1.
JPEG
–
JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10,1 compression with little loss in image quality. JPEG compression is used in a number of file formats. These format variations are not distinguished, and are simply called JPEG. The term JPEG is an initialism/acronym for the Joint Photographic Experts Group, the MIME media type for JPEG is image/jpeg, except in older Internet Explorer versions, which provides a MIME type of image/pjpeg when uploading JPEG images. JPEG files usually have an extension of. jpg or. jpeg. JPEG/JFIF supports a maximum size of 65, 535×65,535 pixels. JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, the name of the committee created the JPEG standard. The Joint stood for ISO TC97 WG8 and CCITT SGVIII, in 1987 ISO TC97 became ISO/IEC JTC1 and in 1992 CCITT became ITU-T. Currently on the JTC1 side JPEG is one of two sub-groups of ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 1 – titled as Coding of still pictures, on the ITU-T side ITU-T SG16 is the respective body. The original JPEG group was organized in 1986, issuing the first JPEG standard in 1992, which was approved in September 1992 as ITU-T Recommendation T.81 and in 1994 as ISO/IEC 10918-1. The JPEG standard specifies the codec, which defines how an image is compressed into a stream of bytes and decompressed back into an image, the Exif and JFIF standards define the commonly used file formats for interchange of JPEG-compressed images. JPEG standards are formally named as Information technology – Digital compression, ISO/IEC10918 consists of the following parts, Ecma International TR/98 specifies the JPEG File Interchange Format, the first edition was published in June 2009. The JPEG compression algorithm is at its best on photographs and paintings of scenes with smooth variations of tone. For web usage, where the amount of used for an image is important. JPEG/Exif is also the most common format saved by digital cameras, on the other hand, JPEG may not be as well suited for line drawings and other textual or iconic graphics, where the sharp contrasts between adjacent pixels can cause noticeable artifacts. Such images may be saved in a lossless graphics format such as TIFF, GIF, PNG
2.
SilverFast
–
SilverFast is the name of a family of software for image scanning and processing, including photos, documents and slides, developed by LaserSoft Imaging. SilverFast was introduced in 1995, Version 3.0 was finished in December 1996 and it is the only software supporting the Heidelberg scanner on Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, Vista and 7. Some scanner manufacturers bundle their hardware with SilverFast, in 2011 version 8 was introduced, and HDR imaging software followed in 2012. Optional, 1)Multi-Exposure, 2)ICC Printer Calibration, 3)PhotoProof, 4)ColorServer It can be used as an application, as a Photoshop plug-in. It contains features for reading the data from the camera, for processing, optimizing. SilverFast DC Pro has the functionality of the scanner-software SilverFast Ai for digital images, supported are the standard image formats such as JPEG and TIFF, and unprocessed raw image format. The access to the raw data permits manual color correction or sharpening instead of using the automatic adjustment. SilverFast DC supports Adobe DNG and many models, some optimized by special camera profiles. With the included IT8-target, individual ICC profiles can be self-made for every camera, SilverFast DC Pro also has automated color optimization AACO, support for JPEG2000, unsharpmasking USMPlus, CloneTool, and an improved PrinTao module with text and layout functions. SilverFast HDR is a program for processing 48-bit raw images. Many newer scanners are able to output the image directly with all existing data instead of breaking it down to 24-bit and this 48-bit raw image can be saved immediately and digital processing performed later. SilverFast HDR can be used as a native plug-in for Adobe Photoshop, as a universal TWAIN module, the HDR Studio has AACO, JPEG2000, USMPlus, CloneTool and PrinTao. With version 6.6.1 any SilverFast HDR version supports the proprietary RAW data format HDRi and these 64-bit HDRi color files and 32-bit HDRi greyscale files contain additional 16-bit infrared RAW data besides the 48-bit color RAW data and 16-bit greyscale RAW data respectively. Therefore, a scanner with a channel available to the software is necessary. This RAW format can keep any readable image information for later post-processing, the acronym HDR as used by SilverFast is not related to High-dynamic-range imaging, a widely used technique to increase the dynamic range of images. The data format is, The SilverFast Archive Suite includes SilverFast Ai IT8 and this package is suitable for archiving slides, negatives, and photos, whereas the post processing can take place anytime after scanning. Templates can be used to make workflow easier and faster by reducing similar, PrinTao has predefined templates to which the user can add self-made ones. The PrinTao module is already included in the SilverFast Ai / DC / HDR Studio versions and this is accomplished by scanning the original multiple times with different exposure times, increasing the dynamic range and preserving detail in the light and shadow areas of the image
3.
