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Greece
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine regions, Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands, eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming a part of the Roman Empire and its successor. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World, falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greeces rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe, Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the member to join the European Communities and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. Greeces unique cultural heritage, large industry, prominent shipping sector. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor, the names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, all three stages of the stone age are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries and these civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC and this ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, in 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the worlds first democratic system of government in Athens
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Athens Tram
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The Athens Tram is the modern public tram network system serving Athens, Greece. It is now owned and operated by Urban Rail Transport S. A. STASY operates a fleet of 35 Sirio vehicles, the tram network spans a total length of 27 kilometres, and covers ten Athenian suburbs. The network covers the majority of the citys Saronic Gulf coastline, Athens STASY tram system provides average daily service to 65,000 passengers, and employs 345 people. Photography and video-taking on the tram and its stations is allowed, Athens Tram began its operations in 1882 with horse tramways. After 1908, the metre gauge network became electrified and was extended to 21 lines. The original Athens tram system ceased operations in 1960 and was replaced by trolleybuses, however, a standard gauge tram system was constructed along the perimeter of Piraeus Harbour by the Hellenic Electric Railways. The company started the construction of the lines in the beginning of 2002, while the commercial launch of the system took place in July 2004. The construction of the network was financed by the Third European Regional Development Fund. In March 2011, the Greek Government passed Law 3920 to allow ISAP, the resulting company was renamed STASY S. A. and is a subsidiary of OASA S. A. The merger was announced on June 10,2011. Ticket counters operate in some of the stations, also automatic ticket machines with touch screens are located at each tram station. Passengers must validate their tickets at the machines at the station where they board at the start of their ride, the normal adult flat fare is 1.40 Euros. There are daily and weekly tickets, as well as monthly cards which also apply for all means of transport in Athens. Fares are checked frequently, passengers who fail to show a ticket or a monthly card are penalized by a fine of 60 times the price of a standard ticket. Children under 6, the handicapped, and persons currently enlisted in the military are eligible for free transportation, Athens Tram has three routes named after ancient Greeks, Thucydides, Aristotle and Plato. Trams run from approximately 5, 00am to midnight daily, the following table lists the routes and the stops for the Athens tram, Further extensions are planned towards the major commercial port of Piraeus. The expansion would include 12 new stations and increase the length of the tram system by 5.4 km. Urban Rail Transport S. A. Tramway Athens Urban Transport Organisation UrbanRail. Net - Athens Tram Network map
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ILPAP
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I. L. P. A. P. was a public Greek company, part of the general Athens Mass Transit System, responsible for the operation of the trolleybuses network. ILPAP was founded on December 14,1970, and since 1998 the company was owned by the Athens Urban Transport Organisation, in March 2011, the Greek Government passed Law 3920 to merge ILPAP with the bus company ETHEL S. A. The resulting company is named OSY S. A. and is a subsidiary of OASA S. A, the merger was officially announced on June 10,2011. While merger at the top management level took place immediately, integration of the companies at operations. The network consists of 22 trolleybus routes which cover 390 kilometers in Athens, the fleet consists of 366 trolleybuses, made by Neoplan and Van Hool,51 of which are articulated. 10.6 million kilometers are covered, and 80 million passengers are transported per year, as of May 2011, the company had about 1,200 employees
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Trolleybus
