1.
Summit
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A summit is a point on a surface that is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. Mathematically, a summit is a maximum in elevation. The topographic terms acme, apex, peak, and zenith are synonymous, the UIAA definition is that a summit is independent if it has a prominence of 30 metres or more, it is a mountain if it has a prominence of at least 300 metres. This can be summarised as follows, A pyramidal peak is an exaggerated form produced by ice erosion of a mountain top, Summit may also refer to the highest point along a line, trail, or route. In many parts of the western United States, the term refers to the highest point along a road, highway. For example, the highest point along Interstate 80 in California is referred to as Donner Summit while the highest point on Interstate 5 is Siskiyou Mountain Summit, geoid Hill List of highest mountains Maxima and minima Nadir Summit accordance Peak finder
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Highlands, New York
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Highlands is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. Officially known as the Town of Highlands, it is located on the border of the county. The population was 12,492 at the 2010 census, the West Point CDP, including the United States Military Academy, is located alongside the Hudson River here, and the military reservation occupies a large part of the town. The town was first settled around 1725 by John Moore, a patentee for this territory, during the American Revolution, colonial forces constructed Fort Montgomery and Fort Clinton to obstruct enemy progress on the river. The Town of Highlands was created from the Town of Cornwall in 1872, Highlands is located at 41°21′36″N 074°00′30″W and its elevation is 1,017 feet. According to the 2010 United States Census, the town has an area of 33.47 square miles. Part of the town line is the border of Rockland County. The east town line is the border of Putnam County, New York, uS-9W and NY-218 are important north-south highways. NY-293 intersects them west of the military academy, as of the census of 2000, there were 12,484 people,3,230 households, and 2,322 families residing in the town. The population density was 404.0 people per square mile, there were 3,418 housing units at an average density of 110.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 75. 18% White,13. 16% African American,0. 49% Native American,2. 68% Asian,0. 16% Pacific Islander,2. 27% from other races, and 3. 08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 71% of the population,24. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the family size was 3.32. The age distribution is 22. 8% under the age of 18,32. 1% from 18 to 24,26. 7% from 25 to 44,12. 2% from 45 to 64, the median age was 23 years. For every 100 females there were 147.7 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 162.2 males. These statistics are consistent with the presence of the West Point military base in general, the median income for a household in the town was $52,816, and the median income for a family was $59,345. Males had an income of $23,491 versus $27,406 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,830, about 2. 8% of families and 3. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 3% of those under age 18 and 3. 0% of those age 65 or over
4.
Mountain range
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A mountain range is a geographic area containing numerous geologically related mountains. A mountain system or system of ranges, sometimes is used to combine several geological features that are geographically related. Mountain ranges are usually segmented by highlands or mountain passes and valleys, individual mountains within the same mountain range do not necessarily have the same geologic structure or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terranes, for example thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earths land surface are associated with either the Pacific Ring of Fire or the Alpide Belt. The Andes is 7,000 kilometres long and is considered the worlds longest mountain system. The Alpide belt includes Indonesia and southeast Asia, through the Himalaya, the belt also includes other European and Asian mountain ranges. The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including Mount Everest, mountain ranges outside of these two systems include the Arctic Cordillera, the Urals, the Appalachians, the Scandinavian Mountains, the Altai Mountains and the Hijaz Mountains. If the definition of a range is stretched to include underwater mountains. The mountain systems of the earth are characterized by a tree structure, the sub-range relationship is often expressed as a parent-child relationship. For example, the White Mountains of New Hampshire and the Blue Ridge Mountains are sub-ranges of the Appalachian Mountains, equivalently, the Appalachians are the parent of the White Mountains and Blue Ridge Mountains, and the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains are children of the Appalachians. The position of mountains influences climate, such as rain or snow, when air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools producing orographic precipitation. As the air descends on the side, it warms again and is drier. Often, a shadow will affect the leeward side of a range. Mountain ranges are constantly subjected to forces which work to tear them down. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted and long after until the mountains are reduced to low hills, rivers are traditionally believed to be the principle erosive factor on mountain ranges, with their ability of bedrock incision and sediment transport. The rugged topography of a range is the product of erosion. The basins adjacent to a mountain range are filled with sediments which are buried and turned into sedimentary rock. The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado provides an example and this mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift
5.
Hudson Highlands
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The Hudson River enters this region in the south at Dunderberg Mountain near Stony Point, and from the north in the vicinity of Breakneck Ridge and Storm King Mountain near Cornwall, New York. These highlands played a significant role in Americas military, cultural and environmental history, the bedrock of the Highlands is part of the Reading Prong and more than a billion years old, formed during the Grenville Orogeny. It represents the core of the Appalachian range, which has been formed by successive mountain-building events. The present mountains have been exposed by the process of isostasy through the late Cenozoic Era, the hills were given their rounded form when glaciers cut through the Appalachian Mountains here, the Highlands are among the lowest summits in that range. Conversely, the river narrower and deeper through the Highlands, reaching its deepest point of 216 feet. Many stretches are challenging to navigate, earning nicknames like Worlds End, henry Hudson and his crew on the Half Moon were the first Europeans to see the Highlands when they explored the river in 1609. During the Revolutionary War, to prevent British shipping from using the river, from 1778 to 1782, the chain was stretched across the river from the Fort Clinton at West Point. The site of the fort is today the easternmost point of the grounds of the United States Military Academy. After the movement had faded, a critic derisively referred to the movement as the Hudson River School, the name stuck as the label for the new nations first homegrown artistic movement. In the early 20th century, in response to damage caused by quarrymen and loggers in the Highlands, local conservationists began to press for public ownership of the areas woods and their efforts paid off in the first of several state parks that now blanket the chain. This landmark lawsuit formed the basis for a body of case law concerning environmentalism. East Sour Mountain Beacon Mountain Scofield Ridge Sugarloaf Mountain Breakneck Ridge Bull Hill aka Mt
6.
