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Rum
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Rum is a distilled alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane byproducts, such as molasses, or directly from sugarcane juice, by a process of fermentation and distillation. The distillate, a liquid, is then usually aged in oak barrels. The majority of the rum production occurs in the Caribbean. Rums are produced in various grades, light rums are commonly used in cocktails, whereas golden and dark rums were typically consumed straight or neat, on the rocks, or used for cooking, but are now commonly consumed with mixers. Premium rums are also available, made to be consumed straight or iced. Rum plays a part in the culture of most islands of the West Indies as well as in The Maritimes and this beverage has famous associations with the Royal Navy and piracy. Rum has also served as a medium of economic exchange, used to help fund enterprises such as slavery, organized crime. The origin of the rum is generally unclear. In an 1824 essay about the origin, Samuel Morewood. He wrote, As spirits, extracted from molasses, could not well be ranked under the name whiskey, brandy, or arrack, it would be called rum, given the harsh taste of early rum, this is unlikely. Morewood later suggested another possibility, that it was taken from the last syllable of the Latin word for sugar, saccharum, other etymologists have mentioned the Romani word rum, meaning strong or potent. These words have been linked to the ramboozle and rumfustian, both popular British drinks in the mid-17th century, however, neither was made with rum, but rather eggs, ale, wine, sugar, and various spices. The most probable origin is as a version of rumbullion or rumbustion. Both words surfaced in English about the time as rum did. This is a far more convincing explanation, and brings the image of men fighting in entanglements at island tippling houses. Another claim is the name is from the large drinking glasses used by Dutch seamen known as rummers, from the Dutch word roemer, other options include contractions of the words iterum, Latin for again, a second time, or arôme, French for aroma. A short time later in May 1657, the General Court of Massachusetts also decided to make illegal the sale of strong liquor whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong water, wine, brandy, etc. In current usage, the used for a rum is often based on its place of origin
2.
Bacardi Limited
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Bacardi Limited is the largest privately held, family-owned spirits company in the world. Originally known for its eponymous Bacardi white rum, it now has a portfolio of more than 200 brands and labels. Founded in 1862, and family-owned for seven generations, Bacardi employs 6,000 people, manufactures at 29 facilities in 16 markets on four continents, Bacardi Limited refers to the Bacardi group of companies, including Bacardi International Limited. The company sells in excess of 200 million bottles per year, the companys sales in 2007 were US$5.5 billion, up from $4.9 billion in 2006. In recent years sales have stagnated, with the company recording US$4.6 billion in 2014 and it laid off 10% of its North American workforce in 2015. Bacardi Limited is headquartered in Hamilton, Bermuda, and has a 16-member board of directors led by the original founders great-great grandson, along with other leading alcohol producers, Bacardi is part of a producers commitments organization which aims to reduce harmful drinking. Facundo Bacardí Massó, a Spanish wine merchant, was born in Sitges, Catalonia, Spain, in 1814, during this period, rum was cheaply made and not considered a refined drink, and rarely sold in upmarket taverns. Facundo began attempting to tame rum by isolating a proprietary strain of yeast still used in Bacardi production and this yeast gives Bacardi rum its flavour profile. After experimenting with several techniques he hit upon filtering the rum through charcoal, in addition to this, Facundo aged the rum in white oak barrels, which had the effect of mellowing the drink. The final product was the first clear, or white rum in the world. Moving from the stage to a more commercial endeavour, he and his brother José set up a Santiago de Cuba distillery they bought in 1862. In the rafters of this building lived fruit bats – the inspiration for the Bacardi bat logo and this logo was pragmatic considering with high illiteracy rate in the 19th century, it enabled customers to easily identify the product. The 1880s and 90s were turbulent times for Cuba and the company, Emilio Bacardi, Don Facundos eldest son, was repeatedly imprisoned and was exiled from Cuba for having fought in the rebel army against Spain in the Cuban War of Independence. Emilios brothers, Facundo and José, and his brother-in-law Henri Schueg, the women in the family were exiled in Kingston, Jamaica. After the Cuban War of Independence and the US occupation of Cuba, The Original Cuba Libre, in 1899 US General Leonard Wood appointed Emilio Bacardi Mayor of Santiago de Cuba. In 1912, Emilio Bacardi travelled to Egypt, where he purchased a mummy for the future Emilio Bacardi Moreau Municipal Museum in Santiago de Cuba. In Santiago, his brother Facundo M. Bacardí continued to manage the company along with Schueg, the New York plant was soon shut down due to Prohibition, yet during this time Cuba became a hotspot for US tourists. In 1922 Emilio opened a new distillery in Santiago, in 1930 Schueg opened the Art Deco Bacardi building in Havana and the third generation of the Bacardí family entered the business
3.
