Jhong Hilario
Virgilio Viernes Hilario Jr. is a Filipino actor and politician. He is part of the dance group Streetboys in the Philippines, he is serving as a member of Makati City Council, elected last May 9, 2016 under the ticket of Mayor Abi Binay. As an actor, Hilario has acted in movies such as Muro Ami, released in 1999, in which he portrayed Butong. Hilario started his career in 1993 as a member of the dance group Streetboys, he made his debut as an actor in 1996. In 2012, Hilario was part of the hosts of ABS-CBN's noontime show It's Showtime, started as a judge until became one of the hosts of the program for 4 years. On March 23, 2016, he decided to leave It's Showtime to pursue his political career. Hilario decided to run for councilor in the First District of Makati under the United Nationalist Alliance in the Makati local elections, 2016. In an interview, Hilario credited his father, Virgilio Sr. who served as a councilor for 9 years as his main inspiration to run for the council seat. In 2017, he is best known for the role of Ang Probinsyano as Homer Adlwan / Alakdan.
Official Website Jhong Hilario on IMDb
Star Cinema
ABS-CBN Film Productions, Inc. is a Filipino film and television production company and film distributor based in Quezon City. It is the country's largest motion picture company in terms of revenue, ticket sales, number of films released annually. Star Cinema has released most of the highest grossing Philippine films of all time. Star Cinema, along with its subsidiaries and MOR 101.9 Manila, forms the Star Creatives Group, the main entertainment division of media conglomerate ABS-CBN. Star Cinema was founded in 1993 to transform ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation into a true entertainment company. Although still a new player in the film industry, Star Cinema has poised itself to be a major competitor of big film companies like Viva Films and Regal Entertainment, its strategies to reflect the viewer's current taste and trends has proven to be successful starting from the 90's with a string of films targeted to mainstream viewers with film genres ranging from action, comedy and fantasy. The films of Star Cinema in the 90's has been well received with some earning critical acclaims with films including May Minamahal, Maalaala Mo Kaya, Magic Temple, Bata, Bata… Pa'no Ka Ginawa?.
The 90's saw the pioneering works of the company by hiring third-party companies to integrate state-of-the-art computer generated images and special effects and makeup/prosthetic into some of its films like Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara, Magic Temple, Magandang Hatinggabi and Puso ng Pasko among others. Other notable works are live-action adaptations of popular Japanese anime series like Sarah... Ang Munting Prinsesa and Cedie, in turn based on children's novels by English playwright and author Frances Hodgson Burnett, which incorporates stylish production designs and costumes and was shot abroad. Star Cinema made a film adaptation of ABS-CBN's phenomenon TV series with films like Mara Clara: The Movie, released in 1996 and Mula Sa Puso: The Movie and Esperanza: The Movie both released in 1999. In 1997, 1998 and 2000, Star Cinema produced Goodbye America and Doomsdayer under the banner of Star Pacific Cinema in an attempt to penetrate the Hollywood B-movie market; the year 2000 and beyond has been the most successful time for Star Cinema in terms of box office gross.
In this period, Star Cinema's films are topping the box office chart in the Philippines which garners an average of 70% of the local film market based from the filings of ABS-CBN Corporation in the Philippine Stock Exchange. Most of the all-time highest-grossing films in the history of the Philippines are either produced or co-produced by Star Cinema as reported by Box Office Mojo. In 2002, Star Cinema together with Unitel Pictures released the Filipino-American film American Adobo with mixed reviews in the United States. In 2010, Star Cinema co-financed and released RPG Metanoia, the first 3D computer animated Filipino film in history. In 2013, Star Cinema co-financed and released Erik Matti's On the Job with mixed to positive reviews abroad. Star Cinema films, well received by critics in this period were Anak, Tanging Yaman, Bagong Buwan, Dekada'70, Nasaan Ka Man, Kasali, Kasalo, In My Life, On the Job; the television unit of ABS-CBN Film Productions is Star Creatives TV, it was established in 2000 to produce telenovelas for the ABS-CBN television network.
