1.
Copyright
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Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time, the exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the expression of ideas. Copyright is a form of property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Some, but not all jurisdictions require fixing copyrighted works in a tangible form and it is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, copyrights are considered territorial rights, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements. Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the authors life plus 50 to 100 years, some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions. Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing fair exceptions to the exclusivity of copyright. Copyright came about with the invention of the press and with wider literacy. As a legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers monopolies at the beginning of the 18th century, Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized. Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in Europe and not, for example, however, with copyright laws, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of an individual, with attendant rights. The most significant point is that patent and copyright laws support the expansion of the range of human activities that can be commodified. This parallels the ways in which led to the commodification of many aspects of social life that earlier had no monetary or economic value per se. Often seen as the first real copyright law, the 1709 British Statute of Anne gave the rights for a fixed period. The act also alluded to individual rights of the artist and it began, Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing. Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors. to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families
2.
Internet service provider
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An Internet service provider is an organization that provides services for accessing and using the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation. The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities, by the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995,4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web, in 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US and its first customer was served in November 1989. On 23 April 2014, the U. S, a possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, the FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times. On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to free speech. They both stand for the same concept, on 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the rule on its new Net Neutrality regulations. ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network, available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable, wireless Ethernet, and fiber optics. For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line, using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names. Wireless access is another option, including cellular and satellite Internet access, a mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not. Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services, other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation
3.
Bell Canada
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Bell Canada is a Canadian telecommunications and media company headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. Its subsidiary Bell Mobility is one of Canadas big three mobile telecommunications providers, while Bell TV provides direct-to-home satellite TV service, Bell Canadas principal competitors are Rogers Communications Canada in Ontario and Vidéotron General Partnership and Telus in Quebec. The company serves over 13 million phone lines and is headquartered at the Campus Bell complex in Montreal, Bell Canada is one of the main assets of the conglomerate BCE Inc. formerly known as Bell Canada Enterprises, Inc. BCE ranked number 262 on the 2011 edition of the Forbes Global 2000 list, Bell Canada operated as the Canadian subsidiary of the Bell System from 1880 to 1975. However, unlike the other regional Bell operating companies, Bell Canada had its own research, in March 1876 he successfully patented his invention in the United States under the title of Improvement In Telegraphy. His device later adopted the now used worldwide, the telephone. In exchange for 1,000 telephones to be provided to the Canadian market, the first supplier of telephones to Bell was a company established by Thomas C. Cowherd and his son James H. Cowherd, in a brick building in Brantford, Ontario. With a government-granted monopoly on Canadian long-distance telephone service, The Bell Telephone Company of Canada was serving 237,000 subscribers by 1914, since its early years The Bell Telephone Company of Canada, Ltd. had been known colloquially as The Bell or Bell Telephone. On March 7,1968, Canadian federal legislation renamed The Bell Telephone Company of Canada, Bell Canada extended lines from Nova Scotia to the foot of the Rocky Mountains in what is now Alberta. However, most of the given to meeting demand for service focused on major cities in Ontario, Quebec. Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada with several companies, and a government operation that was transferred to the control of Canadian National Railways. Bell acquired interests in all Atlantic companies during the early 1960s, Bell acquired controlling interest in Maritime Telephone and Telegraph Company, later known as MT&T, which also owned PEI-based Island Telephone, and in Bruncorp, the parent company of NBTel in 1966. The purchase of MT&T was made despite efforts of the Nova Scotia legislature on September 10,1966, bell-owned MT&T absorbed some 120 independent companies, most serving fewer than 50 customers each. Bell-owned NewTel purchased the CNR-owned Terra Nova Tel in 1988, newtel, Bruncorp, MT&T and Island Tel later merged into Aliant in the late 1990s, in which Bell Canada now owns. On January 1,2011, Bell purchased the technology services company xwave. Independent companies appeared in areas of Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime provinces without adequate Bell Canada service. Alongside the acquisition of Charon Systems, Nexxlink now operates today as Bell Business Solutions—a division of Bell Canada, Quebec, however, still has large swaths of relatively rural areas served by Telus Québec and Télébec and by some 20 small independent companies
4.