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A trolleybus is an electric bus that draws power from overhead wires using spring-loaded trolley poles. Two wires and poles are required to complete the electrical circuit and this differs from a tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole. They are also distinct from other kinds of buses, which usually rely on batteries. Power is most commonly supplied as 600-volt direct current, but there have been, currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43 countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more than about 400 concurrently, the trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr. Ernst Werner Siemens demonstrated his Elektromote in a Berlin suburb. This experiment continued until 13 June 1882, after there were few developments in Europe. In 1899, another vehicle which could run either on or off rails was demonstrated in Berlin, routes followed in Eberswalde and Fontainebleau. Max Schiemann on 10 July 1901 opened the worlds fourth passenger-carrying trolleybus system, although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days there were a few methods of current collection. The Cédès-Stoll system was operated near Dresden between 1902 and 1904, and in Vienna, the Lloyd-Köhler or Bremen system was tried out in Bremen, and the Cantono Frigerio system was demonstrated near Milan. Throughout the period, trackless freight systems and electric canal boats were also built, Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great Britain on 20 June 1911. Apparently, though it was opened on 20 June, the public was not admitted to the Bradford route until the 24th, Bradford was also the last to operate trolleybuses in the UK, the system closing on 26 March 1972. The last rear-entrance trolleybus in Britain was also in Bradford and is now owned by the Bradford Trolleybus Association, birmingham was the first to replace a tram route with trolleybuses, while Wolverhampton, under the direction of Charles Owen Silvers, became world-famous for its trolleybus designs. There were 50 trolleybus systems in the UK, Londons being the largest, by the time trolleybuses arrived in Britain in 1911, the Schiemann system was well established and was the most common, although the Cédès-Stoll system was tried in West Ham and in Keighley. Smaller trackless trolley systems were built in the US early as well, the trackless trolley was often seen as an interim step, leading to streetcars. Buses and trolleybuses in particular were seen as entry systems that could later be upgraded to rail as appropriate, some trolleybus lines in the United States came into existence when a trolley or tram route did not have sufficient ridership to warrant track maintenance or reconstruction. In a similar manner, a proposed tram scheme in Leeds, worldwide, around 300 cities or metropolitan areas are served by trolleybuses today. See also Trolleybus usage by country, for example, new systems opened in Lecce, Italy, in 2012 and in Malatya, Turkey, in 2015
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Athens Metro
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The Athens Metro is a rapid-transit system in Greece which serves the Athens conurbation and parts of East Attica. It incorporates the former Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways, which opened as a steam railway in 1869. Beginning in 1991, Attiko Metro constructed and extended Lines 2 and 3, the metro network merged in 2011 when the Greek government created the Urban Rail Transport Company, a subsidiary of the Athens Urban Transport Organisation. First Chairman and CEO of the company became Kostas Vassiliadis. The system is noted for being modern and efficient, in its own right and it has drastically changed Athens by providing a much-needed solution to the citys traffic and air pollution problem, as well as revitalising many of the areas it serves. An extension of Line 3 is under construction towards Piraeus and also extensions of existing lines. The Athens Metro is actively connected with the means of public transport, such as buses, trolleys, the Athens Tram. The Athens Metro is hailed for its modernity and many of its stations feature works of art, exhibitions, until 28 January 2000, Line 1 was the only rapid-transit line in Athens and Piraeus. The Athens and Piraeus Railway Company opened the line on 27 February 1869 as a railway between Piraeus and Thiseio. It was electrified in 1904, and extended in stages to Kifisia in 1957, from 1976 to 16 June 2011, the Athens-Piraeus Electric Railway Company operated Line 1 independently from the rest of the metro and tram networks. Unlike Lines 2 and 3, it runs almost entirely above ground, since the current Line 1 opened the government has proposed many expansions to the subway network, including a 1963 plan for a fourteen-line subway network. Construction of Lines 2 and 3 began in November 1992 to decrease traffic congestion, Lines 2 and 3, built by Attiko Metro and operated until 2011 by Attiko Metro Operations Company, are known respectively as the red and blue lines and were inaugurated in January 2000. Line 3 was extended to the Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport in summer 2004, the Greek government attempted to absorb ISAP into Attiko Metro under Law 2669/1998 so the latter would be responsible for the whole network, but this initiative failed. Athens Metro operations were consolidated when the Greek government enacted Law 3920/2011, replacing AMEL, ISAP and Athens Tram with Urban Rail Transport, the modern incarnation of Line 1 is 25. 6-kilometre long, and serves 24 stations. Together, Lines 2 and 3 are 58. 9-kilometre long, the three-line Athens Metro network serves 61 stations. It owns and operates 57 of them, and OSE owns the remainder on the airport section, the network has four metro interchanges, enabling the lines to interchange with each other at least once. Line 2 and the Attiko Metro portion of Line 3 is entirely underground, Line 1 is primarily in the open, with a tunnel section in central Athens. The airport section of Line 3, east of the tunnel portal near Doukissis Plakentias, is open, in the tunnel sections up and down lines share a common tunnel, except for approaches to stations with an island platform
6.