It started its television venture in 2000 with Pangako Sa ’Yo, a series that had gained huge following in the country and abroad. The series had a successful run in Malaysia, Thailand, Namibia and China, it was followed by another successful series Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay. In 2008, its most expensive television production Lobo received the Banff World Media Festival for best telenovela program and earned Angel Locsin an International Emmy Awards nomination for best performance of an actress. Sana Maulit Muli gained a following in Taiwan when it was dubbed in Taiwanese Minnan. Kahit Isang Saglit became a finalist in the 37th International Emmy Awards, its 2010 production Magkaribal became a finalist to the 2011 New York International Independent Film and Video Festival for best telenovela. Budoy is a finalist to the 2013 New York Festivals International Television and Film Awards. Bridges of Love is the first Philippine telenovela to be released in Latin American countries including Peru. Soap operas produced by Star Creatives had been subtitled and dubbed to several languages including English, Turkish, Khmer and French and most notably those that are targeted to Asia Pacific and South Africa.
One of the programs dubbed in French is Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay which will cater to French-speaking audience in Africa and Europe. Star Cinema has produced TV promos and specials for the ABS-CBN network. In 2011, Star Cinema spent 12 million pesos for the Philippine National Anthem video clip of ABS-CBN network. Star Cinema distributes all of its films as well as movies produced by other production companies. In recent years, due to the popularity of independent films, Star Cinema created new divisions that would cater the niche markets; these are Skylight Films. Star Cinema redistributes classic films restored by ABS-CBN Film Archives and Central Digital Lab, Inc. In 2015, Star Cinema released the Cinema One Originals film That Thing Called Tadhana with critical and box office success; the film went on to gross over 134 million pesos against its budget of only two-million pesos. Sta
Ang Probinsyano
FPJ's Ang Probinsyano is a 2015 Philippine action drama television series based on the 1997 Fernando Poe Jr. film of the same title, courtesy of FPJ Productions. It is top billed by Coco Martin, together with an ensemble cast, it is the longest running action drama series on Philippine television. Ang Probinsyano has four story arcs. Book 1, which contained the first and second seasons, ran from its debut on September 28, 2015 until May 24, 2017. Book 2 contains the series' third and fourth season which aired from May 25, 2017 to March 14, 2018. Book 3 is comprosed of the series' fifth and sixth season and focused on the larger political drama, which involved the President and Vice President of the Philippines and ran from March 15, 2018 to April 8, 2019 Book 4 focuses on the lives of the Vendetta as they are given pardon and is now trying to fit themselves in society once again by serving the country under the care and appointment of President Oscar Hidalgo, it began its debut on April 9, 2019.
The first season of Ang Probinsyano chronicles around the lives of Ricardo Dalisay and Dominador de Leon, identical twins who were separated during childhood. Their lives soon intertwine once again when Dominador was killed during a mission in stopping a human-trafficking syndicate. Ricardo must now take the identity of his brother and finish the mission he started, while learning more about his biological family. During his mission, Ricardo faces various obstacles in his path in finding justice. One of his biggest encounters is the Tuazon family, a rich philanthropist family to the public, but a family of drug lords and human-trafficking syndicate leader in their personal lives; the second season Ang Probinsyano revolves around Cardo's quest to seek justice for the death of his brother, Ador. In his search for justice, Cardo uncovers the criminal empire of the Tuazons, in the process finds out about their involvement in the demise of his father and sister-in-law; the third season of Ang Probinsyano is about Ricardo Dalisay, in his married life and how he is battling the rebels.
As he finished his mission against the drug and human-trafficking syndicates, he continues his next mission in putting a stop to the illegal activities in the countries. He goes undercover and goes into a group called Pulang Araw, a rebel group fighting for rights. During his mission, he encounters several activities that put him on the nation's wanted list once again; the fourth season of Ang Probinsyano deals with the looming mid-year elections in the Philippines, where Senator Mateo F. De Silva and Director Renato Hipolito are both jockeying for the top spot at the polls in order to secure the Senate Presidency and parlay such victory into a career as the President of the Philippines. Both De Silva and Hipolito relentlessly hunt down Cardo and the remnants of Pulang Araw in order to appeal to the voters. De Silva funds his campaign with the aid of his new-found ally, Don Emilio Syquia, through their drug-trading business. With the remaining members of Pulang Araw and his allies in prison, Cardo forms the vigilante group Vendetta to combat corruption in the Philippines.
