level to colonize the southern regions of Chile, the process was administered by Vicente Pérez Rosales by mandate of the then-president Manuel Montt. The German immigrants revived the economy, and they changed the southern zones. Never will have the country that adopts us as its children, reason to repent of such illustrated, human, the expansion and economic development of Valdivia were limited in the early 19th century. To stimulate economic development, the Chilean government initiated a highly focused immigration program under Vicente Pérez Rosales as government representative, through this program, thousands of Germans settled in the area, incorporating then-modern technology and know-how to develop agriculture and industry. Some of the new immigrants stayed in Valdivia but others were given forested land, Valdivia, situated at some distance from the coast, on the Calle-calle river, is a German town. Everywhere you meet German faces, German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish, there is a large German school, a church and various Vereine, large shoe-factories, and, of course, breweries. For ten years after the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, numerous liberal immigrants came from Germany and they settled primarily in the Llanquihue in the towns of Frutillar, Puerto Octay, Puerto Varas, Osorno and Puerto Montt
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Greeks in Chile
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There has been a community of Greeks in Chile since the sixteenth century. According to official figures there are between 90,000 and 120,000 Chileans of Greek origin, most reside either in the Santiago area or in the Antofagasta area. The first immigrants arrived during the century from Crete, so named Candia in honor of the islands capital. The surname, although at present, is disconnected from its ancient origins. Amid this flood of foreigners who populated northern Chilean appeared the Greeks, there were numerous Collectivité Hellenic whose records were listed in two sources. One of these was the collaboration that gave the Chilean press through its pages in the newspaper El Mercurio. The other end of the fire under the rubble of the first home that housed the proto-Hellenes of Chile, according to El Mercurio of Antofagasta, between the years 1920 and 1935 there were about 4,000 Greeks in the city and other 3,000 in saltpeter offices. In 1926 the first womens association for excellence, filóptoxos which was chaired by Xrisí Almallotis, since then to date there have been about four or five generations of descendants of Greeks. Some have moved south and are grouped mainly in Santiago and Valparaíso, others returned to the motherland after the first war but most of the immigrants stayed in their new country and founded numerous Greek-Chilean families. The main member of community the employer is Don Constantino Kochifas Carcamo. Antofagasta is a community in Latin America established in 1890, notable for an anniversary on the 14th of February. Many of the families moved to Santiago and Valparaíso, however there are still an estimated seventy current residents who were born in Greece. Miguel Littín Cucumides, film director and writer, stavros Mosjos, CNN journalist and radio host
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Hungarians in Chile
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Hungarians in Chile include immigrants from Hungary to Chile and their descendants. In South America, more Hungarians settled in Argentina and Brazil, however, Chile was a major point of passage for Hungarians to North America and Australia. Most Hungarian immigrants to Australia from South America during the first half of the 20th century came via Chile, there is no clear record of the number of people of Hungarian descent living in the country. Hungarian people Hungarian diaspora Hungarian embassy in Santiago University of Chile about the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Hungarians who came to Chile after
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Irish Chilean
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Irish Chileans are the inhabitants of Chile who either came from some part of the island of Ireland or are descendants of immigrants from there. Generally coming in the 18th century and early 19th century, the generally Catholic Irish were seeking refuge from the oppression of the Protestant-run government of the Kingdom of Great Britain, spain, being a Catholic power, enticed many Irish to move to Latin America. The most notable Irish Chilean, Bernardo OHiggins is often referred to as the Father of Chile, jorge Arrate, Communist Party of Chile politician. Camila Vallejo, Communist Youth of Chile politician
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Italian Chileans
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Italian Chileans are Chileans of full or partly Italian descent. It is estimated that 150,000 people could have Italian ancestors, in Southern Chile, there were state-conducted Italian immigrants programs, though they were not as massive as the German and Croats immigrants programs. These families settled especially in Capitán Pastene, Angol, Lumaco, and Temuco, but also in Valparaiso, Concepción, Chillán, Valdivia, thence, with akin Latin culture, Italians have helped forge the nation, with architects, painters, businessmen, economists and statesmen. Today, this small town celebrates a renaissance of their Italic heritage, Italian emigration in Chile was limited to a few tens of Italians during the centuries of the Spanish colony. After independence, the Chilean government encouraged European emigration, but without getting the results of neighbouring Argentina, however, there was a substantial flow of migration from Liguria to the area of Valparaíso, which came to control 70% of the city. These immigrants founded the Body of Fire of the city and its Italian School, at the end of the 19th century, many Italian merchants were rooted in the northern part of Arica, where they began exploiting the rich mines of saltpetre. Meanwhile, many Italian families settled in the capital Santiago, Concepción, in 1904 was planned an emigration