Commuter rail
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Trains operate following a schedule, at speeds varying from 50 to 200 km/h. Distance charges or zone pricing may be used and they primarily serve lower density suburban areas, and often share right-of-way with intercity or freight trains. Some services operate only during peak hours and others uses fewer departures during off peak hours, average speeds are high, often 50 km/h or higher. These higher speeds better serve the longer distances involved, some services include express services which skip some stations in order to run faster and separate longer distance riders from short-distance ones. The general range of commuter trains distance varies between 15 and 200 km, sometimes long distances can be explained by that the train runs between two or several cities. Distances between stations may vary, but are much longer than those of urban rail systems. In city centers the train either has a station or passes through the city centre with notably fewer station stops than those of urban rail systems. Toilets are often available on trains and in stations. Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in the same right-of-way can drastically reduce system construction costs, however, frequently they are built with dedicated tracks within that right-of-way to prevent delays, especially where service densities have converged in the inner parts of the network. Most such trains run on the standard gauge track. Some light rail systems may run on a narrower gauge, some countries, including Finland, India, Pakistan, Russia, Brazil and Sri Lanka, as well as San Francisco in the USA and Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, use broad gauge track. The fact that the terminology is not standardised across countries further complicates matters, most S-bahns typically behave like commuter rail with most trackage not separated from other trains, and long lines with trains running between cities and suburbs rather than within a city. The distances between stations however, are usually short, in larger systems there is usually a high frequency metro-like central corridor in the city center where all the lines converge into. Typical examples of large city S-Bahns include Munich and Frankfurt, S-Bahns do also exist in some mid-size cities like Rostock and Magdeburg but behave more like typical commuter rail with lower frequencies and very little exclusive trackage. A similar network exists in Copenhagen called the S-tog, in Hamburg and Copenhagen, other, diesel driven trains, do continue where the S-Bahn ends. Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs in the way inter-city rail does, Regional rail operates outside major cities. Unlike Inter-city, it stops at most or all stations between cities and it provides a service between smaller communities along the line, and also connections with long-distance services at interchange stations located at junctions or at larger towns along the line. Alternative names are local train or stopping train, examples include the former BRs Regional Railways, Frances TER, Germanys DB Regio and South Koreas Tonggeun services
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Hellenic Railways Organisation
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Train services on these lines are run by TrainOSE S. A. a former OSE subsidiary. In addition OSE owns and maintains the stock used by TrainOSE and maintains preserved special rolling stock, withdrawn locomotives. OSE was founded in 1971, taking over from the Hellenic State Railways, up until November 2010, company EDISY S. A. was the actual manager of the Greek national railway infrastructure until it became a subsidiary of OSE. Specifically on 29 November 2010 EDISY S. A. was merged back into the parent company OSE S. A. which is today the manager of the infrastructure of Greece. Almost all other lines link directly with two lines. The main line of the Greek Railway System from Athens to Thessaloniki, according to the 2007 Network Statement, the total length of the standard gauge lines was approximately 1,665 kilometres, while the length of the metre gauge lines is about 725 km. In addition, about 150 km of new standard gauge lines towards Athens Airport and to metre gauge lines. Piraeus is served by two terminals, one at Piraeus Harbour, which up until 2006 was used by some standard gauge trains for Chalkis, Thessaloniki, and Alexandroupolis. The short line to Agios Ioannis Rentis is closed and as of 2009 being renovated, the heavy rolling stock repair works are located at Lefka, next to Ergostasio halt, and are accessible from this line. The two lines from Piraeus meet just outside Agios Ioannis Rentis marshalling yard, next to the marshalling yard lies the major rolling stock depot and maintenance facility of OSE. North of AIR, the line crosses Kifissos River and then passes through the freight, at a siding of Rouf station, there is a railway theater in disused rolling stock and a disused SEK class Μα 2-10-2 steam locomotive made by Breda. The line between Rouf and Athens Central is single track and non-electrified, in 1916 the railway from Athens to Platy was completed, linking Athens with the European railway network. The line passes through Thebes and Larissa, and offers connections to other cities through branch lines. At Platy the line joins with the line from Thessaloniki to Amyntaio, Kozani, the line continues across flatland until the suburbs of Thessaloniki are reached at Sindos. Larissa and Thessaloniki have substantial marshalling yards for both goods and passenger trains, there are daily InterCity trains from Athens to Thessaloniki and one night train. The InterCity rail service usually takes 5 hours and 23 minutes, the new Corinth line branches off at SKA and runs west into Elefsis and the Megara Plains. The line passes through tunnels and bridges in the Kakia Skala area, north of Agioi Theodoroi, while crossing the Corinth Canal over a new bridge. Currently, the line extends to the town of Kiato, where passengers can change to a TrainOSE bus services to Patras or to the gauge network
