1.
Common law
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Common law is the body of law developed from the thirteenth century to the present day, as case law or precedent, by judges, courts, and tribunals. In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is, if a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is usually bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision. Resolution of the issue in one case becomes precedent that binds future courts, stare decisis, the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar results, lies at the heart of all common law systems. A common law system is a system that gives great precedential weight to common law. Common law systems originated during the Middle Ages in England, today, one third of the worlds population live in common law jurisdictions or in systems mixed with civil law. The term common law has many connotations, the first three set out here are the most-common usages within the legal community. Other connotations from past centuries are seen, and are sometimes heard in everyday speech. Blacks Law Dictionary, 10th Ed. gives as definition 1,1, the body of law derived from judicial decisions, rather than from statutes or constitutions, CASELAW, STATUTORY LAW. In this connotation, common law distinguishes the authority that promulgated a law. e, examples include most criminal law and procedural law before the 20th century, and even today, most contract law and the law of torts. Interstitial common law decisions that analyze, interpret and determine the fine boundaries. Publication of decisions, and indexing, is essential to the development of common law, while all decisions in common law jurisdictions are precedent, some become leading cases or landmark decisions that are cited especially often. Blacks 10th Ed. definition 2, differentiates common law jurisdictions, by contrast, in civil law jurisdictions, courts lack authority to act if there is no statute. Judicial precedent is given less weight, which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently. For example, the Napoleonic code expressly forbade French judges to pronounce general principles of law. As a rule of thumb, common law systems trace their history to England, blacks 10th Ed. definition 4, differentiates common law from equity. This split propagated to many of the colonies, including the United States, for most purposes, most jurisdictions, including the U. S. federal system and most states, have merged the two courts. Additionally, even before the courts were merged, most courts were permitted to apply both law and equity, though under potentially different procedural law. In the United States, determining whether the Seventh Amendments right to a jury trial applies or whether the issue will be decided by a judge, the standard of review and degree of deference given by an appellate tribunal to the decision of the lower tribunal under review
2.
Government
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A government is the system by which a state or community is controlled. In the Commonwealth of Nations, the government is also used more narrowly to refer to the collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state. This usage is analogous to what is called an administration in American English, finally, government is also sometimes used in English as a synonym for governance. In the case of its broad definition, government normally consists of legislators, administrators. Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A form of government, or form of governance, refers to the set of political systems. Government of any kind currently affects every human activity in many important ways, in political science, it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of polities. as typologies of political systems are not obvious. It is especially important in the science fields of comparative politics. On the surface, identifying a form of government appears to be simple, the United States is a constitutional republic, while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic. However self-identification is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, for example, elections are a defining characteristic of an electoral democracy, but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union were not free and fair and took place in a one-party state. Voltaire argued that the Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, nor Roman, many governments that officially call themselves a democratic republic are not democratic, nor a republic, they are usually a dictatorship de facto. Communist dictatorships have been prone to use this term. For example, the name of North Vietnam was The Democratic Republic of Vietnam. China uses a variant, The Peoples Republic of China, thus in many practical classifications it would not be considered democratic. Experience with those movements in power, and the ties they may have to particular forms of government. For example, The meaning of conservatism in the United States has little in common with the way the words definition is used elsewhere, as Ribuffo notes, what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism. Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been associated with the Republican Party. However, during the era of segregation many Southern Democrats were conservatives, values are sorted from 1–100 based on level of democracy and political accountability
3.
Law enforcement
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Most law enforcement is conducted by some type of law enforcement agency, with the most typical agency fulfilling this role being the police. Law enforcement agencies tend to be limited to operating within a specified jurisdiction, various specialized segments of society may have their own internal law enforcement arrangements. For example, military organizations may have military police, outline of law enforcement – structured list of topics related to law enforcement, organized by subject area Criminal law Biosecurity Commons
4.
United States Attorney General
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The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U. S. C. §503, concerned with affairs, and is the chief law enforcement officer. The 84th and current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions, who assumed the office on February 9,2017, the attorney general serves as a member of the Cabinet of the President of the United States and is the only cabinet officer who does not have the title Secretary of. The Attorney General is appointed by the President and takes office after confirmation by the United States Senate, the office of Attorney General was established by Congress by the Judiciary Act of 1789. In 1870, the Department of Justice was established to support the general in the discharge of their responsibilities. Parties No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Status As of April 2017, there are eleven, living former US Attorneys General, the most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno on November 7,2016. Barr served as acting general in their capacity as deputy attorney general. 2 Richard L. Thornburgh and Eric Holder served as acting general in their capacity as deputy attorney general. Both subsequently served as general, Thornburgh 1988–1991 and Holder 2009–2015. 4 Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Stuart M. Gerson was acting general from January 20,1993. Gerson was fourth in the line of succession at the Justice Department, during his time as Acting AG, Gerson supported the Brady bill and was in office in the beginnings of the Waco siege. Janet Reno, President Clintons nominee for attorney general, was confirmed on March 12, Acting Attorney General Gersons last day at the Justice Department was March 19. 5 On August 27,2007, President Bush named Solicitor General Paul Clement as the acting attorney general, to take office upon the resignation of Alberto Gonzales. According to administration officials, Clement took that office at 12,01 am September 17,2007, keisler served as acting attorney general until the nomination of Michael Mukasey on November 9,2007. 6 Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip was asked to assume the position of acting attorney general by then President-elect Obama, Filip led the Department while President Obamas nominee, then Attorney-General Designate Eric Holder, awaited confirmation by the United States Senate. Holder was confirmed on February 2,2009, and sworn in the next day, thus ending Filips tenure as the acting attorney general
5.
