1.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
2.
Lugo
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Lugo is a city in northwestern Spain in the autonomous community of Galicia. It is the capital of the province of Lugo, the municipality had a population of 98,560 in 2014, which makes it the fourth most populous city in Galicia. Lugo is the city in the world to be surrounded by completely intact Roman walls. The walk along the top is continuous round the circuit, and these 3rd century walls are protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The bridge over the Minho is essentially of Roman date, though many repairs over the centuries have effaced its Roman character. The population of the city in 2010 was 97,635 inhabitants, growing constantly since the first census in 1842, the population of the city in 2014 was 98,560 inhabitants. From INE In 2010 there were 5,373 foreigners living in the city, the main nationalities are Colombians, Moroccans and Brazilians. By language, according to 2008 data,47. 37% of the population speaks always or mainly in Galician,52. 63% speaks always or mainly in Spanish, the town lies on a hill surrounded by the rivers Minho, Rato and Chanca. The municipality of Lugo is the second largest in Galicia, with 329.78 square kilometres and 59 parishes, Lugo has a humid oceanic climate with drier summers, Cfsb in the Köppen climate classification. Due to its remoteness from the Atlantic, its annual precipitation of 1,084 millimetres can be considered low compared with areas of the Rias Baixas and Santiago de Compostela. The highest temperature recorded in history,39.6 °C, occurred in August 1961, the city has an average of six days of snow per year, which is a contrast to coastal cities of Galicia which have not received snow in modern times
3.
Andrade
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Theres a notable Jewish branch which originated in Portugal in the 17th century as da Costa dAndrade and soon moved into England. The surname Andrade is found predominantly in Portugal and Spain, and in countries of Latin America, Italy, Equatorial Guinea and East Timor, Goa, Philippines, and Karnataka in India. There is an important concentration of Andrade families residing in the United States, specifically, California, Massachusetts, Hawaii, the two Galician Regions of Ferrolterra and Terra Chá are known to have been part of the domains of Fernán Pérez de Andrade in the 14th century. From one branch of this lineage, Ángel García Valerio Member of the Spanish Parliament from Ferrol between the years, from another branch of the same lineage, Francisco Franco signed his novel Raza as Jaime de Andrade. From another branch of this lineage, Marco Tabili de Andrade y Feria Secretary of the Royal House of Savoy- Aosta This family soon spread to Portugal and this happened several times and with several different branches of the Andrade. João Fernandes de Andrade, known also as João Fernandes de Andrade do Arco, married Beatriz de Abreu and had prolific issue, jacob Velosinho de Andrade translated Saul Morteiras Torat Mosheh into Portuguese under the title Epitome de la Verdad de la Ley de Moyses. Rabbi Abraham Andrade French Rabbi, born in the last quarter of the eighteenth century and he was an active member of the Great Sanhedrin which met at Paris in 1807. While Rabbi at St. Esprit he was elected deputy of the Jewish Nation to the Assembly of Notables convoked by Napoleon I. in 1806. He was on the committee of nine charged with the organization of the Sanhedrin, in 1809 he was elevated to the office of Chief Rabbi of Bordeaux, in which position he remained till his death, maintaining friendly relations with the authorities of the Catholic Church. Hernán Andrade, Mexican racewalker Hope Andrade, American politician Ignacio Andrade Troconis, Terra Chá Region Connections of the Andrade family with Villalba
4.
Vilalba
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Vilalba is a municipality in Galicia, in the province of Lugo, on the left bank of the river Ladra, one of the headstreams of the Miño. During the 20th century Vilalba had a rich tradition that began in 1902 with the Ideal Villalbés. This was continued, in a professional form, by the El Eco de Villalba under Manuel Mato Vizoso. After this were El Ratón, El Vigía Villalbés, Azul y Blanco, Villalba y su comarca, Galicia pintoresca, and El Heraldo de Villalba, which consecrated García Hermida as a professional journalist. The proliferation of written press does not end there, but continued with the first newspaper written entirely in Galician in the town, A Xustiza. Soon there were also Aurora, El Gato, La Voz Villalbesa, El Progreso Villalbés founded by Enríquez Chanot, El Villalbés, El Villalbés de Buenos Aires, in the years of the II Republic was edited a politically active newspaper, the Faro Villalbés. One of their more significant columnists was Carmiña Prieto Rouco, author of the Himno da Terra Cha, in the years of the dictatorship only two newspapers saw the light, both of which dealt mainly with sports, Stadium and El Castillo. The next new newspaper did not appear until 1983, the short-lived A Voz de Vilalba, the town is unusual in having given its name to a local tree, the Pravia, which is a white maple located near the towns Parador. Usually the Pravia turns to a stage to celebrate Christmas and represent the traditional Nativity scene, a Voz de Vilalba Bibliografía Chairega
5.
