1.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
2.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
3.
Daimler Company
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The company bought the right to the use of the Daimler name simultaneously from Gottlieb Daimler and Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft of Cannstatt, Germany. In 1933, BSA bought the Lanchester Motor Company and made it a subsidiary of Daimler, the company was awarded a Royal Warrant to provide cars to the British Monarch in 1902, it lost this privilege in the 1950s after being supplanted by Rolls-Royce. In 1960, BSA sold Daimler to Jaguar Cars, which continued Daimlers line, Jaguar was then merged into the British Motor Corporation in 1966 and British Leyland in 1968. Under these companies, Daimler became a trim level for Jaguar cars except for the 1968-1992 Daimler DS420 limousine. Jaguar was split off from British Leyland in 1984 and bought by the Ford Motor Company in 1989, Ford stopped using the Daimler name on Jaguars in 2007 selling Jaguar to Tata Motors in 2008. Tata bought the Daimler and Lanchester brands with Jaguar, but has not used them so far, engineer Frederick Richard Simms was supervising construction of an aerial cableway of his own design for the Bremen Exhibition in 1889 when he saw tiny railcars powered by Gottlieb Daimlers motors. Simms introduced Daimler’s motors to England in 1890 to power launches, in an agreement dated 18 February 1891, he obtained British and Empire rights for the Daimler patents. That month, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft lent Simms a motorboat with a 2 hp engine, in June 1891 Simms had set up a London office at 49 Leadenhall Street and founded Simms & Co consulting engineers. In May 1892, the motorboat, which Simms had named Cannstatt, hendriks severed his connections with Simms & Co. in February 1893. Simms Daimler-related work was moved into a new company, The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited. Following the success of Daimler-powered Peugeots and Panhards at the 1894 Paris–Rouen competition, Simms decided to open a car factory. That month, he arranged for the syndicate to receive a ten percent commission on all British sales of Daimler-powered Panhard & Levassor cars, at the same meeting, Simms produced the first licence to operate a car under the Daimler patents. It was for a 3½ hp Panhard & Levassor that had bought in France by The Honourable Evelyn Ellis. On 3 July, after Ellis bought the licence, the car was landed at Southampton and driven by Ellis to Micheldever near Winchester where Ellis met Simms, Ellis later drove it on to Malvern. This was the first long journey by motorcar in Britain, Simms later referred to the car as a Daimler Motor Carriage. Simms asked his friend Daimler to be consulting engineer to the new enterprise, investor Harry John Lawson had set out to use The British Motor Syndicate Limited to monopolise motor car production in Britain by taking over every patent he could. Welcomed by Simms, the negotiations proceeded on the basis that new company should acquire The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited as a going concern, including the name. In order that the Daimler licences could be transferred from Simms to the new company, by this time, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had withdrawn from Daimler Motoren Gesellschafts business to concentrate on cars and engines for them
4.
