1.
The Pretenders
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The Pretenders are an English-American rock band formed in Hereford, England, in March 1978. The original band consisted of initiator and main songwriter Chrissie Hynde, James Honeyman-Scott, Pete Farndon, Hynde launched a solo career in 2014, and the Pretenders were dormant as a band between 2012 and 2016. However, The Pretenders are once again active, having issued an album, Hynde, originally from Akron, Ohio, moved to London in 1973, working at the weekly music paper NME and at Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwoods clothes store. She was involved with early versions of the Clash and the Damned and played in short-lived bands such as Masters of the Backside, the Pretenders formed in 1978 after Dave Hill at Anchor Records heard some demos of Hyndes music. He arranged a studio in Denmark Street, where a 3-piece band consisting of Hynde, Mal Hart on bass. Dave Hill was impressed and arranged a day at Studio 51 to record another demo, although it was rough, he felt he had seen and heard enough star potential to suggest that Hynde form a more permanent band to record for his new label, Real Records. Hynde then formed a band composed of Pete Farndon on bass, James Honeyman-Scott on guitar and this band, then without a name, recorded five tracks at Regents Park Studio in July 1978, including Stop Your Sobbing. The bands first single, a cover of the Kinks song Stop Your Sobbing was released in January 1979 and gained critical attention. It was followed in June with Kid, and then in January 1980 the band got to No.1 in the UK with Brass in Pocket, which was also successful in the US, reaching No.14 on the Billboard Hot 100. Their self-titled debut album was released at the end of December 1979 and was a success in the United Kingdom, the band played at the Heatwave festival during August 1980 near Toronto. The second full-length album, Pretenders II, was released during August 1981, Pretenders II included the Extended Play singles, the MTV video success Day After Day, and popular album-radio tracks The Adultress, Birds of Paradise, Bad Boys Get Spanked, and The English Roses. On 18 September 1981 the Pretenders were the musical guest on the US late night comedy show Fridays. The band performed The Adulteress, Message of Love and Louie, Louie, Andy Kaufman was the guest host of the programme on that night. Farndons drug abuse escalated and he was fired after a meeting between Hynde, Honeyman-Scott and Chambers, on 14 June 1982, two days later, on 16 June 1982, James Honeyman-Scott died of heart failure as a result of cocaine intolerance. Farndon was in the midst of forming a new band with former Clash drummer Topper Headon, after taking heroin and passing out, Farndon drowned in his bathtub, leaving the Pretenders with two living members. The song was released in October and became their biggest success in the US, the singles B-side, My City Was Gone is now the theme music for The Rush Limbaugh Show. Hynde then set up a permanent lineup for the band, keeping Chambers and adding Robbie McIntosh on guitar. Middle of the Road was this line-ups first single, released in the US in November 1983, the US B-side,2000 Miles, was released as a single in the UK
2.
Broadway (Manhattan)
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Broadway /ˈbrɔːdweɪ/ is a road in the U. S. state of New York. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement, the name Broadway is the English language literal translation of the Dutch name, Brede weg. Broadway is known widely as the heart of the American theatre industry, Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck Trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. Wickquasgeck means birch-bark country in the Algonquian language and this trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island. Upon the arrival of the Dutch, the trail became the main road through the island from Nieuw Amsterdam at the southern tip. The Dutch explorer and entrepreneur David Pietersz. de Vries gives the first mention of it in his journal for the year 1642, the Dutch named the road Heerestraat. Although current street signs are simply labeled as Broadway, in a 1776 map of New York City, in the mid-eighteenth century, part of Broadway in what is now lower Manhattan was known as Great George Street. An 1897 City Map shows a segment of Broadway as Kingsbridge Road in the vicinity of what is now the George Washington Bridge. In the 18th century, Broadway ended at the town north of Wall Street, where traffic continued up the East Side of the island via Eastern Post Road. The western Bloomingdale Road would be widened and paved during the 19th century, on February 14,1899, the name Broadway was extended to the entire Broadway/Bloomingdale/Boulevard road. Broadway once was a street for its entire length. The present status, in which it runs one-way southbound south of Columbus Circle, on 6 June 1954, Seventh Avenue became southbound and Eighth Avenue became northbound south of Broadway. On 3 June 1962, Broadway became one-way south of Canal Street, with Trinity Place, northbound traffic on Broadway now needs to take Amsterdam Avenue to 73rd Street, make a sharp turn on the very narrow 73rd and then right turn on Broadway. Otherwise, and effectively, the traffic on Broadway has been diverted into Amsterdam Avenue. In August 2008, two lanes from 42nd to 35th Streets were taken out of service and converted to public plazas. Additionally, bike lanes were added on Broadway from 42nd Street down to Union Square, the city decided that the experiment was successful and decided to make the change permanent in February 2010. Additionally, portions of Broadway in the Madison Square and Union Square have been dramatically narrowed, Broadway runs the length of Manhattan Island, roughly parallel to the North River, from Bowling Green at the south to Inwood at the northern tip of the island. South of Columbus Circle, it is a southbound street
3.
74th Street (Manhattan)
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74th Street is an east-west street carrying pedestrian traffic and eastbound automotive/bicycle traffic in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It runs through the neighborhoods of the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, in 1639, Colonys Sawmill stood at the corner of East 74th Street and Second Avenue, in the Dutch village of New Amsterdam, at which African laborers cut lumber. In 1664, the English took over Manhattan and the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam from the Dutch, later owners of the property George Elphinstone and Abraham Shotwell replaced the sawmill with a leather mill in 1677. Frederick Ambrose Clark developed a portion of West 74th Street in 1902–04. In 1938, a market on East 74th Street, east of Second Avenue, was supplanted with an enclosed market. Also close by are the 68th and 77th Street stations of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line,927 Fifth Avenue, at Fifth Avenue at the southeast corner of East 74th Street, upscale 12-story limestone-clad 1917 residential apartment building in the Renaissance Revival style. 930 Fifth Avenue, at Fifth Avenue at the northeast corner of East 74th Street, luxury 18-story 1940 apartment building. Consulate General of France Annex, at 10 East 74th Street Caravaggio, Italian restaurant, at 23 East 74th Street, in 2013, Zagats gave it a rating of 26. Mallett Antiques, at 929 Madison Avenue and East 74th Street, stable Gallery, at 33 East 74th Street, founded in 1953, hosted early solo New York exhibitions for artists including Robert Indiana and Andy Warhol. Côte dIvoire Permanent Mission to the United Nations, at 46 East 74th Street, Church of the Resurrection, at 119 East 74th Street,1869 Gothic Revival parish of the Episcopal Diocese of New York in the Episcopal Church. Mannes College of Music, at 157 East 74th Street, melon, at 1291 Third Avenue on the north-east corner of East 74th Street, hamburger restaurant. Where a scene for the Academy Award-winning movie Kramer vs. Kramer was filmed with Dustin Hoffman, casa 74, at 255 East 74th Street, 30-story, 87-apartment condominium building. The Forum at 343 East 74th Street, a 25-story residential condop building completed in 1986, jan Hus Presbyterian Church, at 351 East 74th Street,1880 Bohemian Gothic Revival Presbyterian church. Church of the Epiphany, at 1393 York Avenue on the northwest corner of East 74th Street,1939 Episcopal church designed in the Norman Gothic style, 74th Street Power Station, across York Avenue from the church, built in 1901 to electrify the Elevated railroads of Manhattan. The Langham,135 Central Park West between West 73rd Street and West 74th Streets,1907 apartment building in the French Second Empire style, the San Remo,145 and 146 Central Park West between West 74th Street and West 75th Street, luxury 27-floor co-operative apartment building. Calhoun School, at 160 West 74th Street, independent, coeducational college preparatory school founded in 1896, de La Salle Institute, at 160–62 West 74th Street, former Catholic Church school for boys. Levain Bakery, at 167 West 74th Street, the Ansonia, at 2109 Broadway between West 73rd and West 74th Streets,1899 building originally built as a hotel. The Beacon Theatre, at 2124 Broadway at West 74th Street, John Vernou Bouvier III, American socialite, Wall Street stockbroker, and father of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and Lee Radziwill, at 125 East 74th Street
4.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
5.
New York City Subway
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Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the worlds oldest public transit systems, one of the worlds most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day, every day of the year, the New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, with 472 stations in operation. Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson and the AirTrain JFK, in Manhattan and Queens respectively, accept the subways MetroCard but are not operated by the MTA and do not allow free transfers. Another mass transit service that is not operated by the MTA, the system is also one of the worlds longest. Overall, the system contains 236 miles of routes, translating into 665 miles of track. In 2015, the subway delivered over 1.76 billion rides, averaging approximately 5.7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.9 million rides each weekend. Of the systems 25 services,22 of them pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the G train, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and the Rockaway Park Shuttle. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments, or in open cuts, in total, 40% of track is not underground despite the subway moniker. Many lines and stations have both express and local services and these lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations, alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons, although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to The Battery, the Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, the first underground line of the subway opened on October 27,1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers, the oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek, was in use in 1864 as a railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath. By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, the city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies. This required it to be run at cost, necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time, in 1940, the city bought the two private systems. Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after, integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, these now operate as one division called the B Division
6.