of 700 immigrants of Emilia to a town of the Araucanía Region, which was named Colonia Nueva Italia and now called Capitán Pastene. Throughout the central-southern zone of Chile,7,740 Italians were transplanted to the early 20th century. Some Italian-Chileans voluntarily returned to Italy, like the aviator Arturo DellOro, who died in the skies of Belluno in 1917, giulio Ravazzano went back to Italy to defend his country during the Great War, to return later on where he married. After World War I, it had exhausted major migration from Italy, many Italian Chileans have reached positions of leadership in the society of Chile, like the president Jorge Alessandri. The Italian community has been present since the times of Giovanni Battista Pastene and he was sixty, or perhaps sixty years, and would chat with me. I was taught to play chess, I spoke of things of political life, at the start of the 19th century, the patriarch of the Alessandri family, Giuseppe Pietro Alessandri Tarzo, came from Tuscany and worked as Consul of the Kingdom of Sardinia in Santiago. Among his descendants there are two presidents of Chile, Arturo Alessandri and Jorge Alessandri, among the Italian-Chileans are architects, painters, industrial, actresses, economists and statesmen. The Italian language is promoted by the Chilean section of Dante Alighieri, while the Italian press has with, La Gazzetta Italiana nel Cile, bimonthly, presenza, fortnightly, publisher and editorial director Giuseppe Tommasi. There are some Italian schools in Chile and some organizations protect, in 1904 about 100 families from the province of Modena moved there, as organized by the Chilean Government, to populate an area newly conquered by Chilean troops in their war against Mapuche tribes. Andrés Bianchi, economist, PhD Yale University, former President of the Central Bank of Chile, cecilia Bolocco, TV host and Miss Universe 1987. Hortensia Bussi, wife of President Salvador Allende, claudia Conserva, actress and TV host. Fernando González, tennis player and olimpic medalist, soledad Onetto, journalist and TV host
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Polish Chilean
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Polish Chileans include immigrants to Chile from Poland and their descendants who recognize their Polish ancestry. A small number of Poles came to Chile, with first of them coming during the Napoleonic wars, in early 20th century, there were around 300 Poles in Chile. One of the most notable Polish Chileans, Ignacy Domeyko became chancellor of the University of Chile between 1867 and 1883. After the World War II, 1947-1951, around 1,500 Poles, mostly former Zivilarbeiter, as well as former soldiers, in 1949 the Association of Poles in Chile was founded. A significant majority of Polish Chileans live in Santiago, in addition, during the Interbellum around 1000 Polish Jews immigrated to Chile, mostly for economic reasons. Another Polonia organization in Chile is Koło im, jana Pawła II, chairman Ewa Odachowska Also, the Polish Catholic Mission operates in Chile. Boguslaw ¨Bob¨ Borowicz, photographer Ricardo M. Pasado y presente, ed. Katarzyna Dembicz, series, Polska a Świat Iberoamerykański, CESLA, Warsaw,2002, pp.162, ISBN 83-85620-98-2
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Russians in Chile
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Russian Chileans form a minor part of the Russian diaspora and a small group in comparison to the other ethnic groups in Chile. The 2002 Chilean Census reported 638 Russian citizens, although Russias government estimates that 1,300 Russians live in Chile, there are more than 70,000 Orthodox Christians in Chile, the majority of them of Russian or Greek origin. Also, a significant amount of Russian Jews arrived in Chile during the 20th century, the first Russians came to Chile in the early 19th century as part of naval expeditions circumnavigating the globe, among them captains Otto Kotsebu, Fyodor Litke, and Vasili Golovnin. However, they were just temporary visitors, the earliest Russian migrants came in 1854, the immigrants of that time belonged to different ethnic groups of the Russian Empire, particularly to minorities. Among them were seafarers and traders as well as medical professionals such as Alexei Sherbakov, in the period between World War I and World War II, political motivations for migration came to the forefront, the number of White emigres in Chile grew to about 90. In the 1950s, their numbers were bolstered by arrivals from among the Russian expatriate community in Harbin. The Russian Cemetery was founded in 1954 to provide a space for burials for the community. As of 2004, the size of the Russian expatriate community in Chile was estimated at about 250 individuals by the local Russian embassy. Motivations for the recent migration include opportunities for business, the ease of acquiring mortgages to purchase housing. They are employed as professors in educational centres, as well as in Chilean food export companies, Russians, along with Ukrainians and Greeks, were the first immigrants of the Orthodox faith to come to Chile. There are more than seventy thousand Orthodox believers in Chile, and 15 Orthodox churches and chapels, mostly under the authority of the Patriarch of Antioch
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Swiss Chileans