Attorney-General for Australia
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The Attorney-General for Australia is the first law officer of the Crown in right of the Commonwealth of Australia, chief law officer of the Commonwealth of Australia and a minister of the Crown. The Attorney-General is usually a member of the Federal Cabinet, under the Constitution they are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serves at the Governor-Generals pleasure. In practice the Attorney-General is a party politician and their tenure is determined by political factors, by convention, but not constitutional requirement, the Attorney-General is a lawyer by training, either a barrister or solicitor. Since 18 September 2013, the Attorney-General for Australia has been Senator the Hon George Brandis QC, the Attorney-General administers the Attorney-Generals Department, and is the minister responsible for the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. The Attorney-General also serves as a legal adviser to the Cabinet, and has carriage of legislation dealing with copyright, human rights. The Attorney-General is nearly always a person with legal training, billy Hughes was the longest-serving Attorney-General of Australia, serving for thirteen and a half years over four non-consecutive terms. 2 Hughes took silk in 1909, and became a Kings Counsel,3 Whitlam served as part of a two-man ministry together with Lance Barnard for fourteen days, until the full ministry was commissioned. Kerr served as Attorney-General for 26 days, there was no Attorney-General for the eight days between Duffys commission ending on 24 March 1993 and Kerrs commission commencing on 1 April 1993
6.
Civil law (legal system)
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Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes substantive rules from procedural rules. It holds case law to be secondary and subordinate to statutory law, when discussing civil law, one should keep in mind the conceptual difference between a statute and a codal article. The marked feature of civilian systems is that they use codes with brief text that tend to avoid factually specific scenarios, Code articles deal in generalities and thus stand at odds with statutory schemes which are often very long and very detailed. The purpose of codification is to all citizens with manners and written collection of the laws which apply to them. Law codes are simply laws enacted by a legislature, even if they are in much longer than other laws. Other major legal systems in the world include common law, Halakha, canon law, the Scandinavian systems are of a hybrid character since their background law is a mix of civil law and Scandinavian customary law and have been partially codified. Likewise, the laws of the Channel Islands are hybrids which mix Norman customary law, a prominent example of a civil-law code would be the Napoleonic Code, named after French emperor Napoleon. The Code comprises three components, the law of persons, property law, and commercial law, rather than a compendium of statutes or catalog of caselaw, the Code sets out general principles as rules of law. Unlike common law systems, civil law jurisdictions deal with case law apart from any precedent value, Civil law courts generally decide cases using codal provisions on a case-by-case basis, without reference to other judicial decisions. In actual practice, a degree of precedent is creeping into civil law jurisprudence. A line of similar case decisions, while not precedent per se, while civil law jurisdictions place little reliance on court decisions, they tend to generate a phenomenal number of reported legal opinions. However, this tends to be uncontrolled, since there is no requirement that any case be reported or published in a law report, except for the councils of state. Except for the highest courts, all publication of legal opinions are unofficial or commercial, Civil law is sometimes referred to as neo-Roman law, Romano-Germanic law or Continental law. The civil law takes as its major inspiration classical Roman law, and in particular Justinian law, the Justinian Codes doctrines provided a sophisticated model for contracts, rules of procedure, family law, wills, and a strong monarchical constitutional system. Roman law was received differently in different countries, in some it went into force wholesale by legislative act, i. e. it became positive law, whereas in others it was diffused into society by increasingly influential legal experts and scholars. Roman law continued without interruption in the Byzantine Empire until its fall in the 15th century. However, subject as it was to multiple incursions and occupations by Western European powers in the medieval period. It was first received into the Holy Roman Empire partly because it was considered imperial law and it became the basis of Scots law, though partly rivaled by received feudal Norman law
7.
Steven Pinker
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Steven Arthur Steve Pinker is a Canadian-born American cognitive scientist, psychologist, linguist, and popular science author. He is Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, and is known for his advocacy of evolutionary psychology, Pinkers academic specializations are visual cognition and psycholinguistics. He has written two books that proposed a general theory of language acquisition and applied it to childrens learning of verbs. In his popular books, he has argued that the faculty for language is an instinct. He is the author of seven books for a general audience, the sixth book, The Better Angels of Our Nature, makes the case that violence in human societies has, in general, steadily declined with time, and identifies six major causes of this decline. Pinker has been named as one of the worlds most influential intellectuals by various magazines and he has won awards from the American Psychological Association, the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Institution, the Cognitive Neuroscience Society and the American Humanist Association. He delivered the Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh in 2013 and he has served on the editorial boards of a variety of journals, and on the advisory boards of several institutions. He has frequently participated in debates on science and society and is a regular contributor to the online science. Pinker was born in Montreal, Quebec, in 1954, to a middle-class Jewish family and his parents were Roslyn and Harry Pinker. His grandparents immigrated to Canada from Poland and Bessarabia in 1926 and his father, a lawyer, first worked as a manufacturers representative, while his mother was first a home-maker then a guidance counselor and high-school vice-principal. His brother Robert is a policy analyst for the Canadian government, while his sister, Susan Pinker, is a psychologist and writer who authored The Sexual Paradox and The Village Effect. Pinker married Nancy Etcoff in 1980 and they divorced in 1992, he married Ilavenil Subbiah in 1995 and his third wife, whom he married in 2007, is the novelist and philosopher Rebecca Goldstein. He has two stepdaughters, the novelist Yael Goldstein Love and the poet Danielle Blau, Pinker graduated from Dawson College in 1973. He received a Bachelor of Arts in psychology from McGill University in 1976 and he did research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for a year, after which he became an assistant professor at Harvard and then Stanford University. As of 2003, he is the Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard and he currently gives lectures as a visiting professor at the New College of the Humanities, a private college in London. About his Jewish background Pinker has said, I was never religious in the theological sense, I never outgrew my conversion to atheism at 13, but at various times was a serious cultural Jew. I laughed off my parents argument that if the government ever laid down its arms all hell would break loose and our competing predictions were put to the test at 8,00 A. M. on October 17,1969, when the Montreal police went on strike. This decisive empirical test left my politics in tatters, Pinker identifies himself as an equity feminist, which he defines as a moral doctrine about equal treatment that makes no commitments regarding open empirical issues in psychology or biology
8.