Text editor
–
A text editor is a type of program used for editing plain text files. Such programs are known as notepad software, following the Microsoft Notepad. Text editors are provided with operating systems and software development packages, there are important differences between plain text files created by a text editor and document files created by word processors such as Microsoft Word or WordPerfect. A plain text file uses a character encoding such as UTF-8 or ASCII to represent numbers, letters, the only non-printing characters in the file that can be used to format the text are newline, tab, and formfeed. Plain text files are displayed using a monospace font so horizontal alignment. Although they are viewed with formatting, documents using markup languages are stored in plain text files that contain a combination of human-readable text. For example, web pages are plain text with HTML tags to achieve formatting when rendered by a web browser, many web pages also contain embedded JavaScript that is interpreted by the browser. When both formats are available, the user must select with care, saving a plain text file in a word-processor format adds formatting information that can make the text unreadable by a program that expects plain text. Conversely, saving a document as plain text removes any formatting information. Before text editors existed, computer text was punched into cards with keypunch machines, physical boxes of these thin cardboard cards were then inserted into a card-reader. Magnetic tape and disk card-image files created from such card decks often had no characters at all. An alternative to cards was punched paper tape and it could be created by some teleprinters, which used special characters to indicate ends of records. The first text editors were line editors oriented to teleprinter- or typewriter-style terminals without displays, commands effected edits to a file at an imaginary insertion point called the cursor. Edits were verified by typing a command to print a small section of the file, in some line editors, the cursor could be moved by commands that specified the line number in the file, text strings for which to search, and eventually regular expressions. Line editors were major improvements over keypunching, some line editors could be used by keypunch, editing commands could be taken from a deck of cards and applied to a specified file. Some common line editors supported a mode in which change commands displayed the altered lines. When computer terminals with video screens became available, screen-based text editors became common, one of the earliest full-screen editors was O26, which was written for the operator console of the CDC6000 series computers in 1967. Another early full-screen editor was vi, written in the 1970s, it is still a standard editor on Unix and Linux operating systems
4.
GIF
–
The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel for each image, allowing a single image to reference its own palette of up to 256 different colors chosen from the 24-bit RGB color space. It also supports animations and allows a separate palette of up to 256 colors for each frame, GIF images are compressed using the Lempel–Ziv–Welch lossless data compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality. This compression technique was patented in 1985, controversy over the licensing agreement between the software patent holder, Unisys, and CompuServe in 1994 spurred the development of the Portable Network Graphics standard. By 2004 all the relevant patents had expired, CompuServe introduced the GIF format in 1987 to provide a color image format for their file downloading areas, replacing their earlier run-length encoding format, which was black and white only. The original version of the GIF format was called 87a, in 1989, CompuServe released an enhanced version, called 89a, which added support for animation delays, transparent background colors, and storage of application-specific metadata. The 89a specification also supports incorporating text labels as text, but as there is control over display fonts. The two versions can be distinguished by looking at the first six bytes of the file, which, CompuServe encouraged the adoption of GIF by providing downloadable conversion utilities for many computers. By December 1987, for example, an Apple IIGS user could view pictures created on an Atari ST or Commodore 64, GIF was one of the first two image formats commonly used on Web sites, the other being the black-and-white XBM. In September 1995 Netscape Navigator 2.0 added Animated GIF support, the feature of storing multiple images in one file, accompanied by control data, is used extensively on the Web to produce simple animations. As a noun, the word GIF is found in the editions of many dictionaries. In 2012, the American wing of the Oxford University Press recognized GIF as a verb as well, meaning to create a GIF file, as in GIFing was perfect medium for sharing scenes from the Summer Olympics. The presss lexicographers voted it their word of the year, saying that GIFs have evolved into a tool with serious applications including research, in May 2015 Facebook added GIF support, even though they originally didnt support them on their site. The creators of the format pronounced the word as jif with a soft G /ˈdʒɪf/ as in gin, the word is now also widely pronounced with a hard G /ˈɡɪf/ as in gift. The American Heritage Dictionary cites both, indicating jif as the pronunciation, while Cambridge Dictionary of American English offers only the hard-G pronunciation. Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary and the OED cite both pronunciations, but place gif in the default position, the New Oxford American Dictionary gave only jif in its 2nd edition but updated it to jif, gif in its 3rd edition. The disagreement over the pronunciation led to heated Internet debate, the White House and TV program Jeopardy. Also waded into the debate during 2013, GIFs are suitable for sharp-edged line art with a limited number of colors. This takes advantage of the formats lossless compression, which favors flat areas of color with well defined edges
5.