However, with the elections drawing nearer, both De Silva and Hipolito continue to malign the name of Vendetta through Luis "Buwaya" Mangubat and Homer "Alakdan" Adlawan's Kamandag each performing acts of terrorism which are blamed on Vendetta. Elsewhere, Cardo's marriage to Alyana is put to the test as she is pursued by her new boss, Marco Cabrera; the fifth season of Ang Probinsyano chronicles Cardo and Vendetta's struggle against corruption in the larger Philippine political arena. Vendetta not only has to fight the Renato Hipolito-backed terrorist group Kamandag, they are up against a gun-running ring operated by the Vice President of the Philippines, Lucas Cabrera. Hipolito and Cabrera, beyond being from the same political party have joined forces to combat Vendetta and to secure for Hipolito the top spot in the mid-year senatorial elections. Hipolito intends to use the top senatorial spot to catapult him to the presidency in the next presidential elections. Cabrera, on the other hand, wants the Senate to be dominated by his partymates, with Hipolito leading the charge as Senate President, in order to ensure that Cabrera will win the presidency in the next national elections unaware of Hipolito's intent to double-cross him to secure the presidency for himself.
The sixth season of Ang Probinsyano follows Cardo and Vendetta's continued struggle against Lucas Cabrera, now President of the Philippines and Renato Hipolito. After rescuing the incumbent President Oscar Hidalgo from an assassination plot intended to supplant him as president, Vendetta must now find a way to restore Hidalgo back to the Presidency. Elsewhere, Vendetta will have to deal with Don Emilio Syquia who has reemerged from hiding. Now going by the name Señor Gustavo Torralba, his newfound criminal empire enjoys the protection of the Cabrera administration through the auspices of Hipolito; as Vendetta makes its way back to Manila, their path will cross with the baglady of the Cabrera administration, Lily Ann Cortez. Lily plans on making the conflict between Vendetta and the Cabrera Administration more direct and emerge with the spoils from whoever it is left standing. Lily secretly pits the Vendetta and the president against each other, resulting to the death of Cabrera and Hipolito getting wounded.
Hipolito, with the help of Lily vows to exact revenge against Vendetta. Vendetta emerges victorious and surrendered to the authorities soon after with the help of the real, now reinstated President Oscar Hidalgo; the seventh season of Ang Probinsyano sees the culmination of Vendetta's arduous struggle against the corrupt
ABS-CBN (TV network)
ABS-CBN is a Filipino commercial broadcast television network, the flagship property of ABS-CBN Corporation, a company under the Lopez Group. The network is headquartered at the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center in Quezon City, with additional offices and production facilities in 25 major cities including Baguio, Bacolod, Iloilo and Davao. ABS-CBN is formally referred to as "The Kapamilya Network"; this was introduced in 1999 and was introduced in 2003 during the celebration of its 50th anniversary. It is the largest television network in the country in terms of revenues and international coverage. ABS-CBN is the oldest television broadcaster in Southeast Asia and one of the oldest commercial television broadcasters in Asia, it is the leading television network in the Philippines with advertising revenues of 21.2 billion pesos for the fiscal year of 2015. ABS-CBN's first television broadcast was on October 23, 1953, as Alto Broadcasting System on DZAQ-TV, just 3 months after the first broadcast of Japan's NHK General TV and Nippon Television.
It is the first television network in Southeast Asia to broadcast in color, the first television network in the Philippines to formally launch a digital terrestrial television service, the first broadcast television network in the Philippines to formally launch in high-definition. Today, the flagship television station of ABS-CBN is DWWX-TV; the network operates across the Philippine archipelago through the ABS-CBN Regional division which controls 80 television stations. Its programs are available outside the Philippines through the global subscription television channel The Filipino Channel, now available in over three million paying households worldwide as well as terrestrially in Guam through KEQI-LP. Since 2011, the network is on test broadcast for digital terrestrial television using the Japanese standard ISDB-T in select areas in the Philippines. On October 3, 2015, ABS-CBN started to broadcast in high-definition through its affiliate direct-to-home cable and satellite television providers.
