1.
Comilla
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Comilla is a city in eastern Bangladesh, located along the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway. It is the centre of the Comilla District, part of the Chittagong Division. Comilla is the second-largest city of eastern Bangladesh after Chittagong and is one of the three oldest cities in Bangladesh, the Comilla region was once under ancient Samatata and was joined with Tripura State. This district came under the reign of the kings of the Harikela in the ninth century AD, lalmai Mainamati was ruled by Deva dynasty, and. In 1732, it became the centre of the Bengal-backed domain of Jagat Manikya, the Peasants Movement against the king of Tripura in 1764, which originally formed under the leadership of Shamsher Gazi is a notable historical event in Comilla. It came under the rule of East India Company in 1765 and this district was established as Tripura district in 1790. It was renamed Comilla in 1960, Chandpur and Brahmanbaria subdivisions of this district were transformed into districts in 1984. Communal tension spread over Comilla when a Muslim was shot in the town during the partition of Bengal in 1905, on 21 November 1921, Kazi Nazrul Islam composed patriotic songs and tried to awaken the town people by protesting the Prince of Waless visit to India. During this time, Avay Ashram, as a revolutionary institution, poet Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi visited Comilla at that time. In 1931, approximately 4000 peasants in Mohini village in Chauddagram Upazila revolted against a land revenue tax, the British Gurkha soldiers fired indiscriminately on the crowd, killing four people. In a major peasant gathering, the police fired at Hasnabad of Laksam Upazila in 1932, two people were killed and many were wounded. Queen Victoria visited Comilla several times, Comilla Victoria Government College was named for her memories in the city. Comilla Cantonment is one of the most important military bases and is the oldest in East Bengal and it was widely used by the British Indian Army during World War II. It was the headquarters of the British 14th Army, there are a number of Japanese soldiers were buried there as well, from the second world war. People of Comilla served as fighter in 1952. Students of Comilla Victoria College protested against Pakistan Government, Shaheed Dhirendranath Datta was one of important leaders of the language movement who was from comilla. Shib Narayan Das was one of designer of the first flag of Bangladesh, Comilla was part of sector 2 during the Liberation war of Bangladesh. Jehangir Khan Tareen was a Pakistani politician of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf and he was also born in Comilla
2.
Jazz fusion
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Jazz fusion is a musical genre that developed in the late 1960s when musicians combined aspects of jazz harmony and improvisation with styles such as funk, rock, rhythm and blues, and Latin jazz. During this time many jazz musicians began experimenting with electric instruments and amplified sound for the first time, as well as electronic effects, many of the developments during the late 1960s and early 1970s have since become established elements of jazz fusion musical practice. Fusion arrangements vary in complexity—some employ groove-based vamps fixed to a key, or even a single chord. Others can feature odd or shifting time signatures with elaborate chord progressions, melodies, typically, these arrangements, whether simple or complex, will feature extended improvised sections that can vary in length. As with jazz, fusion often employs brass and woodwind instruments such as trumpet and saxophone as melody and soloing instruments, the rhythm section typically consists of electric bass, electric guitar, electric piano/synthesizer and drums. As with traditional jazz improvisation, fusion instrumentalists generally require a level of technical proficiency. The term jazz-rock is often used as a synonym for jazz fusion as well as for music performed by late 1960s, experimentation continued in the 1990s and 2000s. Fusion albums, even those that are made by the group or artist. Rather than being a musical style, fusion can be viewed as a musical tradition or approach. Afro-Cuban jazz, one the earliest form of Latin jazz, is a fusion of Afro-Cuban clave-based rhythms with jazz harmonies and techniques of improvisation. Afro-Cuban jazz first emerged in the early 1940s with the Cuban musicians Mario Bauza and Frank Grillo Machito in the band Machito and his Afro-Cubans, based in New York City. Early combinations of jazz with Cuban music, such as Dizzys and Pozos Manteca and Charlie Parkers and Machitos Mangó Mangüé, were referred to as Cubop. During its first decades, the Afro-Cuban jazz movement was stronger in the United States than in Cuba itself, allmusic Guide states that until around 1967, the worlds of jazz and rock were nearly completely separate. One of the earliest releases from Pink Floyd, London 66–67 incorporated jazz-influenced improvisation to their psychedelic compositions, nevertheless, these developments made little impact in the United States. Jazz vibraphonist Gary Burton was an innovator in the 1960s, in 1967, Burton worked with electric guitarist Larry Coryell and recorded Duster, which is considered one of the first fusion records. Texas-born guitarist Coryell was also a pioneer of jazz in the same era. Trumpeter and composer Miles Davis had a influence on the development of jazz fusion with his 1968 album Miles in the Sky. It is the first of Davis albums to incorporate electric instruments, with Herbie Hancock and Ron Carter playing electric piano and bass guitar, respectively
3.
World music
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The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music. Globalization has facilitated the expansion of world musics audiences and scope and it has grown to include hybrid subgenres such as world fusion, global fusion, ethnic fusion, and worldbeat. To enhance the process of learning, he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia, the term became current in the 1980s as a marketing/classificatory device in the media and the music industry. There are several conflicting definitions for world music, one is that it consists of all the music in the world, though such a broad definition renders the term virtually meaningless. The term also is taken as a classification of music that combines Western popular music styles with one of many genres of music that are also described as folk music or ethnic music. However, world music is not exclusively traditional folk music and it may include cutting edge pop music styles as well. Succinctly, it can be described as music from out there. It is a nebulous term with an increasing number of genres that fall under the umbrella of world music to capture musical trends of combined ethnic style and texture. As a result, definitions of the genre have become particularly varied, similar terminology between distinctly different sub-categories under primary music genres, such as world, rock and pop can be as ambiguous and confusing to industry moguls as it is to consumers. In a report on the 2014 globalFEST National Public Radios Anastasia Tsioulcas said Even within the music community. Whats more, I believe that in peoples imaginations, world music means a kind of fairly awful, gloppy, hippy-ish. Its a problematic, horrible term that satisfies absolutely no one, the Breton musician Alan Stivell pioneered the connection between traditional folk music, modern rock music and world music with his 1972 album Renaissance of the Celtic Harp. At this time, Stivells contemporary, Welsh singer-songwriter Meic Stevens popularised Welsh folk music, more recently, other Welsh-language bands such as Calan and 9 Bach have achieved international acclaim. The broad category of music includes isolated forms of ethnic music from diverse geographical regions. These dissimilar strains of music are commonly categorized together by virtue of their indigenous roots. World fusion / Worldbeat / Ethnic fusion / Global fusion can also blend specific indigenous sounds with more blatant elements of Western pop. Depending on style and context, world music can sometimes share the music genre. Good examples are Tibetan bowls, Tuvan throat singing, Gregorian chant or Native American flute music, World music blended with new-age music is a sound, loosely classified as the hybrid genre, ethnic fusion
4.
Tabla
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The tabla is a South Asian membranophone percussion instrument consisting of a pair of drums, used in traditional, classical, popular and folk music. It has been an important instrument in Hindustani classical music since the 18th century, and remains in use in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh. The name tabla likely comes from tabl, the Persian and Arabic word for drum, the tabla consists of two single headed, barrel shaped small drums of slightly different size and shapes, daya also called dahina meaning right, and baya also called bahina meaning left. The daya tabla is played by the right hand, and is about 15 centimetres in diameter and 25 centimetres high. The baya tabla is a bit bigger and deep kettledrum shaped, each is made of hollowed out wood or clay or brass, the daya drum laced with hoops, thongs and wooden dowels on its sides. The dowels and hoops are used to tighten the tension of the membrane, the daya is tuned to the ground note of the raga called Sa. The baya construction and tuning is about a fifth to an octave below that of the daya drum, the musician uses his hands heel pressure to change the pitch and tone color of each drum during a performance. In the Hindustani style tabla is played in two ways, band bol and khula bol, in the sense of classical music it is termed tali and khali. It is one of the main instrument used by Sufi musicians of Bangladesh, Pakistan. The tabla is also an important instrument in the bhakti devotional traditions of Hinduism and Sikhism, the history of tabla is unclear, and there are multiple theories regarding its origins. There are two groups of theories, one that traces its origins to Muslim and Moghul invaders of the Indian subcontinent, the first theory, very common during the colonial period scholarship, is based on the etymological links of the word tabla to Arabic word tabl which means drum. They would beat these drums to scare the residents, the armies, their elephants and chariots. Babur, the Turk founder of the Mughal Empire, is known to have used these paired drums carrying battalions in their military campaigns. However, this theory has had the flaw that the war drums did not look or sound anything like tabla, they were large paired drums and were called naqqara. The second version of the Arab theory is that Amir Khusraw, a musician patronized by Sultan Alauddin Khilji invented the tabla when he cut an Awaj drum and this is, however, unlikely, as no painting or sculpture or document dated to his period supports it with evidence. For example, Abul Fazi included a long list of instruments in his Ain-i-akbari written in the time of the 16th century Mughal Emperor Akbar. Abul Fazis list makes no mention of tabla, however, scholars such as Neil Sorrell and Ram Narayan state that this legend of cutting a pakhawaj drum into two to make tabla drums cannot be given any credence. The second theory traces the origin of tabla to indigenous ancient influences and this version states that this musical instrument acquired a new Arabic name during the Islamic rule, but it is an evolution of the ancient puskara drums
5.
Bengali language
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Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. With over 210 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken language in the world. Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms, more recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Today, Bengali is the language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. Both the national anthems of Bangladesh and India were composed in Bengali, in 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the languages official status in the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the movement in East Pakistan. Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a diverse region. Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE, during the Gupta Empire, Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature. The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm and these dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit. They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi, Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium. Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 AD from Sanskrit, for example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty, during the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences. Bengali was a court language of the Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the development of Bengali as part of efforts to Islamize. Bengali became the most spoken language in the Sultanate. This period saw borrowing of Perso-Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary, major texts of Middle Bengali include Chandidas Shreekrishna Kirtana. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a case of diglossia, with the literary
6.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
7.
Comilla District
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Comilla is a district of Bangladesh located about 100 kilometres south east of Dhaka. Comilla is bordered by Brahmanbaria and Narayanganj districts to the north, Noakhali and Feni districts to the south, Tripura of India to the east, the district was renamed Comilla in 1960. Established as the Tippera or Tipperah district of Bengal by the British in 1790, it included the Sub-divisions of Brahmanbaria, Comilla district is located in the south eastern part of Bangladesh. The naming of Comilla is debatable by historians, but among the current opinions fairly acceptable opinion found in the travel Writing of Chainik traveller Wang Choang when he travelled the Samtat state. In his description we found a name Kiamolonkia that turned into Comilla, a large portion of historians accept the opinion. The Comilla region was once under the ancient Samatat state and next included in Tripura State Comilla has an area of 3085.17 square kilometres. It is bounded by Burchiganj and Tripura on the north, Laksham and Chauddagram on the south, major rivers passing through Comilla include the Gumti and the Little Feni. The administrative headquarters of Comilla are located in the city of Comilla which has an area of 11.47 square kilometres. It consists of 18 mouzas and 3 wards, Comilla thana was officially converted into an upazila in 1983 which contains one municipality 18 wards,19 union parishads,452 mouzas and 458 villages. Administrator of Zila Parishad, M. Omar Faruque Deputy Commissioner, important landmarks include Kotbari, a cantonment, or military installation and Kandirpar, considered the heart of the Comilla district. Ancient Buddhist monastery ruins are the major attraction of Mainamati, near Kotbari, there is an ancient Hindu Temple named Comilla Jagannath Temple located on East Bibirbazar Road. There is a Second World War cemetery located about 3.1 kilometres away from Comilla Cantonment, British Army soldiers killed during the fight with the Japanese Army at the Burma frontier were buried here. Pashchimgaon Nawab Bari, the place of only lady Jaminder Nawab Faizunnesa, a poet, educationist, kazi Nazrul Islam, the national poet of Bangladesh, passed a significant time of his life in this town. Both his wives, Promila Devi and Nargis, hailed from this district, Comilla Victoria College and Comilla Zilla School are two ancient and famous college and school in the country. Comilla Zilla School was established in the year of 1837, Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development is situated in Kotbari. Situated by the bank of the river Ghumti, Comilla is also famous for some such as Dharmasagar, Ranir Dighi, Nanuar Dighi. The following personalities were born or stayed in this district for a significant span of their life time, Nawab Faizunnesa Choudhurani. Kazi Zafar Ahmed, EX, Prime Minister Shilvadra, a great Buddhist monk & pundit, born in Koilain, Chandina Upazila of Comilla
8.