Computer-aided design
–
Computer-aided design is the use of computer systems to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. The term CADD is also used and its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation, or EDA. In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation or computer-aided drafting, however, it involves more than just shapes. CAD may be used to design curves and figures in space, or curves, surfaces. CAD is also used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles, because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics, and discrete differential geometry. The design of models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally called computer-aided geometric design. Eventually CAD provided the designer with the ability to perform engineering calculations, during this transition, calculations were still performed either by hand or by those individuals who could run computer programs. CAD was a change in the engineering industry, where draftsmen, designers. It did not eliminate departments, as much as it merged departments and empowered draftsman, CAD is just another example of the pervasive effect computers were beginning to have on industry. Current computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to 3D solid, modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of mathematical modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CAD. CAD technology is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings and it can also be used to design objects. Furthermore, many CAD applications now offer advanced rendering and animation capabilities so engineers can better visualize their product designs, 4D BIM is a type of virtual construction engineering simulation incorporating time or schedule related information for project management. CAD has become an important technology within the scope of computer-aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs. CAD enables designers to layout and develop work on screen, print it out, computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question. Document management and revision control using Product Data Management, potential blockage of view corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed through the use of CAD
6.
BMP file format
–
The BMP file format is capable of storing two-dimensional digital images both monochrome and color, in various color depths, and optionally with data compression, alpha channels, and color profiles. The Windows Metafile specification covers the BMP file format, among others wingdi. h defines BMP constants and structures. They called these device-independent bitmaps or DIBs, and the format for them is called DIB file format or BMP image file format. According to Microsoft support, A device-independent bitmap is a used to define device-independent bitmaps in various color resolutions. The main purpose of DIBs is to allow bitmaps to be moved from one device to another, a DIB is an external format, in contrast to a device-dependent bitmap, which appears in the system as a bitmap object. A DIB is normally transported in metafiles, BMP files, the following sections discuss the data stored in the BMP file or DIB in detail. This is the standard BMP file format, some applications create bitmap image files which are not compliant with the Microsoft documentation. Also, not all fields are used, a value of 0 will be found in these unused fields, the bitmap image file consists of fixed-size structures as well as variable-size structures appearing in a predetermined sequence. Many different versions of some of these structures can appear in the file, the in-memory DIB data structure is almost the same as the BMP file format, but it does not contain the 14-byte bitmap file header and begins with the DIB header. For DIBs loaded in memory, the table can also consist of 16-bit entries that constitute indexes to the currently realized palette. In all cases, the array must begin at a memory address that is a multiple of 4 bytes. In non-packed DIBs loaded in memory, the optional color profile data should be located immediately after the table and before the gap1. In all cases, the array must begin at a memory address that is a multiple of 4 bytes. In some cases it may be necessary to adjust the number of entries in the table in order to force the memory address of the pixel array to a multiple of 4 bytes. For packed DIBs loaded in memory, the optional color profile data should immediately follow the pixel array, packed DIBs are required by Windows clipboard API functions as well as by some Windows patterned brush and resource functions. This block of bytes is at the start of the file and is used to identify the file, a typical application reads this block first to ensure that the file is actually a BMP file and that it is not damaged. The first 2 bytes of the BMP file format are the character B then the character M in ASCII encoding, all of the integer values are stored in little-endian format. This block of bytes tells the detailed information about the image
7.