Topographic map
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Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features. A topographic map is published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a line connecting places of equal elevation, however, in the vernacular and day to day world, the representation of relief is popularly held to define the genre, such that even small-scale maps showing relief are commonly called topographic. The study or discipline of topography is a broader field of study. Topographic maps are based on topographical surveys, performed at large scales, these surveys are called topographical in the old sense of topography, showing a variety of elevations and landforms. This is in contrast to older cadastral surveys, which primarily show property, the first multi-sheet topographic map series of an entire country, the Carte géométrique de la France, was completed in 1789. Topographic surveys were prepared by the military to assist in planning for battle, as such, elevation information was of vital importance. As they evolved, topographic map series became a resource in modern nations in planning infrastructure. Excluding borders, each sheet was 44 cm high and up to 66 cm wide, although the project eventually foundered, it left an indexing system that remains in use. TIGER was developed in the 1980s and used in the 1990, digital elevation models were also compiled, initially from topographic maps and stereographic interpretation of aerial photographs and then from satellite photography and radar data. Since all these were government projects funded with taxes and not classified for security reasons. Initial applications were mostly professionalized forms such as innovative surveying instruments, by the mid-1990s, increasingly user-friendly resources such as online mapping in two and three dimensions, integration of GPS with mobile phones and automotive navigation systems appeared. As of 2011, the future of standardized, centrally printed topographical maps is left somewhat in doubt, the various features shown on the map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads and these signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet. Topographic maps are commonly called contour maps or topo maps. In the United States, where the national series is organized by a strict 7. 5-minute grid. Topographic maps conventionally show topography, or land contours, by means of contour lines, contour lines are curves that connect contiguous points of the same altitude. In other words, every point on the line of 100 m elevation is 100 m above mean sea level
7.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
8.
Orange County, New York
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Orange County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 372,813 and this county was first created in 1683 and reorganized with its present boundaries in 1798. Orange County is included in the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is in the states Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley. The County Executive is Steve Neuhaus, as of the 2010 census the centre of population of New York state was located in Orange County, approximately three miles west of the hamlet of Westbrookville. Orange County was officially established on November 1,1683, when the Province of New York was divided into twelve counties. Each of these was named to honor a member of the British royal family, and Orange County took its name from the Prince of Orange, as originally defined, Orange County included only the southern part of its present-day territory, plus all of present-day Rockland County further south. The northern part of the county, beyond Moodna Creek, was then a part of neighbouring Ulster County. Due to its small population, the original Orange County was not fully independent and was administered by New York County. The first European settlers in the area of the county arrived in 1685. They were a party of around twenty-five families from Scotland, led by David Toshach, the Laird of Monzievaird, and his brother-in-law Major Patrick McGregor and they settled in the Hudson Highlands at the place where the Moodna Creek enters the Hudson River, now known as New Windsor. In 1709, a group of German Palatine refugees settled at Newburgh and they were Protestants from a part of Germany along the Rhine that had suffered during the religious wars. Queen Annes government arranged for passage from England of nearly 3,000 Palatines in ten ships, many were settled along the Hudson River in work camps on property belonging to Robert Livingston. A group of Dutch and English settlers arrived at Goshen in 1712, additional immigrants came from Ireland, they were of Scots and English descent who had been settled as planters there. In 1798, after the American Revolutionary War, the boundaries of Orange County changed and its southern corner was used to create the new Rockland County, and in exchange, an area to the north of the Moodna Creek was added, which had previously been in Ulster County. This caused a reorganization of the administration, as the original county seat had been fixed at Orangetown in 1703. The county court was established in 1801 and it was not until 1970 that Goshen was named as the sole county seat. Due to a dispute between New York and New Jersey, the boundaries of many of the southern towns of the county were not definitively established until the 19th century. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 839 square miles
9.
Rockland County, New York
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Rockland County is the southernmost county on the west side of the Hudson River in the U. S. state of New York, part of the New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county seat is New City, the name derives from rocky land, as the area was described by early Dutch and English settlers. Rockland County is the smallest county by area in New York State outside of New York City and it comprises five towns and nineteen incorporated villages, with numerous unincorporated villages and hamlets. Rockland County is designated as a Preserve America Community, and roughly one-third of the county is parkland, the county has the largest Jewish population per capita of any U. S. county, with 31. 4%, or 90,000 residents, being Jewish. Rockland also ranks 9th on the list of counties by median household income in the United States with $75,306 according to the 2000 census. In 2015, Suffern was named as the best place to start a business in New York by NerdWallet, NerdWallet also included the villages of Haverstraw, West Haverstraw and Spring Valley in their report. On February 14,2017 Edwin J. Day, County Executive of Rockland County proclaim February 14,2017 as Rockland County Local History Day, the area that would become Rockland County was originally inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Aboriginals, including Munsees, or Lenni Lenape. The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle in the area and these settlers, eager to escape city life, moved from Manhattan to Rockland. A number of unique Dutch-style red sandstone houses still stand, when the Duke of York established the first twelve counties of New York in 1683, present-day Rockland County was part of Orange County known then as Orange County South of the Mountains. Orangetown was created at the time under a royal grant. Around this time, as the English began to colonize Nyack and Tappan, the natural barrier of the Ramapo Mountains and the size of the county made it difficult to carry out governmental activities. At one point there were twin governments, one on side of the Ramapo Mountains. For this reason, Rockland split off from Orange in 1798 to form its own county and that same year the county seat was transferred from Tappan to New City, where a new courthouse was built. Haverstraw was separated from Orangetown in 1719 and became a town in 1788, it included the present-day Clarkstown, Ramapo, Clarkstown and Ramapo became towns in 1791, followed by Stony Point in 1865. George Washington had headquarters for a time at John Sufferns tavern, British Major John André met with American traitor Benedict Arnold near Stony Point to buy the plans for the fortifications at West Point. André was captured with the plans in Tarrytown on his way back to the British lines, he was brought to Tappan for trial in the Tappan church, found guilty, two days later Washington visited Sir Guy aboard a British war vessel. On this day the Kings Navy fired its first salute to the flag of the United States of America, in the decades following the Revolution, Rockland became popular for its stone and bricks. These products, however, required quarrying in land that many believed should be set aside as a preserve
10.