1 (New York City Subway service)
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The 1 Broadway–Seventh Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line for its entire route, the 1 operates local at all times between Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street in Riverdale, Bronx and South Ferry in Lower Manhattan. When the first subway opened between 1904 and 1908, one of the main service patterns was the West Side Branch, trains ran from Lower Manhattan to Van Cortlandt Park via what is now the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, 42nd Street Shuttle, and IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. There was both local and express service with trains using the express tracks south of 96th Street. Some express trains ran to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn via the Joralemon Street Tunnel during rush hours while all other trains turned around at City Hall or the South Ferry outer loop. This shuttle was extended south to South Ferry, with a shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between Chambers Street and Wall Street, on July 1,1918. Finally, the new H system was implemented on August 1,1918, late night service was not operated. All 1 Local trains ran from 137th Street to South Ferry days and evenings, on September 5,1937, the practice of splitting Sunday morning trains at Brooklyn Museum was discontinued, with the alternate trains going to New Lots Avenue or Flatbush Avenue. As of July 1,1938, all evening and Sunday trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue, by 1945, all 1 Local peak period trains were cut back from Dyckman Street to 137th Street. Beginning on May 10,1946, all 1 Brooklyn trains were made express during late nights running on 12 minute headways, previously all 1 trains ran local from 12,30 to 5, 30am and they alternated between Flatbush and New Lots Avenues. On December 20,1946, all night trains were routed to Flatbush Avenue. On June 12,1949, 137th Street to South Ferry Sunday locals were discontinued, on March 15,1954, weekend 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued, and simultaneously weekend Brooklyn trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue. An attempt was made to extend service further north on January 14,1955. This proved unsuccessful, and ended on June 28,1956, meanwhile, in Brooklyn, weekday trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue on December 20,1957, and evening 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued on May 23,1958. Under a $100,000,000 rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train, switching north of 96th Street was eliminated. On February 6,1959,1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry all times, trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service was with new R21s and R22s on the line. During rush hour in the direction, alternate trains, those running from 242nd Street. The bypassed stations were served by locals originating from Dyckman Street and this express service was discontinued on May 24,1976, after which all 1 trains began to make all stops
7.
2 (New York City Subway service)
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The 2 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan. The 2 operates at all times between 241st Street in Wakefield, Bronx and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn, making all stops in the Bronx, daytime 2 service runs express in Manhattan, late night service operates local. The service operates via White Plains Road in the Bronx, Lenox Avenue and Seventh Avenue in Manhattan and Eastern Parkway, limited rush hour service also operates between the Bronx and New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn due to capacity issues at Flatbush Avenue. The first section of what became the current 2 entered service on November 26,1904 from the temporary 180th Street–Bronx Park terminal via the West Farms El to 149th Street–3rd Avenue. On July 10,1905, the connection between the IRT Lenox Avenue Line and IRT White Plains Road Line opened, allowing subway service from Manhattan to the Bronx. On January 9,1908, the Joralemon Street Tunnel opened, at this time, trains ran from East 180th Street to Borough Hall. On May 1,1908, trains were extended to Nevins Street, on March 3,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 219th Street. On March 31,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 238th Street–Nereid Avenue, on August 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. On April 15,1919, the Clark Street Tunnel, connecting the line to Brooklyn, beginning on December 19,1919, trains ran to South Ferry with some rush hour trains to Atlantic Avenue. In 1923, during rush hours,2 trains alternated between South Ferry and Utica Avenue, beginning December 1,1924,2 trains that ended at South Ferry were extended to New Lots Avenue. As of 1934,2 trains ran from 180th Street-Bronx Park to Flatbush Avenue weekdays and Saturday during daytime and to South Ferry evenings and Sundays, late-night service was from 241st St to South Ferry, making all stops. There were occasional lay-up/put-ins from New Lots, four weekday evening trains turned at Atlantic. On September 5,1937, some evening rush hour trains started running to Flatbush Avenue, as of July 1,1938, weekday and Saturday evening service was extended to Flatbush Avenue from South Ferry. Sunday service was extended to Flatbush Avenue on March 5,1950, beginning on December 26,1950, alternate weekday rush trains were extended to 241st Street in the peak direction, but PM rush service to 241st Street was discontinued on June 26,1952. Beginning on August 4,1952, the 180th Street - Bronx Park station was closed, morning rush hour service to 241st Street, on October 2,1953, was cut back to Gun Hill Road. On March 19,1954, weekend service was rerouted to New Lots Avenue at all times except late nights, on May 4,1957, a track connection to the IRT Dyre Avenue Line was completed and daytime 2 trains were rerouted to Dyre Avenue. Evening service remained a shuttle between Dyre Avenue to East 180th Street, and morning service from Gun Hill Road was discontinued
8.
3 (New York City Subway service)
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The 3 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan, on November 23,1904, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened between 96th Street and 145th Street. 3 trains ran between 145th Street and City Hall, making all stops, on July 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. 3 trains were rerouted south of 42nd Street from the IRT Lexington Avenue Line to this new line and they now made all stops to South Ferry. As of 1934,3 service operated between 145th Street and South Ferry except late nights, when operated between 145th Street and 96th Street, making local stops. Beginning on January 4,1955, some 3 trains ran express in Manhattan during rush hours and were extended to Flatbush Avenue, late night service was discontinued between 145th Street and 96th Street. Beginning on December 20,1957,3 trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue during rush hours, on February 6,1959, all trains except late nights made express stops in Manhattan as part of the West Side Improvement and ran to Flatbush Avenue. Beginning on April 8,1960,3 trains rerouted to New Lots, weekday evening service was cut to a shuttle 145th Street to 135th Street only. Beginning on April 18,1965,3 service ran to Flatbush Avenue again, beginning on October 17,1965, weekend evening service was also cut to a shuttle 145th Street to 135th Street. On May 13,1968, trains were extended to the newly completed 148th Street – Lenox Terminal, beginning on December 15,1968, all-night shuttle service between 145th Street and 135th Street were brought back, this was the first time since 1955. Beginning on May 23,1976, the current practice of starting Sunday service late began. Beginning on July 10,1983, the 2 and 3 trains swapped Brooklyn Terminals, beginning on August 5,1990, late-night shuttles between 148th Street and 135th Street were discontinued and replaced by shuttle buses. Beginning on September 4,1994, late-night shuttles between 148th Street and 135th Street were resumed, but were discontinued again on September 10,1995, from March 2 to October 12,1998, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line was rehabilitated. Most 3 service was rerouted to 137th Street–City College, after September 11,2001, the 3 service became a local in Manhattan. After a few switching delays at 96th Street, service was changed on September 19,2001 and it ran in Manhattan as an express between Harlem–148th Street and 14th Street and was replaced by 1 service in Brooklyn. It returned to New Lots Avenue on September 15,2002, on July 27,2008, late night 3 service was restored, operating as an express between 148th Street and Times Square–42nd Street. The following table shows the lines used by the 3, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the times, For a more detailed station listing. MTA NYC Transit –3 Seventh Avenue Express 3 Subway Timetable, Effective November 7,2016
9.
MTA Regional Bus Operations
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Both NYCT and MaBSTOA operate service pursuant to a lease agreement with the City of New York. MTABC operates service pursuant to an agreement with the City of New York under which all expenses of MTABC and this brought almost all bus transportation in New York City under its control. After the bus mergers were completed in 2006, the MTA then moved to streamline its operations through consolidation of management function, MTA Regional Bus also included the MTA Long Island Bus division until January 2012, when its services were transferred to a private operator by Nassau County. Other changes have included eliminating the MTA Bus call center, folding it into that of MTA New York City Transit, Regional Bus Operations is currently only used in official documentation, and not publicly as a brand. The seven former companies were, Command Bus Company, Inc. Green Bus Lines, Queens Surface Corp. and Triboro Coach Corp. The most common scheme is a blue stripe across the sides of the bus against a white base, with no colors on the front or back. From 1977 until late 2007, the livery was a full all-around stripe with a rear, and until late 2010. Buses operated in Select Bus Service bus rapid transit service are wrapped with a light blue-and-white wrap below the windows. In spring 2016, a new livery was introduced based on blue, light blue, and gold, with a mostly blue front and sides, a light blue and gold wave. Access-A-Ride paratransit services are provided by independent contractors, using vehicles owned by the MTA. In addition, MTA Regional Bus Operations operated bus and paratransit service in Nassau County under the name Long Island Bus until December 31,2011 and this service was operated by the MTA under an agreement with Nassau County, who owned its facilities and equipment. In 2011, the MTA asked Nassau County to provide funding for Long Island Bus than they were at the time. The county refused to provide funding, and the MTA voted to end operation of the system at the end of 2011. The county then decided to hire Veolia Transportation, a transportation company. Eventually all of these routes were transferred to private management, another city acquisition was the Bridge Operating Company, which ran the Williamsburg Bridge Local trolley, acquired in 1921 by the DP&S. Unlike the other lines, this one remained city-operated, and was replaced by the B39 bus route on December 5,1948, on February 23,1947, the Board of Transportation took over the Staten Island bus network of the Isle Transportation Company. The final Brooklyn trolleys were the Church Avenue Line and McDonald Avenue Line, discontinued on October 31,1956, though the privately operated Queensboro Bridge Local remained until 1957. Thus, in the late 1950s, the city operated all local service in Staten Island and Brooklyn, about half the service in Queens
10.