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Street photography
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Street photography, also sometimes called candid photography, is photography conducted for art or enquiry that features unmediated chance encounters and random incidents within public places. Street photography does not necessitate the presence of a street or even the urban environment, the street photographer can be seen as an extension of the flâneur, an observer of the streets. Framing and timing can be key aspects of the craft with the aim of some street photography being to create images at a decisive or poignant moment, Street photography can focus on people and their behavior in public, thereby also recording peoples history. This motivation entails having also to navigate or negotiate changing expectations and laws of privacy, depictions of everyday public life form a genre in almost every period of world art, beginning in the pre-historic, Sumerian, Egyptian and early Buddhist art periods. With the type having been so long established in other media and his feet were compelled of course, of course, to be stationary for some time, one being on the box of the boot black, and the other on the ground. Consequently his boots and legs were well defined, but he is without body or head, charles Nègre was the first photographer to achieve the technical sophistication required to register people in movement on the street in Paris in 1851. As the city developed, Atget helped to promote Parisian streets as a subject for photography. From the 1890s to the 1920s he photographed mainly its architecture, stairs, gardens and he did photograph some workers but people were not his main focus. John Thomson, a Scotsman working with journalist and social activist Adolphe Smith, Thomson played a key role in making the capture of everyday life on the streets a significant role for the medium. Paul Martin is considered a pioneer, making candid unposed photographs of people in London and at the seaside in the late 19th, Martin is the first recorded photographer to do so in London with a disguised camera. He was responsible in the 1950s for the idea of taking a picture at what he termed the decisive moment, cartier-Bresson was associated with the post-war Humanist School whose photographers found their subjects on the street or in the bistro. Between 1946-1957 Le Groupe des XV annually exhibited work of this kind, the recording machine was a hidden camera, a 35 mm Contax concealed beneath his coat, that was strapped to the chest and connected to a long wire strung down the right sleeve. The work was exhibited as Walker Evans Subway Photographs and Other Recent Acquisitions held at the National Gallery of Art, 1991-1992, accompanied by the catalogue Walker Evans, Subways, Helen Levitt, then a teacher of young children, associated with Evans in 1938-39. She documented the transitory chalk drawings that were part of street culture in New York at the time. In July 1939, MoMAs new photography section included Levitts work in its inaugural exhibition, in 1943, Nancy Newhall curated her first solo exhibition Helen Levitt, Photographs of Children there. The photographs were published in 1987 as In The Street, chalk drawings and messages. The beginnings of photography in the United States can also be linked to those of jazz. This connection is visible in the work of the New York school of photography, the New York School of photography was not a formal institution, but rather comprised groups of photographers in the mid-20th century based in New York City
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Athens Railway Station
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Athens Railway Station is the main railway station of Athens, the capital city of Greece. It is located in the quarter of Kolonos. The station is still known as Larissa Station, which is also the name of a Metro station there. Inaugurated on 29 June 1904, the station was named after the city of Larissa, as the terminal of the line to the Thessalian city. The older adjacent station, Stathmós Peloponnísou, was inaugurated on 30 June 1884, closed on 7 August 2005, along with the Piraeus-Agioi Anargyroi line, its activities since then moved to the Stathmos Larissis. Regarding the metro station, part of the Line 2, it is an underground stop inaugurated on 28 January 2000, Larissa Station has a large two-floors building, in front of a square Domokou avenue, in which there are some platforms for bus services. Construction of the new platforms and tracks, located where it was the yard of Peloponnese station, is almost complete. The station is served by Athens Metro and by the Proastiakos suburban line Piraeus-Ano Liosia, several regional trains serve Attica and some InterCity trains, mainly to Patras and Thessaloniki. Being under construction since 2005 and having faced lots of delays, ISAP Piraeus station Thessaloniki New Railway Station Media related to Athens Larissa Station at Wikimedia Commons