Stony Point, New York
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Stony Point is a triangle-shaped town in Rockland County, New York, United States. It is part of the New York City Metropolitan Area, the town is located north of the town of Haverstraw, east and south of Orange County, New York, and west of the Hudson River and Westchester County. The population was 15,059 at the 2010 census, the name of the town is derived from a prominent projection into the Hudson River. The town is in the northeast part of the county, U. S. Route 9W, U. S. Route 202, and the Palisades Interstate Parkway are major north-south routes through the town. Stony Point is included in the North Rockland Central School District and it is the most rural out of the 5 towns in Rockland County. The Americans were unable to hold the fort for more than a few days and this may or may not have contributed to Anthony Wayne earning his nickname of Mad Anthony Wayne. The economy of the town increased upon the rediscovery of limestone deposits in the 19th century, the town of Stony Point was founded in 1865 from the northern part of the town of Haverstraw. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 31.6 square miles, of which 27.6 square miles is land and 4.0 square miles. The western town line is the border of Orange County, New York, as of the census of 2000, there were 14,245 people,4,832 households, and 3,802 families residing in the town. The population density was 511.7 people per square mile, there were 4,951 housing units at an average density of 177.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 33% White,1. 27% Black or African American,0. 19% Native American,1. 29% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,1. 66% from other races, and 1. 24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 84% of the population,17. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the family size was 3.33. In the town, the population was out with 26. 1% under the age of 18,6. 6% from 18 to 24,30. 6% from 25 to 44,24. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males, the median income for a household in the town was $71,940, and according to CNN Money the median income for a family was $97,633. Males had an income of $55,727 versus $36,424 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,244, in comparison, the average salary in 2010 for a full-time Stony Point police officer was $126,895
11.
Bear Mountain Bridge
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The Bear Mountain Bridge is a toll suspension bridge in New York State, carrying US 6/US202 across the Hudson River between Rockland/Orange Counties and Westchester/Putnam Counties. From the time of its completion in 1924, it held the record for the longest suspension bridge in the world for 19 months, until it was surpassed by the Benjamin Franklin Bridge in Philadelphia. The span enables connections to the Palisades Interstate Parkway and US 9W on the west bank near Bear Mountain Inn to New York State Route 9D on the east and it also carries the Appalachian Trail and New York State Bicycle Route 9 across the Hudson. The bridge has two lanes, separated by a double yellow line. The span includes pedestrian walkways on both sides of the bridge, bicycling is legal on the roadway. Cyclists may walk their cycles on the pedestrian walkway, plans for a bridge at the site had been made as early as 1868. The intent was to carry a railroad toward Derby, Connecticut, to supply coal, the surface of the bridge was to be 150 feet above high tide. In 1871 the newspaper reported that capital of $2.5 million had been raised, in 1887, reports said the bridge would be finished in two years. By 1889, work on the pits was progressing rapidly. The story again resurfaces in 1896, when the Hudson Highland Bridge, the company was described as a reorganization of the former Hudson Suspension Bridge and New England Railway Company, which at some point included steel magnate Andrew Carnegie on its board. Much of this period coincided with the so-called Long Depression, including stock market crashes called the Panic of 1873, a charter for construction of the bridge expired in 1916. The 11-member board of directors included financiers E. Roland Harriman, a $4.5 million bond issue was completed in April of that year through the Harriman banking and brokerage firm. Under the 1922 charter, ownership of the bridge was to revert by 1962 from the company to New York State. When the bridge opened on November 27,1924, it was the longest suspension bridge span in the world. It was the first automobile bridge to cross the Hudson south of Albany, construction methods pioneered on the Bear Mountain Bridge influenced much larger projects to follow, including the George Washington and Golden Gate bridges. Completion also inspired the state to extend the Bronx River Parkway from Kensico Dam northward, work which evolved into the Bear Mountain Parkway and the first phase of the Taconic State Parkway. Ownership was transferred to the New York State Bridge Authority on September 26,1940, in 1982 the bridge and its then-abandoned original toll house several miles away on the Peekskill approach road, Routes 6 and 202, were added to the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge was designated as a local historic civil engineering landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1986
12.
Bear Mountain State Park
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Bear Mountain State Park is a 5, 205-acre state park located on the west side of the Hudson River in Rockland County, New York. The park offers biking, hiking, boating, picnicking, swimming, cross-country skiing, cross-country running, sledding and ice skating. It also includes facilities such as the Perkins Memorial Tower, the Trailside Museum and Zoo, the Bear Mountain Inn, a merry-go-round, pool. It is managed by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, the park includes Bear Mountain as well as Dunderberg Mountain and West Mountain. Fort Montgomery is adjacent to the edge of the park while Iona Island Bird Sanctuary is on the eastern edge in the Hudson River. The park is an entity from the adjacent Harriman State Park which runs along the western edge of the park. It lies within the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion, in 1777 British troops routed Patriots at Fort Montgomery. Anthony Waynes attack of the British fort at Stony Point moved colonial troops to the west of Bear Mountain, in 1908 the State of New York announced plans to relocate Sing Sing Prison to Bear Mountain. Work was begun in the area near Highland Lake and in January 1909, conservationists inspired by the work of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission lobbied successfully for the creation of the Highlands of the Hudson Forest Preserve. However, the project was continued. George W. Perkins, with whom she had been working, raised another $1.5 million from a dozen wealthy contributors including John D. Rockefeller and J. Pierpont Morgan. New York State appropriated a matching $2.5 million and the state of New Jersey appropriated $500,000 to build the Henry Hudson Drive, in 1912, a replica of Henry Hudsons ship, the Half Moon was built and moored at the dock. Major William A. Welch was hired as Chief Engineer, whose work for the park would win him recognition as the father of the park movement. The park opened in June 1913, steamboats alone brought more than 22,000 passengers to the park that year. Camping at Hessian Lake was immensely popular, the stay was eight days and was a favorite for Boy Scouts. By 1914 it was estimated more than a million people a year were coming to the park. In the 1930s the federal government under Franklin D, pump houses, reservoirs, sewer systems, vacation lodges, bathrooms, homes for park staff, storage buildings and an administration building were all created through these programs. The park continued to grow after its creation, the Palisades Interstate Park Commission began purchasing nearby Doodletown in the 1920s and completed the acquisition with eminent domain in the 1960s
13.
