1.
Black comedy
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Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surrealist theorist André Breton in 1935 while interpreting the writings of Jonathan Swift. Bretons preference was to some of Swifts writings as a subgenre of comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and skepticism. Scholars have associated black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Breton coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humor, in which he credited Jonathan Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, and included excerpts from 45 other writers. This victims suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as found in the social commentary. Black humor is also related to that of the grotesque genre. Breton identified Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, particularly in his pieces Directions to Servants, A Modest Proposal, A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, the terms black comedy or dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Bretons term. Bruce Jay Friedman, in his anthology entitled Black Humor, imported the concept of comedy to the United States. He labeled many different authors and works with the idea, arguing that they shared the literary genre. The Friedman label came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, early American writers who employed black humor were Nathanael West and Vladimir Nabokov. In 1965 a mass-market paperback titled Black Humor, was released and this was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the conception of black humor as a literary genre, the publication also sparked nationwide interest in black humor. Among the writers labeled as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are Roald Dahl, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Warren Zevon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, popular themes of the genre include violence, discrimination, disease, sexuality, religion and barbarism. Comedians, like Lenny Bruce, that since the late 1950s have been labeled for using sick comedy by mainstream journalists, have also labeled with black comedy. By contrast, blue comedy focuses more on crude topics such as nudity, sex, in obscene humor, much of the humorous element comes from shock and revulsion, while black comedy might include an element of irony, or even fatalism. For example, the black comedy self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy. Tristram, five years old at the time, starts to urinate out of a window for lack of a chamber pot. The sash falls and circumcises him, his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression, cringe comedy Comedy horror Macabre Off-color humor
2.
Crime fiction
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Crime fiction is the literary genre that fictionalises crimes, their detection, criminals, and their motives. It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other such as historical fiction or science fiction. Crime fiction has multiple subgenres, including fiction, courtroom drama, hard-boiled fiction. Suspense and mystery are key elements that are ubiquitous to the genre. In Italy people commonly call a story about detectives or crimes giallo, better known are the earlier dark works of Edgar Allan Poe. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, french author Émile Gaboriaus Monsieur Lecoq laid the groundwork for the methodical, scientifically minded detective. The evolution of locked room mysteries was one of the landmarks in the history of crime fiction, the Sherlock Holmes mysteries of Arthur Conan Doyle are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. A precursor was Paul Féval, whose series Les Habits Noirs features Scotland Yard detectives, the best-selling crime novel of the nineteenth century was Fergus Humes The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, set in Melbourne, Australia. The evolution of the print mass media in the United Kingdom, like the works of many other important fiction writers of his day—e. g. Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens—Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories first appeared in form in the monthly Strand magazine in the United Kingdom. Later a set of stereotypic formulae began to appear to cater to various tastes, Crime fiction can be divided into the following four branches, The cozy mystery, a subgenre of detective fiction in which profanity, sex, and violence are downplayed or treated humorously. The whodunit, the most common form of detective fiction, the historical whodunnit, also a subgenre of historical fiction. The police procedural, the detective is a member of the police, the forensic crime fiction, similar to the police procedural. The detective the reader follows is usually a medical examiner or pathologist—they must use the evidence left on the body. This subgenre was first introduced by Patricia Cornwell, the legal thriller, the major characters are lawyers and their employees, and they become involved in proving their cases. The spy novel, the characters are spies, usually working for an intelligence agency. The caper story and the novel, the stories are told from the point of view of the criminals. The parody or spoof When trying to pigeon-hole fiction, it is difficult to tell where crime fiction starts
3.
Tragicomedy
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Tragicomedy is a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and comic forms. Most often seen in literature, the term can variously describe either a tragic play which contains enough comic elements to lighten the overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending. There is no formal definition of tragicomedy from the classical age. It appears that the Greek philosopher Aristotle had something like the Renaissance meaning of the term in mind when, in Poetics, he discusses tragedy with a dual ending. In this respect, a number of Greek and Roman plays, for instance Alcestis, may be called tragicomedies, the word itself originates with the Roman comic playwright Plautus, who coined the term somewhat facetiously in the prologue to his play Amphitryon. For rule mongers, mixed works such as mentioned above, more recent romances such as Orlando Furioso. Two figures helped to elevate tragicomedy to the status of a regular genre, Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio, in the mid-sixteenth century, both argued that the tragedy-with-comic-ending was most appropriate to modern times and produced his own examples of such plays. Even more important was Giovanni Battista Guarini, Guarinis Il Pastor Fido, published in 1590, provoked a fierce critical debate in which Guarinis spirited defense of generic innovation eventually carried the day. Guarinis tragicomedy offered modulated action that never drifted too far either to comedy or tragedy, mannered characters, all three became staples of continental tragicomedy for a century and more. In England, where practice ran ahead of theory, the situation was quite different, for the law of writ and the liberty, these are the only men. Some aspects of this romantic impulse remain even in the work of more sophisticated playwrights, Shakespeares last plays, by the early Stuart period, some English playwrights had absorbed the lessons of the Guarini controversy. John Fletchers The Faithful Shepherdess, an adaptation of Guarinis play, was produced in 1608. Fletchers definition focuses primarily on events, a genre is determined by whether or not people die in it. Some of Fletchers contemporaries, notably Philip Massinger and James Shirley, wrote successful, richard Brome also essayed the form, but with less success. And many of their writers, ranging from John Ford to Lodowick Carlell to Sir Aston Cockayne. Tragicomedy remained fairly popular up to the closing of the theaters in 1642, the old styles were of course cast aside as tastes changed in the eighteenth century, the tragedy with a happy ending eventually developed into melodrama, in which form it still flourishes. The more subtle criticism that developed after the Renaissance stressed the thematic and formal aspects of tragicomedy, gotthold Ephraim Lessing defined it as a mixture of emotions in which seriousness stimulates laughter, and pain pleasure. Even more commonly, tragicomedys affinity with satire and dark comedy have suggested a tragicomic impulse in modern absurdist drama, friedrich Dürrenmatt, the Swiss dramatist, suggested that tragicomedy was the inevitable genre for the twentieth century, he describes his play The Visit as a tragicomedy
4.