Oxford English Dictionary
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The Oxford English Dictionary is a descriptive dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press. The second edition came to 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, in 1895, the title The Oxford English Dictionary was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, the title The Oxford English Dictionary fully replaced the name in all occurrences in its reprinting as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More supplements came over the years until 1989, when the edition was published. Since 2000, an edition of the dictionary has been underway. The first electronic version of the dictionary was available in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of April 2014 was receiving two million hits per month. The third edition of the dictionary will probably appear in electronic form, Nigel Portwood, chief executive of Oxford University Press. As a historical dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary explains words by showing their development rather than merely their present-day usages, therefore, it shows definitions in the order that the sense of the word began being used, including word meanings which are no longer used. The format of the OEDs entries has influenced numerous other historical lexicography projects and this influenced later volumes of this and other lexicographical works. As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries, the dictionarys latest, complete print edition was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, as entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007, then run in 2011. Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the worlds largest nor the earliest exhaustive dictionary of a language, the Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal is the worlds largest dictionary, has similar aims to the OED and took twice as long to complete. Another earlier large dictionary is the Grimm brothers dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838, the official dictionary of Spanish is the Diccionario de la lengua española, and its first edition was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published in 1716, trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a new dictionary. Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips, later the same year, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. He withdrew and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor, on 12 May 1860, Coleridges dictionary plan was published and research was started
9.
Anglo-Norman language
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Anglo-Norman, also known as Anglo-Norman French, is a variety of the Norman language that was used in England and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere in the British Isles during the Anglo-Norman period. One of these was Old Norman, also known as Old Northern French, other followers spoke varieties of the Picard language or western French. It was spoken in the law courts, schools, and universities and, in due course, in at least some sections of the gentry and the growing bourgeoisie. Private and commercial correspondence was carried out in Anglo-Norman or Anglo-French from the 13th to the 15th century though its spelling forms were often displaced by continental spellings. Social classes other than the nobility became keen to learn French, manuscripts containing materials for instructing non-native speakers still exist, although Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French were eventually eclipsed by modern English, they had been used widely enough to influence English vocabulary permanently. Thus, many original Germanic words, cognates of which can still be found in Nordic, German, other such examples are heir apparent, court martial, and body politic. The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom still features in French the mottos of both the British Monarch, Dieu et mon droit and the Order of the Garter, Honi soit qui mal y pense. Dieu et mon droit was first used by Richard I in 1198, the motto appears below the shield of the Royal Coat of Arms. Anglo-Norman was never the administrative language of England, Latin was the major language of record in legal. There is evidence, too, that foreign words often entered English via Anglo-Norman, by the late 15th century, however, what remained of insular French had become heavily anglicised, see Law French. It continued to be known as Norman French until the end of the 19th century even though, philologically, among important writers of the Anglo-Norman cultural commonwealth is Marie de France. Much of the earliest recorded French is in fact Anglo-Norman French, Latin did not disappear in medieval England either, it was used by the Church, the royal government and much local administration, as it had been before 1066, in parallel with Middle English. The early adoption of Anglo-Norman as a written and literary language probably owes something to this history of bilingualism in writing, thus, typically, local records are rather different from continental French, with diplomatic and international trade documents closest to the emerging continental norm. English remained the vernacular of the people throughout this period. The resulting virtual trilinguism in spoken and written language was one of medieval Latin, diverse French varieties, from the conquest until the end of the 14th century, French was the language of the king and his court. During this period, marriages with French princesses reinforced the French status in the royal family, nevertheless, during the 13th century, intermarriages with English nobility became more frequent. French became progressively a second language among the upper classes, moreover, with the Hundred Years War and the growing spirit of English nationalism, the status of French diminished. French was the tongue of every English king from William the Conqueror until Henry IV
10.