Road surface
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Road surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used, Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Today, permeable paving methods are beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and walkways, asphalt, sometimes called flexible pavement due to the nature in which it distributes loads, has been widely used since the 1920s. The viscous nature of the bitumen binder allows asphalt concrete to sustain significant plastic deformation, most asphalt surfaces are laid on a gravel base, which is generally at least as thick as the asphalt layer, although some full depth asphalt surfaces are laid directly on the native subgrade. In areas with soft or expansive subgrades such as clay or peat. Depending on the temperature at which it is applied, asphalt is categorized as hot mix, warm mix, hot mix asphalt is applied at temperatures over 300 °F with a free floating screed. Warm mix asphalt is applied at temperatures of 200–250 °F, resulting in reduced energy usage, cold mix asphalt is often used on lower volume rural roads, where hot mix asphalt would cool too much on the long trip from the asphalt plant to the construction site. An asphalt concrete surface will generally be constructed for primary highways having an average annual daily traffic load greater than 1200 vehicles per day. Advantages of asphalt roadways include relatively low noise, relatively low cost compared with other paving methods, in the mid-1960s, rubberized asphalt was used for the first time, mixing crumb rubber from used tires with asphalt. Also, application of rubberized asphalt is more temperature-sensitive, and in many locations can only be applied at times of the year. Study results of the long-term acoustic benefits of rubberized asphalt are inconclusive, compared to traditional passive attenuating measures, rubberized asphalt provides shorter-lasting and lesser acoustic benefits at typically much greater expense. Concrete surfaces are created using a mix of Portland cement, coarse aggregate, sand. In many cases there will also be Portland cement substitutes added and this can reduce the cost of the concrete and improve its physical properties. The water allows the mix to combine molecularly in a reaction called hydration. Concrete surfaces have been refined into three types, jointed plain, jointed reinforced and continuously reinforced. The one item that each type is the jointing system used to control crack development. Jointed plain concrete pavements contain enough joints to control the location of all the expected shrinkage cracks, the concrete cracks at the joints and not elsewhere in the slabs. Jointed plain pavements do not contain any steel reinforcement, however, there may be smooth steel bars at transverse joints and deformed steel bars at longitudinal joints
14.
Picnic
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Descriptions of picnics show that the idea of a meal that was jointly contributed and was enjoyed out-of-doors was essential to a picnic from the early 19th century. Picnics are often family-oriented but can also be an intimate occasion between two people or a large get together such as picnics and church picnics. It is also combined with a cookout, usually a form of barbecue, either grilling, braising, baking. On romantic and family picnics, a basket and a blanket are usually brought along. Outdoor games or some form of entertainment are common at large picnics. Some picnics are a potluck, an entertainment at which each contributed some dish to a common table for all to share. The term was used to describe a group of people dining in a restaurant who brought their own wine, the concept of a picnic long retained the connotation of a meal to which everyone contributed something. In approximately 1999 an internet rumor began to be claiming a racist origin for the word picnic. The spurious etymology behind this rumor has since been debunked, however. After the French Revolution in 1789, royal parks became open to the public for the first time, picnicking in the parks became a popular activity amongst the newly enfranchised citizens. Early in the 19th century, a group of Londoners formed the Picnic Society. Members met in the Pantheon on Oxford Street, each member was expected to provide a share of the entertainment and of the refreshments with no one particular host. Interest in the society waned in the 1850s as the founders died, from the 1830s, Romantic American landscape painting of spectacular scenery often included a group of picnickers in the foreground. An early American illustration of the picnic is Thomas Coles The Pic-Nic of 1846, in it, a guitarist serenades the genteel social group in the Hudson River Valley with the Catskills visible in the distance. Coles well-dressed young picnickers having finished their repast, served from splint baskets on blue-and-white china, stroll about in the woodland, the image of picnics as a peaceful social activity can be utilised for political protest, too. In this context, a picnic functions as an occupation of significant public territory. A famous example of this is the Pan-European Picnic held on both sides of the Hungarian/Austrian border on the 19 August 1989 as part of the struggle towards German reunification. In 2000, a 600-mile-long picnic took place from coast to coast in France to celebrate the first Bastille Day of the new Millennium, in the United States, likewise, the 4 July celebration of American independence is a popular day for a picnic
15.