ABS-CBN traces its history to the first Philippine television station DZAQ-TV, owned by Bolinao Electronics Corporation, renamed Alto Broadcasting System. James Lindenberg, the owner of BEC, was the first to apply for a license to the Philippine Congress to establish a television station in 1949, his request was granted on June 14, 1950, under Republic Act 511. Because of the strict import controls and the lack of raw materials needed to open a TV station in the Philippines during the mid-20th century, Lindenberg branched to radio broadcasting instead. Judge Antonio Quirino, brother of former President Elpidio Quirino tried to apply for a license to Congress, but was denied, he purchased stocks from BEC and subsequently consummated the controlling stock to rename the company from BEC to Alto Broadcasting System. DZAQ-TV began commercial television operations on October 23, 1953; the first program to air was a garden party at the Quirino residence in San Juan. After the premiere telecast, the station followed a four-hour-a-day schedule, from six to ten in the evening.
In 1955, Manila Chronicle owner Eugenio Lopez, Sr. and former Vice President Fernando Lopez, acquired a radio-TV franchise from the Congress and established Chronicle Broadcasting Network in 1956, which focused only on radio broadcasting. On February 24, 1957, Lopez invited Judge Quirino to his house for breakfast and ABS was bought under a contract written on a table napkin; the corporate name was reverted to Bolinao Electronics Corporation after the purchase of ABS. With the establishment of DZXL-TV 9 of CBN in April 19, 1958, the Lopez brothers controlled both television channels in the archipelago, culminating in the first wave of expansion; the monopoly in television was broken in 1960, when DZTV-TV 13 was established by the Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation, owned by Dick Baldwin. In 1961, BEC launched the nation's first provincial television station in Cebu City. In the same year, BEC merged ABS and CBN to form the ABS-CBN network, a brand name that would become official in a few years.
In 1966, ABS-CBN became the first TV network to broadcast certain shows in color by using the American NTSC standard and by December 18, 1968, ABS-CBN opened its present-day Broadcast Center complex in Bohol Avenue, Quezon City, moving from its Roxas Boulevard studios, opened in 1958. It was among the most advanced broadcasting facility of its kind in Asia. Full-color broadcasts began in 1971 on ABS-CBN 2 with the availability of more color television sets around Manila and neighboring municipalities and cities. In 1967, the company was renamed ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation; this company became the formal merger of the two stations DZAQ-TV 3 and DZXL-TV 9. In 1969, DZAQ-TV transferred to channel 2, while its sister station DZXL-TV transferred to channel 4; this frequency adjustment was done to make room for Kanlaon Broadcasting System or KBS to occupy the channel 9 frequency. ABS-CBN sold its headquarters and studios in Roxas Boulevard to KBS; when then-President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in 1972, the station was forced, along with its regional stations and other television networks to shut down, with the co
Asia Agcaoili
Asia Agcaoíli is a former Filipino actress, columnist for FHM Philippines and TV and radio host. Asia was born Junelyn Alexis Agcaoili on September 20, 1983 in Isabela, Philippines and is a graduate of the University of the Philippines. After moving to the Netherlands, she gave birth to Xander, by boyfriend Bram van der Kolk, they married in 2009 and moved to New Zealand where Bram was arrested as part of the Megaupload raid. She has admitted to being bisexual, she was part of the second wave of the singing group Viva Hot Babes, known for their provocative videos. Her introduction to television was in ABC's Singles, a reality TV show where she agreed to acquire breast implants and have it broadcast, she joined an episode of the GMA Network reality game show Extra Challenge, where she displayed her intelligence and confidence while faced with conservative moralists. In radio, she was a disc jockey on the radio station Magic 89.9 until January 14, 2007, an advice columnist for FHM Philippines. Agcaoíli is known for being open in talking about sex.
