1.
Tampa, Florida
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Tampa is a major city in, and the county seat of, Hillsborough County, Florida. It is located on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay, near the Gulf of Mexico, the city had a population of 346,037 in 2011. The current location of Tampa was once inhabited by peoples of the Safety Harbor culture. The area was explored by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, resulting in violent conflicts and the introduction of European diseases, which wiped out the original native cultures. In 1824, the United States Army established a frontier outpost called Fort Brooke at the mouth of the Hillsborough River, near the site of todays Tampa Convention Center. The first civilian residents were pioneers who settled near the fort for protection from the nearby Seminole population, today, Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area. For U. S. Census purposes, Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, the Greater Tampa Bay area has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas. The Tampa Bay Partnership and U. S. Census data showed an annual growth of 2.47 percent. A2012 estimate shows the Tampa Bay area population to have 4,310,524 people, Tampa was ranked as the 5th best outdoor city by Forbes in 2008. Tampa also ranks as the fifth most popular American city, based on where people want to live, a 2004 survey by the NYU newspaper Washington Square News ranked Tampa as a top city for twenty-somethings. Tampa is ranked as a Gamma+ world city by Loughborough University, ranked alongside other world cities such as Phoenix, Charlotte, Rotterdam, and Santo Domingo. The word Tampa may mean sticks of fire in the language of the Calusa and this might be a reference to the many lightning strikes that the area receives during the summer months. Other historians claim the name means the place to gather sticks, toponymist George R. Stewart writes that the name was the result of a miscommunication between the Spanish and the Indians, the Indian word being itimpi, meaning simply near it. The name first appears in the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda and he calls it Tanpa and describes it as an important Calusa town. While Tanpa may be the basis for the modern name Tampa, archaeologist Jerald Milanich places the Calusa village of Tanpa at the mouth of Charlotte Harbor, the original Bay of Tanpa. A later Spanish expedition did not notice Charlotte Harbor while sailing north along the west coast of Florida, the name was accidentally transferred north. Map makers were using the term Bay or Bahia Tampa as early as 1695, people from Tampa are known as Tampans or Tampanians. Latin Americans from Tampa are known as tampeños, or tampeñas for females and these terms of Spanish origin emerged after 1900 for the immigrant communities in West Tampa and Ybor City
2.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
3.
King Records (United States)
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King Records was an American leading independent record company and label founded in 1943 by Syd Nathan in Cincinnati, Ohio. The label owned several divisions, including Federal Records, which launched the career of James Brown, it operated until 1975, in the beginning, King specialized in country music, at the time known as hillbilly music. King advertised, If its a King, Its a Hillbilly – If its a Hillbilly, one of the labels hits was Im Using My Bible for a Road Map by Reno and Smiley. Important recordings in this field were done by the Delmore Brothers, the Delmores and Moon Mullican played a country-boogie style that was similar to rockabilly. Several King artists, such as Bill Beach, are in the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, beachs song Peg Pants was popular during the European resurgence of rockabilly in the late 1980s. Popular songs on the label included Ill Sail My Ship Alone, Blues Stay Away from Me, Chew Tobacco Rag, Eight More Miles to Louisville, Sweeter Than the Flowers, and Cherokee Boogie. King owned race records label Queen Records, which was folded into King, and Federal Records, King also had a long legal battle with James Brown after he repeatedly violated his contract with the company. King bought De Luxe Records and Bethlehem Records, in 1951, Federal Records made the first significant crossover of an R&B record into the white pop music charts with Billy Ward and the Dominoes Sixty Minute Man. It reached number 17 on the Billboard pop chart and number 1 in the R&B chart and it helped pave the way for future R&B artists and record labels to get their music heard on white radio, which was not easy in those days. The significance of this event cannot be overrated, as it was a point in the evolution of music. King mixed the country and R&B sides of the label, R&B artists recorded country songs, such as Bubber Johnsons Keep a Light in the Window for Me. During the 1950s, King distributed portable phonographs, King Records was unique among the independent labels because the entire production process was done in-house, recording, mastering, printing, pressing and shipping. This gave Nathan complete control, and a record could be recorded one day, for that reason, King records that did not sell well are now rare. Seymour Stein, a co-founder of Sire Records, interned at King Records as a school student in 1957 and 1958. When Nathan died in 1968, King was acquired by Hal Neelys Starday Records and restarted as Starday, in 1971, James Browns recording contract and back catalogue were sold to Polydor Records. Since 2001, Collectables Records has been remastering and reissuing the King Records catalogue, the former King Records headquarters, at 1540 Brewster Avenue in Cincinnati, is still standing. A historical marker was placed by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008, audio Lab Records Bethlehem Records De Luxe Records Federal Records Festival Records Queen Records Starday Records List of record labels King Records discography at Discogs The King Records story
4.
Smash Records
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Smash Records was an American record label founded in 1961 as a subsidiary of Mercury Records by Mercury executive Shelby Singleton and run by Singleton with Charlie Fach. Fach took over after Singleton left Mercury in 1966 and its recording artists included Frankie Valli, James Brown, Bruce Channel, Roger Miller, The Left Banke, Bill Justis and Jerry Lee Lewis. A dispute with King Records led Brown to release all of his bands instrumental recordings between 1964 and 1967 on Smash, Smash also released three of Browns vocal recordings, including his 1964 proto-funk single Out of Sight. Smash shared the numbering system for their singles with other labels that they distributed, the most important of these was Fontana Records. Mercury discontinued the Smash label in 1970, Mercury label owner PolyGram used the Smash imprint for reissues in the 1980s. PolyGram revived Smash in 1991 as an R&B/dance label with its offices located in Chicago and it was first under the PolyGram Label Group umbrella, then under the Independent Label Sales umbrella, then under Island Records until the imprint was retired in 1996. One of the hits Smash saw during this period was People Are Still Having Sex by house music producer LaTour, another successful artist on the dance charts was Jamie Principle
5.
Atco Records
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ATCO Records is an American record company and label founded in 1955 as a division of Atlantic Records. It was devised as an outlet for productions by one of Atlantics founders, Herb Abramson and it was also intended as a home for acts that did not fit the format of Atlantic, which was releasing blues, jazz, rhythm and blues, and soul. The Atco name is an abbreviation of ATlantic COrporation, Atco also provided distribution for other labels, including RSO Records, Volt, Island, Modern, Ruthless, and Rolling Stones Records. For most of its history Atco was known for pop music and rock and roll and these included Harry Arnold, Betty Carter, King Curtis, Herb Geller, Roland Hanna, and Helen Merrill. Atcos rock era began with Bobby Darin and The Coasters, in the early 1960s Atlantic began to license material from international sources, leading to instrumental hit singles from Jorgen Ingmann, Acker Bilk and Bent Fabric. Starting in the mid-1960s, Atco moved into rock-and-roll with Sonny and Cher, Buffalo Springfield, Vanilla Fudge, in 1964 Atco released a single in the U. S. by The Beatles, Aint She Sweet, which had been recorded in Hamburg in 1961. With lead vocals by John Lennon, Aint She Sweet reached #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in August 1964, in 1966 Atco released Substitute by The Who. This would be the only Who recording to appear on Atco, although Pete Townshend, Atlantic de-emphasized Atco in the mid-1970s, using the label mostly for hard rock acts and some British and European bands. In the mid-1970s Atco issued early albums from AC/DC, starting in 1978, AC/DC releases were issued on Atlantic until their contract with the label ended in the 1990s. In 1980 Atcos visibility rose with strong performances from Pete Townshends Empty Glass album. The last #1 hit on Atco was If Wishes Came True by Sweet Sensation in 1990, in 1991 Sylvia Rhone merged Atco with Atlantics fledgling EastWest Records America label and briefly operated the combination as Atco–East West Records America. By 1994 the Atco name was dropped and the label continued operating as EastWest Records America, since then the Atco name and logo appeared only on reissues of old material through Elektra. As of mid-2005 its most recent release was the soundtrack of the Bobby Darin biopic Beyond the Sea, in 2006, Warner Music Group reactivated Atco Records in conjunction with Rhino Entertainment. Scarlett Johansson, Keith Sweat, and Art Garfunkel were among the first artists signed to the label, Garfunkel issued Some Enchanted Evening on January 30,2007. Johansson issued Anywhere I Lay My Head on May 20,2008, queensrÿche released its American Soldier album on Atco on March 31,2009. The New York Dolls released its album Cause I Sez So on Atco on May 5,2009, the following is a list of artists who have recorded for Atco Records
6.