Observatory
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An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial or celestial events. Astronomy, climatology/meteorology, geology, oceanography and volcanology are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed, historically, observatories were as simple as containing an astronomical sextant or Stonehenge. Astronomical observatories are mainly divided into four categories, space based, airborne, ground based, ground-based observatories, located on the surface of Earth, are used to make observations in the radio and visible light portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most optical telescopes are housed within a dome or similar structure, Telescope domes have a slit or other opening in the roof that can be opened during observing, and closed when the telescope is not in use. In most cases, the upper portion of the telescope dome can be rotated to allow the instrument to observe different sections of the night sky. Radio telescopes usually do not have domes, for optical telescopes, most ground-based observatories are located far from major centers of population, to avoid the effects of light pollution. The ideal locations for modern observatories are sites that have dark skies, a percentage of clear nights per year, dry air. At high elevations, the Earths atmosphere is thinner, thereby minimizing the effects of atmospheric turbulence, sites that meet the above criteria for modern observatories include the southwestern United States, Hawaii, Canary Islands, the Andes, and high mountains in Mexico such as Sierra Negra. Major optical observatories include Mauna Kea Observatory and Kitt Peak National Observatory in the USA, Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in Spain, and Paranal Observatory in Chile. Specific research study performed in 2009 shows that the best possible location for ground-based observatory on Earth is Ridge A — a place in the part of Eastern Antarctica. This location provides the least atmospheric disturbances and best visibility, beginning in 1930s, radio telescopes have been built for use in the field of radio astronomy to observe the Universe in the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Since the mid-20th century, a number of observatories have been constructed at very high altitudes, above 4. The largest and most notable of these is the Mauna Kea Observatory, the Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory in Bolivia, at 5,230 m, was the worlds highest permanent astronomical observatory from the time of its construction during the 1940s until 2009. It has now surpassed by the new University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory. As a result, the resolution of space telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope is often much smaller than a ground-based telescope with a similar aperture. However, all these advantages do come with a price, Space telescopes are much more expensive to build than ground-based telescopes. Due to their location, space telescopes are also difficult to maintain. The Hubble Space Telescope was serviced by the Space Shuttle while many other space telescopes cannot be serviced at all, Airborne observatories have the advantage of height over ground installations, putting them above most of the Earths atmosphere
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Hiking
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Hiking is the preferred term, in Canada and the United States, for a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails, in the countryside, while the word walking is used for shorter, particularly urban walks. On the other hand, in the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, the word hiking is also often used in the UK, along with rambling, hillwalking, and fell walking. The term bushwalking is endemic to Australia, having been adopted by the Sydney Bush Walkers club in 1927, in New Zealand a long, vigorous walk or hike is called tramping. It is an activity with numerous hiking organizations worldwide. In the United States, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, a day hike refers to a hike that can be completed in a single day. However, in the United Kingdom, the walking is also used, as well as rambling. In Northern England, Including the Lake District and Yorkshire Dales, fellwalking describes hill or mountain walks, hiking sometimes involves bushwhacking and is sometimes referred to as such. This specifically refers to walking through dense forest, undergrowth, or bushes. In extreme cases of bushwhacking, where the vegetation is so dense that human passage is impeded, the Australian term bushwalking refers to both on and off-trail hiking. Common terms for hiking used by New Zealanders are tramping, walking or bushwalking, trekking is the preferred word used to describe multi-day hiking in the mountainous regions of India, Pakistan, Nepal, North America, South America, Iran and in the highlands of East Africa. Hiking a long-distance trail from end-to-end is also referred to as trekking, in North America, multi-day hikes, usually with camping, are referred to as backpacking. The idea of taking a walk in the countryside for pleasure developed in the 18th-century, in earlier times walking generally indicated poverty and was also associated with vagrancy. Thomas West, an English priest, popularized the idea of walking for pleasure in his guide to the Lake District of 1778. To this end he included various stations or viewpoints around the lakes, published in 1778 the book was a major success. Another famous early exponent of walking for pleasure, was the English poet William Wordsworth, in 1790 he embarked on an extended tour of France, Switzerland, and Germany, a journey subsequently recorded in his long autobiographical poem The Prelude. His famous poem Tintern Abbey was inspired by a visit to the Wye Valley made during a tour of Wales in 1798 with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth. Wordsworths friend Coleridge was another keen walker and in the autumn of 1799, he and Wordsworth undertook a three weeks tour of the Lake District. John Keats, who belonged to the generation of Romantic poets began, in June 1818, a walking tour of Scotland, Ireland
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Appalachian Trail
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The trail is about 2,200 miles long, though the exact length changes over time as parts are modified or rerouted. More than 2 million people are said to do at least one day-hike on the each year. The idea of the Appalachian Trail came about in 1921, the trail itself was completed in 1937 after more than a decade of work, although improvements and changes continue. It is maintained by 31 trail clubs and multiple partnerships, and managed by the National Park Service, United States Forest Service, the majority of the trail is in forest or wild lands, although some portions traverse towns, roads and farms. The trail conservancy claims that the Appalachian Trail is the longest hiking-only trail in the world. It passes through 14 states, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Many books, memoirs, websites, and fan organizations are dedicated to these pursuits, other separate extensions continue the southern end of the Appalachian range in Alabama and continue south into Florida, creating what is known as the Eastern Continental Trail. The Appalachian Trail, the Continental Divide Trail, and the Pacific Crest Trail form what is known as the Triple Crown of Hiking in the United States. The trail was conceived by Benton MacKaye, a forester who wrote his original plan—called An Appalachian Trail, macKayes idea detailed a grand trail that would connect a series of farms and wilderness work/study camps for city-dwellers. The idea was adopted by the new Palisades Interstate Park Trail Conference as their main project. On October 7,1923, the first section of the trail, from Bear Mountain west through Harriman State Park to Arden, MacKaye then called for a two-day Appalachian Trail conference to be held in March 1925 in Washington, D. C. This meeting inspired the formation of the Appalachian Trail Conference, a retired judge named Arthur Perkins and his younger associate Myron Avery took up the cause. Andersons efforts helped spark renewed interest in the trail, and Avery was able to bring other states on board, upon taking over the ATC, Avery adopted the more practical goal of building a simple hiking trail. He and MacKaye clashed over the ATCs response to a commercial development along the trails path, MacKaye left the organization. Avery reigned as Chairman of the ATC from 1932 to 1952, Avery became the first to walk the trail end-to-end, though not as a thru-hike, in 1936. In August 1937, the trail was completed to Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine, the ATCs trail crews and volunteer trail-maintaining clubs have relocated or rehabilitated miles of trail since that time. The completed thru-hike was much later recorded and accepted by the Appalachian Long Distance Hikers Association, in 1948, Earl Shaffer of York, Pennsylvania, brought a great deal of attention to the project by publicizing the first claimed thru-hike. The claim was criticized for the hikes omission of significant portions due to short-cuts
18.
Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, tidal waters influence the Hudsons flow from as far north as Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canadas Hudson Bay is also named. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River –, during the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, the Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. From that point on, the stream is known as the Hudson River. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source, South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson, the Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties, in the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake, shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls, at this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet, further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties, the river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts, shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River
19.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
20.