Austin 7
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The Austin 7 is an economy car that was produced from 1922 until 1939 in the United Kingdom by Austin. It was nicknamed the Baby Austin and was at time one of the most popular cars produced for the British market. Its effect on the British market was similar to that of the Model T Ford in the US and it was also licensed and copied by companies all over the world. The very first BMW car, the BMW Dixi, was a licensed Austin 7, in France they were made and sold as Rosengarts. In Japan Nissan also used the 7 design as the basis for their first cars, many Austin 7s were rebuilt as specials after the Second World War, including the first race car built by Bruce McLaren, and the first Lotus, the Mark I. Such was the power of the Austin 7 name that the company re-used it for early versions of the A30 in 1951 and Mini in 1959. Until the First World War Austin built mainly large cars, after this they returned to bigger cars. In 1920 Sir Herbert Austin commenced working on the concept of a smaller car and this idea was spurred on by the introduction of the Horsepower Tax in 1921. His design concept marked a departure from his companys conservative motoring past and this work was carried out in the billiard room of Austins Lickey Grange home. Edge convinced Austin to use a small four-cylinder engine, the original side valve engine design featured a capacity of 696cc giving a RAC rating of 7.2 hp, the cast cylinder block featured a detachable head and was mounted on an aluminium crankcase. The crankshaft used one roller and two ball bearings and the big-ends were splash lubricated, edge also carried out the design of other mechanical components such as the three speed gearbox and clutch assembly. Austin was largely responsible for styling the Sevens design, which was influenced by the design of the Peugeot Quadrilette. The A frame chassis design was believed to have influenced by the design of an American truck used in the Longbridge factory in the early 1920s. The design was completed in 1922 and three prototypes were constructed in a area of the Longbridge factory, and announced to the public in July 1922. Austin had put a large amount of his own money into the design, in return for his investment he was paid a royalty of two guineas, on every car sold. By 1939 when production ended,290,000 cars. The Austin 7 was considerably smaller than the Ford Model T, the wheelbase was only 6 ft 3 inches, and the track only 40 inches. Equally it was lighter – less than half the Fords weight at 794 pounds, the engine required for adequate performance was therefore equally reduced and the 747 cc sidevalve was quite capable with a modest 10 hp output
5.
Jaguar XJ220
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The XJ220 officially recorded a top speed of 212.3 mph during testing by Jaguar. This made it the fastest production car from 1992 to 1993, according to Jaguar an XJ220 prototype managed a Nürburgring lap time of 7,46,36 in 1991 which was lower than any production car lap time back then. The XJ220 was developed from a V12-engined 4-wheel drive concept car designed by an group of Jaguar employees working in their spare time. The group wished to create a version of the successful Jaguar 24 Hours of Le Mans racing cars of the 1950s and 60s that could be entered into FIA Group B competitions. The XJ220 made use of engineering work undertaken for Jaguars then current racing car family, the initial XJ220 concept car was unveiled to the public at the 1988 British International Motor Show, held in Birmingham, England. Its positive reception prompted Jaguar to put the car production, some 1500 deposits of £50,000 each were taken. Engineering requirements resulted in significant changes to the specification of the XJ220, the changes to the specification and a collapse in the price of collectible cars brought about by the early 1990s recession resulted in many buyers choosing not to exercise their purchase options. A total of just 271 cars were produced by the production ended. Jaguar were approached by racing team owner Tom Walkinshaw and encouraged to enter the Jaguar XJS into the 1981 European Touring Car Championship, TWR took over the IMSA GT Championship operation in 1988 and one model – Jaguar XJR-9 – was launched to compete in both series. The XJR-9, which retained the Jaguar V12 engine, went on to win the 198824 Hours of Le Mans and World Sportscar Championship in the same year. The poor fuel consumption of the Jaguar V12 combined with new rules restricting refueling during races forced the replacement of the V12 engine in the XJR-9s successors, the XJR-10 and XJR-11. The normally-aspirated Austin Rover V64V engine, designed for the MG Metro 6R4 had recently made redundant thanks to the Group B rally ban in 1987. Therefore, a project was initiated to design and build a car capable of winning Le Mans in house, the groundwork for the project was undertaken by Randle over Christmas 1987, when he produced a 1,4 scale cardboard model of a potential Group B racing car. The cardboard model was taken into the Jaguar styling studio and two mock-ups were produced, One was said to be reminiscent of the Porsche 956, the other took elements of the then current Jaguar XJ41 project and Malcolm Sayers work on the stillborn Jaguar XJ13 racing car. The second design, by Keith Helfet, was chosen as it was more obviously Jaguar in its look, the project still had no official support, leaving Randle no option but to put together a team of volunteers to work evenings and weekends in their own time. The team came to be known as The Saturday Club, to justify the resources consumed by the project, the XJ220 needed to provide meaningful data to the engineers on handling, aerodynamics – particularly at high speeds – and aluminium structures. These requirements, together with FIA racing regulations and various government regulations governing car design and safety influenced the overall design, the FIA Group B regulations steered the concept towards a mid-engine, all-wheel-drive layout, with a Jaguar V12 engine as the power source. The concept car was designed and built at very little cost to Jaguar, as Randle called in favours from component suppliers and engineering companies he, in return he offered public recognition for their assistance and dangled the possibility of future contracts from Jaguar
6.