Fifth and Sixth Avenues Line
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The routes primarily run along Broadway, Fifth and Sixth Avenues, and Riverside Drive from Lower Manhattan to Washington Heights. The M5 covers the portion of the route, while the M55 operates along the southern portion of the route. The portion along Broadway south of East 8th Street was originally a streetcar line, from 2010 to January 8,2017, the whole line was a single route, the M5, running from Washington Heights to Lower Manhattan. In January 2017, the M55 was created to improve reliability, the Broadway line began at Columbus Circle. It runs east along Central Park South one block, and turned right onto Seventh Avenue and it followed Seventh to Times Square, and bore left on Broadway. It followed Broadway to Madison Square, and bore left onto Fifth Avenue and it ran on Fifth along with the Fifth/Madison Avenue Line to 8th Street. Both lines turned left onto East 8th Street east towards Broadway, at Broadway, the Broadway line turned right and terminated at the South Ferry, the Fifth/Madison Avenue Line continued to Fourth Avenue and terminated at Astor Place and Fourth Avenue. The current M5 and M55 follow a route, except the M55 does not run on Broadway north of St. Marks Place after the pedestrian plazas were implemented, the current northbound M55 route begins at South Ferry and runs uptown on Church Street and Sixth Avenue. Downtown M55 buses run along Fifth Avenue to East 8th Street, the northbound M55 runs along Fifth and Sixth Avenues until 44th Street, where it terminates. The M5 starts at 31st Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, using Sixth Avenue northbound and Fifth Avenue southbound until it reaches Central Park South and this corridor is shared by the M1, M2, M3 and M4 routes, and Sixth Avenue with the M7. There, the M5 runs crosstown along Central Park South and uptown along Broadway from Columbus Circle to West 72nd Street and this Broadway section is shared by the M7 and M104. and 72nd street is shared by the streets M72 crosstown bus route, as well as the M57. The route shifts to Riverside Drive, parallel to Broadway and runs the length of the street. This portion is not served by any bus route. The M5 Limited, which operates during the daytime, runs limited between 135th and 157th Streets, as well as between 72nd and 31st Streets, elsewhere, all limited buses make local stops. When the M5 Limited is running, there is no M5 local service, the M55 runs local at all times. The M2, M3, M4, M5 and M104 are based out of Manhattanville Depot, while the M1 and M7 are based out of Mother Clara Hale Depot, the Broadway and Seventh Avenue Railroad opened a line from Lower Manhattan to Central Park in 1864. However, south of Union Square, tracks were not allowed in Broadway due to local opposition
11.
Columbus Avenue Line
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The Columbus Avenue Line is a public transit line in Manhattan, New York City, United States, running mostly along Columbus Avenue, 116th Street, and Lenox Avenue from Lower Manhattan to Harlem. Originally a streetcar line, it is now the M7 bus route, operated by the New York City Transit Authority, the M7 bus now begins at 14th Street, sharing 6th with M5 and 7th Avenues with the M20. It turns west on 59th Street and northwest on Broadway to reach the pair of Amsterdam Avenue. At 106th Street, the M7 turns east, north on Manhattan Avenue, east on 116th Street and this is the exact path followed by the former streetcar north of 109th Street. The Ninth Avenue Railroads Ninth Avenue Line used the southernmost part of Columbus Avenue and it was soon authorized to build in 109th Street and Manhattan Avenue to 116th Street. The company was consolidated into the Metropolitan Street Railway on November 7,1895, Columbus Avenue cars were operated by the Metropolitan along their Broadway Line from lower Manhattan to Midtown, and then along the 53rd Street Crosstown Line west to 9th Avenue/Columbus Avenue. Cable cars were used from the opening on December 6,1894 until May 1901. After the Metropolitan system was split in 1913, and the Third Avenue Railway acquired the 59th Street Crosstown, buses were substituted for streetcars by the New York City Omnibus Corporation on March 25,1936. In 1956 it was renamed Fifth Avenue Coach Lines, and the Manhattan, when Columbus and Amsterdam Avenues became one-way streets, northbound buses were moved to Amsterdam Avenue. Pedestrianization of Broadway in Times Square and Herald Square in 2009 led to southbound buses using 7th Avenue instead of Broadway from 59th Street to 14th Street, consequently, the 14th Street terminus was shifted to 6th Avenue. Media related to M7 at Wikimedia Commons
12.
M57 (New York City bus)
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Several companies, most prominently the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, operate a number of bus routes in Manhattan, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. Presently, the New York City Transit Authority and its subsidiary Manhattan, the Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation operates the Roosevelt Island Red Bus Service on Roosevelt Island. The first bus company in Manhattan was the Fifth Avenue Coach Company, when New York Railways began abandoning several streetcar lines in 1919, the replacement bus routes were picked up by the New York City Department of Plant and Structures. The DP&S began operating several other buses in 1921, all of these but the M21 were acquired by Green Bus Lines in 1933, Green transferred several of these to the Comprehensive Omnibus Corporation in 1935. The New York City Omnibus Corporation began operating replacement routes for New York Railways lines abandoned in 1936 and they also acquired the Madison Avenue Coach Company, Eighth Avenue Coach Corporation, and in 1942 the Triangle Bus Corporation. In 1936, the NYCO and Fifth Avenue were placed under common ownership, the two were merged directly by 1956, when the NYCO acquired the Surface Transportation Corporation, and changed its name to Fifth Avenue Coach Lines. After a strike in 1962, the entire Fifth Avenue system was transferred to the newly formed Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority on March 22,1962. The M9 route came from the Avenue B and East Broadway Transit Company in 1980 and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with M - in other words, those considered to run primarily in Manhattan by the MTA. Other bus routes do not operate overnight hours, usually defined as midnight to 5AM, the Manhattan bus routes should not be confused with Megabus routes with similar names/numbers originating from Manhattan. Note, NB, Northbound, SB, Southbound, EB, Eastbound, WB, all routes operate as clockwise loops. A clockwise loop bus via 34th Street, 6th Avenue, 48th Street and this route is operated by Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation and is the lone unsubsidized route operating in Manhattan. The Red Bus route operates a shuttle bus service from apartment buildings to the subway and tramway lines. In Lower Manhattan area, a service operates daily from 10,00 AM until 7,30 PM, sponsored by the Lower Manhattan Business Improvement District. Most companies used these numbers, but the New York City Omnibus Corporation gave its routes numbers from 1 to 22, the public designations were not changed to avoid conflicts until July 1,1974. Manhattan Bus Map and Service Guide Chicago Transit & Railfan Web Site, New York City Transit www. nycsubway. org, Local Bus Companies of Manhattan
13.
M72 (New York City bus)
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Several companies, most prominently the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, operate a number of bus routes in Manhattan, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. Presently, the New York City Transit Authority and its subsidiary Manhattan, the Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation operates the Roosevelt Island Red Bus Service on Roosevelt Island. The first bus company in Manhattan was the Fifth Avenue Coach Company, when New York Railways began abandoning several streetcar lines in 1919, the replacement bus routes were picked up by the New York City Department of Plant and Structures. The DP&S began operating several other buses in 1921, all of these but the M21 were acquired by Green Bus Lines in 1933, Green transferred several of these to the Comprehensive Omnibus Corporation in 1935. The New York City Omnibus Corporation began operating replacement routes for New York Railways lines abandoned in 1936 and they also acquired the Madison Avenue Coach Company, Eighth Avenue Coach Corporation, and in 1942 the Triangle Bus Corporation. In 1936, the NYCO and Fifth Avenue were placed under common ownership, the two were merged directly by 1956, when the NYCO acquired the Surface Transportation Corporation, and changed its name to Fifth Avenue Coach Lines. After a strike in 1962, the entire Fifth Avenue system was transferred to the newly formed Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority on March 22,1962. The M9 route came from the Avenue B and East Broadway Transit Company in 1980 and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with M - in other words, those considered to run primarily in Manhattan by the MTA. Other bus routes do not operate overnight hours, usually defined as midnight to 5AM, the Manhattan bus routes should not be confused with Megabus routes with similar names/numbers originating from Manhattan. Note, NB, Northbound, SB, Southbound, EB, Eastbound, WB, all routes operate as clockwise loops. A clockwise loop bus via 34th Street, 6th Avenue, 48th Street and this route is operated by Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation and is the lone unsubsidized route operating in Manhattan. The Red Bus route operates a shuttle bus service from apartment buildings to the subway and tramway lines. In Lower Manhattan area, a service operates daily from 10,00 AM until 7,30 PM, sponsored by the Lower Manhattan Business Improvement District. Most companies used these numbers, but the New York City Omnibus Corporation gave its routes numbers from 1 to 22, the public designations were not changed to avoid conflicts until July 1,1974. Manhattan Bus Map and Service Guide Chicago Transit & Railfan Web Site, New York City Transit www. nycsubway. org, Local Bus Companies of Manhattan
14.
Broadway Line (Midtown Manhattan surface)
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The Broadway Line or Broadway Branch Line is a surface transit line in Manhattan, New York City, United States, running mainly along 42nd Street and Broadway from Murray Hill to Harlem. However, that bus route no longer runs along the streetcar route. The M104 bus route was shortened to Times Square from the Headquarters of the United Nations in June 2010 as part of a service cutback, buses use Eighth Avenue and Seventh Avenue to Central Park South. The Forty-second Street, Manhattanville and St, the Third Avenue Railroad acquired control of the line in November 1895, and the Metropolitan Street Railway leased the Third Avenue in May 1900. This was done because the Third Avenues Broadway trackage ended at Times Square, Broadway buses stopped serving the East 34th Street Ferry on September 29,1917. Buses were substituted for streetcars on December 15,1946
15.