High Point (New Jersey)
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High Point, in Montague, Sussex County, New Jersey, in the Skylands Region, is the highest elevation in the state at 1,803 feet. It is southeast of Port Jervis, New York, High Point is the highest peak of the Kittatinny Mountains. Three states – New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania – can be seen from the top, at the peak is the High Point Monument, a 220-foot obelisk, built in 1930 as a war memorial. The mountain is in the 14,193 acre High Point State Park, route 23 skirts the park and carries visitors from the New Jersey suburbs and from points in New York State. The park is administered by the New Jersey Division of Parks, entrance fees are charged from Memorial Day weekend to Labor Day. The land for High Point State Park, donated by Colonel Anthony R. and Susie Dryden Kuser of Bernardsville, the pleasant landscaping was designed by the Olmsted Brothers of Boston, a prominent landscape architectural firm run by the sons of Central Park designer Frederick Law Olmsted. To the south the Appalachian Trail follows a ridge which offers many scenic views of the valleys. To the north, the trail drops off the ridge through hemlock gorges into former agricultural fields with a view of the surrounding countryside, during the winter, portions of the parks trails are used for cross-country skiing. The Monument on High Point was built by Kuser to honor war veterans, master mason Michael Maddaluna began construction of the 220 foot tower – which has a base which is 34 feet square – in 1928 and completed it in 1930. The outside is made of New Hampshire granite and also Shawangunk quartz, the Monument is an obelisk monument similar to other war monuments, such as the one on Bunker Hill in Massachusetts. Plans were made to close the park as of July 1,2008 under Gov. Jon Corzines budget plan for 2009, veterans groups, who have held an annual memorial at the site, expressed their opposition to the proposal, which was ultimately removed from the final budget. New Jersey portal National Register of Historic Places listings in Sussex County, New Jersey Outline of New Jersey Index of New Jersey-related articles List of U. S
21.
Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness
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Franklin D. Roosevelts paralytic illness began in 1921, when the future President of the United States was 39 years of age and vacationing with his family at their summer home on Campobello Island. Roosevelt was diagnosed with two weeks after he fell ill. He was left with permanent paralysis from the waist down, and was unable to stand or walk without support. Despite the lack of a cure for paralysis he tried a range of therapies. His bout with illness was known before and during his Presidency and became a major part of his image. A2003 retrospective diagnosis of FDRs illness favored Guillain–Barré syndrome rather than polio, a conclusion criticized by other researchers. In August 1921, 39-year-old Franklin D. Roosevelt, at the time a lawyer in New York, joined his family at their vacation home at Campobello. Several weeks before, his wife Eleanor had moved the five children aged 5–15, a governess and her mother. As he usually did, Roosevelt stayed behind until things got settled, as former Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he spent two weeks in Washington, D. C. giving testimony to a Senate committee investigating a Navy scandal in mid-July. On July 28 he fulfilled a commitment associated with his recently being elected president of the Greater New York Council of the Boy Scouts and he spent the following day in his New York City office, then went to his home in Hyde Park to review old Navy papers. A few days later, on August 5, FDR sailed up the New England coast with his friend and new employer, Van Lear Black, among those at Campobello when Roosevelt arrived were his political aide Louis Howe, his wife and their young son. Roosevelt spent a day talking business with Howe, then, on August 10, he spent a day of strenuous activity with his family. Most of the symptoms eventually resolved themselves, but he was permanently paralyzed from the waist down. They docked in late afternoon for a picnic in a tent with 2,100 boys from New York. In autumn 1920, public health inspectors had documented that the water quality. Summer outbreaks of poliomyelitis became common in New York after an epidemic in 1916, in July 1921, three cases were reported in New Jersey. In early September there were 419 cases,178 of them in New York City, by the end of the month, The New York Times was reporting the largest number of new polio cases recorded in any single week since the 1916 epidemic. FDR worked for a few hours at his office at the Fidelity & Deposit Company of Maryland, in the Equitable Building in Manhattan, Roosevelt went to the family home at Hyde Park, New York, where he reviewed papers related to a Navy scandal
22.
Scout (Scouting)
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A scout is a boy or a girl, usually 10–18 years of age, participating in the worldwide Scouting movement. Because of the age and development span, many Scouting associations have split this age group into a junior. Scouts are organized into troops averaging 20–30 Scouts under the guidance of one or more Scout Leaders, troops subdivide into patrols of about six Scouts and engage in outdoor and special interest activities. Troops may affiliate with local, national, and international organizations, some national Scouting associations have special interest programs such as Air Scouts, Sea Scouts, outdoor high adventure, Scouting bands, and rider Scouts. Some troops, especially in Europe, have been co-educational since the 1970s, allowing boys, robert Baden-Powell founded the Boy Scouts as an organization in 1908, a few months after the first scout encampment at Brownsea Island Scout camp in 1907. Baden-Powell got the idea from his experiences with the British Army in South Africa, many boys joined Scouting activities, resulting in the movement growing rapidly to become the worlds largest youth organization. The Scout program is designed to develop a degree of self-reliance, initiative, courage, helpfulness, integrity, sportsmanship. Scouts should be helpful, understand their society, heritage, and culture, have respect for the rights of others, originally, the Scout program was aimed at 11- to 16-year-old boys. However, the brothers of Scouts started to attend Troop meetings. While most Scouts may join a troop after finishing Cub Scouts, as Scouts get older, they often seek more challenging and diverse activities. He may later join another affiliated program for children, such as Exploring, Venturing. A Scout learns the cornerstones of the Scout method, Scout Promise and these are designed to instill character, citizenship, personal fitness, and leadership in boys through a structured program of outdoor activities. Cultivating a love and appreciation of the outdoors and outdoor activities are key elements, primary activities include camping, woodcraft, first aid, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports. Scouts are known throughout the world for performing acts of public good, for example, a scout foiled a 2008 assassination attempt on Maldives President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom by grabbing an attackers knife as the man leapt from a crowd and lunged at the leader. The Scout, Ibrahim Jaisham, a member of the co-educational The Scout Association of Maldives. Camping most often occurs on a level, such as in the troop. Camporees are events where units from a local area together for a weekend. These often occur a couple times a year and usually have a theme, jamborees are large events on a national or international level held every four years where thousands of Scouts camp together for one to two weeks
23.