Bill Hader
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William Thomas Bill Hader, Jr. is an American comedian, actor, voice actor and writer. He is best known for his work on Saturday Night Live and he has performed voice roles in Pixar films, including Inside Out, Monsters University, and Finding Dory. Hader was born and raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the son of Sherri Renee and his father owned an air-freight company and worked as a restaurant manager, a truck driver and occasionally a stand-up comedian, his mother was a dance teacher. He has two sisters, Katie and Kara. His ancestry includes German, Danish, Irish, and English, Hader attended Patrick Henry Elementary School, Edison Junior High, and Cascia Hall Preparatory School. He had a hard time focusing on class, and was always joking around, though he was not hated by classmates, he felt he never truly fit in, and filled his time with watching movies and reading. He appreciated Monty Python, British comedy, and the films of Mel Brooks and Woody Allen and he made short films with friends, and starred in a school play of The Glass Menagerie. He was unable to gain admission to top film schools because of his grades, so he instead enrolled at The Art Institute of Phoenix. He worked as an usher at a theater in nearby Tempe. He was fired for spoiling the ending of Titanic to noisy patrons, at Scottsdale, he met Nicholas Jasenovec, the director of Paper Heart. Haders aspirations of becoming a filmmaker eventually led him to out of college. His parents were supportive of his decision to move, and Hader used the money they had saved for college to live on when he arrived in Los Angeles. He found work as an assistant while scouring the back pages of The Hollywood Reporter. He spent much of his young adulthood lonely and underemployed, filling large amounts of time with movie marathons. He regularly worked 18-hour days as a PA, having time to pursue his creative ambitions. Hader briefly worked as a PA and stage manager on Playboy TVs Night Calls, he quit and he quit being a PA after a bad experience shooting The Scorpion King. He subsequently secured a job working as an assistant editor at post-production facility Triage Entertainment. He invested money into his own film, but was too embarrassed to release it
5.
Stephen Root
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Stephen Root is an American actor, comedian and voice actor. He has starred as Jimmy James on the TV sitcom NewsRadio, as Milton Waddams in the film Office Space and his other roles have included Captain KVada in the Star Trek, The Next Generation feature-length episode Unification, and Gordon Pibb in DodgeBall, A True Underdog Story. Root was born in Sarasota, Florida, the son of Leona Estelle and Rolland Clair Root, Root has likened his childhood to that of an Army brat, as his family frequently relocated while his father finished each construction project. Root graduated from Vero Beach High School in Vero Beach, Florida and he received his AA from the University of Florida, and trained in the BFA acting program. The university recognized him as one of its alumni in 2008. He had a role on the final two seasons of The West Wing as Republican campaign consultant Bob Mayer. Root is a favorite of the Coen Brothers and he has appeared in O Brother, Where Art Thou. The Ladykillers, and No Country For Old Men, kevin Smith wrote a role in Jersey Girl specifically for Root. Root reunited with Mike Judge in Idiocracy and has also portrayed NASA flight director Chris Kraft in the miniseries From the Earth to the Moon and he took on the biographical role of Richard A. Clarke in The Path to 9/11. He has also had many guest appearances in programs across several genres. He was Klingon Captain KVada in the Star Trek, The Next Generation episode Unification in 1991, in 1992, Root appeared on the TV series Night Court as Mr. Willard. In the 1993–1994 television season, Root appeared as a regular as R. O. on the Beau Bridges/Lloyd Bridges comedy/western series Harts of the West on CBS. Root guest starred on Seinfeld, playing the role of a manager in the episode The Invitations. He had a role in Frasier in the episode Detour as the father of the family helping Frasier when his car broke down, in the CSI episode Homebodies, he played the father of a rape victim. In addition, Root had a regular role on the short-lived CBS series Ladies Man. He played Raymond, a store owner involved in illegal gun trading. Root also has a career as a voice artist. Aside from his roles in King of the Hill, he has played characters in animated films, such as Ice Age, Finding Nemo
6.