Rogers Communications
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Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company. It operates particularly in the field of communications, cable television, telephone. The present enterprise dates to 1960, when Rogers son, Ted Rogers and that company acquired CHFI that year, as well as Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting, a partnership with Joel Aldred which helped launch CFTO in 1961. Rogers later bought out Aldred and started the current cable and wireless operations, however, the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services, and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service. This was a breakthrough in the technology and became a key factor in popularizing radio reception, after this invention radios became far more commonplace in the world. No power transformers were needed in these radios In 1931, Rogers Sr. was awarded an experimental television licence in Canada and he was working on radar when, on May 6,1939 he died suddenly due to complications of a hemorrhage. He left a widow, Velma, and a five-year-old son, while his business interests were sold, his son later determined to carry on his fathers business. While Ted Rogers was a student with Tory, Tory, DesLauriers & Binnington, he started Rogers Radio Broadcasting Limited. In 1962, he pioneered stereo broadcasting in FM with CHFI, by making available FM radios to boost FM penetration, which was only at 3% at the time, Ted Rogers was able to make more Canadians aware of FM transmitters. CHFI-FM quickly became one of Canadas most listened to FM radio stations and one of the most popular, Rogerss interests in radio led him to cable television in the mid-1960s. He entered the business in 1967, and was awarded television licences for areas in and around Toronto. In 1974, Rogers Cable Communications expanded past 12 channels, including several multicultural channels, through a reverse-takeover in 1979, Ted Rogerss company, Rogers Cable TV Limited, acquired control of Canadian Cablesystems Limited. In 1980, the company purchased Premier Communications Limited, which almost doubled the number of cable subscribers, as a founding shareholder of Rogers Cantel Inc. which commenced service in 1985, the company entered the mobile phone market. The company operated a national telephone network in Canada in competition with the established telephone companies. Rogers Cantel Mobile Communications Inc. which is now called Rogers Wireless, is now a public company 51% of which is owned by Rogers Communications, between 1979 and 1982, Rogers Communications acquired and built a number of cable television systems in the United States. In March 1989, the completed the sale of its US cable television interests for CDN $1.581 billion. In 1986, Rogers Cablesystems changes its name to present-day Rogers Communications Inc and this led to Rogers Communications Inc. acquiring 40% of Unitel Communications, formerly CNCP Telecommunications, in September 1989. Unitel was granted permission by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in June 1992 to compete with the Canadian telephone monopolies in the long-distance market, in January 1993, 20% of Unitel Communications was sold to AT&T Corporation
5.
Shaw Communications
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Shaw Communications Inc. is a Canadian telecommunications company that provides telephone, Internet, television, and mobile services all backed by a fibre optic network. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Shaw provides services mostly in British Columbia and Alberta, with systems in Saskatchewan, Manitoba. Through its subsidiary Freedom Mobile, Shaw provides mobile services in areas of British Columbia, Alberta. The companys chief competitor is Telus Communications, Shaw was founded as Capital Cable Television Company, Ltd. in Edmonton, Alberta, in 1966. The company changed its name to Shaw Cablesystems Ltd. and went public on the TSX in 1983, however, two swaps, in 1994 and 2001, with Rogers Cable have resulted in its assets being restricted to Western Canada and a few areas of Northern Ontario. In 1999, Shaw spun out its media properties into a second publicly-traded company, in February 2003, the Florida systems would be sold to Time Warner Cable, while the Texas systems were sold to Cequel III, as part of its then-Cebridge Connections subsidiary. In 2008, Shaw entered the AWS spectrum auction with the intention of becoming a wireless phone provider. The auction ended July 2008, giving Shaw Communications enough spectrum to build a network in its home provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba. This spectrum ultimately went unused and was sold to Rogers Communications in January 2013, in July 2009, Shaw announced its acquisition of Mountain Cablevision, in September, Rogers sued Shaw to block the sale, citing violations of a non-compete clause. However, the suit was dismissed by the Ontario Superior Court. The purchase was approved by the CRTC on October 22,2009, the acquisition was Shaws first cable property east of Sault Ste. Marie since the 2001 swaps with Rogers and Cogeco, on April 30,2009, Shaw announced a deal to acquire three television stations — CHWI-TV in Windsor, Ontario, CKNX-TV in Wingham, Ontario and CKX-TV in Brandon, Manitoba — from CTVglobemedia. However, it was reported on June 30,2009 that Shaw has backed out of the deal and is declining to complete the purchase. CHWI-TV would remain on the air as is, CKNX-TV would become a repeater of London station CFPL-TV in September 2009, canwests newspapers were not part of the Shaw deal and were sold separately to Postmedia Network. The acquisition was completed on October 27,2010, after CRTC approval for the sale was announced on October 22, the campaign was designed by the Vancouver-based agency Rethink, who were also responsible for Bell Canadas beaver characters Frank and Gordon. In April 2013, Shaw Business Solutions took over Enmaxs Envision subsidiary, the acquisition was completed for $225 Million. In 2014, Shaw partnered with Rogers Communications to launch Shomi,1,600 of Shaws 14,000 employees were affected by the consolidation and cuts. In 2013, Shaw attempted to begin developing an IPTV-based platform for its television services, however, after experiencing issues developing the platform, Shaw took a $55 million write-down in June 2015, and announced that it was licensing Comcasts cloud-based X1 architecture
6.