1932 Winter Olympics
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The 1932 Winter Olympics, officially known as the III Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event in the United States, held in Lake Placid, New York. The games opened on February 4 and closed on February 15 and it was the first of four Winter Olympics held in the United States, Lake Placid hosted again in 1980. The games were awarded to Lake Placid in part by the efforts of Godfrey Dewey, head of the Lake Placid Club and son of Melvil Dewey, California also had a bid for the 1932 Winter Games. William May Garland, president of the California X Olympiad Association, wanted the games to place in in Wrightwood and Big Pines. The worlds largest ski jump at the time was constructed in Big Pines for the event, the Games were opened by Franklin D. Roosevelt, then the Governor of New York. He was elected President of the United States nine months later, sonja Henie won the second of three consecutive Olympic gold medals in figure skating. She also won gold in 1928 and 1936, eddie Eagan became the only Olympian to win gold medals at both the summer and winter games in different sports. He won gold in boxing in the 1920 Antwerp summer games, the bobsleigh race was held two days after the games closing ceremonies due to unseasonably warm weather in the region the week prior. The USA won the medal tally with a total of 12 medals, medals were awarded in 14 events contested in 4 sports. Bobsleigh Ice hockey Skating Figure skating Speed skating Nordic skiing Cross-country skiing Nordic combined Ski jumping The Games also included events in three demonstration sports, curling Sled dog race Speed skating These were the last Winter Olympics without alpine skiing, which was added in 1936. Alpine skiing held its 1932 World Championships during the Olympics, February 4–6 in Cortina dAmpezzo, athletes from 17 nations competed in these Games, down from 25 nations at the previous Games in 1928. Argentina, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands,1932 Summer Olympics Olympic Games celebrated in the United States 1904 Summer Olympics – St. Olympic. org. III Olympic Winter Games Lake Placid 1932,1932 The official report, Lake Placid Olympic Authority The program of the 1932 Lake Placid Winter Olympics
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Lake Placid, New York
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Lake Placid is a village in the Adirondack Mountains in Essex County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,521, the village of Lake Placid is near the center of the town of North Elba,50 miles southwest of Plattsburgh. Lake Placid, along with nearby Saranac Lake and Tupper Lake, Lake Placid hosted the 1932 and the 1980 Winter Olympics. Lake Placid also hosted the 1972 Winter Universiade and the 2000 Winter Goodwill Games, roy suffering from malnutrition had a vision in which he was told to till the land til fertile. From this he decided that is was his duty to bring civilized man unto the land of lake placid. Roys delusions worsened and he began to believe that his salted fish meal had turned to men and he scattered 44 fish across the land gave each a name, proceeded to declare himself mayor of this land, then he died from malnutrition. The abolitionist John Brown heard about Gerrit Smiths reforms, and left his anti-slavery activities in Kansas to buy 244 acres of land here and this parcel later became known as the Freed Slave Utopian Experiment, Timbucto. Shortly before his execution in 1859, John Brown asked to be buried on his farm, as leisure time increased in the late 19th century, Lake Placid was discovered for resort use by the rich and famous, who were drawn to the fashionable Lake Placid Club. Melvil Dewey, who invented the Dewey Decimal System, designed what was then called Placid Park Club in 1895 and this inspired the village to change its name to Lake Placid, which became an incorporated village in 1900. Dewey kept the club open through the winter in 1905, which aided the development of sports in the area. Nearby Saranac Lake had hosted an international sporting event as early as 1889. The mountain air was considered good for them, by 1921, the Lake Placid area could boast a ski jump, speed skating venue and ski association. In 1929, Dr. Godfrey Dewey, Melvils son, convinced the International Olympic Committee Lake Placid had the best winter sports facilities in the United States, the Lake Placid Club was the headquarters for the IOC for the 1932 and the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. Lake Placid is best known as the site of the Winter Olympics. Lake Placid first hosted in 1932 and again 48 years later in 1980, in the U. S. the village is especially remembered as the site of the 1980 USA–USSR hockey game. Dubbed as the Miracle on Ice, a group of American college students and amateurs upset the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team, 4–3, another highpoint during the Games was American speed-skater Eric Heidens performance, who won five gold medals. During the 1932 games, the trails outside of the served for the cross-country skiing events. Lake Placid, St Moritz and Innsbruck are the sites to have twice hosted the Winter Olympic Games
25.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
26.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
27.
History of the Brooklyn Dodgers
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The teams name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the citys trolley streetcar network. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the major leagues. Brooklyn was home to numerous clubs in the mid-1850s. Eight of 16 participants in the first convention were from Brooklyn, including the Atlantic, Eckford, Brooklyn helped make baseball commercial, as the locale of the first paid admission games, a series of three all star contests matching New York and Brooklyn in 1858. The Excelsiors no longer challenged for the championship after the Civil War. The Eckfords and Atlantics declined to join until 1872 and thereby lost their best players, the Eckfords survived only one season and the Atlantics four, with losing teams. When the Mutuals were expelled by the league, the Hartford Dark Blues club moved in, changed its name to The Brooklyn Hartfords and played its home games at Union Grounds in 1877 before disbanding. Byrne arranged to build a grandstand on a lot bounded by Third Street, Fourth Avenue, Fifth Street, and Fifth Avenue, the Grays played in the minor Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs that first season. Doyle became the first team manager, and they drew 6,431 fans to their first home game on May 12,1883 against the Trenton team. The Grays won the title after the Camden Merritt club disbanded on July 20. The Grays were invited to join the American Association for the 1884 season and they lost the 1889 World Series to the New York Giants and tied the 1890 World Series with the Louisville Colonels. Their success during this period was partly attributed to their having absorbed skilled players from the defunct New York Metropolitans, in 1899, the Grays merged with the Baltimore Orioles, as Baltimore manager Ned Hanlon became the clubs new manager and Charles Ebbets became the primary team owner. The team name, Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers, was coined in 1895, the nickname was still new enough in September 1895 that a newspaper could report that Trolley Dodgers is the new name which eastern baseball cranks have given the Brooklyn club. Some sources erroneously report that the name Trolley Dodgers referred to pedestrians avoiding fast cars on street car tracks that bordered Eastern Park on two sides, however, Eastern Park was not bordered by street-level trolley lines that had to be dodged by pedestrians. The name was shortened to Brooklyn Dodgers. Other team names used by the franchise that finally came to be called the Dodgers were the Grooms, the Bridegrooms, Wards Wonders, the Superbas, and the Robins. All of these nicknames were used by fans and newspaper sports writers to describe the team, the teams legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club. However, the Trolley Dodgers nickname was used throughout this period, along with nicknames, by fans
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Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
29.