Henry Winkler
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Henry Franklin Winkler is an American actor, director, comedian, producer, and author. Winkler is best known for his role as Arthur Fonzarelli in the 1970s American sitcom Happy Days. The Fonz, or Fonzie, a greaser, hot rodder and auto mechanic, started out as a minor character at the shows beginning. He also starred as Sy Mittleman on Adult Swims Childrens Hospital, Winkler also starred on Parks and Recreation. Winkler was born on the West Side of Manhattan, New York City, New York, the son of Ilse Anna Marie Winkler and Harry Irving Winkler, a lumber company president. Winklers Jewish parents emigrated from Berlin, Germany, to the United States in 1939, Winkler said that his parents came to the United States for a six-month business trip but that they knew they were never going back. His father smuggled the only assets the family had left, family jewels, although they did not keep kosher, Winkler was raised in the traditions of Conservative Judaism, but said that he was not religious as an adult. The family attended Congregation Habonim, where his mother, a homemaker and his parents were founding members of the temple. Winkler said he was anxious as a child because of his undiagnosed dyslexia. He said he was considered to be slow, stupid, not living up to my potential and he said his father spoke 11 languages and could do math in his head and did not understand Winklers problems at school, where Winkler would celebrate a C grade. Winkler has said that his relationship with his German parents was strained and he stated his father referred to him as dumb dog and often punished him for his difficulties in school. 87 on W. 78th Street and then graduated from McBurney School in 1963, Winkler said he did not graduate with his class because of his learning disability and problems with a geometry class, which he finally passed after attending summer school. In 1967, Winkler received his B. A. degree from Emerson College, at Emerson, he was a member of the Alpha Pi Theta Fraternity. In 1970, Winkler earned an M. F. A. degree from the Yale School of Drama, in 1978, Emerson awarded Winkler an honorary D. H. L. Winkler has also received an honorary D. H. L. degree from Austin College, Winkler said he had wanted to be an actor from the time he was a young child. Winklers first job on television was as an extra on a show in New York. He received $10 for the role, after working in theater and getting fired from a play in Washington, Winkler moved to New York City and supported himself by appearing in television commercials, one year doing over 30. He was able to support himself with the work so he could do theater for free at Manhattan Theater Club
7.
Charles Bradley (singer)
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Charles Bradley is an American funk/soul/R&B singer, signed to the Daptone Records label under the Dunham Records division. His performances and recording style are consistent with Daptones revivalist approach, celebrating the feel of funk, one review stated that Bradley echoes the evocative delivery of Otis Redding. He is the subject of a documentary, Soul of America and he was diagnosed with stomach cancer in October 2016. In 1962, his sister took him to the Apollo Theater to see James Brown perform, Bradley was so inspired by the performance that he began to practice mimicking Browns style of singing and stage mannerisms at home. Later, he enlisted in Job Corps which eventually led him to Bar Harbor, a co-worker told him he looked like James Brown and asked if he could sing, he was at first shy but then admitted that he could. He overcame his stage fright and performed five or six times with a band and his band mates were later drafted into the Vietnam War, and the act never re-formed. Bradley worked in Maine as a cook for ten years, and then decided to head west and he lived in upstate New York, Seattle, Canada and Alaska before settling in California in 1977. There, Bradley worked odd jobs and played shows for 20 years. In 1996, Bradleys mother called him and asked him to back in with her in Brooklyn so she could get to know him. It was there he began making a living moonlighting as a James Brown impersonator in local clubs under the name Black Velvet, while performing as Black Velvet, he was eventually discovered by Gabriel Roth, a co-founder of Daptone Records. Bradley asked that the band simply perform while he made up lyrics on the spot, after writing several songs, Daptone released some of these initial recordings on vinyl starting in 2002. Brenneck and Bradley chose ten of these recordings to be released as Bradleys debut album No Time for Dreaming in 2011, in the spring of 2012, Soul of America, a documentary directed by Poull Brien, debuted at the SXSW Film Festival in Austin, Texas. Poull Brien first met Bradley when he directed the video for The World. The film included his performance at festivals around the world, in 2014 Bradley took part in the Hamilton, Ontario Supercrawl event. Bradleys second album, Victim of Love came out on April 2,2013, Bradleys most recent album, Changes, featured a cover of the Black Sabbath song, Changes. In August 2016 he fell ill and had to cancel a Canadian tour and his appearance at the Cambridge Folk Festival July 30th, Bradleys songs have frequently been sampled by hip hop artists, such as Jay-Z and Asher Roth. Bradley provided the voice of the Krampus in the American Dad. A live Bradley performance appears in the Amazon television show Alpha House, the song The World was featured in the TV series Spotless, as well as the final installment of the CWs 2016 Arrowverse crossover, Legends of Tomorrow S2E7 Invasion
8.
Brandon Trost
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Trost is also a frequent collaborator with Seth Rogen, including the films This Is the End, Neighbors, The Interview, The Night Before and Neighbors 2, Sorority Rising. Trost was born in 1981 in Los Angeles, California, to Karen and Ron Trost and his grandfather, Scott Maitland, was an assistant director, and his great-grandfather was a stuntman. His uncle was actor Victor French and he attended Frazier Mountain High School and later graduated from Los Angeles Film School. He grew up in Frazier Park, California with his brother Jason, Trost has cited Andrew Laszlo as one of his favorite cinematographers, calling Streets of Fire one of the most amazing-looking movies from the 1980s. Official website Brandon Trost at the Internet Movie Database
9.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
10.