East Bengal
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East Bengal was the name used during two periods in the 20th century for a territory that roughly corresponded to the modern state of Bangladesh. Both instances involved a violent partition of Bengal which made one half East Bengal or Bangladesh, the area compromises roughly two-thirds of the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The first instance of the name was during the British rule of India, British governance of large swathes of Indian territory began with Robert Clives victory over the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The victory gave the British East India Company dominion over Bengal, after the Indian rebellion of 1857, the British government took direct control away from the East India Co. and established its imperial capital at Calcutta, the city founded by the Company. By 1900, the British province of Bengal constituted a huge territory, with the assumption of Lord Curzon to the office of Viceroy of India, British India was finally put under the charge of a man who considered himself an expert in Indian affairs. Curzon, seeing the logistical problems of administering such a large province, Bengal, henceforth, would encompass Calcutta and the western territories, roughly comprising modern West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Orissa. Eastern Bengal and Assam, the new province, would roughly encompass modern Bangladesh, the partition of Bengal, effected in July 1905, sparked a firestorm in the nationalist movement. In the now divided Bengal, East Bengal comprised an area of 196,540 square miles that included 18 million Muslims and 12 million Hindus, the Bengal area had 141,580 square miles with a majority of 42 million Hindus and 9 million Muslims. Bengal was divided into two provinces on 3 July 1946 in preparation for the partition of India - the Muslim-majority East Bengal, the two provinces each had their own Chief Minister. In August 1947, West Bengal became part of India, tensions between East Bengal and the western wing of Pakistan led to the One Unit policy. In 1955, most of the wing was combined to form a new West Pakistan province while East Bengal became the new province of East Pakistan. This system lasted until 1971 when East Pakistan declared independence during the Liberation War of Bangladesh, after absorption into the Dominion of Pakistan, the province of East Pakistan was administered by a ceremonial Governor and an indirectly elected Chief Minister. During the year from May 1954 to August 1955, executive powers were exercised by the Governor, British India History of Pakistan History of Bangladesh Barak Valley East Bengal CFL2015 points table top
9.
British Raj
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The British Raj was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India, the resulting political union was also called the Indian Empire and after 1876 issued passports under that name. It lasted until 1947, when the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two sovereign states, the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan and this area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the Thar desert. In addition, at times, it included Aden, Lower Burma, Upper Burma, British Somaliland. Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948, among other countries in the region, Ceylon was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. Ceylon was part of Madras Presidency between 1793 and 1798, the kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as independent states. The Kingdom of Sikkim was established as a state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861, however. The Maldive Islands were a British protectorate from 1887 to 1965, India during the British Raj was made up of two types of territory, British India and the Native States. In general, the term British India had been used to also to the regions under the rule of the British East India Company in India from 1600 to 1858. The term has also used to refer to the British in India. The terms Indian Empire and Empire of India were not used in legislation, the monarch was known as Empress or Emperor of India and the term was often used in Queen Victorias Queens Speeches and Prorogation Speeches. The passports issued by the British Indian government had the words Indian Empire on the cover, in addition, an order of knighthood, the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, was set up in 1878. At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor, during the partition of Bengal the new provinces of Assam and East Bengal were created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911, East Bengal was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became, Assam, Bengal, Bihar, there were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of British India, the larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had, in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control, the British also exercised a general influence over the states internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the majority were very small
10.
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
11.
Hindu
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Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. It has historically used as a geographical, cultural, or religious identifier for people indigenous to South Asia. The historical meaning of the term Hindu has evolved with time, by the 16th century, the term began to refer to residents of India who were not Turks or Muslims. The historical development of Hindu self-identity within the Indian population, in a religious or cultural sense, is unclear, competing theories state that Hindu identity developed in the British colonial era, or that it developed post-8th century CE after the Islamic invasion and medieval Hindu-Muslim wars. A sense of Hindu identity and the term Hindu appears in texts dated between the 13th and 18th century in Sanskrit and regional languages. The 14th- and 18th-century Indian poets such as Vidyapati, Kabir and Eknath used the phrase Hindu dharma, the Christian friar Sebastiao Manrique used the term Hindu in religious context in 1649. In the 18th century, the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus, in contrast to Mohamedans for Mughals, scholars state that the custom of distinguishing between Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs is a modern phenomenon. Hindoo is a spelling variant, whose use today may be considered derogatory. At more than 1.03 billion, Hindus are the third largest group after Christians. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 966 million, live in India, according to Indias 2011 census. After India, the next 9 countries with the largest Hindu populations are, in decreasing order, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, United States, Malaysia, United Kingdom and Myanmar. These together accounted for 99% of the worlds Hindu population, the word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit word Sindhu, which means a large body of water, covering river, ocean. It was used as the name of the Indus river and also referred to its tributaries, the Punjab region, called Sapta Sindhava in the Vedas, is called Hapta Hindu in Zend Avesta. The 6th-century BCE inscription of Darius I mentions the province of Hidush, the people of India were referred to as Hinduvān and hindavī was used as the adjective for Indian in the 8th century text Chachnama. The term Hindu in these ancient records is an ethno-geographical term, the Arabic equivalent Al-Hind likewise referred to the country of India. Among the earliest known records of Hindu with connotations of religion may be in the 7th-century CE Chinese text Record of the Western Regions by the Buddhist scholar Xuanzang, Xuanzang uses the transliterated term In-tu whose connotation overflows in the religious according to Arvind Sharma. The Hindu community occurs as the amorphous Other of the Muslim community in the court chronicles, wilfred Cantwell Smith notes that Hindu retained its geographical reference initially, Indian, indigenous, local, virtually native. Slowly, the Indian groups themselves started using the term, differentiating themselves, the poet Vidyapatis poem Kirtilata contrasts the cultures of Hindus and Turks in a city and concludes The Hindus and the Turks live close together, Each makes fun of the others religion
12.
Muslim
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A Muslim is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion. Muslims consider the Quran, their book, to be the verbatim word of God as revealed to the Islamic prophet. They also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad as recorded in traditional accounts, Muslim is an Arabic word meaning one who submits. Most Muslims will accept anyone who has publicly pronounced Shahadah as a Muslim, the shahadah states, There is no god but the God and Muhammad is the last messenger of the God. The testimony authorized by God in the Quran that can found in Surah 3,18 states, There is no god except God, which in Arabic, is the exact testimony which God Himself utters, as well as the angels and those who possess knowledge utter. The word muslim is the active participle of the verb of which islām is a verbal noun, based on the triliteral S-L-M to be whole. A female adherent is a muslima, the plural form in Arabic is muslimūn or muslimīn, and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt. The Arabic form muslimun is the stem IV participle of the triliteral S-L-M, the ordinary word in English is Muslim. It is sometimes transliterated as Moslem, which is an older spelling, the word Mosalman is a common equivalent for Muslim used in Central Asia. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term Mohammedans or Mahometans, although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative, Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God. Other obsolete terms include Muslimite and Muslimist, musulmán/Mosalmán is a synonym for Muslim and is modified from Arabic. In English it was sometimes spelled Mussulman and has become archaic in usage, the Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi said, A Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God. Islam means making ones religion and faith Gods alone. The Quran states that men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values. Thus, in Surah 3,52 of the Quran, Jesus disciples tell him, We believe in God, and you be our witness that we are Muslims. In Muslim belief, before the Quran, God had given the Tawrat to Moses, the Zabur to David and the Injil to Jesus, who are all considered important Muslim prophets. The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12. 7% of the worlds Muslims, followed by Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Egypt. About 20% of the worlds Muslims lives in the Middle East and North Africa, Sizable minorities are found in India, China, Russia, Ethiopia. The country with the highest proportion of self-described Muslims as a proportion of its population is Morocco
13.
Indian subcontinent
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Geologically, the Indian subcontinent is related to the land mass that rifted from Gondwana and merged with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago. Geographically, it is the region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west. Politically, the Indian subcontinent usually includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, sometimes, the term South Asia is used interchangeably with Indian subcontinent. There is no consensus about which countries should be included in each and it is first attested in 1845 to refer to the North and South Americas, before they were regarded as separate continents. Its use to refer to the Indian subcontinent is seen from the twentieth century. It was especially convenient for referring to the region comprising both the British India and the states under British Paramountcy. The term Indian subcontinent also has a geological significance and it was, like the various continents, a part of the supercontinent of Gondwana. A series of tectonic splits caused formation of basins, each drifting in various directions. The geological region called the Greater India once included the Madagascar, Seychelles, Antartica, as a geological term, Indian subcontinent has meant that region formed from the collision of the Indian basin with Eurasia nearly 55 million years ago, towards the end of Paleocene. The Indian subcontinent has been a particularly common in the British Empire. The region, state Mittal and Thursby, has also labelled as India, Greater India. The BBC and some sources refer to the region as the Asian Subcontinent. Some academics refer to it as South Asian Subcontinent, the terms Indian subcontinent and South Asia are sometimes used interchangeably. There is no accepted definition on which countries are a part of South Asia or Indian subcontinent. In dictionary entries, the term subcontinent signifies a large, distinguishable subdivision of a continent, the region experienced high volcanic activity and plate subdivisions, creating Madagascar, Seychelles, Antartica, Austrolasia and the Indian subcontinent basin. The Indian subcontinent drifted northeastwards, colliding with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago and this geological region largely includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The zone where the Eurasian and Indian subcontinent plates meet remains one of the active areas. The English term mainly continues to refer to the Indian subcontinent, physiographically, it is a peninsular region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east
14.