Normans
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The Normans were the people who, in the 10th and 11th centuries, gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native Frankish and Gallo-Roman populations, their descendants gradually adopted the Carolingian-based cultures of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, the Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their spirit and eventually for their Christian piety. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French. The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and their chief men were specially lavish through their desire of good report. They were, moreover, a race skillful in flattery, given to the study of eloquence, so that the boys were orators. They were enduring of toil, hunger, and cold whenever fortune laid it on them, given to hunting and hawking, delighting in the pleasure of horses, and of all the weapons and garb of war. The treaty offered Rollo and his men the French lands between the river Epte and the Atlantic coast in exchange for their protection against further Viking incursions. The area corresponded to the part of present-day Upper Normandy down to the river Seine. The territory was equivalent to the old province of Rouen. Before Rollos arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, the Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue doïl branch of Romance by a Norse-speaking ruling class, and it developed into the regional language that survives today. The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, the new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their lineage to Franks of the Carolingian dynasty. Most Norman knights remained poor and land-hungry, and by 1066 Normandy had been exporting fighting horsemen for more than a generation, many Normans of Italy, France and England eventually served as avid Crusaders under the Italo-Norman prince Bohemund I and the Anglo-Norman king Richard the Lion-Heart. Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold in Southern Italy, probably as the result of returning pilgrims stories, the Normans entered Southern Italy as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino, Norman pilgrims returning from Jerusalem called in at the port of Salerno when a Saracen attack occurred. The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar III begged them to stay, the Hauteville family achieved princely rank by proclaiming prince Guaimar IV of Salerno Duke of Apulia and Calabria. He promptly awarded their elected leader, William Iron Arm, with the title of count in his capital of Melfi
11.
Norman conquest of England
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Williams claim to the English throne derived from his familial relationship with the childless Anglo-Saxon King Edward the Confessor, who may have encouraged Williams hopes for the throne. Edward died in January 1066 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson, within days, William landed in southern England. Harold marched south to confront him, leaving a significant portion of his army in the north, Harolds army confronted Williams invaders on 14 October at the Battle of Hastings, Williams force defeated Harold, who was killed in the engagement. Although Williams main rivals were gone, he faced rebellions over the following years and was not secure on his throne until after 1072. The lands of the resisting English elite were confiscated, some of the elite fled into exile, to control his new kingdom, William granted lands to his followers and built castles commanding military strongpoints throughout the land. More gradual changes affected the classes and village life, the main change appears to have been the formal elimination of slavery. There was little alteration in the structure of government, as the new Norman administrators took over many of the forms of Anglo-Saxon government. In 911 the Carolingian French ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings under their leader Rollo to settle in Normandy as part of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. In exchange for the land, the Norsemen under Rollo were expected to provide protection along the coast against further Viking invaders and their settlement proved successful, and the Vikings in the region became known as the Northmen from which Normandy and Normans are derived. The Normans quickly adopted the culture, renouncing paganism and converting to Christianity. They adopted the langue doïl of their new home and added features from their own Norse language, in 1002 King Æthelred the Unready married Emma of Normandy, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. Their son Edward the Confessor, who spent many years in exile in Normandy, childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex and his sons, Edward may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandys ambitions for the English throne. When King Edward died at the beginning of 1066, the lack of a clear heir led to a succession in which several contenders laid claim to the throne of England. Edwards immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson, Harold was immediately challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers. William and Harald at once set about assembling troops and ships to invade England, in early 1066, Harolds exiled brother, Tostig Godwinson, raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by other ships from Orkney. Threatened by Harolds fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in East Anglia and Lincolnshire, but he was back to his ships by the brothers Edwin, Earl of Mercia. Deserted by most of his followers, he withdrew to Scotland, King Harald Hardrada invaded northern England in early September, leading a fleet of more than 300 ships carrying perhaps 15,000 men. Haralds army was augmented by the forces of Tostig, who threw his support behind the Norwegian kings bid for the throne
12.
English plurals
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English nouns are inflected for grammatical number, meaning that if they are of the countable type, they generally have different forms for singular and plural. For plurals of pronouns, see English personal pronouns, phonological transcriptions provided in this article are for Received Pronunciation and General American. For more information, see English phonology, the plural morpheme in English is suffixed to the end of most nouns. The spelling adds -es, or -s if the singular ends in -e, When the singular form ends in a voiceless consonant —/p/, /t/, /k/. The spelling adds -s, For all other words the regular plural adds /z/, represented orthographically by -s, Phonologically, However, certain complications arise in the spelling of certain plurals, as described below. With place names this rule is not always adhered to, Germanys, nor does the rule apply to words that are merely capitalized common nouns, P&O Ferries. Other exceptions include lay-bys and stand-bys, words ending in a y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by adding -s, However the plural form of money is usually monies, although moneys is also found. In Old and Middle English voiceless fricatives /f/, /θ/ mutated to voiced fricatives before a voiced ending, in some words this voicing survives in the modern English plural. Some nouns have identical singular and plural, many of these are the names of animals, bison buffalo deer duck fish pike salmon sheep squid swine trout The plural deers is listed in some dictionaries. Eric Partridge refers to these terms as snob plurals and conjectures that they may have developed by analogy with the common English irregular plural animal words deer, sheep. Similarly, nearly all kinds of fish have no plural form. As to the fish itself, the plural is usually identical to the singular, although fishes is sometimes used. Fishes is also used in contexts, such as the Bible story of the loaves and fishes, or the reference in The Godfather. Other nouns that have or may have singular and plural forms include, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, hovercraft. But in the sense of a skill or art, the plural is regular, the blues cannon chassis counsel head iris series, species. English sometimes distinguishes between regular plural forms of demonyms/ethnonyms, and uncountable plurals used to refer to entire nationalities collectively, the plurals of a few nouns are formed from the singular by adding -n or -en, stemming from the Old English weak declension. In the same context, multiple VAX computers are sometimes called Vaxen particularly if operating as a cluster, There are many compounds of man and woman that form their plurals in the same way, postmen, policewomen, etc. The plural of mongoose is mongooses, mongeese is a back-formation by mistaken analogy to goose / geese and is often used in a jocular context
13.