Contract killing
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Contract killing is a form of murder in which one party hires another party to kill a target individual or group of people. It involves an agreement between two or more parties in which one party agrees to kill the target in exchange for some form of payment. Either party may be a person, group, or an organization, contract killing has been associated with organized crime, government conspiracies and with vendettas. For example, in the United States, the gang Murder, contract killing provides the hiring party with the advantage of not having to commit the actual killing, making it more difficult for law enforcement to connect said party with the murder. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and many other countries, any contract to commit an indictable offense is not enforceable under contract law. Thus, if a hitman takes the money but then fails or refuses to perform, conversely, if the hitman performs the killing as promised but the customer refuses to pay, the hitman cannot sue the customer for monetary damages. Furthermore, both the killer and the person who paid the killer can be found guilty of murder. In some U. S. jurisdictions with capital punishment, a contract killing may be a special circumstance that allows for the contractor as well as the killer to receive the death penalty, criminal code statutes prohibiting solicitation of murder are also intended to curb contract killings. The study also found that the payment for a hit was $15,000 with variation from $5,000 up to $30,000. Contract killings accounted for 2% of murders in Australia during that time period, contract killings also make up a relatively similar percentage of all killings elsewhere. For example, they made up about 5% of all murders in Scotland from 1993 to 2002, Siegel was also the Italian mobs main hitman during Prohibition. Vincent Coll, an Irish-American hitman who worked for Dutch Schultz, li Fuguo, a Tang Dynasty Eunuch killed by a hitman hired by Emperor Tang Daizong. Shiori Ino, a 21-year-old University student killed by hitman Yoshifumi Kubota and he was paid by her ex-boyfriend and his brother, the case gained some notoriety in Japan. Grady Stiles, freak show performer whose family hired a hitman to kill him because of his abusiveness, Harry Greenberg, a Mafia associate of Charles Lucky Luciano, Meyer Lansky, and Siegel. He was killed by Siegel, Whitey Krakower, Albert Tannenbaum, Joe Masseria, was a Mafia boss that was murdered by Siegel, Vito Genovese, and Lepke Buchalter in 1931. Salvatore Maranzano, was a Castellammarese Mafia boss and rival to Masseria in the Castellammarese War and was killed by Siegel, benjamin Siegel, Las Vegas mob boss and Flamingo Hotel owner, killed by unknown assailants in 1947. Nicole Doucet Ryan attempted to hire an undercover Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer to kill her husband, after ruling she could not use the defense of duress, the Supreme Court of Canada ordered she not be retried. Tim Lambesis, former vocalist of metal bands As I Lay Dying, Austrian Death Machine and Pyrithion
11.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
12.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
13.
Karen David
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She starred as Angela in the ITV television series Cold Feet and plays Princess Jasmine in the American television series Once Upon a Time. David also starred in Pixelface, a CBBC childrens television series, where she plays Alexia and her best known role is that of Alex Evans in N&F, the ex wife of main character Nick Evans. Her duration is 2011-17 David was born in Shillong, Meghalaya, India, of what she calls Khasi and her father is Indian Jewish and her mother is Khasi. She was raised in Canada and then at age 17, David moved to London to study at the Guildford School of Acting, upon finishing drama school, David joined the original cast of the West End musical Mamma Mia. She made her acting debut as part of the ensemble and as understudy of Ali. She performed songs on the shows US and Canada tour, and continued collaborating with Rahman at his Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios in Chennai, India. She appeared in two short videos, Dancers, The Trailer, playing the role of Jenny, and The Paper Round. She then landed a role in the musical Bollywood Queen, as a member of the R&B band at the storys center, through 2004 and 2005, she played Scarlet in MTVs Top Buzzer. David played Lyla, a character in the London-based film Take 3 Girls. David appeared as the lead, Layla, in The Scorpion King 2, Rise of a Warrior, filmed in Cape Town. In September 2010, David played the Spanish teacher, Francesca Cesca Montoya, in six of BBC Ones drama. The second series aired on 3 January 2012, David appeared on American television with a guest role on the Fox series Touch in 2012, playing Kayla Graham. On the episode she performed the song Three Little Birds, which was released as a soundtrack single with Wendy & Lisa by 20th Century Fox TV Records on 28 February 2012. In February 2013, David appeared in the two-part episode Target of the ABC TV series Castle, David played Sara El-Masri, daughter of Egyptian tycoon, Anwar El-Masri. Whilst filming these episodes, David and a stuntman were injured when the door to the van they were in failed to close properly. David was placed in a brace, while the stuntman sustained serious head injuries. David released her first single, Its Me, in 2003 and this single was a top 10 airplay hit in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. She collaborated with A. R. Rahman on the theme song for the film Provoked in 2006
14.