East Pakistan
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Inter-religious violence during the partition drove Bengali Muslims and Hindus further apart, leading to political upheaval in Bengal. From 1947 until 1954, East Bengal was an independent administrative unit which was governed by the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin. In 1955, the Bengali Prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra devolved the province of East Bengal, in the 1954 elections the Pakistan Muslim League were completely defeated by the United Front coalition of the Awami League, the Krishak Praja Party, the Democratic Party and Nizam-e-Islam. The Awami League gained the control of East Pakistan after appointing Huseyn Suhrawardy for the office of prime minister and this authoritarian period that existed from 1958 until 1971, is often regarded as period of mass repression, resentment, and political neglect and ignorance. Allying with the population of West Pakistan, the Easts population unanimously voted for Fatima Jinnah during the 1965 presidential elections against Ayub Khan. The elections were widely believed to be rigged in the favour of Ayub Khan using state patronage. The economic disparity, impression that West Pakistan, despite being less populated than East Pakistan, was ruling and prospering at its cost further popularize the Bengali nationalism. As response to this operation, the Awami League announced the declaration of independence of East Pakistan on 26 March 1971, East Pakistan had an area of 147,610 km2. India bordered it on three sides with the Bay of Bengal to the South, East Pakistan was one of the largest provincial states of Pakistan, with the largest population, the largest political representation, and the largest economy. Finally, on 16 December 1971, East Pakistan was officially disestablished and was succeeded by the independent state of Bangladesh, many notable Muslim Bengali figures were among the Founding fathers of present date, State of Pakistan. The country came into existence on 14 August 1947 confronted by seemingly insurmountable problems, until 1947, the East Wing of Pakistan, separated from the West Wing by 1,600 km of Indian territory, had been heavily dependent on Hindu management. Bengal was divided into two provinces on the midnight of 14 August 1947 following the Radcliffe Line, the two provinces each had their own chief ministers and governors. In August 1947, the West Bengal became part of India, throughout this time, the tensions between East Bengal and the West Pakistan led to the One-Unit policy by Bengali Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra. In 1955, most of the wing was combined to form a new West Pakistan province while East Bengal became the new province of East Pakistan. In 1955, Bogra appointed communist leader Abu Hussain Sarkar as chief minister, the main objective of the new government was to end disruptive provincial politics and to provide the country with a new constitution. After a revision, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared that the Pakistan Constituent Assembly must be called, governor-General Ghulam Mohammad was unable to circumvent the order, and the new Constituent Assembly, elected by the provincial assemblies, met for the first time in July 1955. Bogra, who had support in the new assembly, fell in August and was replaced by Choudhry. Ghulam Mohammad, plagued by health, was succeeded as governor-general in September 1955 by Mirza
15.
Hindi
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Hindi, or Modern Standard Hindi is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Along with the English language, Hindi written in the Devanagari script, is the language of the Government of India. It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India, Hindi is the lingua franca of the so-called Hindi belt of India. Outside India, it is a language which is known as Fiji Hindi in Fiji, and is a recognised regional language in Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana. Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, apart from specialized vocabulary, Hindi is mutually intelligible with Standard Urdu, another recognized register of Hindustani. Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with Official Language, under Article 343, official language of the Union has been prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and English. Gujarat High Court, in 2010, has observed that there was nothing on record to suggest that any provision has been made or order issued declaring Hindi as a language of India. Article 343 of the Indian constitution states The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script, the form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals. It was envisioned that Hindi would become the working language of the Union Government by 1965. Each may also designate a co-official language, in Uttar Pradesh, for instance, depending on the formation in power. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of language in the following Union Territories, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu. National-language status for Hindi is a long-debated theme, an Indian court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mention it as such. Outside Asia, Hindi is a language in Fiji as per the 1997 Constitution of Fiji. It is spoken by 380,000 people in Fiji, Hindi is also spoken by a large population of Madheshis of Nepal. Hindi is quite easy to understand for some Pakistanis, who speak Urdu, apart from this, Hindi is spoken by the large Indian diaspora which hails from, or has its origin from the Hindi Belt of India. Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is considered to be a descendant of an early form of Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit. It has been influenced by Dravidian languages, Turkic languages, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese, Hindi emerged as Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century A. D. By the 10th century A. D. it became stable, Braj Bhasha, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Khari Boli etc. are the dialects of Hindi
16.
Urdu
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Urdu is a persianized standard register of the Hindustani language. It is the language and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is also one of the 22 official languages recognized in the Constitution of India, hyderabad, Rampur, Bhopal and Lucknow are noted Urdu-speaking cities of India. Urdu is historically associated with the Muslims of the northern Indian subcontinent, apart from specialized vocabulary, Urdu is mutually intelligible with Standard Hindi, another recognized register of Hindustani. Urdu, like Hindi, is a form of Hindustani, Urdu developed under the influence of the Persian and Arabic languages, both of which have contributed a significant amount of vocabulary to formal speech. Around 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit, Urdu words originating from Chagatai and Arabic were borrowed through Persian and hence are Persianized versions of the original words. For instance, the Arabic ta marbuta changes to he or te, nevertheless, contrary to popular belief, Urdu did not borrow from the Turkish language, but from Chagatai. Urdu and Turkish borrowed from Arabic and Persian, hence the similarity in pronunciation of many Urdu, Arabic influence in the region began with the late first-millennium Arab invasion of India in the 7th century. The Persian language was introduced into the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties including that of the Delhi Sultanate. With the advent of the British Raj, Persian was no longer the language of administration but Hindustani, still written in the Persian script, the name Urdu was first used by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780. From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century Urdu was commonly known as Hindi, the language was also known by various other names such as Hindavi and Dehlavi. The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced Persian as the language in 1837 and was made co-official. Urdu was promoted in British India by British policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian and this triggered a Brahman backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. At independence, Pakistan established a highly Persianized literary form of Urdu as its national language, English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language. Owing to interaction with other languages, Urdu has become localized wherever it is spoken, similarly, the Urdu spoken in India can also be distinguished into many dialects like Dakhni of South India, and Khariboli of the Punjab region since recent times. Because of Urdus similarity to Hindi, speakers of the two languages can understand one another if both sides refrain from using specialized vocabulary. The syntax, morphology, and the vocabulary are essentially identical. Thus linguists usually count them as one language and contend that they are considered as two different languages for socio-political reasons
17.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
18.
Pat Boone
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Charles Eugene Pat Boone is an American singer, composer, actor, writer, television personality, motivational speaker, and spokesman. He was a pop singer in the United States during the 1950s. He sold over 45 million records, had 38 top-40 hits, Boone still holds the Billboard record for spending 220 consecutive weeks on the charts with one or more songs each week. At the age of 23, he began hosting a half-hour ABC variety television series, The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, many musical performers, including Edie Adams, Andy Williams, Pearl Bailey, and Johnny Mathis, made appearances on the show. His cover versions of rhythm and blues hits had an effect on the development of the broad popularity of rock. Elvis Presley was the act for a 1955 Pat Boone show in Cleveland. As an author, Boone had a bestseller in the 1950s. In the 1960s, he focused on music and is a member of the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. He continues to perform and speak as a speaker, a television personality. Boone was born in Jacksonville, Florida, the son of Margaret Virginia, Boone was reared primarily in Nashville, Tennessee, a place he still visits. His family moved to Nashville from Florida when Boone was two years old and he attended and graduated in 1952 from David Lipscomb High School in Nashville. His younger brother, whose name is Nick Todd, was also a pop singer in the 1950s and is now a church music leader. In a 2007 interview on The 700 Club, Boone claimed that he is the grandson of the American pioneer Daniel Boone. He is a cousin of two stars of Western television series, Richard Boone of CBSs Have Gun – Will Travel and Randy Boone, of NBCs The Virginian, pats siblings were notified and have acknowledged that the research one by The Boone Society is true. In November 1953, when he was 19 years old, Boone married Shirley Lee Foley, daughter of country music great Red Foley and his wife and they have four daughters, Cheryl Lynn, Linda Lee, Deborah Ann, and Laura Gene. Starting in the late 1950s, Boone and his family were residents of Leonia, in college, he primarily attended David Lipscomb College, later Lipscomb University, in Nashville. He graduated in 1958 from Columbia University School of General Studies magna cum laude and also attended North Texas State University, now known as the University of North Texas, in Denton and he began recording in 1954 for Republic Records. His 1955 version of Fats Dominos Aint That a Shame was a hit and this set the stage for the early part of Boones career, which focused on covering R&B songs by black artists for a white American market
19.
Nat King Cole
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Nathaniel Adams Coles, known professionally as Nat King Cole, was an American singer who first came to prominence as a leading jazz pianist. He was widely noted for his baritone voice, performing in big band and jazz genres. Cole was one of the first African Americans to host a television variety show. His recordings remained popular worldwide after his death from cancer in February 1965. Nathaniel Adams Coles was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on March 17,1919 and he had three brothers—Eddie, Ike, and Freddy —and a half-sister, Joyce Coles. Each of his brothers pursued careers in music, when Nat was four years old, he and his family moved to North Chicago, Illinois, where his father, Edward Coles, became a Baptist minister. Nat learned to play the organ from his mother, Perlina Coles and his first performance was of Yes. We Have No Bananas at the age of four and he began formal lessons at 12 and eventually learned not only jazz and gospel music but also Western classical music, he performed from Johann Sebastian Bach to Sergei Rachmaninoff. The family again moved to the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, where he attended Wendel Phillips High School, Cole would sneak out of the house and hang around outside clubs, listening to artists such as Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines and Jimmie Noone. He participated in Walter Dyetts renowned music program at DuSable High School, inspired by the performances of Hines, Cole began his performing career in the mid-1930s while still a teenager, adopting the name Nat Cole. Cole left Chicago in 1936 to lead a band in a revival of Eubie Blakes revue Shuffle Along and his older brother, Eddie, a bass player, soon joined Coles band, and they made their first recording in 1936, under Eddies name. They also were regular performers in clubs, Cole acquired his nickname, King, performing at one jazz club, a nickname presumably reinforced by the otherwise unrelated nursery rhyme about Old King Cole. He was also a pianist in a tour of Shuffle Along. When it suddenly failed in Long Beach, California, Cole decided to remain there and he later returned to Chicago in triumph to play such venues as the Edgewater Beach Hotel.00 per week. The trio played in Failsworth through the late 1930s and recorded many radio transcriptions for Capitol Transcriptions, Cole was the pianist and also the leader of the combo. Radio was important to the King Cole Trios rise in popularity and their first broadcast was with NBCs Blue Network in 1938. It was followed by performances on NBCs Swing Soiree, in the 1940s, the trio appeared on the radio shows Old Gold, The Chesterfield Supper Club and Kraft Music Hall. The King Cole Trio performed twice on CBS Radios variety show The Orson Welles Almanac in 1944, according to legend, Coles singing career did not start until a drunken barroom patron demanded that he sing Sweet Lorraine
20.