BSAVE (bitmap format)
–
A BSAVE Image as it is referenced in a graphics program is an image file format created usually by saving raw video memory to disk. The BASIC BSAVE command is a general command meant for dumping ranges of addresses to disk. Data could be recalled using the counterpart BLOAD command, some platforms provided a BRUN command that would immediately attempt to execute the loaded RAM image as a program. BSAVE was in use as a file format when the IBM PC was introduced. It was also in use on the Apple II in the same time period. Although the commands were available on the Commodore PET line, they were removed from the later Commodore 64, in 1985 the Commodore 128 was released with Commodore BASIC version 7.0 which restored the BSAVE and BLOAD commands. The BSAVED format is a device-dependent raster image format, the file header stores information about the hardware address. The graphics data follows the header directly and is stored as raw data in the format of the native adapters addressable memory, there is no file compression, and therefore these load very quickly and without much programming when displayed in native mode. No additional information, such as screen resolution, color depth and palette information, bit planes, Video adapters were simple when this format was in wide use and the other information necessary to display the image could usually be inferred by programs that loaded such files. The BASIC programming language was shipped as part of the system on the first IBM PCs, Apple. On computers that did not start up in BASIC, BASIC was loaded by manually running the BASIC interpreter, the user could then type BASIC commands in direct mode or by creating and/or running a numbered BASIC program within the interpreter. One of the commands that early BASIC offered was BSAVE and another command was BLOAD, using the BSAVE command, an addressable area and length of memory could be saved to disk as a named file. This Image of saved memory could then be reloaded from disk into addressable memory later with the BLOAD command, if the BSAVEd image contained program code it could be executed, if data it could be used again, and if the BSAVEd image contained graphics it could be viewed. The video area of memory was addressable, the PUT and GET commands were used in addition to the BSAVE and BLOAD commands on the IBM PC to allow clips of the screen to be pre-formatted for BSAVE and BLOAD. PUT and GET allowed display modifier verbs which resembled functions in the Windows Graphical Device Interface used by programmers later. Microsoft produced the BASIC interpreters that were bundled with the IBM PC, Apple II, and Commodore PET, and included the ability to BSAVE and BLOAD RAM images on all 3 platforms. It was possible for users of the day to use the BLOAD command to load a graphics image that had been BSAVED in addition to loading a BSAVED executable or data image. With the passing of MS-DOS so did the use of DOS programs that saved in the BSAVED format and their use by programmers has stopped because the BLOAD command is no longer supported in modern programming languages which discourage accessing video memory directly
8.
JPEG 2000
–
JPEG2000 is an image compression standard and coding system. The standardized filename extension is. jp2 for ISO/IEC 15444-1 conforming files and. jpx for the extended part-2 specifications, the registered MIME types are defined in RFC3745. For ISO/IEC 15444-1 it is image/jp2, JPEG2000 code streams are regions of interest that offer several mechanisms to support spatial random access or region of interest access at varying degrees of granularity. It is possible to store different parts of the picture using different quality. As of 2017, there are very few digital cameras that shoot photos in the JPEG2000 format, while there is a modest increase in compression performance of JPEG2000 compared to JPEG, the main advantage offered by JPEG2000 is the significant flexibility of the codestream. By ordering the codestream in various ways, applications can achieve significant performance increases, however, as a consequence of this flexibility, JPEG2000 requires encoders/decoders that are complex and computationally demanding. JPEG2000 has been published as an ISO standard, ISO/IEC15444, as of 2013, JPEG2000 is not widely supported in web browsers, and hence is not generally used on the Internet. At high bit rates, artifacts become nearly imperceptible, JPEG2000 has a small machine-measured fidelity advantage over JPEG, at lower bit rates, JPEG2000 has a significant advantage over certain modes of JPEG, artifacts are less visible and there is almost no blocking. The compression gains over JPEG are attributed to the use of DWT, JPEG2000 decomposes the image into a multiple resolution representation in the course of its compression process. This pyramid representation can be put to use for other image presentation purposes beyond compression and these features are more commonly known as progressive decoding and signal-to-noise ratio scalability. JPEG2000 provides efficient code-stream organizations which are progressive by pixel accuracy and this way, after a smaller part of the whole file has been received, the viewer can see a lower quality version of the final picture. The quality then improves progressively through downloading more data bits from the source, like the Lossless JPEG standard, the JPEG2000 standard provides both lossless and lossy compression in a single compression architecture. Lossless compression is provided by the use of a reversible wavelet transform in JPEG2000. Like JPEG1992, JPEG2000 is robust to bit errors introduced by noisy communication channels, the JP2 and JPX file formats allow for handling of color-space information, metadata, and for interactivity in networked applications as developed in the JPEG Part 9 JPIP protocol. JPEG2000 supports any bit depth, such as 16- and 32-bit floating point pixel images, full support for transparency and alpha planes. JPEG 2000s improvement in performance relative to the original JPEG standard is actually rather modest. Very low and very high rates are supported in JPEG2000. The ability of the design to handle a large range of effective bit rates is one of the strengths of JPEG2000
9.