She was a regular on the ABS-CBN show Bida si Mister, Bida si Misis, appeared in Sex Guru, the first Philippine-made sex education film. Agcaoíli had the role of a villain in Till Death Do Us Part on ABS-CBN. After her breast was exposed in a edition of March 9, 2004 of MTB, a variety show, Agcaoili was suspended from the show for 20 days by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board. In a memorandum, the MTRCB said it found the program "objectionable" because of Agcaoili's "accidental left breast exposure". Agcaoili spearheaded the Pinoy Big Brother show for the viewers of Studio 23, her show, called Pinoy Big Brother: Si Kuya, KaBarkada Mo, featured snippets from the primetime telecast the night before, but featured opinion polls both from the man on the street and those sending SMS, spoof segments, live feeds from inside the house. She was one of the hosts of Breakfast on Studio 23 every Thursday and was part of the teleserye Vietnam Rose on ABS-CBN, where she teamed up with her Bida si Mister, Bida si Misis and the Philippines' Diamond Star, Maricel Soriano.
She hosted the Sunday afternoon TV show iPBA on ABC, a show that featured the ins and outs of the PBA which included interviews with league personalities. Official website Asia Agcaoili on IMDb Asia Agcaoili's Sex Confidential on FHM.com.ph Asia Agcaoili on FHM.com.ph Asia Agcaoíli on GoPilipinas.com
Bituin
Bituin is a Filipino soap opera, aired by ABS-CBN from September 23, 2002 to May 23, 2003 replacing Pangako Sa'Yo. It starred Desiree del Valle, with Nora Aunor and Cherie Gil; the series was re-aired in 2007–2008 through ABS-CBN Sports and Action. Bituin was famously known for the line that Nora Aunor belts out in a high caliber dramatic scene: "Nasaan Nasaan si Bernadette at Melody?" The line was repeated in movies, TV series, comedy bars. It was known to have the highest rated episode with The Diva vs Supernova concert, it was aired three days after the initial concert with more than a 48.7% audience share. In 2007, TFC ABS-CBN international affiliate KPTV re-aired the whole series from September 2007 to February 2008; the series had a crossover with Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay in 2003 in various episodes. In early March 2012 - June 2012 the series had a 2-hour back to back episodes shown weekdays internationally through Cinema One Global part of its Drama On Demand hour of requested Classic TV Programs as request by television viewers commercial free and uncut.
The series was noted to have singers Carol Banawa, Kuh Ledesma, Jessa Zaragoza and Josh Santana in regular cast objectives the soap centered on telenovela plot twists. Laura Sandoval and Carmela Gaston are half sisters who grew up with Carmela's mom not treating Laura right; when they grew older Carmela doesn't marry. After their second child, she found out; as a single mother she was struggling to support her two daughters Bernadette. When her eldest Melody becomes sick, Laura goes to Carmela asking for help, who says that she will help if she hands over Bernadette so she may raise her as her own. With no one left to turn to Laura does it. Carmela left for the US to raise Bernadette and soon returns as a singer. In a concert, Laura knew their whereabouts; the kids grow up not knowing. Melody notices that Laura is much closer to Bernadette, such as Laura teaching Bernadette to sing when she forbids Melody to do so. Bernadette becomes a star by claiming it as her own. Both soon become singers. Melody finds her father and wins the heart of a young man named Dante.
In the end they all become a family: Badong and Laura find their love again, Carmela is no longer jealous of her sister, Doña Virginia gave the rightful will of her husband to Laura, Melody is a great singer and marries Josh Santana, her singing partner, Bernadette becomes a famous composer the song she composed for her sister as a way to show she was sorry called "Sana Bukas". Nora Aunor as Laura Sandoval Cherie Gil as Carmela Gaston Carol Banawa as Melody Sandoval Desiree del Valle as Bernadette Gaston Carlo Muñoz as Dante Michael Santana as Josh Santana Michael de Mesa as Salvador Sandoval Gardo Versoza as Diony Cherry Pie Picache as Olivia Celia Rodriguez as Doña Virginia Gaston Jessa Zaragoza as Sultanna Andromeda "Andromeda" Ronaldo Valdez as Amante Montesilverio Chat Silayan † as Elvira Montesilverio Tess Aquino as Madonna Frank Garcia as Alex Montesilverio Geoff Rodriguez as Dave Montesilverio Kuh Ledesma as Lyrica Luna Kristel Fulgar as young Melody Eliza Pineda as young Bernadette Efren Reyes Jr. as Arnel Ricardo Cepeda as Conrado Emilio Garcia as Ernesto Lui Villaruz as Boom John Apacible † as Willy Perla Bautista as Ofelia Rodel Velayo as Jimmy Mat Ranillo III as Filemon Gaston Sylvia Sanchez as Eva Tado † as King John Lapus as Queenie Harlene Bautista as Tootsie Rochelle Barrameda as Leila Anita Linda as Rustica Jestoni Alarcon as Bienvenido Galang Gigette Reyes as Dra.