James Brown
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James Joseph Brown was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and bandleader. The creator of music and a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance. In a career spanned six decades, he influenced the development of several music genres. Brown began his career as a singer in Toccoa, Georgia. He joined an R&B vocal group, the Gospel Starlighters, in which he was the lead singer. His success peaked in the 1960s with the live album Live at the Apollo and hit singles such as Papas Got a Brand New Bag, I Got You and Its a Mans Mans Mans World. During the late 1960s he moved from a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms, by the early 1970s, Brown had fully established the funk sound after the formation of the J. B. s with records such as Get Up Sex Machine and The Payback. He also became noted for songs of social commentary, including the 1968 hit Say It Loud – Im Black, Brown continued to perform and record until his death from congestive heart failure in 2006. Brown recorded 16 singles that reached number one on the Billboard R&B charts and he also holds the record for the most singles listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart which did not reach number one. Brown has received honors from many institutions, including inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in Joel Whitburns analysis of the Billboard R&B charts from 1942 to 2010, James Brown is ranked as number one in The Top 500 Artists. He is ranked seventh on the music magazine Rolling Stones list of its 100 greatest artists of all time, Rolling Stone has also cited Brown as the most sampled artist of all time. Brown was born on May 3,1933, in Barnwell, South Carolina, to 16-year-old Susie and 22-year-old Joseph Joe Gardner Brown, in a small wooden shack. Browns name was supposed to have been Joseph James Brown, Jr. however, his first and he later legally changed his name to remove Jr. His parents were black, in his autobiography, Brown stated that he also had Chinese and Native American ancestry. The Brown family lived in poverty in Elko, South Carolina. They later moved to Augusta, Georgia, when James was four or five and his family first settled at one of his aunts brothels. They later moved into a house shared with another aunt, Browns mother later left the family after a contentious marriage and moved to New York. Brown spent long stretches of time on his own, hanging out in the streets and he managed to stay in school until the sixth grade
7.
The Famous Flames
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The Famous Flames were an American rhythm and blues vocal group founded in Toccoa, Georgia, in 1953 by Bobby Byrd. James Brown began his career as a member of the Famous Flames, emerging as the singer by the time of their first professional recording, Please, Please, Please. Altogether, they performed on 12 songs that reached the Billboard R&B and pop charts, in addition to being featured on numerous albums and they appeared in the films T. A. M. I. Show and Ski Party as well as on television programs. Members of the Flames also contributed as songwriters and choreographers, in 2012 the Flames were retroactively inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame alongside Brown. On their Rock & Roll Hall of Fame page, they are described as a group of singers, performers and dancers that created the complementary elements of one of the greatest stage shows of all time. The Famous Flames are sometimes identified as James Browns band. The band was billed separately as the James Brown Band, James Brown began singing with the R&B group the Cremona Trio while growing up in Toccoa, Georgia. In 1949, Brown, then sixteen, was sent to a detention center after committing several offenses of armed robbery. While at the center, he formed a group called the Swanees. The band made their own instruments, including a comb and paper, a washtub bass and this led to Browns first nickname, Music Box. In 1952, Browns reform school baseball team played another team that featured Bobby Byrd, shortly after, Byrd and his family offered to be Browns sponsors for an early prison release. Brown was paroled on June 14,1952, on the condition he not return to his hometown, in response, Brown moved into Byrds parents home in Toccoa, finding work as a dishwasher and also trying short careers as a boxer and semi-professional baseball pitcher. Around this time, Byrd had formed the vocal group, the Starlighters. Within a year, the wanted to perform R&B but was afraid of being confronted by church leaders for singing the Devils music. This led the group to perform R&B under the name The Avons, after deciding to focus primarily on R&B, they retired the Starlighters and performed in the South Carolina and Georgia areas as the Avons. However, when the failed to get a recording deal they disbanded. Later in 1954, the Avons faced a tragedy when Troy Collins died in a car accident, Byrd asked Brown to replace Collins
8.
Maceo Parker
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Maceo Parker is an American funk and soul jazz saxophonist, best known for his work with James Brown in the 1960s, as well as Parliament-Funkadelic in the 1970s. Parker was a prominent soloist on many of Browns hit recordings, since the early 1990s, he has toured under his own name. Parker was born in Kinston, North Carolina and his father played piano and drums, his mother and father both sang in church. His brother Melvin played drums and his brother Kellis trombone and he and his brother Melvin joined James Brown in 1964, in his autobiography, Brown says that he originally wanted Melvin as his drummer, but agreed to take Maceo under his wing as part of the deal. In 1970 Parker, his brother Melvin, and a few of Browns band members left to found Maceo & All the Kings Men, in 1974, Parker returned to James Brown. He also charted a single Parrty – Part I with Maceo & the Macks that year, in 1975, Parker and some of Browns band members, including Fred Wesley, left to join George Clintons band Parliament-Funkadelic. Parker once again re-joined James Brown from 1984 to 1988, in the 1990s, Parker began a solo career. His first album of this period Roots Revisited spent 10 weeks at the top of the Billboard Contemporary Jazz Charts To date he has released 11 solo albums since 1990 and his band has been billed as the greatest little funk orchestra on earth and the million-dollar support band. His 1992 live album Life on Planet Groove is considered to be the live album. In 1993, Parker made guest appearances on hip hop group De La Souls album Buhloone Mindstate, in the late 1990s, Parker began contributing semi-regularly to recordings by Prince and accompanying his band, The New Power Generation, on tour. He also played on the Janes Addiction track My Cats Name Is Maceo for their 1997 compilation album Kettle Whistle. In 1998, Parker performed as a guest on What Would You Say on a Dave Matthews Band concert, in 2007, Parker performed as part of Princes band for Princes 21 nights at the O2 arena. Parker also played as part of Princes band for his 21-night stay at LAs Forum in 2011, parkers album Roots & Grooves with the WDR Big Band is a tribute to Ray Charles, whom Parker cites as one of his most important influences. The album won a Jammie for best Jazz Album in 2009, Parker followed this up with another collaboration with WDR Big Band in 2012 with the album Soul Classics. In October 2011, Parker was inducted in the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame, in July 2012 Parker was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from Victoires Du Jazz in Paris. He continues touring, headlining many jazz festivals in Europe and doing as many as 290 concerts a year, in May 2016 Parker will receive The North Carolina Heritage Award from his home state. In February 2013, Parker published his autobiography, 98% Funky Stuff My Life in Music with the publisher Chicago Review Press, Maceo plays a gold-plated Selmer Mark VI alto saxophone and the mouthpiece he uses is a #3 Brilhart Ebolin. Maceos reed of choice is the Vandoren Java, size 3, Parker was portrayed by Craig Robinson in the 2014 James Brown biopic Get on Up
9.
R&B
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
10.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
11.