McLaren F1
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The McLaren F1 is a sports car designed and manufactured by McLaren Cars. Originally a concept conceived by Gordon Murray, he convinced Ron Dennis to back the project and engaged Peter Stevens to design the exterior and interior of the car. On 31 March 1998, the XP5 prototype set the record for the worlds fastest production car, the F1 surpassed the Jaguar XJ220s 213 mph record from 1992, as well as the low production number RUF CTR2s 217 mph record from 1995. The McLarens record lasted until the Bugatti Veyron 16.4 beat it in 2005 with a top speed of 253.81 mph and it features a powerful engine and is somewhat track oriented, but not to the degree that it compromises everyday usability and comfort. It was conceived as an exercise in creating what its designers hoped would be considered the road car. Production began in 1992 and ended in 1998, in all,106 cars were manufactured, with some variations in the design. In 1994, the British car magazine Autocar stated in a road test regarding the F1, The McLaren F1 is the finest driving machine yet built for the public road. They further stated, The F1 will be remembered as one of the events in the history of the car. In 2005, Channel4 placed the car at one on their list of the 100 greatest cars. In popular culture, the McLaren F1 has earnt its spot as The greatest automobile ever created and The Most Excellent Sports Car Of All Time amongst a variety of car enthusiasts. Notable past and present McLaren F1 owners include Elon Musk, Jay Leno, chief engineer Gordon Murrays design concept was a common one among designers of high-performance cars, low weight and high power. This was achieved through use of high-tech and expensive materials such as fibre, titanium, gold, magnesium. The F1 was the first production car to use a carbon-fibre monocoque chassis, Gordon Murray had been thinking of a three-seat sports car since his youth. When Murray was waiting for a home from the Italian Grand Prix in 1988, he drew a sketch of a three-seater sports car. Murray declared that During this time, we were able to visit with Ayrton Senna, the visit related to the fact that at the time, McLarens F1 Grand Prix cars were using Honda engines. Of course the car we would create, the McLaren F1, needed to be faster than the NSX, but the NSXs ride quality and handling would become our new design target. Being a fan of Honda engines, I later went to Hondas Tochigi Research Center on two occasions and requested that they consider building for the McLaren F1 a 4.5 litre V10 or V12. I asked, I tried to persuade them, but in the end could not convince them to do it, and the McLaren F1 ended up equipped with a BMW engine
7.
Porsche 911 GT1
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The Porsche 911 GT1 was a car designed for competition in the GT1 class of sportscar racing, which also required a street legal version for homologation purposes. The limited-production street-legal version was labeled the 911 GT1 Straßenversion, the engine was making about 600 PS. In comparison, the 993 generation 911 GT2, which was otherwise the companys highest-performance vehicle and they followed up by winning at Spa and Ralf Kelleners and Emmanuel Collard triumphed for the factory team at Zhuhai. This compares favourably in that race, with the 1996 Ferrari F40 GTE II, in 1997, the new Mercedes-Benz CLK-GTR was successful in the new FIA GT Championship that replaced the BPR, as it was developed for racing. Mercedes did not enter Le Mans yet with their new car, the Porsche did not prove to be as fast in the FIA series, and failed to win a single race, first against the McLaren F1 GTR, and then against the new CLK-GTR. Towards the end of the 1996 season Porsche made revisions to the 911 GT1 in preparation for the 1997 season, the front end of the car was revised including new bodywork which featured headlamps that previewed the all-new 2nd generation Porsche 911 which would appear in 1997. The revised car was known as the 911 GT1 Evo, for the 1998 season Porsche developed an all-new car, the 911 GT1-98. As per the regulations a street-legal version of the 911 GT1-98 was spawned, the Michelin tyres of the factory team and especially the Pirelli of the private Zakspeed team were also considered inferior to the Bridgestone of Mercedes. At the 1998 Le Mans however, it was a different story, the BMW V12 LM retired with wheel bearing trouble, and the Mercedes CLK-LM vehicles had oil pump troubles in the new V8 engines that replaced the former V12. The Toyota GT-One, which was considered to be the fastest car, the GT198 was set up with higher downforce in the race than the previous two years, which reduced its race maximum speed to 310 km/h. However, in