Reyes Julia Clarete as Agnes Gandoza Romnick Sarmenta as Pepito John Lloyd Cruz as Atty. Yuri Orbida Bea Alonzo as Atty. Kathrina Argos Kris Aquino Boy Abunda Ogie Diaz as Ogie Carlos Agassi Robert Sena John Lesaca Dessa Franco Laurel Divo Bayer Cooky Chua Agot Isidro Christine Bersola-Babao Edu Manzano Dindo de Viterbo Its highest rating was 48.7% for the "Ultimate Showdown: The Diva VS The Supernova" of Melody and Bernadette at the Araneta Coliseum, while the lowest was 29.5%, its fifth episode. List of programs aired by ABS-CBN List of dramas of ABS-CBN Bituin on IMDb
Drama
Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance: a play, mime, etc, performed in a theatre, or on radio or television. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes since Aristotle's Poetics —the earliest work of dramatic theory; the term "drama" comes from a Greek word meaning "action", derived from "I do". The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. In English, the word "play" or "game" was the standard term used to describe drama until William Shakespeare's time—just as its creator was a "play-maker" rather than a "dramatist" and the building was a "play-house" rather than a "theatre"; the use of "drama" in a more narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era. "Drama" in this sense refers to a play, neither a comedy nor a tragedy—for example, Zola's Thérèse Raquin or Chekhov's Ivanov. It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries, along with film studies, adopted to describe "drama" as a genre within their respective media.
"Radio drama" has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a live performance, it has been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception; the structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. Mime is a form of drama. Drama can be combined with music: the dramatic text in opera is sung throughout. Musicals include songs. Closet drama describes a form, intended to be read, rather than performed. In improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance. Western drama originates in classical Greece; the theatrical culture of the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama: tragedy and the satyr play. Their origins remain obscure, though by the 5th century BC they were institutionalised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating the god Dionysus.
Historians know the names of many ancient Greek dramatists, not least Thespis, credited with the innovation of an actor who speaks and impersonates a character, while interacting with the chorus and its leader, who were a traditional part of the performance of non-dramatic poetry. Only a small fraction of the work of five dramatists, has survived to this day: we have a small number of complete texts by the tragedians Aeschylus and Euripides, the comic writers Aristophanes and, from the late 4th century, Menander. Aeschylus' historical tragedy The Persians is the oldest surviving drama, although when it won first prize at the City Dionysia competition in 472 BC, he had been writing plays for more than 25 years; the competition for tragedies may have begun as early as 534 BC. Tragic dramatists were required to present a tetralogy of plays, which consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. Comedy was recognized with a prize in the competition from 487 to 486 BC. Five comic dramatists competed at the City Dionysia.
Ancient Greek comedy is traditionally divided between "old comedy", "middle comedy" and "new comedy". Following the expansion of the Roman Republic into several Greek territories between 270–240 BC, Rome encountered Greek drama. From the years of the republic and by means of the Roman Empire, theatre spread west across Europe, around the Mediterranean and reached England. While Greek drama continued to be performed throughout the Roman period, the year 240 BC marks the beginning of regular Roman drama. From the beginning of the empire, interest in full-length drama declined in favour of a broader variety of theatrical entertainments; the first important works of Roman literature were the tragedies and comedies that Livius Andronicus wrote from 240 BC. Five years Gnaeus Naevius began to write drama. No plays from either writer have survived. While both dramatists composed in both genres, Andronicus was most appreciated for his tragedies and Naevius for his comedies. By the beginning of the 2nd century BC, drama was established in Rome and a guild of writers had been formed.
The Roman comedies that have survived are all fabula palliata (comedies b