Telus
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The company is based in the Vancouver, British Columbia area, it was originally based in Edmonton, Alberta, before its merger with BCTel in 1999. Teluss wireless division, Telus Mobility, offers HSPA+, and LTE-based mobile phone networks, Telus is the incumbent local exchange carrier in British Columbia and Alberta. Teluss primary competitors are Shaw Communications in the Western provinces, and Bell Canada, Telus is a member of the British Columbia Technology Industry Association. In 1995, it acquired Edmonton Telephones Corporation from the City of Edmonton making Telus the sole provider of service in Alberta. In 1996, Telus was introduced to the public as the consumer brand, in 1998, Telus and BCTel announced a proposed merger. The merger was completed in 1999, with the name slightly modified to Telus Corporation. While the merged company chose to retain the Telus name, it moved its headquarters from Edmonton to Vancouver, the merger created Canadas second largest telcom, with 22% of market share compared to Bell Canadas 42%. In 1966, the Anglo-Canadian Telephone Company, a subsidiary of General Telephone and Electronics of Stamford, Connecticut, Anglo-Canadian also owned BCTel, and GTE also owned services in Barbados, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. In 1997, Groupe QuébecTel was established to own Québec Téléphone, following the merger of BCTel with Telus of Alberta, GTE sold its interests in Québec Téléphone to Telus in August 2000, which renamed it Telus Québec on April 2,2001. In late 2004, American telecom Verizon Communications sold its 20. 5% stake in Telus and this was so that Verizon could focus more on its own services. After the Telus-BCTel merger, unionized employees voted to certify the Telecommunications Workers Union as the bargaining agent for the expanded companys workforce. The TWU had previously been the union representing BCTel employees - it replaced the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers in Alberta, a labour dispute between Telus and the TWU began after the previous contract, negotiated with BCTel before the Telus merger, expired at the end of 2000. The next day the union went on strike, although the union referred to the dispute as a lockout. On July 25,2005, Telus blocked its Internet subscribers from accessing a website supporting striking union members, the company expressed concerns over content on the site, saying it identified employees crossing picket lines and encouraged disruptive behaviour, while the union alleged it amounted to censorship. An Alberta court injunction ordered the website, Voices For Change, to remove postings of Telus employee photos. The site owner agreed to comply and Telus unblocked the website, Telus and the TWU ratified a tentative agreement on November 18,2005, ending the dispute. The company again closed to new business in June 2012, in February 2013, Telus exchanged all non-voting shares into common shares on a one-for-one basis. In October 2013, Telus acquired minor mobile phone provider Public Mobile, in October 2008, Telus was named one of British Columbias Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc. which was announced by The Vancouver Sun, The Province and the Victoria Times-Colonist
7.