the 1998 Le Mans 24 Hours test days, with Mercedes dominating FIA GT1 in 1998, all other entries including Porsche withdrew for 1999. The GT1 class was cancelled, and the FIA GT Championship was contested with GT2 cars, Porsche could have entered at Le Mans, but chose not to try to defend the win of 98 against new machines from other factories. Following Champions purchase of a 911 GT1 Evo for 1999, Gunnar Racing offered a race car to the team with intentions to race in 2000. The car, known as the Gunnar G-99, was a custom-built 911 GT1 with an open cockpit, the chassis was made from scratch yet remained nearly identical to the 911 GT1 mechanically, even using the bulk of the bodyparts. A large rollbar was put over the cockpit to help protect the driver. A3.6 litre flat-6 from a Porsche 911 GT3 was used in place of the standard 911 GT1 unit, however, Champion would instead turn to buying a Lola B2K/10, so the Gunnar G-99 was temporarily abandoned. The car would resurface in the Rolex Sports Car Series in 2002, therefore, Gunnar Racing rebuilt the car with a near identical GT1 roof, and briefly competed in 2003. The car would take a best finish of second in class twice before being retired due to lack of funding, regulations for the GT1 category stipulated that to be eligible, a total of 25 cars must be built for road use
8.
Bugatti Veyron
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The original version has a top speed of 407 km/h. It was named Car of the Decade and best car award by the BBC television programme Top Gear, the standard Bugatti Veyron also won Top Gears Best Car Driven All Year award in 2005. Several special variants have been produced, in December 2010, Bugatti began offering prospective buyers the ability to customise exterior and interior colours by using the Veyron 16.4 Configurator application on the marques official website. The Bugatti Veyron was discontinued in late 2014, in May 1998, Volkswagen AG acquired the rights to use the Bugatti logo and the trade name Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. To succeed the EB110 model produced under previous ownership, the maker quickly released a series of cars that would culminate in the Bugatti Veyron 16.4. Between October 1998 and September 1999, Bugatti introduced a series of Giugiaro-designed concept vehicles, each with permanent four-wheel drive, the first, the EB118, was a 2-door coupé presented at the 1998 Paris Motor Show. The next, the EB218, was a 4-door sedan presented at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show, a third, the 18/3 Chiron, was a mid-engined sports car presented at the 1999 International Motor Show in Frankfurt. In October 1999, Bugatti unveiled a concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show. The EB 18/4 Veyron was a mid-engined supercar styled in-house under the direction of Hartmut Warkuß, in 2000 a modified version, the EB 16/4 Veyron, was displayed at motor shows in Detroit, Geneva, and Paris. Rather than the three-bank W-18 of the four concepts, the EB 16/4 featured the four-bank W16 engine architecture installed in every production example of the Bugatti Veyron. The decision to start production of the car was made by the Volkswagen Group in 2001, the first roadworthy prototype was completed in August 2003. It is identical to the later series variant except for a few details, in the transition from development to series production considerable technical problems had to be addressed, repeatedly delaying production until September 2005. The EB refers to Bugatti founder Ettore Bugatti and the 16.4 refers to the engines 16 cylinders and 4 turbochargers, a controversy developed in 2013 over the Veyron Super Sports status as the world’s fastest production car, ultimately resolved in the Veyrons favour. In early April 2013, driving. co. uk began an investigation following claims from US car maker Hennessey that its 928 kW Hennessey Venom GT was entitled to the Guinness World Record. With a recorded speed of 427.6 km/h the Hennessey was 3.1 km/h, Hennessey said its Venom GT was road-ready and unmodified and was therefore a production car in the strict sense of the term. Driving. co. uk requested clarification from Guinness World Records, Hennessey later recorded the Venom GT at 435.31 km/h. However, this was only in one direction, Guinness requires 2 runs in opposite directions to average out wind effects, so the run was not valid for a Guinness world record. The Veyron features an 8. 0-litre, quad-turbocharged, W16 cylinder engine, each cylinder has four valves for a total of 64, but the VR8 configuration of each bank allows two overhead camshafts to drive two banks of cylinders so only four camshafts are needed
9.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
10.