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
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Fort Lauderdale /ˌfɔərt ˈlɔːdərdeɪl/ is a city in the U. S. state of Florida,28 miles north of Miami. It is the county seat of Broward County, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 165,521. It is a city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. The city is a popular tourist destination, with an average temperature of 75.5 °F and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale which takes in all of Broward County hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, the district has 561 hotels and motels comprising nearly 35,000 rooms. Forty six cruise ships sailed from Port Everglades in 2012, greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants,63 golf courses,12 shopping malls,16 museums,132 nightclubs,278 parkland campsites, and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts. Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War, the forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale, younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort, however, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. The area in which the city of Fort Lauderdale would later be founded was inhabited for more two thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, although control of the area changed between Spain, United Kingdom, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century. The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the New River Settlement before the 20th century, in the 1830s there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River. William Cooley, the local Justice of the Peace, was a farmer and wrecker, who traded with the Seminole Indians. On January 6,1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children. The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, the fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward County, Fort Lauderdales first major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a woman at knife point. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob, a group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery
12.
Bewildered
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Bewildered is a popular song written in 1936 by Teddy Powell and Leonard Whitcup. It was a 1938 hit for Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra and it was also recorded by Mildred Bailey in the same year. The song was revived in the late 1940s when two different versions, by the Red Miller Trio and Amos Milburn, reached number one on the R&B chart in 1948, both these versions departed significantly from the original published melody and influenced later recordings. A decade later it was recorded by Mickey & Sylvia, again with a melody similar to that of the Red Miller Trio recording. Bewildered was also covered in 1990 by the Notting Hillbillies on their album Missing. Presumed Having a Good Time, james Brown and the Famous Flames recorded Bewildered in 1959. Their doo-wop–tinged rendition was somewhat similar to the Amos Milburn version, with a strong triplet feeling and it was first released as a track on Browns 1960 album Think. The following year it was issued as a single, which reached the R&B Top Ten, Bewildered became a staple of Browns concerts for much of his career. He also recorded new versions for the albums Prisoner of Love. Davis, tenor saxophone Bobby Roach, guitar Bernard Odum, bass Nat Kendrick, drums Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
13.
Thought
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Thought refers to ideas or arrangements of ideas that are the result of the process of thinking. Though thinking is an activity considered essential to humanity, there is no consensus as to how we define or understand it. Thinking allows humans to sense of, interpret, represent or model the world they experience. It is therefore helpful to an organism with needs, objectives, the word thought comes from Old English þoht, or geþoht, from stem of þencan to conceive of in the mind, consider. Definitions of thought may also be derived directly or indirectly from theories of thought, the notion of the fundamental role of non-cognitive understanding in rendering possible thematic consciousness informed the discussion surrounding Artificial Intelligence during the 1970s and 1980s. Phenomenology, however, is not the approach to thinking in modern Western philosophy. The mind-body problem concerns the explanation of the relationship exists between minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes. The main aim of working in this area is to determine the nature of the mind and mental states/processes. Someones desire for a slice of pizza, for example, will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants. The question, then, is how it can be possible for conscious experiences to arise out of a lump of gray matter endowed with nothing but electrochemical properties. A related problem is to explain how propositional attitudes can cause that individuals neurons to fire. These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of René Descartes, the above reflects a classical, functional description of how we work as cognitive, thinking systems. Therefore, functional analysis of the mind alone will always leave us with the problem which cannot be solved. A neuron is a cell in the nervous system that processes. Neurons are the components of the brain, the vertebrate spinal cord, the invertebrate ventral nerve cord. Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord and cause muscle contractions, interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the brain and spinal cord. Neurons respond to stimuli, and communicate the presence of stimuli to the nervous system. Neurons do not go through mitosis, and usually cannot be replaced after being destroyed, psychologists have concentrated on thinking as an intellectual exertion aimed at finding an answer to a question or the solution of a practical problem
14.
Lost Someone
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Lost Someone is a song recorded by James Brown in 1961. It was written by Brown and Famous Flames members Bobby Byrd, like Please, Please, Please before it, the songs lyrics combine a lament for lost love with a plea for forgiveness. The single was a #2 R&B hit and reached #48 on the pop chart, according to Brown, Lost Someone is based on the chord changes of the Conway Twitty song Its Only Make Believe. James Brown - lead vocal with the James Brown Band, Roscoe Patrick - trumpet J. C. Nearly 11 minutes long and spanning two tracks on the original LP release, it is regarded as the albums high point. Critic Peter Guralnick wrote of the recording, Here, in a single and you have embodied the whole history of soul music, the teaching, the preaching, the endless assortment of gospel effects, above all the groove that was at the musics core. Dont go to strangers, James pleads in his abrasively vulnerable fashion, I believe someone out there loves someone, declares James with cruel disingenuousness. Yeah, you, replies a girls voice with unabashed fervor, I feel so good I want to scream, says James, testing the limits yet again. An edited version of the performance was released as a single in 1966. Long, drawn-out performances of Lost Someone continued to be a feature of Browns live shows until 1966, Brown would sometimes interpolate parts of Lost Someone into the newer song, as in the 1967 performance documented on Live at the Apollo, Volume II. Cat Power recorded Lost Someone for her 2008 album Jukebox
15.
Live at the Apollo (1963 album)
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Live at the Apollo is a live album by James Brown and the Famous Flames, recorded at the Apollo Theater in Harlem and released in 1963. In 2003, the album was ranked number 25 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, in 2004, it was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. Live at the Apollo was recorded on the night of October 24,1962 at Browns own expense. Although not credited on the cover or label, Browns vocal group, The Famous Flames, played an important co-starring role in Live at the Apollo. Fats Gonder in the albums intro, Browns record label, King Records, originally opposed releasing the album, believing that a live album featuring no new songs would not be profitable. The label finally relented under pressure from Brown and his manager Bud Hobgood, to Kings surprise, Live at the Apollo was an amazingly rapid seller. It spent 66 weeks on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart, many record stores, especially in the southeast US, found themselves unable to keep up with the demand for the product, eventually ordering several cases at a time. R&B disc jockeys often would play side 1 in its entirety, the side break occurred in the middle of the long track Lost Someone. But not only did it establish Brown as an r&b superstar, the band is clean as a silk suit, and how the women love this rough singers tender lover-in-song act. There is no music anywhere quite like the perfectly timed and articulated female fan-screeches that punctuate the 10-minute Lost Someone, MC5 guitarist Wayne Kramer cited Live at the Apollo as the inspiration to Kick Out the Jams Our whole thing was based on James Brown. We listened to Live at the Apollo endlessly on acid and we would listen to that in the van in the early days of 8-tracks on the way to the gigs to get us up for the gig. If you played in a band in Detroit in the days before The MC5, everybody did Please, Please, Please and we modeled The MC5s performance on those records. Everything we did was on a gut level about sweat and energy, thats what we were consciously going for. The master tapes were recovered in late 1989, as Harry Weinger writes in the booklet of the reissued Deluxe Edition in 2004, Finding the primary master, not the readily available copy, became a mission. It was tough to find, since the original LP didnt index individual tracks, the tape vault was 100,000 reels strong, and growing. As JB would say Good gawd, I shared this tale of woe with Phil Schaap, the noted jazz historian. One day, Philip was searching the vault for a Max Roach tape, pulling the tape off the shelf, he realized he had instead an anonymous-looking audiotape box that said, Second Show James Brown. It was initialed, in pencil, GR-CLS-King Records Gene Redd
16.
Pure Dynamite! Live at the Royal
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Live At The Royal is a 1964 live album by James Brown and The Famous Flames. Originally issued on King Records, it was the live follow-up to Browns 1963 Live at the Apollo LP and it was recorded live at the Royal Theatre in Baltimore, Maryland, a popular venue for R&B artists of the day. The album takes its title from Browns most famous nickname at the time, although most of Pure Dynamite. is live, it contains one non-live studio track, the extended-length song Oh Baby, Dont You Weep, which was the groups then-current hit release. Dubbed-in crowd noise was added to simulate a live recording, features live versions of the singles Brown & The Flames had released since the Apollo LP. Side 1 closes with Ill Never Never Let You Go, another song from the groups 1960 Think, the Famous Flames play an important co-starring role on Pure Dynamite. Although they did not receive billing on the label or cover. But the photo is misleading, only two of the Flames are visible, partially obscured, and it was taken at the Apollo Theater in New York City. The Flames are pictured with Brown on the original album liner notes. Pure Dynamite. has been reissued on CD by Polydor at least twice, however, copies of the CD can be found on the Internet. James Brown, The Godfather of Soul, Pure Dynamite, Live At The Royal LP original liner notes
17.