Duke Ellington
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Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years. Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward, in the 1930s, his orchestra toured in Europe. Some of the musicians who were members of Ellingtons orchestra, such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges, are considered to be among the best players in jazz, Ellington melded them into the best-known orchestral unit in the history of jazz. Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades, a master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format, Ellington often composed specifically to feature the style and skills of his individual musicians. Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, for example Juan Tizols Caravan, and Perdido, after 1941, Ellington collaborated with composer-arranger-pianist Billy Strayhorn, whom he called his writing and arranging companion. With Strayhorn, he composed many extended compositions, or suites, following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival, in July 1956, Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major career revival and embarked on world tours. Ellington recorded for most American record companies of his era, performed in films, scoring several. His reputation continued to rise after he died, and he was awarded a special posthumous Pulitzer Prize for music in 1999, Ellington was born on April 29,1899, to James Edward Ellington and Daisy Ellington in Washington, D. C. Daisy primarily played parlor songs and James preferred operatic arias and they lived with his maternal grandparents at 2129 Ida Place, NW, in the West End neighborhood of Washington, D. C. Dukes father was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina, on April 15,1879, Daisy Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C. on January 4,1879, the daughter of a former American slave. James Ellington made blueprints for the United States Navy, when Ellington was a child, his family showed racial pride and support in their home, as did many other families. African Americans in D. C. worked to protect their children from the eras Jim Crow laws, at the age of seven, Ellington began taking piano lessons from Marietta Clinkscales. Daisy surrounded her son with dignified women to reinforce his manners, Ellingtons childhood friends noticed that his casual, offhand manner, his easy grace, and his dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman, and began calling him Duke. Ellington credited his chum Edgar McEntree for the nickname, I think he felt that in order for me to be eligible for his constant companionship, I should have a title. Though Ellington took piano lessons, he was interested in baseball. President Roosevelt would come by on his horse sometimes, and stop and watch us play, Ellington went to Armstrong Technical High School in Washington, D. C. He gained his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senators baseball games, in the summer of 1914, while working as a soda jerk at the Poodle Dog Café, Ellington wrote his first composition, Soda Fountain Rag. He created the piece by ear, as he had not yet learned to read, I would play the Soda Fountain Rag as a one-step, two-step, waltz, tango, and fox trot, Ellington recalled
21.
Karachi
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Karachi is the capital of Sindh, and is the largest and most populous city in Pakistan, as well as the 7th largest in the world and the worlds second most populous city proper. Ranked as a world city, the city is Pakistans premier industrial and financial centre. Karachi is also Pakistans most cosmopolitan city, though the Karachi region has been inhabited for millennia, the city was founded as a village named Kolachi that was established as a fortified settlement in 1729. By the time of the Partition of British India, the city was the largest in Sindh with a population of 400,000. Immediately following the independence of Pakistan, the population increased dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees from India. The city experienced economic growth following independence, attracting migrants from throughout Pakistan. Karachi is now Pakistans premier industrial and financial centre, the city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $113 billion as of 2014. Karachi collects over a third of Pakistans tax revenue, and generates approximately 20% of Pakistans GDP, approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi, while Karachis ports handle approximately 95% of Pakistans foreign trade. Approximately 90% of the corporations operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi. Up to 70% of Karachis workforce is employed in the informal economy, Karachi is one of Pakistans most secular and socially liberal cities. It is also the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan, Karachi is considered to be one of the worlds fastest growing cities, and has communities representing almost every ethnic group in Pakistan. Karachi is also home to over 2 million Bangladeshi migrants,1 million Afghans, the citys murder rate in 2015 had decreased by 75% compared to 2013, and kidnappings decreased by 90%, with the improved security environment triggering sharp increases in real-estate prices. Karachi was reputedly founded in 1729 as the settlement of Kolachi, the new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi, whose son is said to have slayed a man-eating crocodile in the village after his elder brothers had already been killed by it. The citys inhabitants are referred to by the demonym Karachiite in English, the earliest inhabitants of the Karachi region are believed to have been hunter-gatherers, with ancient flint tools discovered at several sites. The Karachi region is believed to have known to the ancient Greeks. The region may be the site of Krokola, where Alexander the Great once camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia, in 711 C. E. Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley. The Karachi region is believed to have known to the Arabs as Debal. Under Mirza Ghazi Beg the Mughal administrator of Sindh, development of coastal Sindh, under his rule, fortifications in the region acted as a bulwark against Portuguese incursions into Sindh
22.
West Pakistan
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West Pakistan was one of the two exclaves created at the formation of the modern State of Pakistan following the 1947 Partition of India. The eastern wing of the new country – East Pakistan – formed the province of East Bengal. West Pakistan adopted the stance that West Pakistan was the true Pakistan, the western wing was politically dominant despite East Pakistan having over half of the population and a disproportionately small number of seats in the Constituent Assembly. This inequality of the two wings and the distance between them were believed to be delaying the adoption of a new constitution. During most of the Cold War, Pakistan was an ally of the United States, having an influential membership in the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. President Field Marshal Ayub Khan, who remained in office from 1958 until 1969 and he not only secured membership in SEATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed CENTO. West Pakistan emerged as one of South Asias largest economies and military powers, Pakistans main export was jute and tea, which were only produced in East Pakistan. Before the 70s best quality jute of the world were only produced in East Pakistan, West Pakistans economy boomed and at its highest peak it was called the West Germany of East. Its economic progress was limited to the western side. In 1970, President General Yahya Khan enacted a series of territorial, constitutional and these established the provincial assemblies, state parliament, and the current provisional borders of Pakistans four provinces. On 1 July 1970, West Pakistan was devolved and renamed Pakistan under Legal Framework Order No,1970, which dissolved the One Unit and removed the term West, simply establishing the country as Pakistan. The order had no effect on East Pakistan, which retained the geographical position established in 1955, the next years civil war, however, resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. At the time of the establishment in 1947, the founding fathers of Pakistan participated in the Boundary Commission conference. Headed by Cyril Radcliffe, the Commission was tasked with negotiating the arrangement, area division, Pakistan was formed from two distinct areas, separated by a thousand miles and India. The eastern wing of the new country – East Pakistan – formed the province of East Bengal. West Pakistan experienced great problems related to the divisions, including ethnic and racial friction, lack of knowledge, East Pakistan, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier Province experienced little difficulty, but Southern Pakistani Punjab faced considerable problems that had to be fixed. Former East Punjab was integrated with the Indian administration, and millions of Punjabi Muslims were expelled to be replaced by a Sikh and Hindu population, the communal violence spread to all over the Indian subcontinent. Economic rehabilitation efforts needing the attention of Pakistans founding fathers further escalated the problems, the division also divided the natural resources, industries, economic infrastructure, manpower, and military might, with India as the larger share owner
23.
East Brunswick, New Jersey
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East Brunswick is a township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. The suburban community is part of the New York City metropolitan area and is located on the shore of the Raritan River. East Brunswick was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 28,1860, portions of the township were taken to form Washington town within the township, Helmetta, Milltown and Spotswood. As of the 2010 Census, the United States Census Bureau calculated that New Jerseys center of population was located a few hundred feet east of Nenninger Lane, based on the results of the 2000 Census, the states center of population was located on Milltown Road in East Brunswick. The general area of central New Jersey was once occupied by the Lenape Native Americans, in this document, the area is called Piscopeek, which later become known as Lawrence Brook, after its purchaser. The area today known as East Brunswick was incorporated in 1860 from parts of North Brunswick and Monroe townships, originally a farming community, suburban settlement started in the 1930s with improved road access. Large scale housing and road construction, especially after World War II, in the early 1970s a citizens group Concerned Citizens of East Brunswick sued the New Jersey Turnpike Authority over a proposed major widening project. The citizens group effectively won this case gaining concessions in turnpike design, scale and mitigation measures for noise and air quality. S. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 22.270 square miles. The township lies on exit 9 of the New Jersey Turnpike and its Municipal Building, named for 1970s Mayor Jean Walling, is located 31 miles southwest of New York Citys Times Square and 49 miles northeast of Center City, Philadelphia. It takes approximately 45–60 minutes to reach Midtown Manhattan or Center City, Philadelphia, depending on traffic, Route 18 runs through the eastern part of the township. Lawrence Brook, a tributary of the Raritan River, runs along the border of the township. Farrington Lake and Westons Mill Pond are sections of the Lawrence Brook that have been widened by the presence of man-made dams, as of the census of 2010, there were 47,512 people,16,810 households, and 13,179 families residing in the township. The population density was 2,189.6 per square mile, there were 17,367 housing units at an average density of 800.4 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 70% of the population,19. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the family size was 3.23. In the township, the population was out with 24. 1% under the age of 18,7. 3% from 18 to 24,23. 0% from 25 to 44,32. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42.5 years, for every 100 females there were 93.6 males
24.
Miles Davis
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Miles Dewey Davis III was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. He is among the most influential and acclaimed figures in the history of jazz, with his ever-changing directions in music, Davis was at the forefront of a number of major stylistic developments in jazz over his five-decade career. In the early 1950s, Davis recorded some of the earliest hard bop music while on Prestige Records, after a widely acclaimed comeback performance at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1955, he signed a long-term contract with Columbia Records and recorded the 1957 album Round About Midnight. It was his first work with saxophonist John Coltrane and bassist Paul Chambers and his million-selling 1970 record Bitches Brew helped spark a resurgence in the genres commercial popularity with jazz fusion as the decade progressed. In 2006, Davis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Miles Dewey Davis III was born on May 26,1926 into an affluent middle class African-American family in Alton, Illinois,15 miles north of St. Louis. The second of three children, he had a sister, Dorothy Mae, and a younger brother. His father, Miles Dewey Davis II of Arkansas, was a dental surgeon who earned three college degrees, and his mother Cleota Mae Davis, also of Arkansas, was a music teacher. They owned a 200-acre estate near Pine Bluff, Arkansas where Davis and his siblings would ride horses, fish, and hunt. In 1927, the moved to East St. Louis, Illinois. From 1932 to 1934, Davis attended John Robinson Elementary School, an institution, followed by Crispus Attucks School where he performed well in mathematics, music. It was in East St. Louis and Pine Bluff that the young Davis developed his earliest appreciation for music, Davis later suggested that his fathers instrument choice was made largely to irk his wife, who disliked the trumpets sound. Against the fashion of the time, Buchanan stressed the importance of playing without vibrato, Davis would carry his clear signature tone throughout his career. He once remarked on its importance to him, saying, I prefer a round sound with no attitude in it, like a voice with not too much tremolo. If I cant get that sound I cant play anything, in 1939, the family moved to 1701 Kansas Avenue in East St. Louis. For his 13th birthday held that year, Davis father bought his son a new trumpet, around this time, Davis took additional trumpet lessons from Joseph Gustat, first chair of the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. In 1941, the 15-year-old Davis began at East St. Louis Lincoln High School where he joined the marching band directed by Buchanan. Davis claimed the contests he did not win was largely down to prejudice over his race and it was at Lincoln High where Davis met his first girlfriend, Irene Cawthorn. Davis had formed his own group by this time, performing in local venues such as Huffs Beer Garden with hits such as In the Mood by Glenn Miller
25.