Ferrol, Galicia
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Ferrol, is a city in the Province of A Coruña in Galicia, located on the Atlantic coast in north-western Spain. According to the 2014 census, the city has a population of 70,389 making it the 5th largest settlement in Galicia. With Eume to the south and Ortegal the north, Ferrol forms the Ferrolterra conurbation, the city has been a major naval shipbuilding centre for most of its history, being the capital of the Spanish Navys Maritime Department of the North since the time of the early Bourbons. Before that, in the 17th century, Ferrol was the most important arsenal in Europe, today, the city is also known as the home of the shipbuilding yards of Navantia. The city was the birthplace of the Spanish General and dictator Francisco Franco in 1892 and it was also the birthplace of the founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party, Pablo Iglesias, in 1850. In 1982 the government of Spain adopted officially Ferrol in consonance with its long history, the origin of the name comes from the legend of a Breton saint, Ferreol, who arrived here on a ship, amid a chorus of seven siren. Another tradition says that Ferrol proceeds from farol, alluding to the figure that appears on the coat of arms of the city. The existence of human settlements in this Galician city is backed up by the abundance of burial chambers, megalithic monuments as well as Petroglyphs. In Roman times, in the 1st century BC, a port existed in the bay of Ferrol. In 1568 a fire reduced to rubble the old medieval town, as a naval base, at that time the town was considered more important as a Royal Arsenal than as a safe harbour. With the arrival of the Bourbons in the 18th century, Ferrol became a leading naval centre, Ferrol was made Capital of the Maritime Department of the North, formed under Ferdinand VI and Charles III for the defence of the Spanish Colonial Empire in America. The Royal Dockyards of A Graña and Ferrol, built between 1726–1783, produced ships protected with copper sheets from the mills of Xubia. In 1772, The Spanish Royal Academy of Naval Engineers of Ferrol, Ferrol was virtually impossible to blockade in the age of sail, as strong westerly winds would take any blockading force away along the treacherous north coast of Spain where they had no safe haven. The geography of Ferrol meant that an entire Spanish fleet could slip out on a single tide, by the time the British were able to resume the blockade, the Spanish would be safely away and out to sea. The alliance with the United Kingdom during the Peninsular War of 1808–14 failed to prevent the deterioration in the town’s fortunes, the arsenals and fortresses were abandoned and they were easily occupied by the French in 1809. Under Ferdinand VII, Ferrol lost its title of capital, the second half of the 19th century brought to the Royal Dockyards of Ferrol not just plenty of work but social and political tensions which ended up in the failed republican uprising of 1872. Such was the case of the Cleopatra, carrying one of the two Cleopatra Needles, the one standing today on the Thames Embankment in London, UK and it arrived in Ferrol on 19 October 1877 after tragedy and almost sinking off the West coast of France five days earlier. There is a plaque commemorating the event and those who died to be seen at the base of the Needle in London, the arrival of the British coincided with the construction of a local electric-powered trolley streetcars line
6.