BxM2 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates 76 express bus routes in New York City. Below is a list of all bus lines operating within the City of New York. The unidirectional fare, payable in coins or MetroCard, is $6.50, routes X1 to X22A, X30 to X31, and X42 are operated by New York City Transit. Routes X23 and X24 are operated by Academy Bus and these routes do not operate on Sundays. All routes are operated by MTA Bus, eight special routes, which was operated by Pioneer Bus then Command Bus Company. Note, An additional route, the BM2S bus route, ran from Starrett City to Downtown Manhattan ran via Flatlands Avenue between East 80th Street and East 105th Street. In addition, Command operated ferry shuttle buses around the Bay Ridge area from the Brooklyn Army Terminal after September 11,2001, both Pioneer Bus then Command Bus operated bus service to/from Roosevelt Raceway. From late 1988 to early 1990, Queens Surface Corporation temporarily outsourced these lines to Caravan Transit due to equipment shortages with the approval of the NYCDOT. Caravan Transit returned the lines to Queens Surface Corp. when 50 new MCI Classics suburban type buses were delivered new to that company during 1989, metro Apple Express operated buses in Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens and to Jones Beach during its existence. They didnt have fare boxes on the bus so the drivers were able to make changes and their bus schedules were color-coded for each route, BM10 was black, BM11 was blue, BM12 was green and BM15 was red. All routes going into Manhattan terminate at Midtown on East 59th Street, all routes traveled via into West Shore Expressway, Goethals Bridge into New Jerseys New Jersey Turnpike, Lincoln Tunnel, in Manhattan, 34th Street, Madison Avenue and 5th Avenue. All of these routes have been rebranded or eliminated, MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service
16.
Madison Square Garden Company
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The Madison Square Garden Company is an American sports and entertainment holding company based in New York City. In addition to owning the Madison Square Garden arena in Manhattan, New York City, MSG Sports is the division that manages the companys professional sports teams. These include the NBA New York Knicks and WNBA New York Liberty, and the NBA D-League Westchester Knicks basketball teams, MSG Entertainment is the operating arm of the company. It controls live events at Madison Square Garden, both in the arena and in The Theater at Madison Square Garden, in addition to the Garden itself, MSG Entertainment owns the rights to operate two theaters in Manhattan, Radio City Music Hall and the Beacon Theatre. MSG Entertainment also produces the Radio City Christmas Spectacular, both at Radio City Music Hall and in venues around the United States. In 1947, the Graham Paige decided to all of its automotive assets, change the corporate name to Graham Paige Corporation. In 1959, one of those investments was to buy a 40% interest in the Madison Square Garden III, in 1977, Gulf and Western Industries bought the company. Gulf and Western shed its non-media and entertainment assets, became Paramount Communications in 1989, in 1994, Viacom purchased majority ownership of Paramount Communications, but quickly sold MSG to Cablevision. In February 2010, Cablevision spun off the MSG properties, including the sports franchises, on September 30,2015, the MSG Networks division, which operates the companys media assets was spun off into a separate company, leaving MSG with its live entertainment and sports assets. On August 17,2016, MSG acquired a 12% stake in media, broadcasting
17.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
18.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
19.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
20.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
21.
Theatre
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The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence, the specific place of the performance is also named by the word theatre as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι. Modern theatre, broadly defined, includes performances of plays and musical theatre, there are connections between theatre and the art forms of ballet, opera and various other forms. The city-state of Athens is where western theatre originated, participation in the city-states many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member in particular—was an important part of citizenship. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism and theatre architecture, Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play, the origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to Aristotle, the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10, the stage consisted of a dancing floor, dressing room and scene-building area. Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics, the actors wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE, no tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institution alised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysus. As contestants in the City Dionysias competition playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays, the performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE, official records begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics, Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the surviving plays of Aristophanes. New Comedy is known primarily from the papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyrs themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal companions, often engaging in drunken revelry
22.
Upper West Side
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The Upper West Side is sometimes also considered by the real estate industry to include the neighborhood of Morningside Heights. Like the Upper East Side, the Upper West Side is an affluent, primarily residential area with many of its residents working in areas of Midtown. Conversely, the Upper East Side is traditionally perceived to be home to commercial, the Upper West Side, along with the Upper East Side, is considered to be among New York Citys wealthiest neighborhoods. Upper West Side is bounded on the south by 59th Street, Central Park to the east, and its northern boundary is somewhat less obvious. Although it has historically been cited as 110th Street, which fixes the neighborhood alongside Central Park, it is now considered to be 125th Street. The area north of West 96th Street and east of Broadway is also identified as Manhattan Valley, the overlapping area west of Amsterdam Avenue to Riverside Park was once known as the Bloomingdale District. From west to east, the avenues of the Upper West Side are Riverside Drive, West End Avenue, Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, Columbus Avenue, with the building of Lincoln Center, its name, though perhaps not the reality, was stretched south to 58th Street. This is a reversion to the historical name. The long high bluff above useful sandy coves along the North River was little used or traversed by the Lenape people, in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the Upper West Side-to-be contained some of colonial New Yorks most ambitious houses, spaced along Bloomingdale Road. It became increasingly infilled with smaller, more villas in the first half of the nineteenth century. Its name was a derivation of the given to the area by Dutch settlers to New Netherland, likely from Bloemendaal. The Dutch Anglicized the name to Bloomingdale or the Bloomingdale District and it consisted of farms and villages along a road known as the Bloomingdale Road. Bloomingdale Road was renamed The Boulevard in 1868, as the farms and villages were divided into building lots, by the 18th century it contained numerous farms and country residences of many of the citys well-off, a major parcel of which was the Apthorp Farm. Within the confines of the modern-day Upper West Side, the road passed through areas known as Harsenville, Stryckers Bay, Bloomingdale, in the latter half of the 19th century, was the name of a village that occupied the area just south of 110th street. Much of the riverfront of the Upper West Side was a shipping, transportation, the Hudson River Railroad line right-of-way was granted in the late 1830s to connect New York City to Albany, and soon ran along the riverbank. One major non-industrial development, the creation of Central Park in the 1850s and 60s, parts of the neighborhood became a ragtag collection of squatters housing, boarding houses, and rowdy taverns. In 1868, the city began straightening and grading the section of the Bloomingdale Road from Harsenville north and it retained that name until the end of the century, when the name Broadway finally supplanted it. Development of the neighborhood lagged even while Central Park was being out in the 1860s and 70s
23.
Movie palace
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A movie palace is any of the large, elaborately decorated movie theaters built between the 1910s and the 1940s. The late 1920s saw the peak of the palace, with hundreds opened every year between 1925 and 1930. With the advent of television, movie attendance dropped and many movie palaces were razed or converted into multiple screen venues or performing arts centers, there are three architectural design types of movie palaces. Paid exhibition of motion pictures began on April 14,1894, at Andrew M. Hollands phonograph store, located at 1155 Broadway in New York City, dropping a nickel in a machine allowed a viewer to see a short motion picture, devoid of plot. The machines were installed in Kinetoscope parlors, hotels, department stores, bars, the machines were popular from 1894 to 1896, but by the turn of the century had almost disappeared as Americans rejected the solitary viewing experience and boring entertainment. Around 1900, motion pictures became a part of vaudeville theatres. It was often used as a chaser—shown as the end of the performance to chase the audience from the theatre and these theatres were designed much like legitimate theatres. The Beaux-Arts architecture of these theatres was formal and ornate and they were not designed for motion pictures, but rather live stage performances. In 1902, the storefront theatre was born at Thomas Lincoln Tallys Electric Theatre in Los Angeles and these theatres exhibited a motion picture at a specific time during the day. Air domes also became popular in warm climates and in the summertime in northern climates, with no roof and only side walls or fences, the air domes allowed patrons to view motion pictures in a venue that was cooler than the stifling atmosphere of the storefront theatre. In 1905, the Nickelodeon was born, rather than exhibiting one program a night, the Nickelodeon offered continuous motion picture entertainment for five cents. By 1910, Nickelodeons grossed $91 million in the United States, the Nickelodeons were like simple storefront theatres, but differed in the continuous showings and the marketing to women and families. The movie house, in a building designed specifically for motion picture exhibition, was the last step before the movie palace, comfort was paramount, with upholstered seating and climate controls. One of the first movie houses was Tallys Broadway Theater in Los Angeles, the movie palace was developed as the step beyond the small theaters of the 1900s and 1910s. As motion pictures developed as an art form, theatre infrastructure needed to change, storefront theatres and Nickelodeons catered to the busy work lives and limited budgets of the lower and middle classes. Motion pictures were only thought to be for the lower classes at that time as they were simple, short. While the middle class began to attend the Nickelodeons by the early 1910s the upperclass continued to attend stage theater performances such as the opera. Nickelodeons could not meet demand as the upperclass feared the moral repercussions of intermingling between women and children with immigrants
24.
Vaudeville
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Vaudeville is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment. It was especially popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s, a typical vaudeville performance is made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. A vaudeville performer is often referred to as a vaudevillian, Vaudeville developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary American burlesque. Called the heart of American show business, vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades, the origin of this term is obscure, but is often explained as being derived from the French expression voix de ville. A second speculation is that it comes from the songs on satire by poet Olivier Basselin. Some, however, preferred the term variety to what manager Tony Pastor called its sissy. Thus, vaudeville was marketed as variety well into the 20th century, with its first subtle appearances within the early 1860s, vaudeville was not initially a common form of entertainment. The form gradually evolved from the saloon and variety hall into its mature form throughout the 1870s and 1880s. This more gentle form was known as Polite Vaudeville, in the years before the American Civil War, entertainment existed on a different scale. Certainly, variety theatre existed before 1860 in Europe and elsewhere, in the US, as early as the first decades of the 19th century, theatregoers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy. As the years progressed, people seeking diversified amusement found a number of ways to be entertained. Vaudeville was characterized by traveling companies touring through cities and towns, a significant influence also came from Dutch minstrels and comedians. Vaudeville incorporated these various itinerant amusements into a stable, institutionalized form centered in Americas growing urban hubs, pastors experiment proved successful, and other managers soon followed suit. B. F. Keith took the step, starting in Boston. Later, E. F. Albee, adoptive grandfather of the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Edward Albee, circuits such as those managed by Keith-Albee provided vaudevilles greatest economic innovation and the principal source of its industrial strength. They enabled a chain of allied vaudeville houses that remedied the chaos of the booking system by contracting acts for regional and national tours. These could easily be lengthened from a few weeks to two years, Albee also gave national prominence to vaudevilles trumpeting polite entertainment, a commitment to entertainment equally inoffensive to men, women and children. Acts that violated this ethos were admonished and threatened with expulsion from the remaining performances or were canceled altogether
25.