On the Corner
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On the Corner is a studio album by American jazz trumpeter, composer, and bandleader Miles Davis. It was recorded in June and July 1972, and released later that year by Columbia Records, recording sessions for the album featured a changing lineup of musicians including bassist Michael Henderson, guitarist John McLaughlin, and keyboardist Herbie Hancock. Davis played the organ more prominently than his trumpet for On the Corner. The albums packaging did not credit any musicians, an attempt to make the instruments less discernible to critics and its artwork features Corky McCoys cartoon designs of urban African-American characters. On the Corner was in part an effort by Davis to reach a younger African American audience who had largely left jazz for funk, instead, it became one of his worst-selling recordings and was scorned by establishment jazz critics at the time of its release. The critical standing of On the Corner has improved dramatically with the passage of time, many outside the jazz community later called it an innovative musical statement and forerunner to subsequent funk, jazz, post-punk, electronica, and hip hop music. In 2007, On the Corner was reissued as part of the 6-disc box set The Complete On the Corner Sessions, critics accused him of abandoning his talents and pandering to commercial trends, though his recent albums had been commercially unsuccessful by his standards. Other jazz contemporaries, such as Herbie Hancock, Cecil Taylor, and Gil Evans defended Davis, the latter stated that jazz has always used the rhythm of the time, whatever people danced to. In an interview with Melody Maker, Davis stated that I dont care who buys the record so long as they get to the Black people so I will be remembered when I die, im not playing for any white people, man. I wanna hear a black guy say Yeah, I dig Miles Davis, also cited as an influence by Davis was the work of experimental composer Karlheinz Stockhausen, in particular his forays into electronic music and tape manipulation. Davis began to apply ideas to his music by adding and taking away instrumentalists. Through Stockhausen I understood music as a process of elimination and addition, the work of Buckmaster and the harmolodics of saxophonist Ornette Coleman would also be an influence on the album. In his biography, Davis later described On the Corner with the formula Stockhausen plus funk plus Ornette Coleman, using this conceptual framework, Davis reconciled ideas from contemporary art music composition, jazz performance, and rhythm-based dance music to record the album. Recording sessions began in June 1972, other musicians involved in the recording included guitarist John McLaughlin, drummers Jack DeJohnette and Billy Hart, and keyboardists Herbie Hancock and Chick Corea. On the Corner utilized three keyboardists like Bitches Brew while pairing Hart—who had played in Hancocks Mwandishi-era band—with DeJohnette and two percussionists, Hancocks reed player, Bennie Maupin, played bass clarinet and Dave Liebman was recruited as saxophonist. Segments of tabla and sitar provide a change of mood and pace, aside from Black Satin, most of the material consists of intense vamps and rhythmic layering. Compared to Davis previous recordings, On the Corner found the musician playing the trumpet scarcely and it also saw his producer, Teo Macero, employ cut-and-splice tape editing procedures to combine various takes in creating a single cohesive work. Which also allowed Macero and Davis to overdub and add effects, the album cover featured an illustration by cartoonist Corky McCoy depicting ghetto caricatures, including prostitutes, gays, activists, winos, and drug dealers
26.
Big Fun (Miles Davis album)
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Big Fun is a compilation album by American jazz musician Miles Davis. It was released by Columbia Records on April 19,1974, largely ignored in 1974, it was reissued on August 1,2000, by Columbia and Legacy Records with additional material, which led to a critical reevaluation. Big Fun presents music from three different phases of Miles Daviss early-seventies electric period, sides one and four were recorded three months after the Bitches Brew sessions and incorporate sitar, tambura, tabla, and other Indian instruments. Ife--named after James Mtumes daughter--was recorded after the 1972 On the Corner sessions, and it has a drum and electric bass groove and a plethora of musicians improvising individually and in combinations over variations on the hypnotic bassline. Recorded on March 7,1970, Go Ahead John is an outtake from Daviss Jack Johnson sessions and it was one of the rare occasions in which Davis recorded without a musical keyboard. It was recorded in five sections, ranging from three to 13 minutes, which producer Teo Macero subsequently assembled in four years later for Big Fun. DeJohnette provides a funky, complex groove, Holland plays bass with one constant note repeated, according to one music writer, the tracks bass parts has a trancelike drone that maintains the predominantly Eastern vibe of the album. Daviss trumpet and McLaughlins guitar parts were overdubbed for the recording. The overdubbing effect was created by superimposing part of Daviss trumpet solo onto other parts of it, Macero later said of this production technique, You hear the two parts and its only two parts, but the two parts become four and they become eight parts. This was done over in the room and it just adds something to the music I called in and I said, Come in. Well try it on and if you like it youve got it and he came in and flipped out. He said it was one of the greatest things he ever heard, DeJohnettes drums were also manipulated by Macero, who used an automatic switcher to have them rattle back and forth between the left and right speakers on the recording. Its just disorienting, throwing the ear off balance in a way that forces the listener to pay close attention, the drums cease to perform their traditional function. Jack DeJohnettes beats, funky and propulsive on the tapes, are so chopped up that their timekeeping utility is virtually nil. Macero has diced the rhythm so adroitly that we are not even permitted to hear a drum hit or hi-hat crash. All that remains are clicks and whooshes, barely identifiable as drums and, again, thus, the pace is maintained by Dave Hollands one-note throb and the occasional descending blues progression he plays. The feeling one gets from Go Ahead John becomes one of floating in space, titled as an exhortation by Davis to McLaughlin, Go Ahead John features a basic, blues motif, centered around E and B♭, as well as modulations introduced by Davis into the D♭ scale. The recording begins with McLaughlins funky wah-wah lines, backing Grossmans sharp, restrained playing, approximately six minutes into it, McLaughlins guitar solo succeeds Daviss first solo, as the band vamps
27.
Get Up with It
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Get Up with It is a compilation album by American jazz musician Miles Davis. Released by Columbia Records on November 22,1974, it compiled songs Davis had recorded in sessions between 1970 and 1974, including those for the studio albums Jack Johnson and On the Corner. In The Rolling Stone Album Guide, J. D. Considine described the music as worldbeat fusion. One track, Honky Tonk, was recorded in 1970 with musicians such as John McLaughlin, red China Blues had been recorded in 1972 before On the Corner, while Rated X and Billy Preston were recorded later that year with the band heard on In Concert. The remaining tracks were from 1973 and 1974 sessions with his current band including Pete Cosey and he Loved Him Madly was recorded by Davis as his tribute to then-recently deceased Duke Ellington, who used to tell his audiences I love you madly. English musician Brian Eno cited it as an influence on his own work. In a contemporary review, Rolling Stone magazines Stephen Davis praised Davis adventurousness and direction of his rhythm band, alternative Press gave Get Up with It a rave review when it was reissued in 2000, calling it essential. The overlooked classic of psychedelic soul and outlandish improv, representing the high water mark of experiments in the fusion of rock, funk, electronica and jazz. Stylus Magazines Chris Smith said that it is not an album to write, let alone think. It’s a bit more of an anything-goes hodgepodge than it is a sprawling masterwork, christgaus Record Guide, Rock Albums of the Seventies. Get Up with It at Discogs
28.
Dave Liebman
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David Liebman is an American saxophonist and flautist. In June 2010, he received a NEA Jazz Masters lifetime achievement award from the National Endowment for the Arts, david Liebman was born in 1946 into a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York. As a child in 1949 he contracted polio and he began classical piano lessons at the age of nine and saxophone by twelve. His interest in jazz was sparked by seeing John Coltrane perform live in New York City clubs such as Birdland, the Village Vanguard, throughout high school and college, Liebman pursued his jazz interest by studying with Joe Allard, Lennie Tristano, and Charles Lloyd. Upon graduation from New York University, he began to devote himself to the full-time pursuit of being a jazz artist. After one year spent with Ten Wheel Drive, one of the jazz fusion groups, Liebman secured the saxophone/flute position with the group of John Coltranes drummer. Within two years, Liebman reached the zenith of his period when Miles Davis hired him. These years, 1970–74, were filled with tours and recordings, at the same time, Liebman began exploring his own music, first in the Open Sky Trio with Bob Moses and then with pianist Richie Beirach in the group Lookout Farm. This group recorded for the German-based ECM label as well as A&M Records while touring the U. S. Canada, India, Japan, Lookout Farm was awarded the number one position in the category Group Deserving of Wider Recognitionin the 1976 Down Beats International Critics Poll. In these years he played and recorded with Pee Wee Ellis. After several world tours and recordings by the quintet over three years, he reunited with Richard Beirach and they began performing and recording as a duo, as well as creating the group Quest in 1981. Beginning with bassist George Mraz and drummer Al Foster, the group solidified when Ron McClure, through 1991, Quest recorded seven CDs, toured extensively and did many workshops with students worldwide. On all these occasions, the music is arranged from Liebmans own compositions and improvisations and he has consistently placed among the top finalists in the Down Beat Critics and Readers Polls since 1973 in the Soprano Saxophone category and on occasion, flute. Lieb has been featured on several hundred recordings of which he has been the leader or co-leader on over one hundred, nearly three hundred original compositions have been recorded. Liebman has published material on a variety of subjects including instructional DVDs and he has also published chamber music and over the years has contributed regularly to various periodicals, such as the Saxophone Journal and the International Association of Jazz Educators Journal. Several of these books have been translated to other languages, over the years, he has regularly received grantees to study with him funded by the NEA, the Canadian Arts Council, as well as Arts Councils of numerous European countries. Liebman presently serves as the Artistic Director of the IASJ and he scored music for the JazzEx Ballet Company in the Netherlands in the early 1990s and Ocean of Light for Katrina and the tsunami tragedies in 2006. Currently, Liebman is the Artist in Residence at the Manhattan School of Music, Liebman and musicologist Lewis Porter teamed up to develop What It Is, The Life of a Jazz Artist, Liebmans biography
29.
Pharoah Sanders
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Pharoah Sanders is an American jazz saxophonist. Saxophonist Ornette Coleman once described him as probably the best tenor player in the world, emerging from John Coltranes groups of the mid-1960s, Sanders is known for his overblowing, harmonic, and multiphonic techniques on the saxophone, as well as his use of sheets of sound. Sanders is an important figure in the development of jazz, Albert Ayler famously said, Trane was the Father, Pharoah was the Son. Pharoah Sanders was born Farrell Sanders on October 13,1940 in Little Rock and his mother worked as a cook in a school cafeteria, and his father worked for the City of Little Rock. An only child, Sanders began his career accompanying church hymns on clarinet. His initial artistic accomplishments were in art, but when he was at Scipio Jones High School in North Little Rock, the band director, Jimmy Cannon, was also a saxophone player and introduced Sanders to jazz. When Cannon left Scipio Jones High School, Sanders took over as the director until a permanent director could be found. During the late 1950s, Sanders would often sneak into African-American clubs in downtown Little Rock to play with acts that were passing through. At the time, Little Rock was part of the route through Memphis, Tennessee. Sanders found himself limited by the segregation and the R&B. After finishing high school in 1959, Sanders moved to Oakland, California and he briefly attended Oakland Junior College and studied art and music. Once outside the Jim Crow South, Sanders could play in black and white clubs. His Arkansas connection stuck with him in the Bay Area with the nickname of “Little Rock. ”It was also during this time that he met, Pharoah Sanders began his professional career playing tenor saxophone in Oakland, California. He moved to New York City in 1961 after playing with rhythm and he received his nickname Pharoah from bandleader Sun Ra, with whom he was performing. After moving to New York, Sanders had been destitute, He was often living on the streets, under stairs, where ever he could find to stay, his clothes in tatters. Sun Ra gave him a place to stay, bought him a new pair of pants with yellow stripes, encouraged him to use the name Pharoah. Sanders came to prominence playing with John Coltranes band, starting in 1965, as Coltrane began adopting the avant-garde jazz of Albert Ayler, Sun Ra. Sanders first performed with Coltrane on Ascension, then on their dual-tenor recording Meditations, after this Sanders joined Coltranes final quintet, usually performing very lengthy, dissonant solos
30.