Major general
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Major general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the rank of sergeant major general. In the Commonwealth, major general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral. In some countries, including much of Eastern Europe, major general is the lowest of the officer ranks. In the old Austro-Hungarian Army, the general was called a Generalmajor. Todays Austrian Federal Army still uses the same term, see also Rank insignias of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces General de Brigade is the lowest rank amongst general officers in the Brazilian Army. AGeneral de Brigada wears two-stars as this is the level for general officers in the Brazilian Army. In tha Brazilian Air Force, the two-star, three-star and four-star rank are known as Brigadeiro, Major-Brigadeiro, see Military ranks of Brazil and Brigadier for more information. In the Canadian Armed Forces, the rank of major-general is both a Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force rank equivalent to the Royal Canadian Navys rank of rear-admiral, a major-general is a general officer, the equivalent of a naval flag officer. The major-general rank is senior to the ranks of brigadier-general and commodore, prior to 1968, the Air Force used the rank of air vice-marshal, instead. In the Canadian Army, the insignia is a wide braid on the cuff. It is worn on the straps of the service dress tunic. On the visor of the cap are two rows of gold oak leaves. Major-generals are initially addressed as general and name, as are all general officers, major-generals are normally entitled to staff cars. In the Estonian military, the general rank is called kindralmajor. The Finnish military equivalent is kenraalimajuri in Finnish, and generalmajor in Swedish and Danish, the French equivalent to the rank of major general is général de division. In the French military, major général is not a rank but an appointment conferred on some generals, usually of général de corps darmée rank, the position of major général can be considered the equivalent of a deputy chief of staff. In the French Army, Major General is a position and the general is normally of the rank of corps general
14.
Minister of Justice (Canada)
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The Minister of Justice is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice, chief federal legal adviser and is also Attorney General of Canada. This cabinet position is reserved for someone holding a legal qualification. There have been exceptions, Joe Clark only studied the first year of law at University of British Columbia Faculty of Law before embarking on political life and this is the only Canadian Ministry which has not been reorganized since its creation in 1867. The Attorney General of Canada is the top prosecuting officer in Canada, the role is part of the cabinet post of the Minister of Justice. The role was created in 1867 replacing the Attorney General of Canada West, key, Attorney General of Upper Canada Attorney General of Lower Canada
15.
Attorney-General (Fiji)
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Fijis chief governmental legal officer is the Attorney General. The office is held by the Minister for Justice, although they are distinct offices. Like other members of the Cabinet, the Attorney-General is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister, the Attorney General is a member of the Cabinet of Fiji, and is normally expected to be a Member of Parliament. The Prime Minister may, however, choose an Attorney General from outside Parliament if he or she considers that there is no suitably qualified Member of Parliament who supports the Government. An Attorney General who is not a Member of Parliament may sit in Parliament, the office of the Attorney-General is the oldest surviving executive office in Fiji, having been established in the Kingdom of Fiji in 1872. It continued throughout Fijis years as a British crown colony and subsequently as a Commonwealth realm and republic, a unique feature of the office was that except for voting rights, the Attorney-General had the authority to participate in the business of both chambers of Parliament. This feature became redundant upon the adoption of the 2013 Constitution, the office of the Attorney-General is responsible for all legal needs of government departments, statutory bodies, and state-owned enterprises. The office has three offices in Suva, Lautoka, and Labasa respectively, the Northern Division is covered by the Labasa office. Note that some Attorneys-General have held office in multiple consecutive administrations, website of the Office of the Attorney General of Fiji
16.
Secretary for Justice (Hong Kong)
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Before the end of British rule in 1997, the position was known as the Attorney-General of Hong Kong. The Secretary for Justice, after the Chief Secretary and the Financial Secretary, is one of the three highest Principal Officials of the Government, the Secretary for Justice belongs to the Policy Committee, chaired by the Chief Secretary, and is normally a member of the Executive Council. The current Secretary for Justice is Rimsky Yuen, SC, the Secretary for Justice ranks fifth in the Hong Kong order of precedence. The Secretary of Justice has a residence at 19 Severn Road. Before the 1997 handover to China, the position was known as the Attorney General, the office of the Attorney General was never localized during British rule and no Hong Kong Chinese ever held this key post
17.
Attorney General of Ireland
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The Attorney General is a constitutional officer who is the official adviser to the Government of Ireland in matters of law. They are in effect the law officer in Ireland. The Attorney General is not a member of the Government but does participate in meetings when invited. The current Attorney General is Máire Whelan, SC and she is the first woman to hold the post. The Attorney General has always been a rather than a solicitor. The Attorney General has few prosecution duties, these are limited to functions under the various Fisheries Acts, instead, the Director of Public Prosecutions has responsibility for all other criminal prosecutions in the State. The Office of the Attorney General consists of a number of different offices, eileen Creedon has been Chief State Solicitor since January 23,2012. The Statute Law Revision Unit Part of the Attorney Generals function has been to identify and this includes laws of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Britain, England, and the Irish Parliament. For example, the killing of cattle in Dublin is still regulated, in part by an Irish act of 1743,30, an act of the Parliament of England dated 1297. Unlike the modern office, those offices were a creation of statute law. Unlike the modern office, the offices also had a hyphen between the words attorney and general. Two less well known but significant roles played by all Irish Attorneys General to date are as the leader of the Irish Bar, indeed, in general, we find the membership of these bodies by the Attorney General to be somewhat anomalous. Politics of the Republic of Ireland Witness Security Programme Official site of the Attorney General Irish Statutes
18.