65th Tony Awards
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The 65th Annual Tony Awards was held on June 12,2011 to recognize achievement in Broadway productions during the 2010–2011 season. They were held at the Beacon Theatre, ending a tradition of holding the ceremony at Radio City Music Hall. The Awards ceremony was broadcast live on CBS and was hosted by Neil Patrick Harris, the award nominations were announced on May 3,2011. The ceremony received extremely positive reviews critics, with many citing it as a major improvement over the previous year. Numerous critics credited host Neil Patrick Harris with the success of the production, shows that opened during the 2010–11 Broadway season before April 28,2011 were eligible. The category of Lead Actress in a Musical has only four nominees, the creative arts awards presentation was hosted by Laura Benanti and Katie Finneran and were presented prior to the network broadcast of the rest of the awards and the entertainment. The awards in this portion of the ceremony included those for Best Original Score, Choreography, Best Orchestrations, the song was written by David Javerbaum and Adam Schlesinger. Harris and Hugh Jackman performed another comic number as rival awards-show hosts, other musical numbers were performed from Memphis, Spider-Man, Turn Off the Dark, Priscilla Queen of the Desert and Company. The Tony Awards Administration Committee announced special non-competitive awards prior to the ceremony, the Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre is given to Athol Fugard and Philip J. Smith, Chairman of The Shubert Organization. The Isabelle Stevenson Award is awarded to Eve Ensler, founder of V-Day, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre is given to animal trainer William Berloni, The Drama Book Shop, and Sharon Jensen and Alliance for Inclusion in the Arts. The Special Tony Award is given to Handspring Puppet Company, for creating lifelike horses, the Regional Theatre Tony Award is presented to Lookingglass Theatre Company. Source, Tony Awards The Book of Mormon received 14 nominations, the most of any production, the revival of Anything Goes won three awards, including Best Revival of a Musical. War Horse won five awards, including Best Play, the Normal Heart won three awards, including Best Revival of a Play. Several director-choreographers were double-nominated, Rob Ashford, Kathleen Marshall, Casey Nicholaw, winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface
26.
66th Tony Awards
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The 66th Annual Tony Awards was held on June 10,2012, to recognize achievement in Broadway productions during the 2011–2012 season. The ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre, and was broadcast live on CBS television, shows that opened on Broadway during the 2011–12 season before April 27,2012 are eligible. Neil Patrick Harris was the host of the ceremony and this marked the third time that Harris hosted the Tony Awards show. The telecast had 6.01 million viewers, in contrast to the 2011 Tony Awards telecast, the Book of Mormon cast members, along with Harris, started the show by singing a version of Hello. The original musical number that opened the show had Harris singing and dancing to What If Life Were More Like Theatre, with Patti LuPone, Amanda Seyfried, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, and company. The closing musical number was If I Had Time, sung by Harris, both the opening and closing musical numbers were written by David Javerbaum and Adam Schlesinger. On June 7, Matthew Morrison, Josh Groban, and Cote de Pablo were added to the presenter line-up, other presenters included Patti LuPone, Trey Parker and Matt Stone. Several awards, named the Creative Arts awards, were presented prior to the televised ceremony as well as during breaks. These awards were announced by Norbert Leo Butz and Beth Leavel, the nominees were announced on May 1,2012. The winners were announced on June 10,2012 and those awards were presented at the Tony Eve Cocktail party, held on June 9,2012 at the InterContinental Hotel. The Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre has been awarded to Emanuel Azenberg, bernadette Peters was presented with the Isabelle Stevenson Award and Special Tony Awards were given to Hugh Jackman and the Actors’ Equity Association. The Regional Theatre Tony Award has been awarded to the Shakespeare Theatre Company, 12th Helpmann Awards 2012 Laurence Olivier Awards Tony Awards Official Site
27.
70th Tony Awards
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The 70th Annual Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016, to recognize achievement in Broadway productions during the 2015–16 season. The ceremony temporarily returned to the Beacon Theatre in New York City after three years at Radio City Music Hall and was broadcast live by CBS, Hamilton received a record-setting 16 nominations in 13 categories, winning 11 total. The revival of The Color Purple won two awards, the Humans won four awards, and the revival productions of plays Long Days Journey into Night and A View from the Bridge each won two awards. Shows that opened on Broadway during the 2015–2016 season before April 28,2016, were eligible for consideration, the Tony Award nominations were announced on May 3,2016, by Nikki M. James and Andrew Rannells. Hamilton garnered 16 nominations—the most received by any Broadway production to date, following Hamilton, the seasons most-nominated shows included Shuffle Along with 10 nominations and the Roundabout Theatre Company revival of She Loves Me with eight. The revival of Long Days Journey into Night—also produced by Roundabout—received seven nominations, New plays Eclipsed and The Humans both received six nominations. The 2015–16 season marked the first time since 1960 and the time in history that five shows had been nominated for Best Musical. The annual Meet the Nominees Press Reception took place on May 4,2016, the annual Nominees Luncheon took place on May 19,2016 at the Paramount Hotel. A toast honoring the seasons Creative Arts nominees was held at the Lambs Club on May 24,2016, a private reception and cocktail party was held on June 6,2016, at the Paramount Hotels Diamond Horseshoe to honor the recipients of the seasons Tony Honors for Excellence. The ceremony was dedicated in honor of victims of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, corden addressed the shooting in a speech at the beginning of the telecast, stating All we can say is that you are not on your own right now, your tragedy is our tragedy. Theater is a place where every race, creed, sexuality, winners Lin-Manuel Miranda and Frank Langella also addressed the shooting in their acceptance speeches. Miranda read a sonnet that he had written, which included the passage Love is love is love is love is love is love is love is love, Cannot be killed or swept aside. In respect toward the victims of the shooting, the cast of Hamilton dropped the use of muskets from their performance of Yorktown at the ceremony. Andrew Lloyd Webber for School of Rock, Meg Ryan for She Loves Me, Marlee Matlin for Spring Awakening, president Obama and Michelle Obama, in a recorded appearance, spoke of seeing the beginnings of Hamilton at the White House. The ceremony also featured a tribute performance in honor of the 20-year anniversary of the revival production of the musical Chicago, featuring Bebe Neuwirth. The show closed with the cast of Hamilton performing The Schuyler Sisters, the 2016 Tony Honors for Excellence were awarded to voice coach Joan Lader, attorney Seth Gelblum, and Sally Ann Parsons, owner of the costume shop Parsons-Meares. Lyricist Sheldon Harnick and Circle Repertory Company founder Marshall W. Mason received Special Tony Awards for Lifetime Achievement, the National Endowment for the Arts and Miles Wilkin, COO and executive vice president of Key Brand Entertainment, received the seasons Special Tony Awards. Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey received the Regional Theatre Tony Award, brian Stokes Mitchell was named as recipient of the Isabelle Stevenson Award for his work with the Actors Fund
28.
Samuel Roxy Rothafel
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Samuel Lionel Roxy Rothafel was an American theatrical impresario and entrepreneur. He is noted for developing the lavish presentation of silent films in the movie palace theaters of the 1910s and 1920s. Rothafel was born in Stillwater, Minnesota and his parents were Cecelia and Gustave Rothapfel. Best known by his nickname, Roxy, he was the impresario who brought the great New York City movie palaces that he managed to fame and popular success. He began his business career in Forest City, Pennsylvania, where he created the Family Theater. In 1912 he came to New York City, where he would achieve his greatest successes, in New York at different times he managed and produced shows at the Regent, Strand, Rialto, Rivoli, and Capitol theaters. His greatest achievement was his eponymous Roxy Theatre at Times Square which opened March 11,1927 and he later opened the Radio City Music Hall and the RKO Roxy in 1932, his last theatrical project. The Music Hall featured the dance troupe the Roxyettes, which Rothafel brought with him from the Roxy Theatre. Rothafel has been credited with many movie presentation innovations, including synchronizing orchestral music to movies, the book The Best Remaining Seats by Ben M. Hall, gives a good overview of the movie palaces of the 1920s and, specifically, of Roxy himself. Rothafel had health issues in his life, mainly angina pectoris. He died of an attack in his sleep on January 13,1936 in New York City aged 53. He is buried in Linden Hill Jewish Cemetery in Queens, New York, through Rothafels granddaughter, Penny, he is the great-grandfather of actress Amanda Peet. Roxy also made a name for himself on radio, where he began broadcasting in mid-November 1922. Through 1925, live broadcasts of his variety show Roxy. One estimate from 1924 placed his typical radio audience at five million listeners. After Rothafel left the Capitol, his show, now known as The Roxy Hour, was broadcast from the new Roxy Theatre on the NBC Blue network from 1927 to 1932. Broadway, Its History, People and Places, Ben M. Hall, The Best Remaining Seats, The Story of the Golden Age of the Movie Palace. New York, Clarkson N. Potter,1961, ross Melnick, American Showman, Samuel Roxy Rothafel and the Birth of the Entertainment Industry, 1908-1935
29.