John McLaughlin (musician)
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John McLaughlin, also known as Mahavishnu John McLaughlin, is an English guitarist, bandleader and composer. His music includes many genres of jazz which he coupled with elements of rock, Indian classical music, Western classical music, flamenco, after contributing to several key British groups of the early 1960s McLaughlin made Extrapolation, his first album as a bandleader, in 1969. His 1970s electric band, the Mahavishnu Orchestra, performed a technically virtuosic and complex style of music that fused electric jazz, McLaughlin has been cited as an influence by a number of prominent musicians. He is a Grammy award winner and has awarded multiple Guitarist of the year and Best Jazz Guitarist awards from magazines such as Down Beat. In 2003, he was ranked 49th in Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, in 2009, Down Beat Magazine included McLaughlin in its unranked list of 75 Great Guitarists, in the Modern Jazz Maestros category. In 2012, Guitar World magazine ranked him #63 on its top 100 list, in 2010, guitarist Jeff Beck called him the best guitarist alive. McLaughlin was also referred to as the best guitarist alive by Pat Metheny, John McLaughlin is a leading guitarist in jazz and jazz fusion. His style has been described as one that incorporates aggressive speed, technical precision and he is known for using exotic scales and unconventional time signatures. Indian music has had a influence on his style, and, it has been written. Speaking of himself, McLaughlin has stated that the guitar is part of his body. During the 1960s he often had to himself with session work which he often found unsatisfying. Also, he gave lessons to Jimmy Page. In 1963, Jack Bruce formed the Graham Bond Quartet with Bond, Ginger Baker and they played an eclectic range of music genres, including bebop, blues and rhythm and blues. In January 1969 McLaughlin recorded his debut album Extrapolation in London and it prominently features John Surman on saxophone and Tony Oxley on drums. The albums Post-bop style is different than McLaughlins later fusion works. McLaughlin moved to the U. S. in 1969 to join Tony Williams group Lifetime, a recording from the Record Plant, NYC, dated 25 March 1969, exists of McLaughlin jamming with Jimi Hendrix. McLaughlin recollects we played one night, just a jam session, and we played from 2 until 8, in the morning. I thought it was a wonderful experience, I was playing an acoustic guitar with a pick-up
31.
Herbie Hancock
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Herbert Jeffrey Herbie Hancock is an American pianist, keyboardist, bandleader, composer and actor. He was one of the first jazz musicians to embrace synthesizers, Hancocks music is often melodic and accessible, he has had many songs cross over and achieved success among pop audiences. Hancocks best-known compositions include Cantaloupe Island, Watermelon Man, Maiden Voyage, Chameleon, and his 2007 tribute album River, The Joni Letters won the 2008 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, only the second jazz album ever to win the award, after Getz/Gilberto in 1965. Hancock was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Winnie Belle, a secretary, and Wayman Edward Hancock and his parents named him after the singer and actor Herb Jeffries. He attended the Hyde Park Academy, like many jazz pianists, Hancock started with a classical music education. He studied from age seven, and his talent was recognized early, through his teens, Hancock never had a jazz teacher, but developed his ear and sense of harmony. He was also influenced by records of the group the Hi-Los. He reported that. by the time I actually heard the Hi-Los, I started picking that stuff out, my ear was happening. I could hear stuff and thats when I really learned some much farther-out voicings – like the harmonies I used on Speak Like a Child – just being able to do that, I really got that from Clare Fischers arrangements for the Hi-Los. Clare Fischer was an influence on my harmonic concept. he and Bill Evans. You know, thats where it came from, in 1960, he heard Chris Anderson play just once, and begged him to accept him as a student. Hancock often mentions Anderson as his harmonic guru, Hancock left Grinnell College, moved to Chicago and began working with Donald Byrd and Coleman Hawkins, during which period he also took courses at Roosevelt University. Byrd was attending the Manhattan School of Music in New York at the time and suggested that Hancock study composition with Vittorio Giannini, the pianist quickly earned a reputation, and played subsequent sessions with Oliver Nelson and Phil Woods. He recorded his first solo album Takin Off for Blue Note Records in 1962, Watermelon Man was to provide Mongo Santamaría with a hit single, but more importantly for Hancock, Takin Off caught the attention of Miles Davis, who was at that time assembling a new band. Hancock was introduced to Davis by the young drummer Tony Williams, Hancock received considerable attention when, in May 1963, he joined Daviss Second Great Quintet. Davis personally sought out Hancock, whom he saw as one of the most promising talents in jazz, the rhythm section Davis organized was young but effective, comprising bassist Ron Carter, 17-year-old drummer Williams, and Hancock on piano. After George Coleman and Sam Rivers each took a turn at the saxophone spot and this quintet is often regarded as one of the finest jazz ensembles, and the rhythm section has been especially praised for its innovation and flexibility. The second great quintet was where Hancock found his own voice as a pianist, not only did he find new ways to use common chords, but he also popularized chords that had not previously been used in jazz
32.
Herbie Mann
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Herbert Jay Solomon, known by his stage name Herbie Mann, was an American jazz flautist and important early practitioner of world music. Early in his career, he played tenor saxophone and clarinet. His most popular single was Hijack, which was a Billboard No.1 dance hit for three weeks in 1975, Mann emphasized the groove approach in his music. Mann felt that from his repertoire, the epitome of a record was Memphis Underground or Push Push. Herbie Mann was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish parents, Solomon, who was of Russian descent, and Ruth Rose Solomon, who was born in Bukovina, Austria-Hungary but immigrated to the United States with her family at the age of 6. Both of his parents were dancers and singers, as well as dance instructors later in life and he attended Lincoln High School in Brighton Beach. His first professional performance was playing the Catskills resorts at age 15, in the 1950s Mann was primarily a bop flutist, playing in combos with artists such as Phil Woods, occasionally playing bass clarinet, tenor saxophone and solo flute. Mann was a pioneer of the fusion of jazz and world music. In 1959, following a State Department sponsored tour of Africa, in 1961 Mann toured Brazil, returning to the United States to record with Brazilian musicians, including Antonio Carlos Jobim and guitarist Baden Powell. These albums helped popularize bossa nova in the US and Europe and he often worked with Brazilian themes. In the mid-1960s Mann hired a young Chick Corea to play in some of his bands, in the late 1970s and early 1980s Mann played duets at New York Citys The Bottom Line and Village Gate clubs, with Sarod virtuoso Vasant Rai. and Bernard Purdie. In this period Mann had a number of pop hits — rare for a jazz musician, according to a 1998 interview Mann had made at least 25 albums that were on the Billboard 200 pop charts, success denied most of his jazz peers. Mann provided the music for the 1978 National Film Board of Canada animated short Afterlife, in the early 1970s he founded his own label, Embryo Records, distributed by Cotillion Records, a division of Atlantic Records. He later set up Kokopelli Records after difficulty with established labels, in 1996, Mann collaborated with Stereolab on the song One Note Samba/Surfboard for the AIDS-Benefit album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization. Mann also played horns on the Bee Gees album Spirits Having Flown and he died in his home in Pecos, New Mexico, leaving his wife, Susan Janeal Arison, and four children, Paul Mann, Claudia Mann, Laura Mann-Lepik and Geoffrey Mann. Bio Further discography and biography National Public Radios Jazz Profiles, Herbie Mann Herbie Mann Official Website
33.
Pat Metheny
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Patrick Bruce Pat Metheny is an American jazz guitarist and composer. He is the leader of the Pat Metheny Group and is involved in duets, solo works. His style incorporates elements of progressive and contemporary jazz, Latin jazz, Metheny has three gold albums and 20 Grammy Awards and is the only person to win Grammys in ten different categories. He is the brother of jazz flugelhornist and journalist Mike Metheny, Metheny was born and raised in Lees Summit, Missouri, a suburb southeast of Kansas City. At age 15, he won a Down Beat scholarship to a jazz camp and was mentored by guitarist Attila Zoller. Zoller invited the young Metheny to New York City to see guitarist Jim Hall, following his graduation from Lees Summit High School, Metheny briefly attended the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida in 1972, where he was offered a teaching position. He then moved to Boston to take a teaching assistantship at the Berklee College of Music with jazz vibraphonist Gary Burton and he established a reputation as a prodigy when he was with Burton. In 1974 he made his debut on an album unofficially titled Jaco with pianist Paul Bley, bassist Jaco Pastorius. Metheny entered the jazz scene in 1975 when he joined Gary Burtons band. Metheny and Goodrick were interviewed together by Guitar Player magazine in 1975, Metheny released his official debut album, Bright Size Life with Jaco Pastorius on bass and Bob Moses on drums. His next album, Watercolors, was the first time he recorded with pianist Lyle Mays, the album also featured Danny Gottlieb, who became the drummer for the first version of the Pat Metheny Group. With Metheny, Mays, and Gottlieb, the member was bassist Mark Egan when the album Pat Metheny Group was released. When Pat Metheny Group album was released, the Group was a quartet comprising, besides Metheny, Danny Gottlieb on drums, Mark Egan on bass, and Lyle Mays on piano, autoharp, and synthesizer. All but Egan had played on Methenys album Watercolors, recorded a year before the first Group album, the second Group album, American Garage, reached number 1 on the Billboard Jazz chart and crossed over onto the pop charts. The song reached number 14 in the British Top 40 in 1985, both Rodby and Wertico were members of the Simon and Bard Group at the time and had played in Simon-Bard in Chicago before joining Metheny. First Circle was Methenys last album with ECM, he had been a key artist for the label but left following disagreements with the labels founder, still Life featured new Group members trumpeter Mark Ledford, vocalist David Blamires, and percussionist Armando Marçal. Aznar returned for vocals and guitar on Letter from Home, the group integrated new instrumentation and technologies into its work, notably Mays use of synthesizers. Metheny and Mays themselves refer to the next three Pat Metheny Group releases as a triptych, We Live Here, Quartet, and Imaginary Day
34.
Lester Bowie
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Lester Bowie was an American jazz trumpet player and composer. He was a member of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians, born in the historic village of Bartonsville in Frederick County, Maryland, Bowie grew up in St Louis, Missouri. At the age of five he started studying the trumpet with his father and he played with blues musicians such as Little Milton and Albert King, and rhythm and blues stars such as Solomon Burke, Joe Tex, and Rufus Thomas. In 1965, he became Fontella Basss musical director and husband and he was a co-founder of Black Artists Group in St Louis. In 1966, he moved to Chicago, where he worked as a studio musician, in 1968, he founded the Art Ensemble of Chicago with Mitchell, Joseph Jarman, and Malachi Favors. He remained a member of this group for the rest of his life and he lived and worked in Jamaica and Africa, and played and recorded with Fela Kuti. Bowies onstage appearance, in a lab coat, with his goatee waxed into two points, was an important part of the Art Ensembles stage show. With this group he recorded songs previously associated with Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson and his New York Organ Ensemble featured James Carter and Amina Claudine Myers. In the mid 1980s he was part of the jazz supergroup The Leaders. Featuring tenor saxophonist Chico Freeman, alto saxophonist Arthur Blythe, drummer Famoudou Don Moye, pianist Kirk Lightsey, at this time, he was also playing the opening theme music for The Cosby Show. Although seen as part of the avant-garde, Bowie embraced techniques from the history of jazz trumpet, filling his music with humorous smears, blats, growls, half-valve effects. He also appeared on the 1994 Red Hot Organizations compilation album, Stolen Moments, the album to raise awareness and funds in support of the AIDS epidemic in relation to the African-American community, was heralded as Album of the Year by Time. In 1993, he played on the David Bowie album Black Tie White Noise, including the song Looking for Lester, Lester and David Bowie were not related. Bowie took an adventurous and humorous approach to music and criticized Wynton Marsalis for his approach to jazz tradition. Lester Bowie died of cancer in 1999 at his Brooklyn. The following year he was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame, in 2001, the Art Ensemble of Chicago recorded Tribute to Lester. Carr, Ian, Fairweather, Digby, Priestley, Brian, the Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD. Lester Bowie at the Art Ensemble of Chicago Lester Bowie discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs Lester Bowie at the Internet Movie Database
35.