Chris Marquette
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Chris Marquette is an American film and television actor. Known for his roles in films as Freddy vs. Jason, The Girl Next Door, Just Friends, Alpha Dog. Marquette was born Christopher George Rodriguez in Stuart, Florida, the son of Patricia Helen Tisha and Jorge Luis George Rodriguez, Marquette has two younger brothers, actors Sean Marquette and Eric. He supports charities such as the Sunshine Kids Foundation, Pediatric AIDS, in 1995 he made a brief appearance on Saturday Night Live, season 21, episode 4. The 11-year-old Marquette played a trick-or-treater in the opening Halloween sketch and he forgot his line and whispered damn under his breath, before Norm Macdonald helped him out. In 2000, he appeared in the Disney Channel movie Up, Up, from 2000 to 2005, he had a supporting role in Lifetime TVs Strong Medicine, playing Marc Delgado, the tween-to-teen son of the series lead character, Luisa Delgado. In 2004, he starred in The Girl Next Door, the same year, he became a series regular on the CBS show Joan of Arcadia opposite Amber Tamblyn and Jason Ritter before Joan of Arcadias cancellation in early 2005. Marquette was also given a role in Just Friends with Ryan Reynolds, Amy Smart. In 2006s Alpha Dog, Marquette portrays Keith Stratten alongside Emile Hirsch, Justin Timberlake and Ben Foster. The Invisible, a remake of a Swedish film, starring Marcia Gay Harden and Justin Chatwin, was released on April 27,2007, in which Christopher plays the best friend of main character Nick Powell. He has also had roles in the films 61* with Barry Pepper and Thomas Jane. Among Marquettes recent movies is Fanboys, in which he plays obsessed Star Wars fan Linus Poonwah, Fanboys was shot in spring 2006 in New Mexico, and also stars Sam Huntington, Dan Fogler, Jay Baruchel and Veronica Mars Kristen Bell. Another of his projects is an independent movie called The Education of Charlie Banks. Whether on purpose or not, Chris frequently appears in movies with a group of actors including Emile Hirsch, Paul Dano, Amanda Seyfried, Marquette starred alongside Dwayne The Rock Johnson, Tom Everett Scott and Ciarán Hinds, the film was released March 2009. Marquette has also seen as a guest star on several TV shows, such as ER, Touched by an Angel, 7th Heaven, Miracles, Boston Public. The latest guest roles include the Showtime TV series Huff, Christopher played James, as Christopher Marquette, he returned on-screen, in late 2010, with fellow Joan of Arcadia actor Michael Welch as two friends who murder together in the Criminal Minds episode entitled JJ. In 2011 he appeared as Danny, a young patient who is later revealed to be a cannibalistic serial killer in the award winning medical drama House. Chris Marquette at the Internet Movie Database Chris Marquette on Twitter Amy, PG Interview, Joan of Arcadias Christopher Marquette
15.
Jon Hamm
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Jonathan Daniel Jon Hamm is an American actor, director, and television producer best known for playing advertising executive Don Draper for the AMC television drama series, Mad Men. For much of the mid-1990s, he lived in Los Angeles, making appearances in television series Providence, The Division, What About Brian, during 2000, he made his feature movie debut in the space adventure movie Space Cowboys. The next year, he had a role in the independent comedy. He gained wide recognition when Mad Men began broadcast during July 2007 and he directed two episodes of the show. During 2008, Hamm appeared in a remake of the science fiction movie The Day The Earth Stood Still and his first leading movie role was in the 2010 independent thriller Stolen. He also had supporting roles in the movies The Town, Sucker Punch, Hamm has received 16 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances in Mad Men,30 Rock, and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt. His other television credits include featuring in the Sky Arts series A Young Doctors Notebook and guest roles in Parks and Recreation and Wet Hot American Summer, First Day of Camp. He provided his voice to the animated movie Shrek Forever After during 2010, Hamm was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Deborah and Daniel Hamm. His father managed a family trucking company, and his mother was a secretary and he is of German, English, and Irish descent, his surname originates with German immigrants. Hamms parents divorced when he was two old, and he lived in Missouri in Creve Coeur with his mother until her death from colon cancer. Hamm then lived with his father and his first acting role was as Winnie the Pooh for first grade. At 16, he was cast as Judas for the play Godspell and he attended John Burroughs School, a private school in Ladue, where he was a member of the football, baseball, and swim teams. During this time, he dated future actress Sarah Clarke and his father died when Jon was 20. After graduation during 1989, Hamm enrolled at the University of Texas, there, Hamm was arrested for participating with a violent hazing incident that occurred during November 1990, involving another student, Mark Sanders. Sanders was beaten with a paddle and a broom, while Hamm was leading him around the fraternity house, the incident resulted in the fraternity being ended on campus. Hamm completed the terms of a deferred adjudication, and the charges were dismissed during August 1995, Hamm then enrolled at the University of Missouri. At Missouri he answered an advertisement from a company seeking players for a production of A Midsummer Nights Dream, auditioned. Other roles followed, such as Leon Czolgosz in Assassins, after graduating during 1993 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English, Hamm returned to his high school to teach eighth-grade acting
16.