Attorney General of Israel
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It is an independent appointed position which is one of the most important and influential in the Israeli democracy, and a central institution in the framework of the Israeli legal system. Owing to the common law tradition of the legal system, much of the positions duties are not codified in law and have been borne out of precedent. This recommendation regarding the committee was adopted in August 2000. The manner in which the Attorney General carries out the assigned to his or her position is derived to a large extent from the personality of the person holding the position. The most famous example was a scandal in the mid-1990s, relating to the appointment of Roni Bar-On as legal adviser to the government, there were suspicions that the appointment was part of a deal intended to provide leniency for Aryeh Deri in his corruption case. Those events were coined in the media as the Bar-On Hebron affair, the drawbacks of the current situation are,1. Undermining of democracy - the public’s will to achieve its objectives through the representatives is thwarted, undermining of governability - legal advisers delay and stop processes and prevent the government from functioning. The minister, on his part, can easily renounce responsibility, due to the legal intervention, both for the law and for any professional achievements. Aviad Bakshi, Legal advisers and the government, analysis and recommendations Shaked, A-G has no veto over what is legal on the Jerusalem Post website KPF conference on AG and the government
19.
Politics of Kiribati
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Politics of Kiribati takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Kiribati is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government, legislative power is vested in both the government and the House of Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, the constitution promulgated at independence on 12 July 1979, establishes the Republic of Kiribati as a sovereign democratic republic and guarantees the fundamental rights of its citizens. After each general election, the new House of Assembly nominates three or four of its own members to stand as candidates for President, the voting public then elects the Beretitenti from among these candidates. The Beretitenti appoints a Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti and up to ten other Cabinet Ministers from among the members of the Maneaba, the Attorney-General is also a member of Cabinet. The elected members of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu serve four-year terms, the Speaker of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu is elected by the members of the Maneaba from outside of its membership. All citizens are eligible to vote at the age of 18, the judicial system consists of magistrates courts, the High Court and the Court of Appeal. Beretitenti, acting in accordance with the advice of the Public Service Commission, political parties have existed since 1985 but are more similar to informal coalitions in behavior. They do not have official platforms or party structures, most candidates formally present themselves as independents. A major source of conflict has been the protracted bid by the residents of Banaban Island to secede and have their island placed under the protection of Fiji, politics of Kiribati as of 2007, a brief overview on the official website of the Commonwealth of Nations
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Nepal
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Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia. Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 75 districts and 744 local units including 4 metropolises,13 sub-metropolises,246 municipal councils and 481 village and it has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area. Bordering China in the north and India in the south, east, Nepal does not border Bangladesh, which is located within only 27 km of its southeastern tip. It neither borders Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between, Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the worlds ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city. It is a nation with Nepali as the official language. The territory of Nepal has a history since the Neolithic age. The name Nepal is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age, the era which founded Hinduism, in the middle of the first millennium BCE, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in southern Nepal. Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet, the Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal became known as Nepal proper because of its complex urban civilization. It was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala, the Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valleys traders. The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture, by the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, the country was never colonized but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and Colonial India. In the 20th century, Nepal ended its isolation and forged ties with regional powers. Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951, but was suspended by Nepalese monarchs in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War resulted in the proclamation of a republic in 2008, modern Nepal is a federal secular parliamentary republic. Nepal is a nation, ranking 144th on the Human Development Index in 2016. The country struggles with the transition from a monarchy to a republic and it also suffers from high levels of hunger and poverty. Despite these challenges, Nepal is making progress, with the government declaring its commitment to elevate the nation from least developed country status by 2022
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Attorney-General (New Zealand)
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The Attorney-General is a political and legal officer in New Zealand. The current Attorney-General is Chris Finlayson, the Attorney-General has two main areas of official responsibility. Firstly, the Attorney-General has ministerial jurisdiction over the Crown Law Office, the Parliamentary Counsel Office, secondly, the Attorney-General is the principal law officer of the Crown, responsible for supervising the states administration of the law and for providing legal advice to the government. In the latter role, the Attorney-General is assisted by the Solicitor-General and this is to reduce the extent to which the Attorney-Generals actions on behalf of the state can be influenced by their political allegiance. A more complete description of the Attorney-Generals powers can be found in the 2004 ministerial briefing prepared by the Crown Law Office, which the Attorney-General supervises. The position of Attorney-General is distinct from that of Minister of Justice, at present, there is no statutory basis which establishes the office of Attorney-General, although the position is referenced by a number of other legal documents, such as the Constitution Act 1986. The Attorney-General usually has a background, the recent exception below being Michael Cullen. In November 1906 when Albert Pitt died, there were no members of the legal profession in Parliament. Hence Joseph Ward appointed John Findlay to the Legislative Council on 23 November 1906, the post of Attorney-General has existed since the separation of New Zealand as a distinct Crown Colony from New South Wales. Because of the nature of the role, however, it has sometimes been filled by politicians. The table below is a listing of New Zealand politicians who have sat in Cabinet as Attorney-General since 1856. It does not show non-political attorneys-general and it is also interesting to note that Peter Wilkinson was the half-brother of his successor, Jim McLay. Ministerial Briefing describing the role of the Attorney-General
22.