Krita
–
Krita is a raster graphics editor based on Qt 5 and the KDE Frameworks 5. Krita is designed to be a painting application. It has been influenced to some extent by software like Corel Painter, Krita packs with some key features different from most of its kind, including the ability to work with both bitmap and vector illustration. The developers also strive to simplify user interaction and focus on features more relevant to painting and drawing, Krita is a free software distributed under GNU General Public License version 2 and above. It was initially released as a part of KOffice version 1.4.0, the early version of Kiki was submitted to KDE forum in 2012 and was first used in Krita 2. 6s introduction booklet. A revised version was used as Krita 2. 8s splash screen, as well as the merchandise shop items and Kritas Steam box art, cover art, users may change Kritas window color theme, customize icons shown in toolbars and relocate tool dockers. Keyboard shortcuts can be edited as well, Krita allows user to save a given set of dockers as a workspace and switch between them. Users can access many frequently used functions simply by holding down modifiers and it has a large set of options available to create a no-distractions canvas-only painting mode. Krita also has a wrap-around canvas mode to create seamless textures, Krita has many raster graphics and vector tools. Each tool has its own tool options, Krita has the following vector tools, path, selection, text, artistic text, calligraphy, fill and gradient. Krita is designed towards digital painting and it has a highly customizable brush system and is shipped with more than 100 brush presets. Brush settings can be saved as presets and shared, as of Krita 2.9 alpha, it also supports multibrush painting. The result of a filter can be previewed on the image itself in realtime, Krita has multiple layer modes including, raster layers, vector layers, filter layers, programmatically generated layers, group layers and file-backed layers. Layers can have transparency, filter and local selection masks, layers can be dragged and dropped within Krita, between instances of Krita or as images to and from other applications. Layers in Krita can be rotated, scaled, converted, sheared, Kritas vector layers support text, vector shapes and filters on vector shapes. Kritas generators create pixels and can be used in generator layers, Krita has the following generators, color and pattern. More generators can be added as plugins written in C++, on Linux, if the monitor is correctly set up with colord or oyranos, the display calibration will be used automatically. Krita supports the following color models for creating and editing images, RGBA, Gray, CMYKA, Law, YCbCr, Krita supports a large number of file formats
10.
APNG
–
The Animated Portable Network Graphics file format is an extension to the Portable Network Graphics specification. It allows for animated PNG files that work similarly to animated GIF files, while supporting 24-bit images and it also retains backward compatibility with non-animated PNG files. The first frame of an APNG file is stored as a normal PNG stream, the frame speed data and extra animation frames are stored in extra chunks. APNG competes with Multiple-image Network Graphics, a format for bitmapped animations created by the same team as PNG. APNGs advantage is the library size and compatibility with older PNG implementations. The APNG specification was created in 2004 by Stuart Parmenter and Vladimir Vukićević of the Mozilla Corporation to allow for storing the animations needed for such as throbbers. Among users and maintainers of the PNG and MNG formats, APNG had a lukewarm reception, in particular, PNG was conceived to be a single-image format. The PNG group officially rejected APNG as an extension on April 20,2007. There have been several subsequent proposals for a simple animated graphics format based on PNG using several different approaches, Mozilla Firefox added support for APNG in version 3 trunk builds on March 23,2007. Iceweasel 3 supports APNG by using Mozillas unofficial variant of libpng, in 2008 WorldDMB adopted APNG as a backward compatible extension to enable animation as part of the MOT SlideShow user application for Digital Radio. APNG1.0 Specification - Animated Portable Network Graphics is included as normative Annex A in the ETSI standard TS101499 V2.2.1, in 2010 Commercial Radio Broadcasters in Sydney began to include APNG animations in DAB+ digital radio broadcasts. These APNG animations are carried by the MOT slideshow application which accompanies the audio services and it is expected that other cities in Australia will follow in early 2011. Mozillas role in extending the PNG format to APNG echoes Netscapes much earlier role in popularizing animated GIFs, in 2016, Apple adopted the APNG format as the preferred format for animated stickers in iOS10 iMessage apps. On March 15,2017 APNG support was added to Chromium and this leaves Microsoft Edges Rendering Engine as the only engine to not support the format. A server-side library exists that allows web browsers that support the canvas tag, examples of such browsers include Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer 9. For image processing software that doesnt export to APNG, users can use a program called APNG Assembler and it creates highly optimized Animated PNG files from PNG/TGA image sequences. A PNG file consists of the PNG Signature, followed by a series of chunks, a chunk consists of four parts, Length, Chunk type, Chunk data and CRC. There are about 20 different chunk types, but for a minimal PNG, only 3 are required, The IHDR chunk, one or more IDAT chunks, the next graphic shows the contents of such a minimal PNG file, representing just one red pixel