Mugardos
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Mugardos is a small fishing borough and municipality in the comarca of Ferrol, located in the province of A Coruña in the autonomous community of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It is bordered with the municipalities of Ares and Fene, due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, Mugardos does not enjoy extreme oscillation in its weather conditions between winter and summer. The summers tend to be a bit dryer than the winters, like the rest of Galicia, it is rainy and green. The municipality comprises the main township of Mugardos, and several smaller villages and it is part of the historical comarca of Ferrolterra, and is situated near the metropolitan outskirts of the city of Ferrol. The municipality is subdivided into four parroquias, Santiago de Franza, San Vicente de Meá, San Xulián de Mugardos and San Xoán de Piñeiro. During the 1960s and 1970s Mugardos was much larger than it is now, recently, however, it has undergone drastic changes. This is supposed to have morphed over time into the form Mugardos, one of the most historic places in Mugardos is El Castillo de la Palma which is a castle standing on the southern shore of La Ria de Ferrol. The castle was built in 1597 with its name being Nuestra Señora de la Palma. When it was built, the castle was used as a watch tower but later when it was reformed. Facing the castle is El Castillo de San Felipe which forms the part of the defensive system. These two castles are adjoined by a large and sturdy chain that was used to prevent the entrance of enemy ships, later, the castle was also used as a military prison where the most famous prisoner, Antonio Tejero, was held captive. Tejero was responsible for the coup de etat in 1981. Recently, the Palm Castle has been bought by a chain and is pending restoration. Fiesta de La Virgen del Carmen, The Carmen Festival is celebrated the weekend of July 16, on this day there is a ceremony and procession where men hold up the statue of the Virgin and walk her down the promenade. Fiesta del Pulpo, The Octopus Festival is celebrated the Saturday before the Carmen festival, dia de San Julian, Saint Julian´s day, is the Patron saint of the town. La Feria Pirata, The pirate festival has various merchants come to town and sell artisan goods like food, musicians and other attractions are also invited to perform. There are many attractions for children like a few rides, interactive games. The people who also dress up as pirates or in medieval inspired clothing
7.
Viveiro
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Viveiro is a town and municipality in the province of Lugo, in the northwestern Galician autonomous community of Spain. It borders on the Cantabric Sea, to the west of Xove and it has a residential population of over 16,000, which however triples in the summer months with visitors to the coastal region. The municipality encompasses the township of Viveiro itself, and also the towns of Covas, more than half of the municipalitys population live in these three centres. Viveiro municipality is subdivided into administrative areas, Area-Faro, Boimente, Chavín, Galdo, Landrove, Magazos, San Pedro, Valcarría, Celeiro, Vieiro, Covas. The old wall, of only parts remain today, was built to protect the inhabitants from attacks or from the plague. The remains of the wall, which succumbed to modernity in spite of its importance and simplicity, are visible in the old part of the city although the remains are situated near small modern buildings. In spite of everything three of the original gates survive, Vila, Valado, with a Romanesque style, and Castelo da Ponte, also called the gate of Carlos V. This door has the sculpted arms of the monarch, the original arms of the kingdom. Some of the mansions of the noble families still exist. The city is home to several Romanesque historical buildings and these include the churches of San Pedro, Santa María, and San Francisco. The bridge over the river Landro dates back to the medieval era too, the calendar of Viveiro holds several festivals, both secular and religious. Viveiros is the oldest Carnival in Galicia and it is celebrated during the four days before Lent, from Saturday until Shrove Tuesday. It concludes on Tuesday with a procession of floats through the streets. The Holy Week in Viveiro is one of the most important Holy Week celebrations in Galicia, vivero has a great number of cofradías such as the Virgin of the Rosario, the Christ of the Piety, the Seven Words and St. Cross. The city is home to processions such as the Encounter that show the Calvary of Christ with religious images. Funeral that show the descent of the Cross to continue with the procession of St and this festivity takes place the first Sunday of July except that the first of July coincides on Sunday then it celebrates the second Sunday in the Buio Mountains. It is an old tradition according to which people cut the horsehairs, brand the horses and it celebrates on 15 August in Saint Roque and the Virgins honour. It celebrates the fourth Sunday of August and it celebrates on 25 July at the Port of Celeiro with a marine procession through the estuary of Viveiro
8.
Province of Lugo
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Lugo is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Galicia. It is bordered by the provinces of Ourense, Pontevedra, and A Coruña, the principality of Asturias, the State of León, the population is 356,595, of whom a quarter live in the capital Lugo. The vast majority of people have a language which is Galician. Some people, especially the generation, are monolingual and only speak Galician. There are only a few people bilingual in Galician and Castilian of the little over 10,000 inhabitants, even in the capital, the vitality of the Galician language in conversation is very strong. The inhabitants speak several variants of Galician in the province of Lugo and they have the characteristics of being the closest to León isoglosses and therefore also the Castilian language. So they have some grammatical and phonetic signs that are considered influences of the Castilian or Leonese languages. However, the language of Galicia in Lugo, especially in areas, is probably the most genuine in Galicia. The estuaries of the Lugo province are part of the Atlas estuaries, from west to east they are, O Barqueiro estuary Viveiro estuary Foz estuary Ribadeo estuary Miño river Sil river Landro river Ouro river Masmo river List of municipalities in Lugo Galician wine