New Routemaster
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The New Routemaster, originally referred to as the New Bus for London, is a hybrid diesel-electric double-decker bus operated in London. The first bus entered service on 27 February 2012, the original AEC Routemaster was a standard London bus type, with a rear open platform and crewed by both a driver and conductor. As a result, the bus is also known as the Boris Bus or Borismaster - a portmanteau of Boris Johnson. Following an open competition in 2008, Wrightbus was awarded the contract to build the bus at the end of 2009. The design for the new double-decker bus is inspired by the original AEC Routemaster, the layout of the new bus allows it to be operated by one person at off-peak times. The cost of each bus is £355,000 over the four year procurement period, the New Routemasters were popular with many bus operators and are now a common sight in central London. In late 2016 it was announced no more would be ordered. The final design has doors at the front, centre and rear, the front and rear doors lead to staircases to the upper deck. The rear entrance has a platform and pole similar to the original Routemaster, there is a new pattern of moquette for the seating, manufactured by Camira Fabrics. The internal lighting is provided by LED clusters, and there is a ventilation system. The bus is a hybrid diesel-electric driven by an electric motor, charged by a diesel fueled generator. Older buses were allowed to remain in London until 23 October 2009, through the TfL contract renewal process, after 2000, the Routemaster began to be identified as the most common example of a non-wheelchair-accessible bus type used on TfL routes. The first Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, supported the Routemaster during his first term, Livingstone said that the Routemasters were too dangerous, with approximately twelve people per year dying after falling from them during his mayoralty. The last examples were withdrawn from regular London passenger service in December 2005, the Routemaster continued in operation on heritage routes 9 and 15, with the former discontinued in July 2014. An attempt to design a rear-engined front-entrance version of the Routemaster in 1964/65 led to the construction of the FRM1 in 1966, the prototype shared approximately 60% of its components with a standard Routemaster and was the first integrally-constructed rear-engined double-decker built in Britain. Because of its door and continued mechanical problems associated with its unique design. In 1968, London Transport went back to the board for another replacement of the Routemaster. The initial result was a four-axle low-floor design that would have been suitable for automatic fare collection, by 1975, the project was well in hand and had been named XRM
11.