IP address
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An IP address is an identifier assigned to each computer and other device connected to a TCP/IP network that is used to locate and identify the node in communications with other nodes on the network. IP addresses are written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4. Version 4 of the Internet Protocol defines an IP address as a 32-bit number and its deployment commenced in the mid-2000s and is ongoing. Addresses have been distributed by IANA to the RIRs in blocks of approximately 16.8 million addresses each, each ISP or private network administrator assigns an IP address to each device connected to its network. Such assignments may be on a static or dynamic basis, depending on its software, an IP address serves two principal functions, host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows, A name indicates what we seek, an address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there, the header of each IP packet sent over the Internet must contain the IP address of both the destination server or website and of the sender. The Domain Name System translates domain names to the corresponding destination IP address, both the source address and the destination address may be changed in transit by a network address translation device. The senders IP address is available to the server and becomes the destination address when the server responds to a client request. A sender wanting to remain anonymous to the server may use a proxy server, when the destination server responds to the proxy server, it would forward it on to the true client—ie. Change the IP address to that of the originator of the request, a reverse DNS lookup involves the querying of DNS to determine the domain name associated with an IP address. There are two versions of the Internet Protocol, IP version 4 and IP version 6, each version defines an IP address differently. Because of its prevalence, the generic term IP address typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4. The gap in version sequence between IPv4 and IPv6 resulted from the assignment of number 5 to the experimental Internet Stream Protocol in 1979, an IP address in IPv4 is 32-bits in size, which limits the address space to 4294967296 IP addresses. Of this number, IPv4 reserves some addresses for special purposes such as private networks or multicast addresses. IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation, consisting of four numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots. Each part represents a group of 8 bits of the address, in some cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal, octal, or binary representations. In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol, network administrators interpreted an IP address in two parts, network number portion and host number portion
8.
Kazaa
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Kazaa Media Desktop started as a peer-to-peer file sharing application using the FastTrack protocol licensed by Joltid Ltd. and operated as Kazaa by Sharman Networks. Kazaa was subsequently under license as a music subscription service by Atrinsic. As of August 2012, the Kazaa website is no longer active, according to one of its creators, Jaan Tallinn, Kazaa is pronounced ka-ZAH. Kazaa Media Desktop was commonly used to exchange MP3 music files and other types, such as videos, applications. The Kazaa Media Desktop client could be downloaded free of charge, however, it was bundled with adware, Kazaa and FastTrack were originally created and developed by Estonian programmers from BlueMoon Interactive including Jaan Tallinn and sold to Swede Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis. Kazaa was introduced by the Dutch company Consumer Empowerment in March 2001, initially, some users of the Kazaa network were users of the Morpheus client program, formerly made available by MusicCity. Eventually, the official Kazaa client became more widespread, in February 2002, when Morpheus developers failed to pay license fees, Kazaa developers used an automatic update ability to shut out Morpheus clients by changing the protocol. Morpheus later became a client of the gnutella network, Consumer Empowerment was sued in the Netherlands in 2001 by the Dutch music publishing body, Buma/Stemra. The court ordered Kazaas owners to take steps to prevent its users from violating copyrights or else pay a heavy fine, in October 2001 a lawsuit was filed against Consumer Empowerment by members of the music and motion picture industry in the USA. In response Consumer Empowerment sold the Kazaa application to Sharman Networks, headquartered in Australia, in late March 2002, a Dutch court of appeal reversed an earlier judgment and stated that Kazaa was not responsible for the actions of its users. Buma/Stemra lost its appeal before the Dutch Supreme Court in December 2003, in 2003, Kazaa signed a deal with Altnet and Streamwaves to try to convert users to paying, legal customers. Searchers on Kazaa were offered a free 30-second sample of songs for which they were searching, however, Kazaas new owner, Sharman, was sued in Los Angeles by the major record labels and motion pictures studios and a class of music publishers. The other defendants in that case initially prevailed against the plaintiffs on summary judgment. The summary judgment ruling was upheld by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, following that ruling in favor of the plaintiff labels and studios, Grokster almost immediately settled the case. Shortly thereafter, on 27 July 2006, it was announced that Sharman had also settled with the record industry, Sharman also agreed to convert Kazaa into a legal music download service. Like the creators of similar products, Kazaas owners have taken to court by music publishing bodies to restrict its use in the sharing of copyrighted material. While the U. S. action was pending, the record industry commenced proceedings against Sharman on its home turf. In February 2004, the Australian Record Industry Association announced its own legal action against Kazaa, the trial began on 29 November 2004
9.