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Athens
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Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece. In modern times, Athens is a cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime. In 2015, Athens was ranked the worlds 29th richest city by purchasing power, Athens is recognised as a global city because of its location and its importance in shipping, finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, culture, education and tourism. It is one of the biggest economic centres in southeastern Europe, with a financial sector. The municipality of Athens had a population of 664,046 within its limits. The urban area of Athens extends beyond its administrative city limits. According to Eurostat in 2011, the Functional urban areas of Athens was the 9th most populous FUA in the European Union, Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland. The city also retains Roman and Byzantine monuments, as well as a number of Ottoman monuments. Athens is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Acropolis of Athens and the medieval Daphni Monastery, Athens was the host city of the first modern-day Olympic Games in 1896, and 108 years later it welcomed home the 2004 Summer Olympics. In Ancient Greek, the name of the city was Ἀθῆναι a plural, in earlier Greek, such as Homeric Greek, the name had been current in the singular form though, as Ἀθήνη. It was possibly rendered in the later on, like those of Θῆβαι and Μυκῆναι. During the medieval period the name of the city was rendered once again in the singular as Ἀθήνα, an etiological myth explaining how Athens has acquired its name was well known among ancient Athenians and even became the theme of the sculpture on the West pediment of the Parthenon. The goddess of wisdom, Athena, and the god of the seas, Poseidon had many disagreements, in an attempt to compel the people, Poseidon created a salt water spring by striking the ground with his trident, symbolizing naval power. However, when Athena created the tree, symbolizing peace and prosperity. Different etymologies, now rejected, were proposed during the 19th century. Christian Lobeck proposed as the root of the name the word ἄθος or ἄνθος meaning flower, ludwig von Döderlein proposed the stem of the verb θάω, stem θη- to denote Athens as having fertile soil. In classical literature, the city was referred to as the City of the Violet Crown, first documented in Pindars ἰοστέφανοι Ἀθᾶναι. In medieval texts, variant names include Setines, Satine, and Astines, today the caption η πρωτεύουσα, the capital, has become somewhat common
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Sirio
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Sirio is a low-floor tram built by AnsaldoBreda, an Italian manufacturer of trains, trams and light rail vehicles. It can be ordered as either one-directional or bi-directional and with a variety of track gauges, azienda Trasporti Milanesi, the city transport company of Milan, has bought 93 Sirios. In 2002, the first carriages were delivered, the ATM has 58 seven section Sirios with a length of 35.35 metres, these trams have a capacity of 285 people, of which 71 can sit. The ATM has also 35 five section Sirietto with a length of 25.15 metres, both types of Sirios have a width of 2.40 metres and have been built for the unusual track gauge of 1,445 mm. The maximum speed is 70 km/h, part of the 7500 will be numbered in the 7600 series because of minor modifications. It is not exactly known how many Sirio will be built, all Sirios in Milan sport a dark green livery, the Siriettos sport either the dark green livery or a white-and-yellow livery. The city of Gothenburg, Sweden, ordered 40 one-directional Sirio trams which were to be put into service on the Gothenburg tram network during 2005, the trams were delivered late and functioned poorly when put into traffic. Among reported problems were excessive track damage caused by the trams, malfunctioning air conditioners inside the trams, the City of Gothenburg therefore withheld a large part of the payment for a delivered tram until fully operational. On December 3,2009, the city authorities exercised their option for a further 25 trams of the design at a cost of €61 million. In February 2013,38 out of the total 40 trams delivered in the first series were taken out of due to extensive corrosion on the chassis. Of the 65 trams purchased, only about 35–40 are usable, none of the three repaired trams that Ansaldobreda delivered, was in working order and might be scrapped. The investigation launched into the matter found, that the trams were jerry-built, and it was also discovered, that the badly built trams have resulted in extensive track damage that will be very costly to repair, adding to the fiasco of the Gothenburg Ansaldobreda tram affair. Athens, Greece, Athens Tram S. A. operates a fleet of 35 bi-directional Sirio vehicles, bergamo, Italy, Bergamo–Albino light rail14 bi directional Florence, Italy,17 bi-directional. Turkey Sassari, Italy,4 st bi-directional for Metrosassari, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai Tram Line 1, opening November 2014. Urbos CROTRAM Citadis Combino Ansaldobreda Sirio official page Ansaldobreda Sirio type 7100 pictures Ansaldobreda Sirio type 7500 pictures Florence tramway project official site
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