HMS Ark Royal (R07)
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HMS Ark Royal was a light aircraft carrier and former flagship of the Royal Navy. She was the third and final vessel of Invincible-class and she was built by Swan Hunter on the River Tyne and launched by them in 1981. Ark Royal was named by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and she followed sister ships HMS Invincible and HMS Illustrious into service in 1985. Affectionately known as The Mighty Ark, she is the fifth Royal Navy ship to have borne the name of the 1587 flagship that defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. Slightly larger than her sister ships, and with a steeper ski-jump ramp, Ark Royal carried the STOVL Harrier Jump Jet aircraft, as well as various helicopters. With a crew complement of over 1,000 sailors and aviators, she saw service in the 1990s Bosnian War. Originally due to be retired in 2016, Ark Royal was instead decommissioned on Friday 11 March 2011, as part of the Navy restructuring portion of the 2010 Strategic Defence, after Ark Royals decommissioning HMS Albion replaced her as the Royal Navy flagship. Ark Royal was sold for scrap to the Turkish company Leyal Ship Recycling and her keel was laid by Swan Hunter at Wallsend on 7 December 1978. She was launched on 2 June 1981 sponsored by the Queen Mother, the unfinished Ark Royal was reportedly offered for sale to the Royal Australian Navy in 1981. HMS Invincible was later offered for sale instead, Ark Royal was deployed in 1993 to the Adriatic during the Bosnian War under the command of Captain Terry Loughran RN. In May 1999 she put into Rosyth for refitting, which included the removal of the Sea Dart missiles and she was recommissioned on 22 November 2001 by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. During operations in the war two Westland Sea King helicopters, from 849 Naval Air Squadron, collided in mid-air with the loss of six British and her deployment to the gulf was filmed throughout by Shine TV for a Channel 5 documentary entitled Ark Royal. In April 2004 Ark Royal entered into extended readiness, following which she entered refit with the return to service of Illustrious, on 16 November 2006 a British Army WAH-64 Apache attack helicopter landed on Ark Royal for the first time marking an increase in the carriers capability. On 22 March 2007, Ark Royal was returned to the Royal Navy Fleet after a two-year refit worth £18 million. As of May 2007, she again became the Fleet Flagship, reclaiming the title from her sister ship, Illustrious. On 31 July 2008, Mansergh was relieved as captain by Captain John Clink, in October 2008, Ark Royal was a participant in Exercise Joint Warrior 08-2. In January 2009 Ark Royal visited Liverpool and then the River Tyne and her voyage from Portsmouth to Liverpool was made with 108 Cadets from the Sea Cadet Corps and the Combined Cadet Force embarked. During this time a V-22 Osprey visited the ship, again increasing its capabilities, a campaign was begun in November 2010 to retain the name Ark Royal for one of the new carriers
12.
Concorde
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Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde is a British-French turbojet-powered supersonic passenger jet airliner that was operated until 2003. It had a speed over twice the speed of sound at Mach 2.04. First flown in 1969, Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued flying for the next 27 years and it is one of only two supersonic transports to have been operated commercially, the other is the Soviet-built Tupolev Tu-144, which was operated for a much shorter period. Concorde was jointly developed and manufactured by Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation under an Anglo-French treaty, twenty aircraft were built, including six prototypes and development aircraft. Air France and British Airways were the airlines to purchase. The aircraft was used by wealthy passengers who could afford to pay a high price in exchange for Concordes speed. In the UK, any or all of the type are known simply as Concorde, the type was retired in 2003 after the crash of Air France Flight 4590, in which all passengers and crew were killed. The general downturn in the aviation industry after the September 11 attacks in 2001. The group met for the first time in February 1954 and delivered their first report in April 1955, at the time it was known that the drag at supersonic speeds was strongly related to the span of the wing. The team outlined a baseline configuration that looked like an enlarged Avro 730 and this same short span produced very little lift at low speed, which resulted in extremely long take-off runs and frighteningly high landing speeds. In an SST design, this would have required enormous engine power to lift off from existing runways, based on this, the group considered the concept of an SST infeasible, and instead suggested continued low-level studies into supersonic aerodynamics. Soon after, Johanna Weber and Dietrich Küchemann at the RAE published a series of reports on a new wing planform, the vortex will lower the air pressure and cause lift to be greatly increased. This effect had been noticed earlier, notably by Chuck Yeager in the Convair XF-92, Weber suggested that this was no mere curiosity, and the effect could be deliberately used to improve low speed performance. Küchemanns and Webers papers changed the nature of supersonic design almost overnight. Although the delta had already used on aircraft prior to this point. Such a layout would still have good supersonic performance inherent to the span, while also offering reasonable take-off. It would also need to have landing gear to produce the required angle of attack while still on the runway. Küchemann presented the idea at a meeting where Morgan was also present, test pilot Eric Brown recalls Morgans reaction to the presentation, saying that he immediately seized on it as the solution to the SST problem