Hamilton, Bermuda
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Hamilton is the capital of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda. It is the financial centre and a major port and tourist destination. Its population of 1,010 is one of the smallest of any capital cites, the Colonys capital relocated to Hamilton from St. Georges in 1815. The City has been at the political and military heart of Bermuda ever since, the Town of Hamilton became a City in 1897, ahead of the consecration in 1911 of the Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, which was under construction at the time. A Catholic cathedral, St. Theresas, was later constructed, today, the city overlooking Hamilton Harbour is primarily a business district, with few structures other than office buildings and shops. The City of Hamilton has long maintained a building height and view limit, in the 21st century, buildings have been planned and some are under construction that are as high as 10 stories in this area. Bermudas local newspaper, The Royal Gazette, reports If you dont recognise the city, from 15 years ago, Hamilton is located on the north side of Hamilton Harbour, and is Bermudas main port. Although there is a parish of the name, the city of Hamilton is in the parish of Pembroke. The City is named after Sir Henry Hamilton, governor from 1786 to 1793, the administrative capital of Bermuda, Hamilton has a limited permanent population of approximately 1,010, however,13,340 work here on a daily basis. The only incorporated city in Bermuda, Hamilton is smaller than the town of St. Georges. A more representative measure of Bermuda local residential populations tends to be by parish, finance and international business constitute the largest sector of Bermudas economy, and virtually all of this business takes place within the borders of Hamilton. Numerous leading international insurance companies are based in Hamilton, as it is a global reinsurance centre, around 400 internationally owned and operated businesses are physically based in Bermuda, and many are represented by the Association of Bermuda International Companies. In total, over 1,500 exempted or international companies are registered with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda. Its low corporate tax rate makes it attractive to US companies, in addition, the corporate headquarters of the Bermuda grocery store chain The MarketPlace is located within the chains Hamilton MarketPlace location, the largest grocery store in Bermuda. This shield is supported by a mermaid and heraldic sea horse, the shield is topped by a crest featuring a closed helm topped with a torque above which an heraldic seahorse is emerging from the sea holding a flower. The citys full motto is Hamilton sparsa collegit, the citys flag is a banner of arms, featuring the same details as on the shield of the citys coat of arms, but with the flowers in white rather than gold. The city of Hamilton has many parks for its size, probably the most notable park in the city is Victoria Park. This park occupies a block and was named after the former Queen Victoria
4.
Alcohol proof
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Alcohol proof is a measure of the content of ethanol in an alcoholic beverage. The term was used in the United Kingdom and was equal to about 1.75 times the alcohol by volume. The UK now uses the ABV standard instead of alcohol proof, in the United States, alcohol proof is defined as twice the percentage of ABV. The measurement of alcohol content and the statement of content on bottles of alcoholic beverages is regulated by law in many countries, the term proof dates back to 16th century England, when spirits were taxed at different rates depending on their alcohol content. Spirits were tested by soaking a pellet of gunpowder in them, if the gunpowder could still burn, the spirits were rated above proof and taxed at a higher rate. As gunpowder would not burn if soaked in rum that contained less than 57. 15% ABV, the gunpowder test was officially replaced by a specific-gravity test in 1816. From the 18th century until 1 January 1980, the UK measured alcohol content by proof spirit, defined as spirit with a gravity of 12⁄13 that of water, or 923 kg/m3, the value 57. 15% is very close to the fraction 4⁄7 =0.5714. Thus, the amounts to declaring that 100° proof spirit has an ABV of 4⁄7. From this, it follows that to convert the ABV to degrees proof, thus pure, 100% alcohol will have 100× = 175° proof, and a spirit containing 40% ABV will have 40× = 70° proof. The proof system in the United States was established around 1848 and was based on percent alcohol rather than specific gravity, 50% alcohol was defined as 100 proof. The use of proof as a measure of alcohol content is now mostly historical, today, liquor is sold in most locations with labels that state its alcohol content as its percentage of alcohol by volume. The European Union follows recommendations of the International Organization of Legal Metrology, oIMLs International Recommendation No.22 provides standards for measuring alcohol strength by volume and by mass. The document does not address alcohol proof or the labeling of bottles, since 1 January 1980, the United Kingdom has used the ABV standard to measure alcohol content, as prescribed by the European Union. The OIML system measures alcohol strength as a percentage of alcohol by volume at a temperature of 20 °C and it replaced the Sikes system of measuring the proof strength of spirits, which had been used in Britain for over 160 years. Britain, which used to use the Sikes scale to display proof and this scale, for all intents and purposes the same as the Gay-Lussac scale previously used by much of mainland Europe, was adopted by all the countries in the European Community in 1980. Using the OIML scale or the Gay-Lussac scale is essentially the same as measuring alcohol by volume except that the figures are expressed in degrees, in the United States, alcohol content is measured in terms of the percentage of alcohol by volume. The Code of Federal Regulations requires that liquor labels must state the percentage of ABV, the regulation permits, but does not require, a statement of the proof provided that it is printed close to the ABV number. For bottled spirits over 100 mL containing no solids, actual alcohol content is allowed to vary within 0. 15% of ABV stated on the label, alcohol proof in the United States is defined as twice the percentage of alcohol by volume
5.