Roxy Theatre (New York City)
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The Roxy Theatre was a 5,920 seat movie theater located at 153 West 50th Street between 6th and 7th Avenues, just off Times Square in New York City. It opened on March 11,1927 with the silent film The Love of Sunya, produced by, the huge movie palace was a leading Broadway film showcase through the 1950s and was also noted for its lavish stage shows. It closed and was demolished in 1960, the Roxy Theatre was originally conceived by film producer Herbert Lubin in mid-1925 as the worlds largest and finest motion picture palace. It was intended to be the first of six planned Roxy Theatres in the New York area, Roxy determined to make his theater the summit of his career and in it realize all of his theatrical design and production ideas. He worked with Chicago architect Walter W. Ahlschlager and decorator Harold Rambusch of Rambusch Decorating Company on every aspect of the theaters design, Roxys lavish ideas and his many changes ran up costs dramatically. The final cost of the theater was $12 million, with Lubins exit, Roxys dreams of his own theater circuit also ended. Only one of the projected Roxy chain was built, the planned Roxy Midway Theatre on Broadway on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, the nearly complete theater was sold to Warner Bros. who opened it as Warners Beacon in 1929. Known as the Cathedral of the Motion Picture, the Roxys design by Ahlschlager featured a soaring golden, Spanish-inspired auditorium. Off the rotunda was an entrance lobby that led through the building of the adjacent Manger Hotel to the theaters main entrance at the corner of Seventh Avenue. The hotel was built at the time as the theater. The design maximized the auditoriums size and seating capacity but compromised the function of its triangular stage, the Roxys stage, while very wide, was not very deep and had limited space off stage. There were also offices, a private screening room seating 100. The Roxys large staff enjoyed a cafeteria, gymnasium, billiard room, nap room, library, the theaters stage innovations included a rising orchestra pit which could accommodate an orchestra of 110 and a Kimball theater pipe organ with three consoles which could be played simultaneously. The film projection booth was recessed into the front of the balcony to prevent film distortion caused by the usual angled projection from the top wall of a theater. This enabled the Roxy to have the sharpest film image for its time, courteous service to the patron was a key part of the Roxy formula. The theaters uniformed corps of male ushers were known for their polite manner, efficiency and they went through rigorous training, daily inspections and drill, overseen by a retired Marine officer. The ushers crisp attire was favorably mentioned by Cole Porter in a stanza of the song Youre the Top in 1932, elaborate stage spectacles were created each week to accompany the feature film, all under the supervision of Rothafel. The theaters orchestra and performers were featured in an NBC Radio program with Roxy himself as host
30.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
31.
Silent film
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A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
32.
Sound film
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A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s, at first, the sound films which included synchronized dialogue, known as talking pictures, or talkies, were exclusively shorts. The earliest feature-length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects, the first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer, released in October 1927. A major hit, it was made with Vitaphone, which was at the time the brand of sound-on-disc technology. Sound-on-film, however, would become the standard for talking pictures. By the early 1930s, the talkies were a global phenomenon, in the United States, they helped secure Hollywoods position as one of the worlds most powerful cultural/commercial centers of influence. In Europe, the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics, in Japan, where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance, talking pictures were slow to take root. In India, sound was the element that led to the rapid expansion of the nations film industry. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself. On February 27,1888, a couple of days after photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of Thomas Edison, the two inventors privately met. No agreement was reached, but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the Kinetoscope, essentially a peep-show system, as a visual complement to his cylinder phonograph. The two devices were brought together as the Kinetophone in 1895, but individual, cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection and these appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound. Phonorama and yet another sound-film system—Théâtroscope—were also presented at the Exposition, three major problems persisted, leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation. The primary issue was synchronization, pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices, sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve. Finally, there was the challenge of recording fidelity, cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways. In 1902, Léon Gaumont demonstrated his sound-on-disc Chronophone, involving an electrical connection he had recently patented, four years later, Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone, a compressed-air amplification system based on the Auxetophone, developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons
33.
Grateful Dead
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The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto, California. Their music, writes Lenny Kaye, touches on ground that most other groups dont even know exists and these various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world. The band was ranked 57th by Rolling Stone magazine in its The Greatest Artists of All Time issue, the Grateful Dead have sold more than 35 million albums worldwide. The Grateful Dead was founded in the San Francisco Bay Area amid the rise of the counterculture of the 1960s, the founding members were Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Ron Pigpen McKernan, Phil Lesh, and Bill Kreutzmann. Members of the Grateful Dead had played together in various San Francisco bands, including Mother McCrees Uptown Jug Champions, Lesh was the last member to join the Warlocks before they became the Grateful Dead, he replaced Dana Morgan Jr. who had played bass for a few gigs. Drummer Mickey Hart and nonperforming lyricist Robert Hunter joined in 1967, with the exception of McKernan, who died in 1973, and Hart, who took time off from 1971 to 1974, the core of the band stayed together for its entire 30-year history. The other official members of the band are Tom Constanten, John Perry Barlow, Keith Godchaux, Donna Godchaux, Brent Mydland, pianist Bruce Hornsby was a touring member from 1990 to 1992, as well as guesting with the band on occasion before and after the tours. After the death of Jerry Garcia in 1995, former members of the band, along with musicians, toured as the Other Ones in 1998,2000, and 2002, and the Dead in 2003,2004. In 2015, the four surviving core members marked the bands 50th anniversary in a series of concerts that were billed as their last performances together. There have also been several spin-offs featuring one or more members, such as Dead & Company, Furthur, the Rhythm Devils, Phil Lesh & Friends, RatDog. The Grateful Dead began their career as the Warlocks, a group formed in early 1965 from the remnants of a Palo Alto, the bands first show was at Magoos Pizza located at 639 Santa Cruz Avenue in suburban Menlo Park, California, on May 5,1965. They were initially known as the Warlocks, coincidentally, the Velvet Underground was also using that name on the East Coast, the show was not recorded but the set list has been preserved. Gigging as a bar band, the group changed its name after finding out that another band of the same name had signed a recording contract. The first show under the new name Grateful Dead was in San Jose, California on December 4,1965, at one of Ken Keseys Acid Tests. Earlier demo tapes have survived, but the first of over 2,000 concerts known to have recorded by the bands fans was a show at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on January 8,1966. Later that month, the Grateful Dead played at the Trips Festival, the name Grateful Dead was chosen from a dictionary. According to Phil Lesh, in his autobiography, picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary. In that silvery elf-voice he said to me, Hey, man, the definition there was the soul of a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial
34.
Erik Satie
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Éric Alfred Leslie Satie, who signed his name Erik Satie after 1884, was a French composer and pianist. Satie was a figure in the early 20th-century Parisian avant-garde. His work was a precursor to later artistic movements such as minimalism, Surrealism, repetitive music, an eccentric, Satie was introduced as a gymnopedist in 1887, shortly before writing his most famous compositions, the Gymnopédies. Satie was the son of Alfred Satie and his wife Jane Leslie, Erik was born at Honfleur in Normandy, his home there is open to the public. When Satie was four years old, his family moved to Paris, his father having been offered a job in the capital. After his mothers death in 1872, he was sent, together with his brother, Conrad. There he received his first music lessons from a local organist, in 1878, when he was 12 years old, his grandmother died, and the two brothers were reunited in Paris with their father, who remarried shortly afterwards. From the early 1880s onwards, Satie started publishing salon compositions by his step-mother and himself, in 1879, Satie entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he was soon labelled untalented by his teachers. Georges Mathias, his professor of piano at the Conservatoire, described his pupils piano technique in flatly negative terms, insignificant and laborious, Émile Decombes called him the laziest student in the Conservatoire. Years later, Satie related that Mathias, with great insistence, however, Saties military career did not last very long, within a few months he was discharged after deliberately infecting himself with bronchitis. Satie moved from his fathers residence to lodgings in Montmartre in 1887, by this time he had started what was to be an enduring friendship with the romantic poet Patrice Contamine, and had his first compositions published by his father. He soon integrated with the clientele of the Le Chat Noir Café-cabaret. Publication of compositions in the same vein followed, in the same period he befriended Claude Debussy. He moved to a room, still in Montmartre, in 1890. Le Fils des étoiles, and the Sonneries de la Rose+Croix, Satie gave performances at the Salon de la Rose + Croix, organized by Péladan. While the comrades from both the Chat Noir and Miguel Utrillos Auberge du Clou sympathised, a brochure was produced for the project. In 1893, Satie met the young Maurice Ravel for the first time, one of Saties own compositions of that period, Vexations, was to remain undisclosed until after his death. By the end of the year he had founded the Église Métropolitaine dArt de Jésus Conducteur
35.
Mobile (sculpture)
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A mobile is a type of kinetic sculpture constructed to take advantage of the principle of equilibrium. It consists of a number of rods, from which weighted objects or further rods hang, the objects hanging from the rods balance each other, so that the rods remain more or less horizontal. Each rod hangs from one string, which gives it freedom to rotate about the string. An ensemble of these balanced parts hang freely in space, by design without coming into contact with each other, Mobiles are popular in the nursery, where they hang over cribs to give infants entertainment and visual stimulation. Mobiles have inspired many composers, including Morton Feldman and Earle Brown who were inspired by Alexander Calders mobiles to create mobile-like indeterminate pieces, frank Zappa also claimed that his compositions were modelled on Calder mobiles. The meaning of the term mobile as applied to sculpture has evolved since it was first suggested by Marcel Duchamp in 1931 to describe the early, at this point, mobile was synonymous with the term kinetic art, describing sculptural works in which motion is a defining property. While motor or crank-driven moving sculptures may have prompted it. Influenced by the work of Piet Mondrian, Joan Miró and Sophie Taeuber-Arp. Thus, mobile has become a more well-defined term with its origin in the many such hanging constructs Calder produced in a prolific manner between the 1930s until his death in 1976. Calders work is the one defined by the term mobile, however. Man Ray experimented with this idea around 1920 and Bruno Munari created his Useless Machines in 1933, made in cardboard, wind chime The Creation of Calder Mobiles Alexander Calders Mobiles by Jean-Paul Sartre, Les Temps Modernes,1963
36.