IMesh
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IMesh was a media and file sharing client that was available in nine languages. It used a proprietary, centralized, P2P network operating on ports 80,443 and 1863, iMesh was owned by American company iMesh, Inc. who maintained development centers around the world. As of 2009, it was the third most popular music service in the US. This subscription-based approach is advocated by such as the Open Music Model. A third option was available for users to permanently purchase tracks for 99 cents each. In September 2013, the media and file sharing client known as iMesh was hacked, the data was later put up for sale on a dark market website in mid-2016 and included email and IP addresses, usernames and salted MD5 hashes. On June 9,2016, iMesh shut down their service without prior notification and their top-level web page was changed to read We are sad to inform you that iMesh is no longer available. They posted to their Facebook page, After many years of wonderful music, thank you for listening with us. Stay tuned for our next adventure, multiple Facebook users commented on the post to express frustration that they had no way to contact friends made via the iMesh social networking features. On September 18,2003 the RIAA sued iMesh for encouraging copyright infringement, iMesh had first agreed to have the new service available by the end of 2004, but this was pushed back towards the end of 2005. After the relaunch, iMesh was advertised as a 100% legal P2P client and this was because downloads through the client were limited to a select database of 15 million licensed songs and videos. The iMesh 6 client achieved this by detecting attempts to download copyrighted material and blocking the transfer through the use of acoustic fingerprinting, an agreement with the MPAA had also been reached. Video files more than 50 MB in size and 15 minutes in length could no longer be shared on the iMesh network, ensuring feature-length releases would not be transferred across the network
10.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
11.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
12.
Odex's actions against file-sharing
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From early 2007 to January 2008 Odex took action against anyone who had downloaded anime through BitTorrent for alleged copyright infringement. Odex tracked their IP addresses without their consent and sought subpoenas to compel the ISPs to disclose the details of these subscribers. After rulings from the Subordinate Courts, Odex took personal data from affected ISPs, more than a third of the individuals contacted by Odex opted to settle out of court for at least S$3,000 to S$5,000 each. The Singaporean anime community considered Odexs actions to be controversial, sudden, in response, Odex dropped its pay-or-be-sued letter approach in favour of cease-and-desist emails to downloaders. Odex halted active enforcement after its third subpoena was rejected by the courts, in January 2008, Odex appealed the decision, and the High Court of Singapore ruled that one ISP was required to release data, but only directly to Japanese anime studios. Subsequently, these studios started their own actions against Singaporean downloaders. The case raised issues of privacy, intellectual property. Odex is a Singaporean company that licenses and releases anime for local and regional consumption, the company tracked people it believed to be illegally downloading its releases in Singapore, using the method employed by the Recording Industry Association of America in the United States. Like the RIAA, Odex hired the American tracking company BayTSP to obtain the IP addresses of downloaders from their respective countries, BayTSP singled out the website AnimeSuki as a major source of the downloads and tracked many of its BitTorrent users. This data was used to apply for subpoenas to compel ISPs to reveal personal information associated with each IP address, in May 2007, the ISP SingNet consented in writing to release personal information about its customers, before Odexs first application against the ISP had its hearing. On 13 August, Odex succeeded in its application against StarHub, however, it is revealed that Starhub didnt revealed any user data to Odex as they were reviewing their rights when Odex lost their appeal to Pacific Internet. Odex was represented by law firm Rajah & Tann in all its cases against major ISPs, after downloading that originated from Singaporean IP addresses had been recorded by BayTSP, Odex sent letters of demand to people associated with the IP addresses it had tracked. The letters requested monetary compensation for downloads of the licensed material. The recipients were asked to contact Odex within one week and pay settlement fees from S$3,000 to S$5,000 or face legal action. The recipients also had to sign an agreement, promise to destroy all copies of the downloaded anime. On 9 August 2007, an Odex representative said it intended to search warrants for illegally downloaded anime if necessary. The company initially believed that, unlike in other countries, mere warning letters would not stop the downloads in Singapore, letters were sent mainly to people who had downloaded more popular series, such as Bleach, D. Gray-man, Fullmetal Alchemist and InuYasha. The main factor it considered when deciding the level of compensation to demand was the amount of downloading by each individual