Assassination
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Assassination is the murder of a prominent person, often a political leader or ruler, usually for political reasons or payment. The word assassin is believed to derive from the word Hashshashin. It referred to a group of Nizari Shia Persians who worked against various Arab, founded by the Persian Hassan-i Sabbah, the Assassins were active in the fortress of Alamut in Iran from the 8th to the 14th centuries, and also controlled the castle of Masyaf in Syria. The group killed members of the Persian, Abbasid, Seljuq, the word for murder in many Romance languages is derived from this same root word. Assassination is one of the oldest tools of power politics and it dates back at least as far as recorded history. The Old Testament story of Judith illustrates how a woman frees the Israelites by tricking and assassinating Holofernes, a warlord of the rival Assyrians, with whom the Israelites were at war. King Joash of Judah was recorded as being assassinated by his own servants, Joab assassinated Absalom, King Davids son, chanakya wrote about assassinations in detail in his political treatise Arthashastra. His student Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire, later made use of assassinations against some of his enemies, other famous victims are Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, and Roman consul Julius Caesar. Emperors of Rome often met their end in this way, as did many of the Muslim Shia Imams hundreds of years later, the practice was also well known in ancient China, as in Jing Kes failed assassination of Qin king Ying Zheng in 227 BC. Whilst many assassination were performed by an individual or a small group, the earliest were the sicarii in 6 A. D. who predated the Middle Eastern assassins and Japanese ninjas by centuries. In the Middle Ages, regicide was rare in Western Europe, blinding and strangling in the bathtub were the most commonly used procedures. With the Renaissance, tyrannicide—or assassination for personal or political reasons—became more common again in Western Europe and this account is, however, contentious among historians, it being most commonly asserted that he died of natural causes. The myth of the Curse of King Zvonimir is based on the legend of his assassination, in 1192, Conrad of Montferrat, the de facto King of Jerusalem, was killed by an assassin. The reigns of King Przemysł II of Poland, William the Silent of the Netherlands, in Russia alone, two emperors, Paul I and his grandson Alexander II, were assassinated within 80 years. In the United Kingdom, only one Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has ever been assassinated—Spencer Perceval on May 11,1812. In the United States, within 100 years, four presidents—Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, there have been at least 20 known attempts on U. S. presidents lives. Huey Long, a Senator, was assassinated in September of 1935, the Polish Home Army conducted a regular campaign of assassinations against top Nazi German officials in occupied Poland. Adolf Hitler, meanwhile, was almost killed by his own officers, indias Father of the Nation, Mohandas K. Gandhi, was shot to death on January 30,1948, by Nathuram Godse
17.
Chechens
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Chechens are a Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples originating in the North Caucasus region of Eastern Europe. They refer to themselves as Vainakhs or Nokhchiy (pronounced, singular Nokhchi, Chechen and Ingush peoples are collectively known as the Vainakh. The majority of Chechens today live in the Chechen Republic, a subdivision of the Russian Federation, Chechen society has traditionally been egalitarian and organized around many autonomous local clans, called teips. The term Chechen first occurs in Arabic sources from the 8th century, according to popular tradition, the Russian term Chechen comes from the name of the village of Chechen-Aul. The word Chechen, however, occurs in Russian sources as early as 1692, the Chechen people are mainly inhabitants of Chechnya, Russian Federation. There are also significant Chechen populations in other subdivisions of Russia, outside Russia, countries with significant diaspora populations are Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Arab states and the 1944 Stalinist deportation in the case of Kazakhstan. Tens of thousands of Chechen refugees settled in the European Union and elsewhere as the result of the recent Chechen Wars, the Chechens are one of the Vainakh peoples, who have lived in the highlands of the North Caucasus region since prehistory. In the Middle Ages, the lowland of Chechnya was dominated by the Khazars, local culture was also subject to Byzantine and Georgian influence and some Chechens converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Gradually, Islam prevailed, although the Chechens own pagan religion was strong until the 19th century. Society was organised along feudal lines, Chechnya was devastated by the Mongol invasions of the 13th century and those of Tamerlane in the 14th. The Vainakh bear the distinction of being one of the few peoples to successfully resist the Mongols and these events were key in the shaping of the Chechen nationhood and their martial-oriented and clan-based society. The Caucasus was also a major competing area for two neighbouring empires, the Ottoman and Persian Empires. The Chechens, however, never really fell under the rule of either empire, as Russia expanded slowly southwards as early as the 16th century, clashes between Chechens and the Russians became more frequent, and it became three empires competing for the region. Notable in Chechen history, this particular Russo-Persian War marked the first military encounter between Imperial Russia and the Vainakh, sheikh Mansur led a major Chechen resistance movement in the late 18th century. Much of the campaign was led by General Yermolov who particularly disliked the Chechens, describing them as a bold, angered by Chechen raids, Yermolov resorted to a brutal policy of scorched earth and deportations, he also founded the fort of Grozny in 1818. Chechen resistance to Russian rule reached its peak under the leadership of the Dagestani leader Imam Shamil, the Chechens were finally defeated in 1861 after a bloody war that lasted for decades, during which they lost most of their entire population. In the aftermath, large numbers of refugees also emigrated or were deported to the Ottoman Empire. At least one-quarter—and perhaps half—of the entire Chechen population perished in the process, Chechen attempts to regain independence in the 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union have led to the first and the second war with the new Russian state, starting in 1994
18.