Vicki Anderson
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Vicki Anderson is an American soul singer best known for her performances with the James Brown Revue. She recorded a number of singles under both her birth and stage names and she is the widow of Bobby Byrd and the mother of Carleen Anderson. She was born in Houston, Texas, Anderson joined Brown in 1965, replacing Anna King, and stayed for three years as his main female singer, until replaced by Marva Whitney in 1968. She rejoined in 1969 after Marva departed, staying for a three years until 1972, after which Lyn Collins took over from her. Brown claimed in his autobiography that Anderson was the best singer he ever had in his revue, in 1970 she released her most famous song, the feminist anthem The Message from the Soul Sisters. A single on James I-Dentify label by Mommie -O appeared in 1975 featuring a cover of Rufus hit Once You Get Started and Bobby Womacks Stop On By. Anderson toured the UK with the James Brown Funky People Revue in the late 1980s and again with husband Bobby Byrd, Anderson married Byrd in the mid-1960s, and is the mother of UK-based Carleen and Jhelisa, who both released albums in the 1990s
18.
(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction
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Satisfaction is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released in 1965. It was written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards and produced by Andrew Loog Oldham, Richards three-note guitar riff—intended to be replaced by horns—opens and drives the song. The lyrics refer to sexual frustration and commercialism, Satisfaction was a hit, giving the Stones their first number one in the US. In the UK, the song initially was played only on radio stations. It later became the Rolling Stones fourth number one in the United Kingdom, in 2004, Rolling Stone magazine placed Satisfaction in the second spot on its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song was added to the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2006, Richards recorded the rough version of the riff in a hotel room at the Fort Harrison Hotel in Clearwater, Florida. He ran through it once before falling asleep and he said when he listened back to it in the morning, there was about two minutes of acoustic guitar before you could hear him drop the pick and then me snoring for the next forty minutes. The Rolling Stones first recorded the track on 10 May 1965 at Chess Studios in Chicago, the Stones lip-synched to a dub of this version the first time they debuted the song on ABCs Shindig. The group re-recorded it two days later at RCA Studios in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, with a different beat, the songs success boosted sales of the Gibson fuzzbox so that the entire available stock sold out by the end of 1965. Author Gary West cites a different source for the release of Satisfaction in interviewing WTRY radio DJ Joe Condon, in the interview, Condon clearly states that his radio station began playing Satisfaction on 29 April 1965, making the above recording date impossible. It can be assumed that Satisfaction was probably recorded earlier in April, like most of the Stones pre-1966 recordings, Satisfaction was originally released in mono only. In the mid-1980s, a stereo version of the song was released on German. The stereo mix features a piano and acoustic guitar that are audible in the original mono release. The song opens with the riff, which is joined by the bass halfway through. It is repeated three times with the drums and acoustic guitar before the vocal enters with the line, I cant get no satisfaction. The key is E major, but with the 3rd and 7th degree occasionally lowered, the accompanying chords are borrowed from the E mixolydian scale, which is often used in blues and rock. The title line is an example of a negative concord, Jagger sings the verses in a tone hovering between cynical commentary and frustrated protest, and then leaps half singing and half yelling into the chorus, where the guitar riff reappears. Jagger also describes the stress of being a celebrity, and the tensions of touring, the reference in the verse to not getting any girl reaction was fairly controversial in its day, interpreted by some listeners as meaning a girl willing to have sex
19.
American International Pictures
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It was dedicated to releasing independently produced, low-budget films packaged as double features, primarily of interest to the teenagers of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Nicholson and Arkoff formed ARC in 1954, their first release was the 1955 The Fast, nicholson and Arkoff served as executive producers while Roger Corman and Alex Gordon were the principal film producers and, sometimes, directors. Griffith wrote many of the films, along with Arkoffs brother-in-law, Lou Rusoff. Other writers included Ray Russell, Richard Matheson and Charles Beaumont, famous for his camera work on a number of exotic documentaries and the Oscar winner, High Noon, was chief cinematographer. His innovative use of color and odd lenses and angles gave AIP films a signature look. The early rubber monster suits and miniatures of Paul Blaisdell were used in AIPs science fiction films, the company also hired Les Baxter and Ronald Stein to compose many of its film scores. In the 1950s the company had a number of actors under contract, including John Ashley, Fay Spain, when many of ARC/AIPs first releases failed to earn a profit, Arkoff quizzed film exhibitors who told him of the value of the teenage market as adults were watching television. AIP stopped making Westerns with Arkoff explaining, To compete with television westerns you have to have color, big stars and $2,000,000. AIP was the first company to use focus groups, polling American teenagers about what they would like to see and using their responses to determine titles, stars, and story content. AIP would question their exhibitors what they thought of the success of a title, samuel Z. Arkoff related his tried-and-true ARKOFF formula for producing a successful low-budget movie years later, during a 1980s talk show appearance. Having recognized that other filmmakers were ignoring the lucrative teenage drive-in market, AIP focused on producing scores of low-budget and they exploited the emerging juvenile delinquent genre with movies like Daddy-O, High School Hellcats, Female Jungle, Reform School Girl, Runaway Daughters, and Girls in Prison. Movies centered on rock n roll music such as Shake, Rattle & Rock. based in rented office space at the Chaplin Studios, during the early 1960s AIP concentrated on horror films inspired by the Poe cycle. In 1962 Arkoff said AIP were in a similar to Columbia Pictures just before they made Submarine and Dirigible. Our better position will enable us to more important writers. Were a privately owned company at the moment but perhaps two or three years we will become a public company. Beginning with 1963s Beach Party, AIP created a new genre of beach party films featuring Annette Funicello, the original idea and the first script were Lou Rusoffs. The highly successful and often imitated series ended in 1966 with the 7th film, many actors from the beach films also appeared in AIPs spy-spoofs such as Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine and car racing sagas like Fireball 500 and Thunder Alley. During this time AIP also produced or distributed most of Roger Cormans horror films such as X, in 1966, the studio released The Wild Angels starring Peter Fonda, based loosely on the real-life exploits of the Hells Angels motorcycle gang
20.
T.A.M.I. Show
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Show is a 1964 concert film released by American International Pictures. It includes performances by popular rock and roll and R&B musicians from the United States. The concert was held at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium on October 28 and 29,1964, free tickets were distributed to local high school students. The acronym T. A. M. I. was used inconsistently in the publicity to mean both Teenage Awards Music International and Teen Age Music International. The best footage from the two concert dates was combined into the film, which was released on December 29,1964. Jan and Dean emceed the event and performed its song, Here They Come, written by Los Angeles composers P. F. Sloan. Jack Nitzsche was the music director. The film was the second of a number of productions that used the system. By capturing more than 800 lines of resolution at 25 frame/s and it is considered one of the seminal events in the pioneering of music films, and more importantly, the later concept of music videos. Show is particularly known for James Browns performance, which features his legendary dance moves. In a web-published interview, Binder takes credit for persuading the Stones to follow James Brown, the show also featured The Supremes during their reign as the most successful female recording group of the era. The group had three chart-topping singles from July 1964 to December 1964, with the album Where Did Our Love Go reaching number two, throughout the show, numerous go-go dancers performed in the background or beside the performers under the direction of choreographer David Winters. Among them were Teri Garr and Toni Basil, according to filmmaker John Landis DVD commentary for the films trailer, he and fellow seventh grade classmate David Cassidy were in the audience for the show. Show was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress, dick Clark Productions later acquired ownership of the concert from Sargent. The Barbarians The Beach Boys Chuck Berry James Brown and The Famous Flames Marvin Gaye Gerry & the Pacemakers Lesley Gore Jan and Dean Billy J. T. A. M. I, shows executive producer was Bill Sargent. Sargent held patents in television and is considered the father of modern pay-per-view. He was the developer of Electronovision and its associated videotape technologies, during the VHS era, there had never been an authorized home video release of T. A. M. I. Show in its full, original cut, although bootlegs abounded, most of the bootlegs were missing the The Beach Boys performance
21.