Alexander Calder
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Calder’s monumental stationary sculptures are called stabiles. He also produced wire figures, which are like drawings made in space, Alexander Sandy Calder was born in 1898 in Lawnton, Pennsylvania. His actual birthday, however, remains a source of much confusion, according to Calders mother, Nanette, Calder was born on August 22, yet his birth certificate at Philadelphia City Hall, based on a hand-written ledger, stated July 22. When Calders family learned about the certificate, they reasserted with certainty that city officials had made a mistake. His father, Alexander Stirling Calder, was a sculptor who created many public installations. Calders mother was a portrait artist, who had studied at the Académie Julian. She moved to Philadelphia, where she met Stirling Calder while studying at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Calders parents married on February 22,1895, his sister, Mrs. Margaret Calder Hayes, was instrumental in the development of the UC Berkeley Art Museum. In 1902, Calder posed nude for his father’s sculpture The Man Cub and that same year he also completed his earliest sculpture, a clay elephant. Three years later, Stirling Calder contracted tuberculosis, and Calders parents moved to a ranch in Oracle, Arizona, the children were reunited with their parents in late March 1906 and stayed at the ranch in Arizona until fall of the same year. After Arizona, the Calder family moved to Pasadena, California, the windowed cellar of the family home became Calders first studio and he received his first set of tools. He used scraps of copper wire that he found in the street to make jewelry for his sisters dolls, on January 1,1907, Nanette Calder took her son to the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, where he observed a four-horse-chariot race. This style of event later became the finale of Calders miniature circus performances, in the fall of 1909, the Calder family moved back to Philadelphia, where Calder briefly attended Germantown Academy, then moved to Croton-on-Hudson, New York. That Christmas, he sculpted a dog and an out of sheet brass as gifts for his parents. The sculptures are three-dimensional and the duck is kinetic because it rocks when gently tapped, in Croton, during his early high school years, Calder was befriended by his fathers painter friend Everett Shinn with whom he built a gravity powered system of mechanical trains. Calder described it, We ran the train on wooden rails held by spikes and we even lit up some cars with candle lights. After Croton, the Calders moved to Spuyten Duyvil to be closer to New York City, while living in Spuyten Duyvil, Calder attended high school in nearby Yonkers. During Calders high school years, the family moved back and forth between New York and California, in each new location, Calders parents reserved cellar space as a studio for their son. Toward the end of period, Calder stayed with friends in California while his parents moved back to New York
37.
Calder's set for Socrate
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The original Decor for Saties Socrate was designed by mobile artist Alexander Calder for a touring performance of Erik Satie’s symphonic drama Socrate in 1936. It was a set considered by Virgil Thomson as one of the masterpieces of twentieth-century theatre design. It consisted of three elements, a red disc, interlocking steel hoops, and a rectangle, black on one side and white on the other. Destroyed in a fire in 1936, the decor was recreated by Walter Hatke in 1976 for a performance in New York, the original Decor for Saties Socrate was destroyed in a fire after the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center performance of Socrate in 1936. He took the empty space of the stage and filled it not only with forms but with the movement of those forms through space. Thomson’s vivid description of the 1936 production of Socrate inspired Thome with the idea of re-creating Calder’s lost set, in May 1975 Thomson wrote to Calder at his home in France. Within days the reply came, It would be fun to revive that bit, in October, Calder was in New York for his annual visit and exhibition at the Perls Galleries. Klaus and Dolly Perls arranged a meeting of Alexander Calder and Joel Thome and asked Jean Lipman and Richard Marshall, Calder gave Thome his permission for the revival. The plans were sent to Calder in June 1976 and he signed them and indicated that construction could proceed. Using the drawings, Hatke set to work on a tabletop model, in October Calder and Thome met again at Perls Galleries. Calder instructed the use of a blue cyclorama, about the lighting Calder concluded, About the rest, you can use your imagination in a theatre. Calder asked Thome to pick him up on November 11 so that Calder could review the decor, as Thome was about to phone to confirm the time, he received word of Calders sudden death. The production of Socrate was postponed for a year and reconceived as a tribute to Alexander Calder. The recreated mobile was as much a part of the production as the music, the tribute performances took place at the Beacon Theatre in New York on the 10th and 11 November 1977, both of which were sold out. The recreated set was the subject of a lawsuit brought by Joel Thome against the Calder Foundation, Thome wished to sell the recreated set that Calder had designed but did not live to see completed, which he had unsuccessfully tried to get the Calder Foundation to authenticate
38.
Radio City Music Hall
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Radio City Music Hall is an entertainment venue located in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Its nickname is the Showplace of the Nation, and it was for a time the leading tourist destination in the city and its interior was declared a city landmark in 1978. It is notable as being the headquarters for the dance company. The 12-acre complex in Midtown Manhattan known as Rockefeller Center was developed between 1929 and 1940 by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. on land leased from Columbia University. The Radio City Music Hall was designed by architect Edward Durell Stone and its originally planned name was International Music Hall. The names Radio City and Radio City Music Hall derive from one of the complexs first tenants, Radio City Music Hall was a project of Rockefeller, Samuel Roxy Rothafel, who previously opened the Roxy Theatre in 1927, and RCA chairman David Sarnoff. The Music Hall opened to the public on December 27,1932 with a stage show featuring Ray Bolger, Doc Rockwell. The opening was meant to be a return to high-class variety entertainment, the new format was not a success. The program was long, and individual acts were lost in the cavernous hall. On January 11,1933, the Music Hall converted to the format of a feature film. The film-plus-stage-spectacle format continued at the Music Hall until 1979, with four complete performances presented every day, plans for alternate uses for the structure included converting the theater into tennis courts, a shopping mall or the American Stock Exchange. Joining forces with the media and political allies, including New York Lt. Gov. Mary Anne Krupsak, they challenged the Rockefeller establishment, against all odds, to save The Showplace of the Nation. On March 28,1978 New York Citys Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the interior of Radio City Music Hall a landmark guaranteeing that the building would remain a theatre, on May 12,1978, Radio City Music Hall was placed on The National Register of Historic Places. Regular film showings at Radio City ended in 1979 and in 1980, after a renovation, Radio City Music Hall is currently leased to and managed by The Madison Square Garden Company. Movie premieres and feature runs have occasionally taken place such as the Harry Potter film series. The Radio City Christmas Spectacular continues to be an important annual event, starting in 2013, however, the Tony Awards will be the only major televised awards ceremony at Radio City, as the Video Music Awards relocated permanently to the Barclays Center that year. Radio City has 5,933 seats for spectators, and additional seating can be placed on the pit elevator during events that do not require that space bringing the capacity to over 6,000. Designed by Edward Durell Stone, the interior of the theater with its austere Art Deco lines represented a break with the ornate rococo ornament associated with movie palaces at the time
39.
Cablevision
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Altice USA is the successor to Cablevision Systems Corporation, founded by Charles Dolan. On September 17,2015, Netherlands-based Altice NV announced its intention to acquire Cablevision from the Dolan family for $17.7 billion. Under the terms of the deal, Altice paid $34.90 in cash for each share in Cablevision, the Cablevision name has been retired, and the company is now known as Altice USA, with Optimum remaining the customer facing brand of the company. Static IP is also available for business customers, Optimum Voice is a Voice over IP telephone service provided by Cablevision for its Optimum Online customers. New customers must have Optimum Online first before using Optimum Voice, Optimum Voice is not currently available in the Pennsylvania portion of Cablevisions footprint. SIP trunking is also available for business customers, Optimum TV, formerly iO digital cable, is a digital cable service offered by Altice USA, available in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and parts of Pennsylvania. It includes 130 HDTV channels, interactive channels, such as games, and channels that allow viewers to browse listings of autos and homes for sale in the area, HD channels are free with Optimum TV to customers who subscribe to the service package that includes the SD channel. Additionally, Optimum TV comes with 46 channels of Music Choice music channels, Optimum TV also offers single-room DVR and multi-room cloud DVR for an additional cost. It was the first American company to offer BBC World News, for years, Cablevision was one of the few providers not carrying BBC America until they finally added the channel on August 25,2011. On July 29,2008, Cablevision acquired Newsday and amNewYork in a deal worth $650m and he ended up selling both the cable system and HBO to Time Life Inc. He used the money to start a new system in suburban Long Island called Cablevision. Cablevision quickly expanded and built throughout the New York metro area, the other boroughs of New York City, New Jersey, Westchester County. In the 1980s, Cablevision also expanded into the Chicago, Boston, by the mid-1990s Cablevision would offer service to 2.9 million subscribers in 19 states. Through a series of transactions in the late 1990s, Cablevision decided to consolidate their cable systems into three areas, New York, Cleveland, and Boston. Despite reducing the number of areas served they were able to bring the number of subscribers to 3.5 million through these transactions, one major transaction made at this time was with Tele-Communications Inc. Cablevision gained 10 New York area cable systems from TCI and in exchange TCI gained 33% ownership in the company, in 1999, AT&T Corporation took over TCI thus giving them the one-third ownership in Cablevision. In 2000, Cablevision sold-off its remaining systems outside of the New York area in Boston, Cleveland, and Kalamazoo, Michigan to MediaOne, Adelphia, AT&T sold its share of Cablevision in 2001. On June 13,2010, Cablevision announced that it would acquire Bresnan Communications for $1.37 billion, Bresnan provides service to about 308,000 cable subscribers in Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming
40.