Doubt (2008 film)
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Doubt is a 2008 American drama film adapted by John Patrick Shanley from his Pulitzer Prize-winning stage play Doubt, A Parable. Produced by Scott Rudin, the film stars Meryl Streep, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Amy Adams, the film premiered October 30,2008 at the AFI Fest before being distributed by Miramax Films in limited release on December 12 and in wide release on December 25. The four main actors were praised for their acting. Set in 1964 at a Catholic church in The Bronx, New York, the next evening, Sister Aloysius Beauvier, the strict principal of the parish school, discusses the sermon with her fellow nuns, the Sisters of Charity of New York. She asks if anyone has observed unusual behavior that would inspire Father Flynn to preach about doubt, Sister James, a young and naive teacher, observes the closeness between Father Flynn and Donald Miller, an altar boy and the schools only black student. One day during class, Sister James receives a call asking for Donald Miller to meet Father Flynn in the rectory, when he returns, Donald is distraught and Sister James notices the smell of alcohol on his breath. Later, while her students are learning a dance in the gymnasium and she decides to report her suspicions to Sister Aloysius. Under the pretext of discussing the upcoming school Christmas pageant, Sisters Aloysius, several times, Father Flynn asks them to leave the matter alone as a private issue between the boy and himself, but Sister Aloysius persists. Finally, he is pressured into admitting that Donald had been caught drinking altar wine, having now been forced to break that promise and reveal the truth, he will need to dismiss Donald as an altar boy, which he had been trying to avoid. Before leaving, Father Flynn tells Sister Aloysius he is displeased with her handling of the situation and his next sermon regards gossip and how it is easily spread. Initially, Sister James is relieved and convinced of Father Flynns innocence, later, Sister James asks Father Flynn about the shirt he put in Donalds locker, an observation she had hidden from Sister Aloysius. Flynn goes on to explain that it is he, not Sister Aloysius, that really cares about the boy, and that Sister James shouldnt let others tell her that the light in her is wrong. Flynn reminds Sister James that their savior taught love, and Sister James who has just received a letter from her sick brother appears to interpret Flynns love for Donald as fraternal, Sister James tells Flynn that she doesnt believe the allegations. Sister Aloysius meets with Donald Millers mother regarding her suspicions, Mrs. Miller shocks Sister Aloysius with her lack of interest in the alleged misconduct on Father Flynns part. As far as she is concerned, Donald need only last to the end of the school year and it is hinted that Donald is homosexual and revealed that his father is abusive, with the dialogue between them indicating that the fathers anger is fueled by his sons effeminacy. Mrs. Miller begs that Sister Aloysius drop the matter, feeling that Father Flynn is a source of inspiration to Donald and she becomes angry when Sister Aloysius refuses to compromise and threatens to throw Donald out of the school. Mrs. Miller believes that Donald would be punished for a thing of which he was not the cause, despite having no evidence and no support from anyone, Sister Aloysius again confronts Father Flynn and demands that he tell her the truth. Otherwise, she go to the Bishop
19.
Macbeth
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Macbeth is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, it is thought to have been first performed in 1606. It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake. Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I and it was first published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book, and is his shortest tragedy. A brave Scottish general named Macbeth receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland, consumed by ambition and spurred to action by his wife, Macbeth murders King Duncan and takes the Scottish throne for himself. He is then wracked with guilt and paranoia, forced to commit more and more murders to protect himself from enmity and suspicion, he soon becomes a tyrannical ruler. The bloodbath and consequent civil war swiftly take Macbeth and Lady Macbeth into the realms of madness, the events of the tragedy are usually associated with the execution of Henry Garnet for complicity in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. In the backstage world of theatre, some believe that the play is cursed, over the course of many centuries, the play has attracted some of the most renowned actors to the roles of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. It has been adapted to film, television, opera, novels, comics, the play opens amidst thunder and lightning, and the Three Witches decide that their next meeting shall be with Macbeth. Macbeth, the Kings kinsman, is praised for his bravery, in the following scene, Macbeth and Banquo discuss the weather and their victory. As they wander onto a heath, the Three Witches enter, though Banquo challenges them first, they address Macbeth, hailing him as Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and that he shall be King hereafter. Macbeth appears to be stunned to silence, when Banquo asks of his own fortunes, the witches respond paradoxically, saying that he will be less than Macbeth, yet happier, less successful, yet more. He will father a line of kings though he himself will not be one, while the two men wonder at these pronouncements, the witches vanish, and another thane, Ross, arrives and informs Macbeth of his newly bestowed title, Thane of Cawdor. The first prophecy is fulfilled, and Macbeth, previously skeptical. King Duncan welcomes and praises Macbeth and Banquo, and declares that he spend the night at Macbeths castle at Inverness. Macbeth sends a message ahead to his wife, Lady Macbeth, Lady Macbeth suffers none of her husbands uncertainty and wishes him to murder Duncan in order to obtain kingship. When Macbeth arrives at Inverness, she overrides all of her husbands objections by challenging his manhood and he and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncans two chamberlains drunk so that they will black out, the next morning they will blame the chamberlains for the murder. They will be defenseless as they remember nothing. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and he is so shaken that Lady Macbeth has to take charge
20.