Attorney-General for Pakistan
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The Attorney-General for Pakistan, is the chief law officer and legal advisor of the Government of Pakistan and enjoys rights of audience before Parliament. The Attorney-General is nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the President, the Constitution bars the Attorney-General from private practice until the termination of his or her employment. The office was established in 1947, the current Attorney-General, Ashtar Ausaf Ali, was nominated by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and assumed charge on 29 March 2016. Parties No party Muslim League Military Pakistan Peoples Party Pakistan Muslim League Attorney General Attorney General for Pakistan
23.
Office of the Solicitor General of the Philippines
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The Office of the Solicitor General, formerly known as the Bureau of Justice, is an independent and autonomous office attached to the Department of Justice. The Solicitor General is the law officer and legal defender of the Republic of the Philippines. He also determines the position that the government will take in the courts. When authorized by the President, he also represent government owned or controlled corporations. Act No.136 dated June 11,1901, which became effective on June 6,1901, under Section 40 of this Act, the Attorney General, as head of the Bureau of Justice, was vested with the powers and functions of todays Solicitor General. At the time, the Solicitor General was second only to the Attorney General in the office the former would eventually head, appropriately, Section 41 of the Act required an officer learned in the law to assist the Attorney General. Meanwhile, a few months after the Bureau of Justice was created, Act No.222 was passed, the Bureau of Justice was placed under the supervision of a new department. Act No.2666 would later divide the department into a Department of Justice, under this law, the Attorney General and Solicitor General continued to represent the Government in the Supreme Court and lower courts. Act No.4007 which was enacted in 1932 abolished the position of Attorney General and his functions were taken over by the Secretary of Justice. The Act also named the Solicitor General as the head of the Bureau of Justice, the Assistant Solicitor General, a position created by Act No.683 of 1903, became second in command of the Bureau. As a result of the burgeoning number of cases involving the Government. The functions which the Bureau of Justice used to have were gradually transferred to newly created offices, Executive Order No.94 of 1947 renamed the Bureau of Justice as the Office of the Solicitor General. Subsequently, the legislature passed R. A, No.335 in 1948 to confirm this change and to provide for a First Assistant Solicitor General who would be the second highest official in the Office. A succession of laws relieved the Office of the Solicitor General of some of its burdens, the Office of Special Prosecutors, which the Solicitor General formerly headed, was later converted into a Division of Special Attorneys by R. A. The Office of the Government Corporate Counsel, which was headed by the Solicitor General under Executive Order No.392 of 1950, became a separate office in the Department of Justice by virtue of R. A. From a motley staff of one Solicitor General, an Assistant Solicitor General and a handful of assistant attorneys in the 1900s, each lawyer at the OSG handles an average of 800 cases at any given time. Where proceedings are to be conducted outside of the Philippines the Solicitor General may employ counsel to assist in the discharge of the aforementioned responsibilities, appear in all proceedings involving the acquisition or loss of Philippine citizenship. Represent the Government in all land registration and related proceedings, institute actions for the reversion to the Government of lands of the public domain and improvements thereon as well as lands held in violation of the Constitution
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Samoa
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The Independent State of Samoa, commonly known as Samoa and, until 1997, known as Western Samoa, is a unitary parliamentary democracy with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savaii and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses, the Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a language and cultural identity. Samoa is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Western Samoa was admitted to the United Nations on 15 December 1976. The entire island group, which includes American Samoa, was called Navigator Islands by European explorers before the 20th century because of the Samoans seafaring skills. The oldest date so far for remains in Samoa has been calculated by New Zealand scientists to a true age of circa 3,000 years ago from a Lapita site at Mulifanua during the 1970s. The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics. Contact with Europeans began in the early 18th century, jacob Roggeveen, a Dutchman, was the first known European to sight the Samoan islands in 1722. This visit was followed by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768, contact was limited before the 1830s, which is when English missionaries and traders began arriving. Christian missionary work in Samoa began in 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapalii from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History, Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, … the Samoans are gentle people. The Germans in particular began to show great commercial interest in the Samoan Islands, especially on the island of Upolu, the United States laid its own claim and formed alliances with local native chieftains, most conspicuously on the islands of Tutuila and Manua. Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights and this was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent, a massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships, ending the military conflict. The Second Samoan Civil War reached a head in 1898 when Germany, the United Kingdom, the Siege of Apia occurred in March 1899. Samoan forces loyal to Prince Tanu were besieged by a force of Samoan rebels loyal to Mataafa Iosefo. Supporting Prince Tanu were landing parties from four British and American warships, after several days of fighting, the Samoan rebels were finally defeated. American and British warships shelled Apia on 15 March 1899, including the USS Philadelphia, the eastern island-group became a territory of the United States and was known as American Samoa
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Attorney-General of Singapore