Madison Square Garden
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Madison Square Garden, often called MSG or simply The Garden, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets, it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station. The Garden is used for basketball and ice hockey, as well as boxing, concerts, ice shows, circuses, professional wrestling and other forms of sports. It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks, including the Empire State Building, Koreatown and it is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and residency to singer-songwriter Billy Joel. The Garden opened on February 11,1968, and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area and it is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the second-oldest arena in the National Basketball Association. MSG is the fourth-busiest music arena in the world in terms of sales, behind The O2 Arena. At a total construction cost of approximately $1.1 billion and it is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex. Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name, Madison Square is formed by the intersection of 5th Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street in Manhattan. It was named after James Madison, fourth President of the United States, two venues called Madison Square Garden were located just northeast of the square, the first from 1879 to 1890, and the second from 1890 to 1925. The first Garden, leased to P. T. Barnum, had no roof and was inconvenient to use during inclement weather, Madison Square Garden II was designed by noted architect Stanford White. The new building was built by a syndicate which included J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, P. T. Barnum, Darius Mills, James Stillman and W. W. Astor. It was 200 feet by 485 feet, and the main hall and it had a 1, 200-seat theatre, a concert hall with a capacity of 1,500, the largest restaurant in the city and a roof garden cabaret. A third Madison Square Garden opened in a new location, on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, from 1925 to 1968, groundbreaking on the third Madison Square Garden took place on January 9,1925. Designed by the theater architect Thomas W. Lamb, it was built at the cost of $4.75 million in 249 days by boxing promoter Tex Rickard. The arena was 200 feet by 375 feet, with seating on three levels, and a capacity of 18,496 spectators for boxing. Demolition commenced in 1968 after the opening of the current Garden and it finished up in early 1969, and the site is now where One Worldwide Plaza is located. The new structure was one of the first of its kind to be built above the platforms of a railroad station. It was an engineering feat constructed by Robert E. McKee of El Paso, public outcry over the demolition of the Pennsylvania Station structure—an outstanding example of Beaux-Arts architecture—led to the creation of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
41.
The Allman Brothers Band
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The band incorporates elements of southern rock, blues, jazz, and country music, and their live shows have jam band-style improvisation and instrumentals. The groups first two studio releases stalled commercially, but their 1971 live release, At Fillmore East, represented an artistic, the album features extended renderings of their songs In Memory of Elizabeth Reed and Whipping Post, and is often considered among the best live albums ever made. Group leader Duane Allman was killed in an accident later that year, and the band dedicated Eat a Peach in his memory. Internal turmoil overtook them soon after, the group dissolved in 1976, reformed briefly at the end of the decade with additional personnel changes, the band reformed once more in 1989, releasing a string of new albums and touring heavily. A series of changes in the late 1990s was capped by the departure of Betts. The band retired in 2014 with the departure of the aforementioned members, the band has been awarded seven gold and four platinum albums, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995. Rolling Stone ranked them 52nd on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004, Duane Allman, and his younger brother, Gregg, grew up in Daytona Beach, Florida. Gregg was first to pick up the guitar, but his brother soon surpassed him, the duo formed their first band, the Escorts, which evolved into the Allman Joys in the mid-1960s. When an African-American friend introduced Gregg to R&B and soul music, the two were apart for the first time for a year, but managed to reconvene in Miami, producing an album-length demo with the 31st of February, a group that included drummer Butch Trucks. At FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Duane Allman became the session guitarist, recording with artists such as Aretha Franklin. Duane suggested to Wilson Pickett they record a cover of Hey Jude by the Beatles, FAME signed Duane to a five-year recording contract, and he put together a group, including Johnny Sandlin and Paul Hornsby. Duane recruited Jai Johanny Johanson after hearing his drumming on a demo of Jackie Avery. Allman invited bassist Berry Oakley to jam with the new group, the pair had met in a Macon, Georgia, Georgia club some time earlier, and became quick friends. The group had immediate chemistry, and Duanes vision for a different band — one with two guitarists and two drummers — began evolving. Meanwhile, Phil Walden, the manager of the late Otis Redding, Walden intended the upcoming group to be the centerpiece of his new Atlantic-distributed label, Capricorn. Duane and Jaimoe moved to Jacksonville in early March 1969, as Duane had become frustrated with being a robot of those at FAME and he invited anyone who wanted to join to the jam sessions that birthed the Allman Brothers Band. The Second Comings Reese Wynans played keyboards, and Duane, Oakley, the unnamed group began to perform free shows in Willow Branch Park in Jacksonville, with an ever-changing, rotating cast of musicians. Duane felt strongly his brother should be the vocalist of the new group, four days later, the group made their debut at the Jacksonville Armory
42.
Epic Records
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Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
43.
Genre
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Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time. Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented, often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible. Genre began as a classification system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, prose, and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, in later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre became a tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art. Because art is often a response to a state, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about. Genre suffers from the ills of any classification system. Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to works on their unique merit. While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions, proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation, recombination, and evolution of the codes. The term genre is used in the history and criticism of visual art. These are distinguished from staffage, incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting, Genre painting may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings. The concept of the hierarchy of genres was a one in artistic theory. It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the Académie française which held a role in academic art. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content. Genre should not be confused with age category, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult. They also must not be confused with format, such as novel or picture book
44.
Duane Allman
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Howard Duane Allman was an American guitarist, session musician, and co-founder and leader of the Allman Brothers Band until his death in a motorcycle crash in 1971, when he was 24 years old. The Allman Brothers Band was formed in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1969, the band had great success in the early 1970s. Allman is best remembered for his brief but influential tenure in the band and in particular for his slide guitar playing. In 2003, he was ranked number 2 in Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time, in 2011, he was ranked number 9. His guitar tone was named one of the greatest of all time by Guitar Player, a sought-after session musician both before and during his tenure with the band, Duane Allman performed with such established stars as King Curtis, Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, and Herbie Mann. He also contributed greatly to the 1970 album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs, by Derek, Duane Allmans skills as a guitarist were complemented by personal qualities such as his intensity, drive and ability to draw the best out of others in making music. He is still referred to by his nickname Skydog, Duane Allman was born on November 20,1946, in Nashville, Tennessee. He was the eldest son of Willis Allman, a World War II non-commissioned officer turned recruiting officer in the United States Army and his brother, Gregg, was born on December 8,1947. On December 26,1949, when the family was living near Norfolk, Virginia, in order to retrain as an accountant, Geraldine Mama A Allman sent Duane and Gregg to Castle Heights Military Academy in Lebanon, Tennessee, which they both disliked intensely. In 1957, the moved to Daytona Beach, Florida. The boys returned to Nashville to spend summers with their grandmother, in 1960, he had saved enough money to buy his first guitar, a Japanese-made Teisco Silvertone, while Duane acquired a Harley 165 motorbike. Duane began to take an interest in the guitar, and the boys would fight over it, until Duane wrecked the motorbike. His mother eventually bought Duane a Gibson Les Paul Junior and it was also in Nashville that the boys became musically inspired by a rhythm and blues concert where they saw blues guitar legend B. B. King perform. Duane told Gregg, We got to get into this, Duane learned to play very quickly and soon became the better guitarist of the two. The brothers started playing publicly in 1961, joining or forming a number of local groups, around this time, Duane left school to focus on his guitar playing. Their band the Escorts opened for the Beach Boys in 1965 but disbanded, after Gregg graduated from Seabreeze High School in 1965, the Allman Joys went on the road, performing throughout the Southeast, and eventually were based in Nashville and St. Louis, Missouri. The Allman Joys became Hour Glass and moved to Los Angeles in early 1967, There Hour Glass recorded two albums for Liberty Records, but the band was unsatisfied. Liberty tried to market them as a pop band, ignoring the desire to play more blues-oriented material
45.
Eric Clapton
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Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the only inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important, Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time and fourth in Gibsons Top 50 Guitarists of All Time. He was also named number five in Time magazines list of The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players in 2009, in the mid-1960s Clapton left the Yardbirds to play with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. Furthermore, he formed rock band Blind Faith with Baker, Steve Winwood. For most of the 1970s Claptons output bore the influence of the style of J. J. Cale. His version of Marleys I Shot the Sheriff helped reggae reach a mass market, two of his most popular recordings were Layla, recorded with Derek and the Dominos, and Robert Johnsons Crossroads, recorded with Cream. Following the death of his son Conor in 1991, Claptons grief was expressed in the song Tears in Heaven, Clapton has been the recipient of 18 Grammy Awards, and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In 2004 he was awarded a CBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music, in 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers. Clapton was born on 30 March 1945 in Ripley, Surrey, England, to 16-year-old Patricia Molly Clapton and Edward Walter Fryer, Fryer shipped off to war prior to Claptons birth and then returned to Canada. The similarity in surnames gave rise to the belief that Claptons real surname is Clapp. Years later, his mother married another Canadian soldier and moved to Germany, Clapton received an acoustic Hoyer guitar, made in Germany, for his thirteenth birthday, but the inexpensive steel-stringed instrument was difficult to play and he briefly lost interest. Two years later Clapton picked it up again and started playing consistently, Clapton was influenced by the blues from an early age, and practised long hours to learn the chords of blues music by playing along to the records. He preserved his practice sessions using his portable Grundig reel-to-reel tape recorder and his guitar playing was so advanced that, by the age of 16, he was getting noticed. Around this time, Clapton began busking around Kingston, Richmond, in 1962, Clapton started performing as a duo with fellow blues enthusiast David Brock in pubs around Surrey. When he was seventeen years old, Clapton joined his first band, an early British R&B group and he stayed with this band from January until August 1963. In October of that year, Clapton did a stint with Casey Jones & the Engineers. In October 1963, Clapton joined the Yardbirds, a rock and roll band
at 72nd Street
NYCT Bus: M5, M7, M11, M57, M72, M104
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