Santa Monica Civic Auditorium
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Santa Monica Civic Auditorium is a multi-purpose convention center at 1855 Main Street in Santa Monica, California, owned by the City of Santa Monica. It was built in 1958 and designed by Welton Becket, the building was made of reinforced concrete and combined elements of a theater, concert hall, and trade show and convention auditorium. Parabolic pylons supported the exterior grand cantilevered canopy fronting a glass wall and brise soleil. For trade shows, the Civic Auditorium features 11,775 sq ft, while the stage adds 4,485 sq ft more space, the East Wing meeting room adds an additional 4,200 sq ft, while the main lobby features 6,708 sq ft. The main hall of the Civic is adaptable for not only trade shows, as a concert venue it can seat 3,000, as a banquet hall 720 in tables, and as a sports arena it can seat up to 2,500. The main floor of the auditorium can thus be raised or lowered to create a floor for theatre seating or a level floor for exhibits. The parcel includes the auditorium and surrounding land bounded on the north by the county building, on the west by Main Street, on the east by 4th Street, the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium opened in the summer of 1958. At that time, it was the second-largest auditorium in the Los Angeles area, on 28th and 29th October,1964, the auditorium was host to the T. A. M. I. Show, a concert featuring James Brown and The Rolling Stones. A home of the Academy Awards from 1961-1967, the auditorium remains home to the Santa Monica Symphony Orchestra, pink Floyd performed there on 1st May,1970. George Carlins album Class Clown was recorded at the auditorium on May 27,1972, Carlin first performed his infamous monologue Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television at the shows finale. On July 21,1972, Carlin was arrested and charged with violating obscenity laws after performing the routine at Summerfest, the Eagles performed three consecutive shows during The Long Run Tour on July 27–29,1980. The show was recorded and mostly featured on their live album, on April 9,1982, Weird Al Yankovic made his first major appearance at the auditorium, when his band opened for Missing Persons. It was not an experience, I got pelted for 45 minutes, he later said. By the 2000s, the Civic Auditorium was operating at a deficit of as much as $2 million. The City of Santa Monica began to plan for a $51. 9-million renovation using redevelopment funds and that effort was suspended after Governor Jerry Brown dissolved community redevelopment agencies. Per the Santa Monica Mirror newspaper, the auditorium is expected to close in July 2013 for at least five years and it needs at least $23 million in seismic and accessibly upgrades. A complete renovation would exceed $50 million, from an economic perspective, it would be cheaper to replace it, but many consider it a Landmark worth preserving
22.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
23.
Frankie Avalon
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Frankie Avalon is an Italian-American actor, singer, and former teen idol. He is a figure in mid 20th century entertainment and an icon in the history of American rock. Avalon was born in Philadelphia, the son of Mary and Nicholas Avallone, in December 1952, he made his American network television debut playing the trumpet in the Honeymooners Christmas Party sketch on The Jackie Gleason Show. Two singles showcasing Avalons trumpet playing were issued on RCA Victors X sublabel in 1954 and his trumpet playing was also featured on some of his LP songs as well. As a teenager he played with Bobby Rydell in Rocco and the Saints, in 1959, Venus and Why went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Why was the last #1 of the 1950s, Avalon had 31 charted U. S. Billboard singles from 1958 to late 1962, including Just Ask Your Heart, Ill Wait for You, Bobby Sox to Stockings, and A Boy Without a Girl. Most of his hits were written and/or produced by Bob Marcucci and he was less popular in the U. K. but did still manage four chart hits with Why, Ginger Bread, Venus and Dont Throw Away All Those Teardrops. Avalons first film was an appearance in Jamboree, playing a trumpet. In the late 1950s, teen idols were often given roles in movies supporting older male stars in order to attract a younger audience, Avalon was a favourite of the daughter of Alan Ladd who recommended him to co-star with her father in the Western Guns of the Timberland. Avalon sings two songs, The Faithful Kind and Gee Whiz Whillikins Golly Gee, both were released as singles, rushes for Timberland were seen by John Wayne, who was looking for a young actor to play the role of Smitty in his passion project, The Alamo. Avalon was cast in his second dramatic part, after making the film Wayne told the press Were not cutting one bit of any scene in which Frankie appears. I believe he is the finest young talent Ive seen in a long time, mr Wayne said I was natural as far as acting goes, said Avalon. He added, My ambition when I was ten years old was to have my own band like Harry James. I never expected anything like this, id like to be identified as a singer, dancer and actor. I dont want to be just one thing, I like to appeal to teenagers and adults, he said in 1960. Avalon was now in demand as an actor, for Irwin Allen he had a small role and sang the title role in the science fiction adventure film, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, a solid hit. He had a role in a comedy, Sail a Crooked Ship. Avalon was teamed with Ray Milland in the fiction film. Samuel Z. Arkoff of AIP said Avalon and Milland were teamed together because both have particular types of followers and the combination adds up to an attraction
24.
Ski Party
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Ski Party is a 1965 American comedy film directed by Alan Rafkin, and released by American International Pictures, starring Frankie Avalon and Dwayne Hickman. Ski Party is part of the 1960s beach party film genre, Todd Armstrong and Craig Gamble are California college undergraduates who unsuccessfully date co-eds Linda Hughes and Barbara Norris. Arrogant, handsome, athletic classmate Freddie has no such problems, as president of the Ski Club, Freddie organizes a midterm vacation trip to ski country in Idaho. Although they know nothing about skiing, Todd and Craig follow Linda and Barbara on this bus trip, once at the rustic ski resort, Todd and Craig pose as frumpy, non-threatening, young English women, Jane and Nora, with terrible accents. To make Linda jealous, Todd attracts the attention of gorgeous, but Freddie becomes obsessed with Craig when Craig is dressed as a woman, not accustomed to girls who play hard to get. Nita persuades Todd, over Freddies goading, to compete in a ski jump against Freddie, Todds jump, featuring absurdly comical special effects, forces Craig to shoot him down, resulting in a broken leg. Todd crawls through miles of snow, late at night, with his broken leg covered in a plaster cast. Toting a bottle, he learns that Nita is not the exotic minx she pretends to be but aspires to be treated like an American girl, back at the lodge, Freddie, still obsessed with Craigs female character, Nora, tries to break down Noras room door. Stuck inside, Todd and Craig contemplate their next move as they escape through a window, somehow they hail a taxi, and rack up an enormous fare to Santa Monica, California. Freddie follows on a moped piloted by fur-coated lodge manager Pevney, the rest of the group abruptly ends its spring break and follows behind on the bus. Todd and Linda, and Craig and Barbara arrive, with the rest of the group and Pevney, there the two couples share their true feelings and the boys surprise the girls with their ruse. Delusional Freddie swims into the Pacific Ocean convinced that he will catch his beloved brunette-wigged Nora who swam off ahead of him and is somewhere near Guam, cast notes Annette Funicello contributes an opening cameo role as the boys desirable but modestly dressed biology professor. Surfing champion Mickey Dora plays a small part, Avalon and Hickman appeared together again – after trading their character names with each other – in AIPs Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine. Meredith Macrae uncredited appeared as the girl on the bus behind Lesley Gore, los Angeles City College was the location used for the unnamed university in the film. The outdoor snow scenes were filmed in and around Sun Valley, Idaho, the Hondells sing two songs written by Gary Usher and Roger Christian – the title track off-camera, then appearing in beach attire for the closing track, The Gasser on Sorrento Beach in Santa Monica. Avalon sings the surf-rock Lots, Lots More, and is joined by Hickman, Walley and Craig for the Holiday-styled Paintin the Town, written by Bob Gaudio of The Four Seasons. Walley and Craig sing Well Never Change Them, a song by Guy Hemric and Jerry Styner, originally written as Ill Never Change Him and this is the only AIP beach party film not scored by Les Baxter. Edwin Norton is credited as the music editor and Al Simms as music supervisor
25.