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The Attorney-General of Singapore is the legal adviser to the government of the Republic of Singapore and its public prosecutor. The office was founded in 1867 as the legal officer of the British crown colony of the Straits Settlements. The current requirements for appointment as Attorney-General are set out in the Singapore Constitution, unlike some other countries that follow the Westminster parliamentary model, in Singapore the Attorney-General is not a member of Parliament. He carries out his functions, with the assistance of his deputy, known as the Solicitor-General, prior to 1867 the law officer of Singapore was the Recorder of the Prince of Wales Island, Malacca and Singapore, the Recorder of Singapore and the Crown Counsel of Singapore. Spencer-Wilkinson 1 Apr 1946 -5 Sep 1955 Edward John Davies 6 Sep 1955 -1 Jul 1957 Charles Harris Butterfield 2 Jul 1957 -24 Jun 1959 E. P. St. J, the Law of the Straits Settlements, A Commentary. South East Asia, Oxford University Press, archived from the original on 18 February 2008
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Attorney General of Sri Lanka
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The Attorney General of Sri Lanka is the Sri Lankan governments chief legal adviser, and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka. The Attorney General is usually a highly respected Senior Advocate, and is appointed by the ruling government, the current Attorney General is Jayantha Jayasuriya. The president does not have any power to make orders, mandatory or otherwise and he heads the Attorney Generals Department. The Attorney General is assisted by the Solicitor General of Sri Lanka, data based on, Amerasinghe, A. Ranjit B. The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka, the first 185 years, Sarvodaya Chief Justice of Sri Lanka Solicitor General of Sri Lanka Official website Permanent Holders of the Office of Attorney General
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Attorney General (Tonga)
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The position of Attorney General was established in the Kingdom of Tonga in 1988. From 1988 to 2009, the Attorney General jointly held the office of Minister of Justice, the current Attorney General is Neil Adsett, since 16 January 2012. He has been a barrister and solicitor for over 30 years and he is expected to serve for four years. He succeeded Barrie Sweetman, a Fiji lawyer who had served in an interim capacity during the six months. He was also the first non-Tongan to hold the office, being an Australian citizen and he resigned the position on 30 April 2010. It is not currently clear how many people held the position between Cauchis resignation and Sweetmans appointment, in early 2011, the CIA Factbook stated the Attorney General was ʻAsipeli ʻAminiasi Kefu. However this may have been an error, as other sources described Kefu as the Solicitor General, matangi Tonga has noted that three of the countrys Attorneys General have been told to resign
28.
State attorney general
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The state attorney general in each of the 50 U. S. states and territories is the chief legal advisor to the state government and the states chief law enforcement officer. In some states, the attorney general serves as the head of a department of justice. 43 states have an attorney general. Elected attorneys general serve a term, except in Vermont. Seven states do not elect an attorney general, in Alaska, Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Wyoming, the attorney general is a gubernatorial appointee. The attorney general in Tennessee is appointed by the Tennessee Supreme Court for an eight-year term, in Maine, the attorney general is elected by the state Legislature for a two-year term. The District of Columbia and two U. S. territories, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, elect their attorneys general for a four-year term,2014 marked the first year that the District of Columbia and Northern Mariana Islands held an election for the office. In American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the U. S. Virgin Islands, in Puerto Rico, the attorney general is officially called the secretary of justice, but is commonly known as the Puerto Rico attorney general. List of attorneys general by U. S. states and territories, Rows of the Attorney General table below are color coded indicating the political party of the office holder
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United States Attorney
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United States Attorneys represent the United States federal government in United States district court and United States court of appeals. There are 93 U. S. Attorneys located throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. One U. S. Attorney is assigned to each of the districts, with the exception of Guam. Each U. S. Attorney is the federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction. They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U. S. Attorneys, an Assistant U. S. Attorney, or federal prosecutor, is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U. S. Attorney in criminal prosecutions. U. S. Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice, U. S. Attorneys receive oversight, supervision, and administrative support services through the Justice Departments Executive Office for United States Attorneys. Selected U. S. Attorneys participate in the Attorney Generals Advisory Committee of United States Attorneys, the Office of the United States Attorney was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, along with the office of Attorney General and the United States Marshals Service. The same act also specified the structure of the Supreme Court of the United States and established inferior courts making up the United States Federal Judiciary, thus, the office of U. S. Attorney is older than the Department of Justice. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for the appointment in each district of a Person learned in the law to act as attorney for the United States. The U. S. Attorney is appointed by the President of the United States for a term of four years, a U. S. Attorney continues in office, beyond the appointed term, until a successor is appointed and qualified. By law, each United States attorney is subject to removal by the President, the Attorney General has had the authority since 1986 to appoint interim U. S. Attorneys to fill a vacancy. If an appointment expires under subsection, the court for such district may appoint a United States attorney to serve until the vacancy is filled. The order of appointment by the court shall be filed with the clerk of the court, on March 9,2007, President George W. This, in effect, extinguished the 120-day limit on interim U. S. Attorneys, and their appointment had an indefinite term. Related to the dismissal of U. S. attorneys controversy, in March 2007 the Senate, the bill was signed by President George W. Bush, and became law in June 2007. Senator Dianne Feinstein, summarized the history of interim United States Attorney appointments, the U. S. Attorney is both the primary representative and the administrative head of the Office of the U. S. Attorney for the district. The U. S. Attorneys Office is the prosecutor for the United States in criminal law cases. However, they are not the one that can represent the United States in Court. These responsibilities include certain legal, budgetary, administrative, and personnel services, the EOUSA was created on April 6,1953, by Attorney General Order No
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Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
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