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Swiss Chileans are Chilean citizens of Swiss ancestry. There are currently 5,000 Swiss citizens residing in Chile, the number of Swiss in Chile is minor, despite having a relatively large number of members. This is because their linguistic and cultural characteristics are commonly confused with Germans, Italians, Swiss migration to Chile took place at the end of 19th century, between 1883 and 1900, particularly in the area of Araucanía, especially in Victoria and Traiguén. It is estimated more than 8,000 thousand families received grants of land. It was organized exodus and limited duration, as economic immigration, the State assumed a regulatory role by granting or denying requests for leave. With regard to the interests of migrants into Chile, began formally in 1853, when they meet in Bern, capital of Switzerland, through official reports of the Swiss Consulate in Valparaíso, highlighting the advantages or disadvantages that Chile offered to migrants in Europe. Only 28 years after the commencement of the German colonization in the southern Chile, the first contingent departed in November 1883, would be the pilot and its success would depend on subsequent authorizations. In 1880 he was named Don Francisco De B, echeverría, General Agent of Colonization in Europe, given in Paris. Later in that office will happen Agent General Benjamin Davila Larrain, moreover, the preparation of the convoys meant the operation of a real network. To ensure reductions in the class and volume or weight limits for luggage. Between April 1876 and May 1877 came to the area of the Magallanes Region a contingent of Swiss immigrants comprising 119 families, the first group was composed of 1311 families who landed in Valparaíso on 19 December 1883. Between 1883 and 1886 were shipped to the territory of Araucanía 12,602 Swiss, the operations continued to evolve until 1890, when it recorded 22,708 Swiss spread over the 31 colonies in the heart of the Araucania
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Americans and Canadians in Chile
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American Chileans and Canadian Chileans are among roughly 300,000 Chileans of North American ancestry. 19th century settlement and land speculation deals brought tens of thousands of Americans to Chile with the rest of Central, along with the British, Americans came to Chile to develop the countrys economy and trade from the early 19th century onwards. Even though very few compared to the British, they did contribute to Chiles wealth, other English speaking immigrants included Irish, New Zealanders and Australians. Valparaíso was on the route from Britain to California, which the United States won from Mexico in 1845 and that same port was even the scene of one of the battles of the Anglo-American War of 1812. One American who was in Chile was Wheelwright, who introduced the railway in Chile, in the California Gold Rush, a massive influx of Chilean miners went to California and many had returned to Chile wealthier than before. To Chileans, Americans, almost all of British ancestry at the time, were so similar to the British that they were lumped together as gringos, a term still used for Americans. Nowadays, most Chileans are much familiar with American culture than British culture, due to Hollywood, americo-Chileans played a role in international diplomacy between the two countries. The relationship turned tense during the Salvador Allende era, in which the American CIA-backed bloody coup replaced him with general Augusto Pinochet to head a military regime. Many Chileans prospered there and some were established enough to home with their new wealth. On August 16,1906 a major earthquake struck Valparaíso with great devastation, Chilean doctor Carlos Van Buren, of American descent, was involved in medical care of earthquake victims. He later established a modern hospital Carlos Van Buren Hospital in 1912, American and European medical staffers improved medical care in Chile, where it has a universal health system since 1925. Military experts from the United States and Great Britain when the British Empire peaked in the turn of the 20th century, international School Nido de Aguilas, an American school, is in Santiago
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Arab Chileans
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Arab Chileans are immigrants to Chile from the Arab world. Most are Christian and are the descendants of migrants from Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon. Ethnically Arab Chileans are often called Turks, a term believed to derive from the fact that they arrived from the Ottoman Turkish Empire, most arrived as members of the Eastern Orthodox church, but a minority became Roman Catholic. It is estimated that 800,000 Chileans of the population is of Arab origin, Chile is home to a large population of immigrants, mostly Christian, from the Levant. Roughly 500,000 Palestinian descendants are believed to reside in Chile, and the effects of their migration are widely visible. The earliest such migrants came in the 1850s, with others arriving during World War I, the Club Palestino is one of the most prestigious social clubs in Santiago. They are believed to form the largest Palestinian community outside of the Arab world, the situation in Gaza has caused tensions even thousands of miles away between the Israeli and Palestinian communities in Chile. Historically, the Arabs of Chile were called Turks, Moors, Arabs, Lebanese, in the past decade, most of the Arab immigration are Iraqis. The Christian Orthodox, built the Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Santiago and it is a cathedral of the Church of Antioch with six parishes. On arrival, the Arabs were devoted to primarily in the commercial sector. The large influx Arab party began in 1860 and extends until 1900 and it is estimated that the Arabs who came to America reached at one million people. Until 1918 the Palestinians migrated with Turkish passports, the output ports were Beirut, Haifa and Alexandria, and the journey was made via Genoa and Marseille. The large concentrations of immigrants were Syrians, Palestinians, Lebanese and their descendants in Brazil, Argentina and it is estimated that there are 25 million people of Arab descent in Latin America. By 1940, the Arab Guide de Chile estimated at 13,466 the number of Arabs in Chile, 61% of the Arabs in Chile are people who arrived between 1900 and 1930. Over 60% of Arabs who came were between 10 and 30 years old, in 1912, the Muerched, the first Chilean newspaper written in Arabic, began publication. It is estimated there were at least 12 similar publications during the 40 years of immigration. It is the case of the Banna family, Carlos, Jorge and his father, Juan, emigrated in 1894 from Bethlehem and was a good move. He died in 1954, when Cotton Manufacturers lived its golden age and its partners were the Said-Isa and his six children, among them Salvador, the father of José, now a member of the Parque Arauco shopping mall-amusement park and BHIF