The Ed Sullivan Show
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The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that ran on CBS from Sunday June 20,1948, to Sunday June 6,1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, in 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked #15 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the series finished No.31 in TV Guide Magazines 60 Best Series of All Time, the format was essentially the same as vaudeville, and although vaudeville had died a generation earlier, Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show. The last original Sullivan show telecast was on March 28,1971, with guests Melanie, Joanna Simon, Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass, repeats were scheduled through June 6,1971. While most of the episodes aired live from New York City, the show aired live on occasion from other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia. For many years, Ed Sullivan was an event each Sunday evening. In those days, we had six acts. Then, each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so, Now they do two or three minutes. And in those early days I talked too much, I look up at me talking away and I say You fool. But I just keep on talking, Ive learned how to keep my mouth shut. The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s and he was regarded as a kingmaker, and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom, although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case. The shows iconic status is illustrated by the song Hymn for a Sunday Evening from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie, in the song, a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones. In September 1965, CBS started televising the program in compatible color, CBS had once backed its own color system, developed by Peter Goldmark, and resisted using RCAs compatible process until 1954. At that time, it built its first New York City color TV studio, Studio 72, in a former RKO movie theater at 2248 Broadway. One Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast on August 22,1954, from the new studio, CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house. CBS Studio 50 was finally colorized in 1965, the 1965–66 season premiere starred the Beatles in an episode airing on September 12, which was the last episode to air in black and white. In the late 1960s, Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on and he realized that to keep viewers, the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen, or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel. Along with declining viewership, Ed Sullivan attracted a higher age for the average viewer as the seasons went on
26.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
27.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
28.
The Plain Dealer
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The Plain Dealer is the major daily newspaper of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It has the largest circulation of any Ohio newspaper and was a top 20 newspaper for Sunday circulation in the United States as of March 2013, as of December 2015, The Plain Dealer had more than 250,000 daily readers and 790,000 readers on Sunday. The Plain Dealers media market, the Cleveland-Akron DMA, is one of the Top 20 markets in the United States, with a population of 3.8 million people, it is the fourth-largest market in the Midwest, and Ohios largest media market. In April 2013 The Plain Dealer announced it would reduce home delivery to four days a week and this went into effect on August 5,2013. A daily version of The Plain Dealer is available electronically as well as in print at stores, newsracks and newsstands. The newspaper was established in 1842, less than 50 years after Moses Cleaveland landed on the banks of the Cuyahoga River in The Flats, the Plain Dealer Publishing Company is under the direction of Virginia Wang. The paper employs over 700 people, the newspaper was sold on March 1,1967, to S. I. Newhouses newspaper chain, and has been under the control of the Newhouse family ever since. W. On December 18,2005, The Plain Dealer ceased publication of its weekly Sunday Magazine and it also assured readers that the stories that would formerly have appeared in the Sunday Magazine would be integrated into other areas of the paper. On the morning of Wednesday, July 31,2013, nearly a third of the staff was eliminated through layoffs. Previously, in December 2012, under an agreement with the Newspaper Guild, the July round of layoffs led to accusations by the Guild that management had misled the union by cutting more employees than had been agreed upon. On August 5,2013, the Northeast Ohio Media Group launched, Northeast Ohio Media Group operates cleveland. com and Sun Newspapers and is responsible for all multimedia ad sales and marketing for The Plain Dealer, Sun News and cleveland. com. It also provides content to The Plain Dealer, cleveland. com, the Plain Dealer Publishing Company provides content and publishes in print seven days a week. The company also provides production, distribution, finance, information technology, accounting and other services for the Plain Dealer Publishing Co. 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning,2003 Editor & Publisher Editor of the Year Award 12-time Ohio News Photographers Association Award recipient.50 and the Sunday/Thanksgiving Day edition is $2.25 at newsstands/newsracks. The full subscription weekly price is $4.65 and these prices only apply to The Plain Dealers home delivery area, which are the Northeast Ohio counties of Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, Portage, Erie, Ottawa, Summit, Ashtabula, Medina and Lorain. The Plain Dealer is available all over the state at select newsstands, including in the capital, Columbus. The newspaper reported daily readership of 543,110 and Sunday readership of 858,376 as of October,2013. Effective August 5,2013, home delivery was reduced to four days a week, an edition on Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday
29.
Bill Haley & His Comets
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Bill Haley & His Comets were an American rock and roll band, founded in 1952 and continued until Haleys death in 1981. The band, also known as Bill Haley and the Comets and Bill Haleys Comets, was the earliest group of musicians to bring rock and roll to the attention of America. From late 1954 to late 1956, the group placed nine singles in the Top 20, one of those a number one, although several members of the Comets became famous, Bill Haley remained the star. Following Haleys death, no fewer than seven different groups have existed under the Comets name, as of the end of 2014, four such groups were still performing in the United States and internationally. In the mid-1940s, Bill Haley performed with the Down Homers, the group that later became the Comets initially formed as Bill Haley and the Saddlemen c. 1949–1952, and performed mostly country and western songs, though occasionally with a bluesy feel, during those years Haley was considered one of the top cowboy yodelers in America. Many Saddlemen recordings were not be released until the 1970s and 1980s, the original members of this group were Haley, pianist and accordion player Johnny Grande and steel guitarist Billy Williamson. Al Thompson was the groups first bass player, followed by Al Rex, during the groups early years, it recorded under several other names, including Johnny Clifton and His String Band and Reno Browne and Her Buckaroos. Haley began his rock and roll career with what is now recognized as a style in a cover of Rocket 88 recorded for the Philadelphia-based Holiday Records label in 1951. It sold well and was followed in 1952 by a cover of a 1940s rhythm, slap-back bass, one identifying characteristic of rockabilly, was used on the Comets recordings of Rocket 88, Rock the Joint, Rock Around the Clock, and Shake, Rattle, and Roll. Slap-back had been used by bassist Al Rex, although to a lesser extent, slap-back bass was a necessity for the group, because in its early years, it did not feature a stage drummer, so the bass provided percussion in addition to the bass line. Rock the Joint and its immediate follow-ups were released under the increasingly incongruous Saddlemen name and it soon became apparent that a new name was needed to fit the new musical style. A friend of Haleys, making note of the alternative pronunciation of the name Halleys Comet to rhyme with Bailey. The new name was adopted in the fall of 1952, members of the group at that time were Haley, Grande, Williamson and Lytle. Soon after renaming the band, Haley hired his first drummer, Charlie Higler, during this time, Haley did not have a permanent lead guitar player, choosing to use session musicians on record and either playing lead guitar himself or having Williamson play steel solos. In 1953 Haley scored his first national success with a song called Crazy Man, Crazy. Haley later claimed the recording sold a million copies, but this is considered an exaggeration, Crazy Man, Crazy was the first rock and roll song to be televised nationally when it was used on the soundtrack for a 1953 television play starring James Dean. Their first session, on April 12,1954, yielded Rock Around the Clock, sales of Rock Around the Clock started slowly, since it was the B-side of the single, but it performed well enough that a second Decca session was commissioned
30.