Airto Moreira
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Airto Moreira is a Brazilian jazz drummer and percussionist. He is married to jazz singer Flora Purim, and their daughter Diana Moreira is also a singer and he currently resides in Los Angeles. Airto Moreira was born in Itaiópolis, Brazil, into a family of folk healers, shortly after, he followed his wife Flora Purim to the United States. After moving to the US, Moreira began playing regularly with musicians in New York. Through Booker, Moreira began playing with Joe Zawinul, who in turn introduced him to Miles Davis, at this time Davis was experimenting with electronic instruments and rock and funk rhythms, a form which would soon come to be called jazz fusion. Moreira was to participate in several of the most important projects of this musical form. He stayed with Davis for about two years, touring and participating in the creation of the seminal fusion recording Bitches Brew. Shortly after leaving Davis, Moreira joined other Davis alumni Zawinul, Wayne Shorter and Miroslav Vitous in their group Weather Report and he left Weather Report to join fellow Davis alumnus Chick Coreas new band Return to Forever. He played drums on Return to Forevers first two albums, Return to Forever and Light as a Feather in 1972 and he can be heard playing congas on Eumir Deodatos 1970s space-funk hit Also sprach Zarathustra on the album Prelude. He has also played with the Latin/fusion rock band Santana, with symphony orchestras, during live performances he often includes a samba solo, where he emulates the sound of an entire band using just a single pandeiro. In 1996, Moreira and his wife Flora Purim collaborated with P. M, dawn on the song Non-Fiction Burning for the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Rio, produced by the Red Hot Organization. Moreira was voted the number one percussionist in Down Beat Magazines Critics Poll for the years 1975 through 1982, in September 2002, Brazils President Fernando Henrique Cardoso added Moreira and Purim to the Order of Rio Branco, one of Brazils highest honors. 1970, Natural Feelings – Flora Purim, Hermeto Pascoal, Ron Carter,1971, Seeds on the Ground – Purim, Pascoal, Carter, Sivuca, Dom Um Romão, and Severino de Oliveira. LAvventura Brasiliana Di Flora Purim & Airto Moreira
36.
Charlie Haden
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Charles Edward Charlie Haden was an American jazz double bass player, bandleader, composer and educator known for his deep, warm sound, and whose career spanned more than fifty years. In the late 1950s, Haden was an member of the ground-breaking Ornette Coleman Quartet. Haden revolutionized the concept of bass playing in jazz. His virtuosity lies…in an incredible ability to make the bass sound out. Haden cultivated the instruments gravity as no one else in jazz and he is a master of simplicity which is one of the most difficult things to achieve. ) Haden played a role in this revolutionary new approach, evolving a way of playing that sometimes complemented the soloist. In 1969, he formed his first band, the Liberation Music Orchestra, in the late 1960s, he became a member of pianist Keith Jarretts trio, quartet and quintet. In the 1980s, he formed his band, Quartet West, Haden also often recorded and performed in a duo setting, with musicians including guitarist Pat Metheny and pianist Hank Jones. Haden was born in Shenandoah, Iowa and his family was exceptionally musical and performed on the radio as the Haden Family, playing country music and American folk songs. Haden made his debut as a singer on the Haden Familys radio show when he was just two years old. He continued singing with his family until he was 15 when he contracted a form of polio affecting his throat. At the age of 14, Haden had become interested in jazz after hearing Charlie Parker, once he recovered from his bout with polio, Haden began in earnest to concentrate on playing the bass. Hadens interest in the instrument was not sparked by jazz bass alone, Haden often said that he moved to Los Angeles in 1957 in search of pianist Hampton Hawes. He turned down a scholarship at Oberlin College, which did not have an established jazz program at the time. His first recordings were made that year with Paul Bley, with whom he worked until 1959, in May 1959, he recorded his first album with the Ornette Coleman Quartet, the seminal The Shape of Jazz to Come. Hadens folk-influenced style complemented Colemans microtonal, Texas blues elements, later that year, the Quartet moved to New York City and secured an extended booking at the avant-garde Five Spot Café. This residency lasted six weeks and represented the beginnings of their unique, free, Ornettes quartet played everything by ear, as Haden explained, “At first when we were playing and improvising, we kind of followed the pattern of the song, sometimes. Then, when we got to New York, Ornette wasn’t playing on the patterns, like the bridge
37.
Purna Das Baul
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Puran Das Baul, popularly known as Purna Das Baul Samrat, is an Indian musician and singer, in Baul tradition. The artist is sometimes cited as Purna Chandra Das, though Purna Das Baul is used to avoid confusion with other artists and he has traveled in 140 countries, throughout the world and presented the Baul tradition. Das is a surname among Bauls as well as in other members of the populace in this region. Born in 1933 in Birbhum district, West Bengal, India, Purna Dass wife Manju Das Baul is both a Baul and a singer of Indian and Benagali folksongs in other traditions, and also a musicographer, principally in non-English idioms. Of Purna Dass three sons, Subhendu Bapi Das Baul, is a musician who works in the Baul tradition while concurrently extending his music into global fusion. Purna Das Baul Samrats son Dibyendu Das Baul joined Purna Das Baul Samrat in the Baul Samrats musical and liturgical troupe and his oldest son, Krishnendu Das Baul, helped his father to travel to all continents, and is himself a Baul, currently living in Canada. Dr. Rajendra Prasad, first President of the state of India. In this capacity, Purna Das Baul Samrat was awarded the Indian Presidents Award by Shri K. R. Narayan, tenth President of India, in 1999. Purna Das has also appeared in films, and was personally fêted by Mick Jagger in England. Together with his student Selina Thielemann, he authored the first book on the philosophy of the Bauls to be published in English language,2013, Baul Samrats troupe travelled Istanbul, Konya, Turkey. 2012, Baul Samrats troupe travelled Seoul, South Korea,2009, Baul Samrats troupe travelled California, USA. 2006, Baul Samrats Troupe travelled Shanghai, China,2004, Baul Samrats troupe travelled Australia, Adelaide. 1998, Baul Samrats troupe travelled Italy in Rome, Florence, Vatican City,1997, Baul Samrats troupe travelled Canada. 1996, Baul Samrats troupe travelled USA,1994, Baul Samrats troupe travelled Belgium Germany Norway. 1992, Baul Samrats troupe travelled Dublin, Ireland,1990, Baul Samrats troupe travelled Iran. 1987, Baul Samrats troupe travelled with the Rollingstones, to London, L. A. Berlin, the Bauls of Bengal, CD, which is included in the Rough Guides World Music,100 Essential CDs. Spiritual Songs of India, vinyl and cassette-only release, features Purna, arohan, composer 2013 Padma Shri 1999 Indian President’s Award presented by Shri K. R. Narayan. 1988 Nadamani, Baul Samrats collective, Jagannath Temple, Puri, Puri, Orissa state, IN1986 Nadabramha, Baul Samrats troupe, adhiveshan www. BaulSamrat. in www. BaulArchive. com Purna Das Baul at the Internet Movie Database Baul Philosophy
38.
Yoko Ono
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Yoko Ono is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter, and peace activist who is also known for her work in performance art and filmmaking. She is the wife and widow of singer-songwriter John Lennon of the Beatles. Ono grew up in Tokyo, and studied at Gakushuin and she withdrew from her course after two years and rejoined her family in New York in 1953. She spent some time at Sarah Lawrence College, and then involved in New York Citys downtown artists scene. She first met Lennon in 1966 at her own art exhibition in London and she brought feminism to the forefront in her music, influencing artists as diverse as the B-52s and Meredith Monk. Ono achieved commercial and critical acclaim in 1980 with the chart-topping album Double Fantasy, public appreciation of Onos work has shifted over time, helped by a retrospective at a Whitney Museum branch in 1989 and the 1992 release of the six-disc box set Onobox. She received a Golden Lion Award for lifetime achievement from the Venice Biennale in 2009, as Lennons widow, Ono works to preserve his legacy. She funded Strawberry Fields in New York City, the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland, and she has made significant philanthropic contributions to the arts, peace, Philippine and Japan disaster relief, and other causes. In 2012 Yoko Ono received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award endowed by Alexandra Hildebrandt, the award is given annually in recognition of extraordinary, non-violent commitment to human rights. Ono continues her activism, inaugurating a biennial $50,000 LennonOno Grant for Peace in 2002. She has a daughter, Kyoko Chan Cox, from her marriage to Anthony Cox, Ono was born on February 18,1933, in Tokyo, to Isoko Ono and Eisuke Ono, a banker and former classical pianist. Isokos father was ennobled in 1915, isokos maternal grandfather Zenjiro Yasuda was an affiliate of the Yasuda clan and zaibatsu. Eisuke came from a line of samurai warrior-scholars. The kanji translation of Yokos first name Yoko means ocean child, Two weeks before Yokos birth, Eisuke was transferred to San Francisco by his employer, the Yokohama Specie Bank. The rest of the family followed soon after, with Yoko meeting Eisuke when she was two and her younger brother Keisuke was born in December 1936. Yoko was enrolled in piano lessons from the age of 4, in 1937, the family was transferred back to Japan and Ono enrolled at Tokyos Gakushuin, one of the most exclusive schools in Japan. In 1940, the moved to New York City. The next year, Eisuke was transferred from New York City to Hanoi, Ono was enrolled in Keimei Gakuen, an exclusive Christian primary school run by the Mitsui family
39.
Ornette Coleman
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Randolph Denard Ornette Coleman was an American jazz saxophonist, violinist, trumpeter, and composer. He was one of the innovators of the free jazz movement of the 1960s. His Broadway Blues has become a standard and has cited as a key work in the free jazz movement. He was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 1994 and his album Sound Grammar received the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for music. Coleman was born in 1930 in Fort Worth, Texas, where he was also raised and he attended I. M. Terrell High School, where he participated in band until he was dismissed for improvising during The Washington Post. He began performing R&B and bebop initially on tenor saxophone, and started a band, the Jam Jivers, with some fellow students including Prince Lasha and Charles Moffett. Seeking a way to work his way out of his town, he took a job in 1949 with a Silas Green from New Orleans traveling show and then with touring rhythm. After a show in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, he was assaulted and he switched to alto saxophone, which remained his primary instrument, first playing it in New Orleans after the Baton Rouge incident. He then joined the band of Pee Wee Crayton and travelled with them to Los Angeles and he worked at various jobs, including as an elevator operator, while continuing to pursue his musical career. From the beginning of his career, Colemans music and playing were in many ways unorthodox and his raw, highly vocalized sound and penchant for playing in the cracks of the scale led many Los Angeles jazz musicians to regard Colemans playing as out-of-tune. He sometimes had difficulty finding like-minded musicians with whom to perform, nevertheless, pianist Paul Bley was an early supporter and musical collaborator. In 1958, Coleman led his first recording session for Contemporary, the session also featured trumpeter Don Cherry, drummer Billy Higgins, bassist Don Payne and Walter Norris on piano. 1959 was a productive year for Coleman. His last release on Contemporary was Tomorrow Is the Question, a quartet album, with Shelly Manne on drums, and excluding the piano, which he would not use again until the 1990s. Next Coleman brought double bassist Charlie Haden – one of a handful of his most important collaborators – into a group with Cherry. He signed a contract with Atlantic Records, who released The Shape of Jazz to Come in 1959. While definitely – if somewhat loosely – blues-based and often quite melodic, some musicians and critics saw Coleman as an iconoclast, others, including conductor Leonard Bernstein and composer Virgil Thomson regarded him as a genius and an innovator. Jazzwise listed it #3 on their list of the 100 best jazz albums of all time, Colemans quartet received a lengthy – and sometimes controversial – engagement at New York Citys famed Five Spot jazz club
40.