Elizabeth Sarnoff
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Elizabeth Liz Sarnoff is an American television writer and producer. She has written episodes of NYPD Blue, Crossing Jordan, Deadwood and she is the co-creator of the FOX crime/mystery series Alcatraz. Sarnoff joined the crew of Deadwood as a story editor. Sarnoff wrote the episodes Here Was a Man and Suffer the Little Children and she was promoted to producer for the second season in 2005. She wrote the episodes New Money and Amalgamation and Capital, Sarnoff and the writing staff were nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2006 ceremony for their work on the second season. She joined the crew of Lost as a producer and writer for the second season in fall 2005. Sarnoff and the Lost writing staff won the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2006 ceremony for their work on the first and she was promoted to supervising producer for the third season in 2006. Sarnoff and her co-writer Christina M. Kim were nominated for the WGA award for Best Episodic Drama at the February 2007 ceremony for their work on the season episode Two for the Road. The writing staff were nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2007 ceremony for their work on the second. She remained a producer and regular writer for the series fourth season in 2008. She was nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2009 ceremony for her work on the season of Lost. She was promoted to producer for the fifth season in 2009. The writing staff was nominated for the award again at the February 2010 ceremony for their work on the fifth season and she was promoted to executive producer for the series sixth and final season in 2010. In 2011, Sarnoff, along with Steven Lilien and Bryan Wynbrandt and her name was used for a character in Fringe episode The Cure. Like Lost, Fringe was co-created by J. J. Abrams and produced by Bad Robot Productions
21.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
22.
Lille
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Lille is a city in northern France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near Frances border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC, most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Vieux Lille. The legend of Lydéric and Phinaert puts the foundation of the city of Lille at 640, in the 8th century, the language of Old Low Franconian was spoken here, as attested by toponymic research. Lilles Dutch name is Rijsel, which comes from ter ijsel, the French equivalent has the same meaning, Lille comes from lîle. From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders, after the destruction caused by Norman and Magyar invasion, the eastern part of the region was ruled by various local princes. The first mention of the dates from 1066, apud Insulam. At the time, it was controlled by the County of Flanders, the County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the Scheldt, one of the richest and most prosperous regions of Europe. A notable local in this period was Évrard, who lived in the 9th century and participated in many of the days political, there was an important Battle of Lille in 1054. From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow, in 1144 Saint-Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier Saint-Sauveur. Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute, it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople and she was said to be well loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000. He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land and she called her cousin, Louis VIII. He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged, in 1226 the King agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after, in 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saints Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On 6 February 1236, she founded the Countesss Hospital, which one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. It was in her honour that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named Jeanne of Flanders Hospital in the 20th century, the Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, then to Margarets son, Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the Franco-Flemish War. The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital
23.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
24.
Metacritic
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Metacritic is a website that aggregates reviews of media products, music albums, games, movies, TV shows, DVDs, and formerly, books. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged, Metacritic was created by Jason Dietz, Marc Doyle, and Julie Doyle Roberts. The site provides an excerpt from each review and hyperlinks to its source, a color of Green, Yellow or Red summarizes the critics recommendations and therefore the general appeal of the product to reviewers and, to a lesser extent, the public. It is regarded as the game industrys foremost review aggregator. Metacritics scoring converts each review into a percentage, either mathematically from the mark given, before being averaged, the scores are weighted according to the critics fame, stature, and volume of reviews. Metacritic was launched in July 1999 by Marc Doyle, his sister Julie Doyle Roberts, rotten Tomatoes was already compiling movie reviews, but Doyle, Roberts, and Dietz saw an opportunity to cover a broader range of media. They sold Metacritic to CNET in 2005, CNET and Metacritic are now owned by the CBS Corporation. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal wrote in September 2004, Mr. Doyle,36, is now a product manager at CNET. Speaking of video games, Doyle said, A site like ours helps people cut through. unobjective promotional language and he added that the review process was not taken as seriously when unconnected magazines and websites provided reviews in isolation. In August 2010, the appearance was revamped, reaction from users was overwhelmingly negative. Certain publications are given more significance because of their stature, games Editor Marc Doyle was interviewed by Keith Stuart of The Guardian to get a look behind the metascoring process. Stuart wrote, the phenomenon, namely Metacritic and GameRankings, have become an enormously important element of online games journalism over the past few years. The ranging of metascores is, Metacritic is regarded as the foremost online review site for the video game industry. Nick Wingfield of The Wall Street Journal has written that Metacritic influence the sales of games and he explains its influence as coming from the higher cost of buying video games than music or movie tickets. Many executives say that low scores can hurt the sales potential. He claimed that a number of businesses and financial analysts use Metacritic as an early indicator of a games potential sales and, by extension. In 2004, Jason Hall of Warner Bros. began including quality metrics in contracts with partners licensing its movies for games, if a product does not at least achieve a specific score, some deals require the publisher to pay higher royalties. In 2008, Microsoft began using Metacritic averages to de-list underperforming Xbox Live Arcade games and these are the top 10 individual games with the highest scores on the site as of 2 April 2017