Bill Haley
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William John Clifton Bill Haley was an American rock and roll musician. He has sold over 25 million records worldwide, Bill Haley was born July 6,1925 in Highland Park, Michigan, as William John Clifton Haley. In 1929, the four-year-old Haley underwent an inner-ear mastoid operation which accidentally severed an optic nerve, leaving him blind in his left eye for the rest of his life. As a result of the effects of the Great Depression on the Detroit area, his father moved the family to Boothwyn, near Chester, Pennsylvania, Haley told the story that when he made a simulated guitar out of cardboard, his parents bought him a real one. Very soon after this he formed a group of enthusiastic youngsters. The sleeve notes continue, When Bill Haley was fifteen he left home with his guitar and very little else and set out on the road to fame. The next few years, continuing this story in a manner, were hard and poverty-stricken. Eventually he got a job with a group known as the Down Homers while they were in Hartford. Soon after this he decided, as all people must decide at some time or another, to be his own boss again –. These notes fail to account for his band, known as the Four Aces of Western Swing. During the 1940s Haley was considered one of the top cowboy yodelers in America as Silver Yodeling Bill Haley. The sleeve notes conclude, For six years Bill Haley was a director of Radio Station WPWA in Chester, Pennsylvania. It was then known as Bill Haleys Saddlemen, indicating their definite leaning toward the tough Western style and they continued playing in clubs as well as over the radio around Philadelphia, and in 1951 made their first recordings on Ed Wilsons Keystone Records in Philadelphia. On June 14,1951 the Saddlemen recorded a cover of Rocket 88.15 on Billboard, soon after, the bands name was revised to Bill Haley & His Comets. In 1953, a song called Rock Around the Clock was recorded by Haley, initially, it was relatively successful, peaking at no.23 on the Billboard pop singles chart and staying on the charts for a few weeks. A month later it re-entered at number 1 and he retained elements of the original, but sped it up with some country music aspects into the song and changed up the lyrics. Haley and his band were important in launching the music known as Rock, when Rock Around the Clock appeared as the theme song of the 1955 film Blackboard Jungle starring Glenn Ford, it soared to the top of the American Billboard chart for eight weeks. The single is used as a convenient line of demarcation between the rock era and the music industry that preceded it
31.
The Crickets
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The Crickets were an American rock and roll band from Lubbock, Texas, formed by singer-songwriter Buddy Holly in the 1950s. Their first hit record, Thatll Be the Day, released in 1957, was a hit single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on September 23. The Crickets helped set the template for subsequent rock bands, such as the Beatles, with their guitar-bass-drums lineup, after Hollys death in 1959 the band continued to tour and record with other band members into the 21st century. Holly had been making demo recordings with local musician friends since 1954, Sonny Curtis, Jerry Allison, and Larry Welborn participated in these sessions. Holly had already recorded for another label under his own name, as the Crickets recalled in John Goldrosens book The Buddy Holly Story, they were inspired by other groups named after birds. They were then considering insect-centered names, apparently unaware of the Bronx R&B vocal group the Crickets and they almost chose the name Beetles, years later, the Beatles chose their name partly in homage to the Crickets. The Crickets were lead guitarist and vocalist Buddy Holly, drummer Jerry Allison, Mauldin, and rhythm guitarist Niki Sullivan. Sullivan dropped out after a more than one year to resume his education. The Crickets, now a trio, continued to stage and TV appearances and recorded more songs. In 1957 Norman Petty arranged for the Crickets recordings to be marketed under two separate names, the solo vocals were released as being by Buddy Holly, and the songs with dubbed backing vocals were issued as being by the Crickets. Petty reasoned correctly that disc jockeys might be reluctant to program a single artist too heavily, some disc jockeys referred to the band as Buddy Holly and the Crickets, but record labels never used this wording until after Hollys death. In 1958, Holly broke with producer Petty and moved to New York to be involved with the publishing and recording businesses. Allison and Mauldin chose not to move and returned to Lubbock, Holly now recorded under his own name with the studio musicians Tommy Allsup and Carl Bunch. Waylon Jennings toured with him shortly after the Crickets folded, Allison and Mauldin looked forward to rejoining Holly after he returned from a winter tour through the northern Midwest. In the meantime, Mauldin, Allison, and Sonny Curtis began recording new songs as the Crickets, while they were recording, it was announced that Holly had died in a plane crash while on tour. The Crickets, now with vocalist Earl Sinks, went on performing after Hollys death, Curtis was not in the band at the time, as he was completing military service. Box, who had left the group in 1960, died in a plane crash on October 23,1964. In April 1960 the Crickets backed the Everly Brothers on their first UK concert tour but were not billed as their backing group, by 1962, the Crickets consisted of Curtis, Allison, Glen D. Hardin and Jerry Naylor
32.
Buddy Holly
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Buddy Holly was an American musician and singer-songwriter who was a central figure of mid-1950s rock and roll. Holly was born in Lubbock, Texas, to a family during the Great Depression, he learned to play guitar. His style was influenced by music, country music, and rhythm and blues acts. He made his first appearance on television in 1952. In 1955, after opening for Elvis Presley, Holly decided to pursue a career in music and he opened for Presley three times that year, his bands style shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. In October that year, when he opened for Bill Haley & His Comets, Holly was spotted by Nashville scout Eddie Crandall, Hollys recording sessions at Decca were produced by Owen Bradley. Petty became the manager and sent the demo to Brunswick Records, which released it as a single credited to The Crickets. In September 1957, as the band toured, Thatll Be the Day topped the US Best Sellers in Stores chart and its success was followed in October by another major hit, Peggy Sue. The album Chirping Crickets, released in November 1957, reached five on the UK Albums Chart. Holly made his appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in January 1958 and soon after, toured Australia. In early 1959, Holly assembled a new band, consisting of country music star Waylon Jennings, famed session musician Tommy Allsup, and Carl Bunch. After a show in Clear Lake, Iowa, Holly chartered an airplane to travel to his show, in Moorhead. Soon after takeoff, the crashed, killing Holly, Ritchie Valens, The Big Bopper. During his short career, Holly wrote, recorded, and produced his own material and he is often regarded as the artist who defined the traditional rock-and-roll lineup of two guitars, bass, and drums. Holly was an influence on later popular music artists, including The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton. He was among the first artists inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked him number 13 in its list of 100 Greatest Artists. Buddy Holly was born Charles Hardin Holley on September 7,1936, in Lubbock, Texas, at 3,30 pm, he was the child of Lawrence Odell L. O. Holley. His older siblings were Larry, Travis, and Patricia Lou, from early childhood, he was nicknamed Buddy
33.
Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps
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Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps is an album by Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps. It was originally released in 1957, four months after its predecessor and it was released on the Capitol label. It was re-released on CD in 2002, cliff Gallup and rhythm guitarist, Willie Williams, had left The Blue Caps in the summer of 1956. Gallup was persuaded by producer, Ken Nelson, to rejoin for the sessions that resulted in the album. com Gene Vincent
34.
Gene Vincent
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Vincent Eugene Craddock, known as Gene Vincent, was an American musician who pioneered the styles of rock and roll and rockabilly. His 1956 top ten hit with his Blue Caps, Be-Bop-A-Lula, is considered a significant early example of rockabilly and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Craddock was born February 11,1935, in Norfolk, Virginia, to Mary Louise and his musical influences included country, rhythm and blues and gospel music. His favourite composition was Beethovens Egmont overture and he showed his first real interest in music while his family lived in Munden Point, in Princess Anne County, Virginia, near the North Carolina line, where they ran a country store. He received his first guitar at the age of twelve as a gift from a friend, Vincents father volunteered to serve in the U. S. Coast Guard and patrolled American coastal waters to protect Allied shipping against German U-boats during World War II. Vincents mother maintained the store in Munden Point. His parents moved the family to Norfolk, the home of a naval base. Vincent dropped out of school in 1952, at the age of seventeen, as he was under the age of enlistment, his parents signed the forms allowing him to enter the Navy. He completed boot camp and joined the fleet as a crewman aboard the fleet oiler USS Chukawan, with a training period in the repair ship USS Amphion. He never saw combat but completed a Korean War deployment and he sailed home from Korean waters aboard the battleship USS Wisconsin but was not part of the ships company. Craddock planned a career in the Navy and, in 1955, in July 1955, while he was in Norfolk, his left leg was shattered in a motorcycle crash. He refused to allow the leg to be amputated, and the leg was saved and he wore a steel sheath around the leg for the rest of his life. Most accounts relate the accident as the fault of a driver who struck him. Years later in some of his biographies, there is no mention of an accident. He spent time in the Portsmouth Naval Hospital and was discharged from the Navy shortly thereafter. Craddock became involved in the music scene in Norfolk. He changed his name to Gene Vincent and formed a band, Gene Vincent. The band included Willie Williams on rhythm guitar, Jack Neal on upright bass, Dickie Harrell on drums and he also collaborated with another rising musician, Jay Chevalier of Rapides Parish, Louisiana
35.