Alcohol by volume
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Alcohol by volume is a standard measure of how much alcohol is contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage. It is defined as the number of millilitres of pure ethanol present in 100 millilitres of solution at 20 °C, the number of millilitres of pure ethanol is the mass of the ethanol divided by its density at 20 °C, which is 0.78924 g/ml. The ABV standard is used worldwide, the International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures. In some countries, such as the U. K and France, alcohol by volume is referred to as degrees Gay-Lussac and this results in the slight difference in marked % noted later in this article. Mixing two solutions of alcohol of different strengths usually causes a change in volume, mixing pure water with a solution less than 24% by mass causes a slight increase in total volume, whereas the mixing of two solutions above 24% causes a decrease in volume. The phenomenon of volume due to mixing dissimilar solutions is called partial molar volume. Details about typical amounts of alcohol contained in various beverages can be found in the articles about them. Another way of specifying the amount of alcohol is alcohol proof, for example, 40% abv is 80 proof in the US and 70 proof in the UK. However, since 1980, alcohol proof in the UK has been replaced by abv as a measure of alcohol content, in the United States, a few states regulate and tax alcoholic beverages according to alcohol by weight, expressed as a percentage of total mass. Some brewers print the ABW on beer containers, particularly on low-point versions of domestic beer brands. However, because of the miscibility of alcohol and water, the factor is not constant. 100% ABW, of course, is equivalent to 100% ABV, during the production of wine and beer, yeast is added to a sugary solution. During fermentation, the yeasts consume the sugars and produce alcohol, the density of sugar in water is greater than the density of alcohol in water. A hydrometer is used to measure the change in gravity of the solution before. The volume of alcohol in the solution can then be estimated, there are a number of empirical formulae which brewers and winemakers use to estimate the alcohol content of the liquor made. The simplest method for wine has been described by English author C. J. J, the number 0.7936 is the specific gravity of a 100% ethanol solution. The difference between the starting SG and the final SG measures the specific gravity lost to CO2 release
6.
Flame arrester
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A flame arrester, deflagration arrester, or flame trap is a device that stops fuel combustion by extinguishing the flame. The heat is absorbed through channels designed into an element and these channels are chosen and measured as the mesg of the gas for a particular installation. These passages can be regular, like crimped metal ribbon or wire mesh or a metal plate with punched holes, or irregular. The required size of the channels needed to stop the flame front can vary significantly, depending on the flammability of the fuel mixture. The large openings on a chain link fence are capable of slowing the spread of a small, slow-burning grass fire, in a coal mine containing highly explosive coal dust or methane, the wire mesh of a Davy lamp must be very tightly spaced. Any shifting of the wires that make up the mesh can create an opening large enough to allow the flame to penetrate. Flame arresters should be used only in the gas group and conditions they have designed and tested for. The deflagration may continue downstream of the arrester, flame arresters should be periodically inspected to make sure they are free of dirt, insects using it as a nest, or corrosion. Flashback arrestor Detonation arrester Spark arrestor
7.
Hurricane (cocktail)
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The hurricane is a sweet alcoholic drink made with rum, fruit juice, and syrup or grenadine. It is one of many popular drinks served in New Orleans, the creation of this passion fruit–colored relative of a daiquiri is credited to New Orleans tavern owner Pat OBrien. The bar allegedly started as a speakeasy called Mr and he poured the concoction into hurricane lamp–shaped glasses and gave it away to sailors. The drink caught on, and it has been a mainstay in the French Quarter ever since. It is more commonly served in a plastic cup, as New Orleans laws permit drinking in public and leaving a bar with a drink. The hurricane cocktail is made differently on the islands of the Bahamas, the drink is composed of various measures of coffee liqueur,151 rum, Irish cream, and Grand Marnier. It is commonly found in the bars of Nassau. The Hurricane is found in literature as early as Billboard, February 16,1946, Vol.58,7, LOUMEL MORGAN working at the Hurricane Cocktail Lounge, New Orleans. Liquor portal List of cocktails Media related to Hurricane at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Highball
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Highball is the name for a family of mixed alcoholic drinks that are composed of an alcoholic base spirit and a larger proportion of a non-alcoholic mixer. Or the name may have come from early railroad signals with raised globes meaning clear track ahead, initially, the most common highball was made with Scotch whisky and carbonated water, known as a Scotch and soda. There are many rivals for the fame of mixing the first highball, new York barman Patrick Duffy claimed the highball was brought to the U. S. in 1894 from England by actor E. J. Ratcliffe. Well-known examples of highballs include the gin and tonic, Seven and Seven, a highball is typically served over ice in a large straight-sided highball glass or Collins glass. Highballs are popular in Japan, often made with Japanese whisky as a haibōru, various mixers can be specified by suffixing with -hai, as in oolong highball. These are consumed similarly to beer, often food or at parties