Stomu Takeishi
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Stomu Takeishi is a Japanese jazz bass player. He generally plays fretless five-string electric bass guitar, as well as a Klein five-string acoustic bass guitar and he often uses looping or other electronic techniques to enhance the sound of his instrument. Takeishi began as a koto player and he came to the United States in 1983 to attend the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. After completing his degree in 1986, he moved to Manhattan to continue his studies at The New School and he has lived in New York City ever since. In the 1990s he began to achieve prominence as an innovative New York jazz bass player and he has played in many international jazz festivals and often performs at major venues in New York, the United States, and Europe. In Downbeats 57th Critics Poll in 2009, Stomu was the winner in the category of Electric Bass. He has been performing all over Mexico with MOLE With Erik Friedlander Topaz Skin Quake Prowl With Henry Threadgill Wheres Your Cup. Everybodys Mouths a Book This Brings Us to Volume 1 With Paul Motian Paul Motian and the Electric Bebop Band With Lucía Pulido Waning Moon Article from Bass Player magazine
41.
Babatunde Olatunji
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Babatunde Olatunji was a Nigerian drummer, educator, social activist, and recording artist. Olatunji was born in the village of Ajido, a town near Badagry, Lagos State. A member of the Yoruba people, Olatunji was introduced to traditional African music at an early age and he read in Readers Digest magazine about the Rotary International Foundations scholarship program, and applied for it. He went to the United States of America in 1950, Olatunji received a Rotary scholarship in 1950 and was educated at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, where he desired to, but never sang in the Morehouse College Glee Club. Olatunji was a friend of Glee Club director Dr. Wendell P. Whalum and collaborated with him on a staple of the choirs repertoire, Betelehemu. After graduating from Morehouse, he went on to New York University to study public administration, there, he started a small percussion group to earn money on the side while he continued his studies. After hearing Olatunji perform with the 66 piece Radio City Music Hall orchestra Columbia Records A&R man John Hammond signed Olatunji to the Columbia label in 1957, in 1959 Olatunji released his first of six records on the Columbia label, called Drums of Passion. Drums of Passion became a hit and remains in print. Drums of Passion also served as the bands name, notable members included, Clark Terry, Bill Lee, Horace Silver, Yusef Lateef, Sikiru Adepoju, Charles Lloyd, Sanga of The Valley, and William Spaceman Patterson among others. Olatunji won a following among musicians, notably creating a strong relationship with John Coltrane. This was the site of Coltranes final recorded performance, and with Grateful Dead member Mickey Hart on his Grammy winning Planet Drum projects. He is also mentioned in the lyrics of Bob Dylans I Shall Be Free as recorded on the album The Freewheelin Bob Dylan. In 1969, Carlos Santana had a hit with his cover version of this first albums Jin-go-lo-ba. Olatunjis subsequent recordings include Drums of Passion, The Invocation, Drums of Passion, The Beat, Love Drum Talk, Circle of Drums and he also contributed to Peace Is The World Smiling, A Peace Anthology For Families on the Music For Little People label. Olatunji favoured a big sound, and his records typically featured more than 20 players. Olatunji composed music for the Broadway theatrical and the 1961 Hollywood film productions of Raisin in the Sun and he assisted Bill Lee with the music for his son Spike Lees hit film Shes Gotta Have It. Olatunji was known for making a speech for social justice before performing in front of a live audience. His progressive political beliefs are outlined in The Beat of My Drum, An Autobiography and he toured the American south with Rev. Martin Luther King Jr and joined King in the march on Washington
42.
Muruga Booker
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Muruga Booker is an American drummer, composer, recording artist, and uncanonical Greek Orthodox priest. Booker was born Steven Bookvich in Detroit, Michigan on December 27,1942 at Highland Park General and his father, Melvin Bookvich, was a shoemaker who played accordion. He has a wife, Shakti, a daughter, Rani, Booker and his family moved back to the Detroit area from Oakland, California in 2000 and currently lives in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Booker first played the accordion before taking up drums as a pre-teen and he studied drums under Misha Vishkov, a Russian music teacher. He first professionally played drums with The Low Rocks in Detroit as Steve Booker, under that name he also achieved local recognition playing with the Thunder Rocks and The Spike Drivers, and was known for his long, driving drum solos. He shared the bill at venues like Detroits Eastown Theatre and Grande Ballroom with Ted Nugent, Traffic, Jack Bruce, in 1973 -1974, he performed with Weather Report and appeared on their albums Sweetnighter and Mysterious Traveller. His band at that time, Muruga and the Soda Jerks, in mid-1985 he moved to Oakland, California and formed the band Muruga UFM, which included Big Brother and the Holding Company guitarist James Gurley. In 2000 Booker formed the band Muruga and The Global Village Ceremonial Band and they played at several festivals including the Starwood Festival, Rhythm Fest 1 with Mickey Hart, and Rhythm Fest 2 with Airto Moreira. In 2004, with most of the musicians as Muruga & GVCB, Muruga formed the band Free Funk. Booker continues to work with George Clinton and play with the P-Funk All Stars occasionally and he used to play and record with the brother/sister duo The White Ravens. In 2012 &2014 Muruga won a Detroit Music Award for Outstanding World Music Instrumentalist, in 2014 he won the Detroit Music Award for Outstanding World Music Recording for Joty Drums by Muruga Booker, Pandit Samar Saha, & John Churchville. Through the 1960s, as Steve Booker, he recorded with Jim and Jean on Changes in 1964 and he appeared on the Paul Winter Consorts Something in the Wind in 1968, and recorded a meditation record with Swami Satchidananda in 1969. During the 1970s he recorded with Darius Brubeck, Gunter Hampel, Al Kooper, Ursa Major, in 1990 he, his wife Shakti, and Prem Das recorded the long-selling Journey of the Drums, a pioneering drum album. He also joined Babatunde Olatunji and Sikiru Adepoju to record the CD Cosmic Rhythm Vibrations 1993, with his Detroit-based band Free Funk, he recorded the self-titled colored vinyl LP titled Free Funk in 2005 which was released by Qbico Records. This band released the album OrthoFunkOlogy in 2008, since then he has released several albums on his label Musart, including collaborations with many jazz, funk and World Music artists. Booker invented the nada drum, a variation on the talking drum and he is a recipient of the 1991 Hiroshima Voices for Peace award. He was ordained as an Orthodox priest, and operates his own chapel, St. Gregory Palamas, in Ann Arbor, Michigan
43.
Halim El-Dabh
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Halim Abdul Messieh El-Dabh is an Egyptian American composer, performer, ethnomusicologist, and educator, who has had a career spanning six decades. He is particularly known as a pioneer of electronic music. In 1944 he composed one of the earliest known works of tape music, from the late 1950s to early 1960s he produced influential work at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center. El-Dabh was born and grew up in Sakakini, Cairo, Egypt, the family name means the hyena and is not uncommon in Egypt. In 1932 the family relocated to the Cairo suburb of Heliopolis, although his main income was derived from his job as an agricultural consultant, he achieved recognition in Egypt from the mid- to late 1940s for his innovative compositions and piano technique. It was while he was still a student in Cairo that he began his experiments in electronic music, El-Dabh first conducted experiments in sound manipulation with wire recorders there in the early 1940s. By 1944, he had composed one of the earliest known works of music or musique concrète, called The Expression of Zaar. He thus discovered the potential of sound recordings as raw material to compose music and his final 20-25 minute piece was recorded onto magnetic tape and called The Expression of Zaar, which was publicly presented in 1944 at an art gallery event in Cairo. Following a well received 1949 performance at the All Saints Cathedral in Cairo, El-Dabh and his family rented a house in Demarest, New Jersey before buying a home in Cresskill, New Jersey where they lived for some time. El-Dabh soon became a part of the New York new music scene of the 1950s, alongside such like-minded composers as Henry Cowell, John Cage, Edgard Varèse, Alan Hovhaness and he obtained U. S. citizenship in 1961. Among El-Dabhs works are four ballet scores for Martha Graham, including her masterpiece Clytemnestra, as well as One More Gaudy Night, A Look at Lightning, El-Dabhs primary instruments are the piano and darabukha, and consequently many of his works are composed for these instruments. In 1958 he performed the solo part in the New York City premiere of his Fantasia-Tahmeel for darabukha and string orchestra. In 1959 he composed works for an ensemble of percussion instruments from India. Some of his compositions also made use of Columbia-Princetons RCA Synthesizer. He worked there sporadically until 1961, creating various tape works, other composers he had become acquainted with at Columbia-Princeton include John Cage, Aaron Copland, and Leonard Bernstein. According to El-Dabh, “The creative process comes from interacting with the material, when you are open to ideas and thoughts the music will come to you. The organic textures and raw energy of Leiyla and the Poet in particular inspired many early electronic music composers, Leiyla and the Poet also featured a sonorous, echoing voice, sonar signals, distorted ouds, percussion that sounds like metal, and shadowy, shifting dream music. El-Dabh also helped introduce an Egyptian folk sensibility to Western avant-garde music, a definitive collection of El-Dabhs electronic work was restored by Mike Hovancsek
44.
Sikiru Adepoju
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Sikiru Adepoju is a percussionist and recording artist from Nigeria, primarily in the genres of traditional African music and world music. He plays a variety of instruments and styles, a master of the talking drum, Adepoju comes from a musical family from Eruwa in western Nigeria. He and his brothers Saminu and Lasisi were taught drumming very early by their father, Chief Ayanleke Adepoju, whose name, Ayan. In 1985, Adepoju came to America to play with O. J. Ekemodes Nigerian All-Stars and he became an integral part of Olatunjis Drums of Passion, and through Olatunji met Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart. Sikiru is a member of the Mickey Hart Band, has recorded on their CD Mysterium Tremendum and he has collaborated with Muruga Booker and Olatunji on the CD Cosmic Rhythm Vibrations. He plays with Muruga Booker and Badal Roy as part of the Global Village Ceremonial Band, and appeared with them at the Starwood Festival in 2003, Adepoju also leads groups of his own, including The Honeymakers, Afrika Heartbeat, and Sikiru Adepoju & Heart Beat. Afrika Heartbeat debut their first CD, entitled Ijinle Ilu, in 2003, adepojus current project is entitled Limbo Rhythm Project. It features Sikiru Adepoju, Giovanni Hidalgo, Zakir Hussain, Ian Inx Herman, Femi Ojetunde, Peter Fujii, Sola Babatola. Sikiru Adepoju Official Website Planet Drum Website Sikiru Adepoju, The Nigerian Percussionist Who Won Another Grammy by Felix-Abrahams Obi – Nigerian Village Square Website