The Miracles
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Formed in 1955 by Smokey Robinson, Warren Pete Moore, and Ronnie White, the group started off as the Five Chimes, changing their name to the Matadors two years later. The group then settled on the Miracles after the inclusion of Claudette Robinson in 1958, the most notable Miracles line-up included the Robinsons, Moore, White, Bobby Rogers and Marv Tarplin. In all, the group had over fifty charted hits by the time they disbanded, on the R&B charts, the Miracles scored 26 Top 10 Billboard R&B hits, with 4 R&B # 1s, and 11 U. S. R&B Top 10 Albums, including 2-#1s. Bobby Rogers and Ronald White revived the group as a touring ensemble sporadically during the 1980s, following Whites death in 1995, Rogers continued to tour with different members until he was forced into retirement due to health issues in 2011, dying less than two years later. The Miracles have been awarded many top music industry honors over the years, in 1997, the group received the Pioneer Award at the Rhythm and Blues Foundation for their musical achievements. Four years later, in 2001, they were inducted to the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, in 2004, they were ranked thirty-two on the Rolling Stone magazines list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, retaining that same position seven years later, in 2011. Four of their hit songs were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, in 2009, the group received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Throughout their careers, the Miracles were also enshrined with honors for their songwriting by both BMI and ASCAP, in 2008, Billboard listed them at #61 on their 100 most successful Billboard artists ever list. After much controversy, the Miracles were inducted to the Rock, the group that later became the Miracles was formed in 1955 by five teenage friends from Detroit, Michigan, under the name the Five Chimes. Three of the members, Smokey Robinson, Pete Moore. The group, influenced by such as Billy Ward and His Dominoes and Nolan Strong & the Diablos, featured Clarence Dawson. All FIVE CHIMESoriginal members attended Northern High School in Detroit, after Dawson quit the group and Grice dropped out to get married, they were replaced by Emerson Sonny Rogers and his cousin Bobby and changed their name to the Matadors. Ironically, both Smokey Robinson and Bobby Rogers were born in the hospital on the same month, date and year. In 1957, Sonny Rogers left to join the United States Army and Claudette Rogers, his sister, following two years of courtship, Smokey and Claudette married in November 1959. The group auditioned for Brunswick Records in front of Alonzo Tucker, Nat Tarnopol and one of the staff songwriters, Berry Gordy. Tucker was unimpressed by the audition, stating that there was the Platters that there couldnt be two groups in America like that with a woman in the group. Gordy recorded their first single, Got a Job, a song to the Silhouettes Get a Job in January 1958. Gordy shortly thereafter struck a deal with George Goldners End Records to distribute the single, before the song was released, the group changed their name to the Miracles, taking it from the moniker Miracletones, with the Tones taken out
36.
Smokey Robinson
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William Smokey Robinson, Jr. is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and former record executive. Robinson was the founder and front man of the Motown vocal group the Miracles, Robinson led the group from its 1955 origins as the Five Chimes until 1972 when he announced a retirement from the group to focus on his role as Motowns vice president. However, Robinson returned to the industry as a solo artist the following year. Following the sale of Motown Records in 1988, Robinson left the company in 1990 and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. Robinson was awarded the 2016 Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music. Smokey Robinson was born to an African-American father and a mother of African-American and his uncle Claude gave him the nickname Smokey Joe when he was a child. He attended Northern High School, where he was above average academically, at one point, he and Diana Ross lived several houses from each other on Belmont, he once said he has known Ross since she was about eight. Robinson said his interest in music started after hearing the groups Nolan Strong & the Diablos and Billy Ward, Robinson later listed Barrett Strong, a Detroit native, as a strong vocal influence. In 1955, he formed the first lineup of the Five Chimes with childhood friend Ronald White and classmate Pete Moore, two years later, in 1957, they were renamed the Matadors and included Bobby Rogers. Another member, Emerson Rogers, was replaced by Bobbys cousin Claudette Rogers, the groups guitarist, Marv Tarplin, joined them sometime in 1958. The Matadors began touring Detroit venues around this time and they later changed their name to the Miracles. In August 1957, Robinson and the Miracles met songwriter Berry Gordy after an audition for Brunswick Records. At that time during the audition, Robinson had brought along with him a Big 10 notebook with 100 songs he wrote while in high school, Gordy was impressed with Robinsons vocals and even more impressed with Robinsons ambitious songwriting. With his help, the Miracles released their first single, Got a Job and it was the beginning of a long and successful collaboration. During this time, Robinson attended college and started classes in January 1959, Robinson dropped out after only two months following the Miracles release of their first record. Gordy formed Tamla Records which was reincorporated as Motown. The Miracles became one of the first acts signed to the label, in point of fact, they had actually been with Gordy since before the formation of Motown Records. In late 1960, the recorded their first hit single, Shop Around
37.
Get on Up (film)
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Get on Up is a 2014 American biographical drama film about the life of singer James Brown directed by Tate Taylor and written by Jez and John-Henry Butterworth. The film was released on August 1,2014, get on Up is told using a nonlinear narrative through James Browns stream of consciousness, including asynchronous events and frequent breaks in the fourth wall. The film opens in 1993 with James Brown walking through a hallway as an audience chants his name. He hears the voices of people he knew throughout his life, the film then cuts to 1988 in Augusta, Georgia, James learns that his private bathroom in a strip mall he owns was used without his consent. As James confronts and then forgives the trespasser, James accidentally fires a shotgun, during the 1960s, James and his band decide to travel to Vietnam to show support to the black troops, where they put on a well-received show. In 1939, James is raised in the woods by his parents, whose marriage is fraught with financial struggles and physical abuse. Later he performs in a group, The Famous Flames, formed by Bobby Byrd, whose family sponsored his release from prison. James lives with the Byrd family and becomes lead singer of Bobbys group, in 1964, manager Ben Bart convinces them to let The Rolling Stones close The T. A. M. I. The Flames upstage the Stones, and, exiting the stage, James tells the Stones, in James childhood, Susie leaves Joe, and Joe threatens her with a gun and keeps James. Joe continues to abuse James until Joe joins the army, James is left living with and working for his Aunt Honey, who runs a brothel. At her home, he attends church and enjoys the choir, at the age of 17, James steals a suit, is arrested, and receives a five-to-thirteen-year prison sentence. In prison, James sees a group of singers performing and his enthusiastic reaction incites a riot wherein both he and one of the singers, Bobby Byrd, are injured. Bobby invites James into the Byrd household, years later, James joins Bobbys gospel group and they put on a show at a club as The Famous Flames, following a performance by Little Richard. Another flashback from Jamess childhood shows him and other black boys forced into a battle royal boxing match while a band plays, inspired by the funky band, James wins the match. In the 1950s, James and Bobby meet an agent from King Records, with whom The Flames record their first single, Please, Please, Please, King Records executive Syd Nathan initially mocks the song but appreciates Jamess vocals. Ben Bart becomes James manager, calling him the voice of the group. The records are labelled as James Brown and His Famous Flames, James and Bobby form a new band with Maceo Parker, Pee Wee Ellis, Nafloyd Scott, and Baby Roy. The Famous Flames singing group is also re-formed, replacing the members that quit, the Flames perform at the Apollo Theater to an excited audience
38.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