United States Geological Survey
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The United States Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its resources. The organization has four science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology. The USGS is a research organization with no regulatory responsibility. The USGS is a bureau of the United States Department of the Interior, the USGS employs approximately 8,670 people and is headquartered in Reston, Virginia. The USGS also has major offices near Lakewood, Colorado, at the Denver Federal Center, the current motto of the USGS, in use since August 1997, is science for a changing world. The agencys previous slogan, adopted on the occasion of its anniversary, was Earth Science in the Public Service. Prompted by a report from the National Academy of Sciences, the USGS was created, by a last-minute amendment and it was charged with the classification of the public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain. This task was driven by the need to inventory the vast lands added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the legislation also provided that the Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler surveys be discontinued as of June 30,1879. Clarence King, the first director of USGS, assembled the new organization from disparate regional survey agencies, after a short tenure, King was succeeded in the directors chair by John Wesley Powell. Administratively, it is divided into a Headquarters unit and six Regional Units, Other specific programs include, Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide. The National Earthquake Information Center in Golden, Colorado on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines detects the location, the USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the United States under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System. The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and it also maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards, USGS has released the UCERF California earthquake forecast. The USGS National Geomagnetism Program monitors the magnetic field at magnetic observatories and distributes magnetometer data in real time, the USGS operates the streamgaging network for the United States, with over 7400 streamgages. Real-time streamflow data are available online, since 1962, the Astrogeology Research Program has been involved in global, lunar, and planetary exploration and mapping. USGS operates a number of related programs, notably the National Streamflow Information Program. USGS Water data is available from their National Water Information System database
30.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
31.
Adirondack Mountains
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The Adirondack Mountains /ædᵻˈrɒndæk/ form a massif in the northeast of Upstate New York in the United States. Its boundaries correspond to the boundaries of Adirondack Park, the mountains form a roughly circular dome, about 160 miles in diameter and about 1 mile high. The current relief owes much to glaciation, the earliest written use of the name, spelled Rontaks, was in 1724 by the French missionary Joseph-François Lafitau. He defined it as tree eaters, in the Mohawk language, Adirondack means porcupine, an animal that may eat bark. The Mohawks had no written language at the time so Europeans have used various phonetic spellings, an English map from 1761 labels it simply Deer Hunting Country and the mountains were named Adirondacks in 1837 by Ebenezer Emmons. People first arrived in the following the settlement of the Americas around 10,000 BC. The Algonquian peoples and the Mohawk nation used the Adirondacks for hunting and travel, european colonisation of the area began with Samuel de Champlain visiting what is now Ticonderoga in 1609, and Jesuit missionary Isaac Jogues visited the region in 1642. In 1664 the land came under the control of the English when New Netherland was ceded to The Crown, after the American Revolutionary War, the lands passed to the people of New York State. Needing money to war debts, the new government sold nearly all the original public acreage about 7 million acres for pennies an acre. Lumbermen were welcomed to the interior, with few restraints, resulting in massive deforestation, for the history of the area since industrialization, see The History of Adirondack Park. In 1989, part of the Adirondack region was designated by UNESCO as the Champlain-Adirondack Biosphere Reserve, the rocks of the mountains originated about two billion years ago as 50,000 feet deep sediments at the bottom of a sea near the equator. Because of continental drift these collided with Laurentia in a mountain building episode known as the Grenville orogeny, during this time the sedimentary rock was changed into metamorphic rock. It is these Proterozoic minerals and lithologies that make up the core of the massif, such minerals of interest include, wollastonite, mined near Harrisville magnetite and hematite, formerly mined at the Benson Mines, Lyon Mountain, Mineville, Tawahus, and Witherbee. Graphite, mined near Hague and Ticonderoga, garnet, mined at the Barton Mine, north of Gore Mountain. Anorthosite, visible in road cuts on the New York State Route 3 between Saranac Lake and Tupper Lake, marble zinc, The Balmat-Edwards district on the northwest flank of the massif also in St. Lawrence County was a major zinc ore deposit titanium was mined at Tawahus. Around 600 million years ago the area began to be pulled apart, as Laurentia drifted away from Baltica, faults developed, running north to north east which formed valleys and deep lakes. Examples visible today include the grabens Lake George and Schroon Lake, by this time the Grenville mountains had been eroded away and the area was covered by a shallow sea. Several thousand feet of sediment accumulated on the sea bed, trilobites were the principal life-form of the sea bed, and fossil tracks can be seen in the Potsdam sandstone floor of the Paul Smiths Visitor Interpretive Center
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Dix Mountain
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Dix Mountain is the sixth highest peak in the High Peaks Region of the Adirondack Park, and is located roughly on the boundary between the towns of North Hudson and Keene in Essex County, New York. The peak was named in 1837 after John Dix, who was the Secretary of State of New York at the time, and later became the states governor. Dix is also the gateway to four other High Peaks in the Dix Range, all of them, unlike Dix itself, officially trailless, Hough, Macomb, South Dix and Grace Peak. The mountain was reportedly first climbed by a man named Rykert in the course of surveying the town line, hikers commonly choose to climb Dix from the south by taking the Elk Lake Trail from the similarly named lake toward Hunters Pass, where a spur leads up to Dix. Less frequently, a lengthy northern ascent can start from the Ausable Club in St. Huberts
33.
Hough Peak
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Hough Peak is a mountain located in Essex County, New York. The mountain, part of the Dix Range, is named after Franklin B, Hough, the first chief of the United States Division of Forestry, and sometimes called the father of American forestry. Hough Peak is flanked to the north by Dix Mountain, the west side of Hough Peak drains into Lillian Brook, thence into the East Inlet of Elk Lake, and into The Branch of the Schroon River, the Hudson River, and into New York Bay. Hough Peak is within the Dix Mountain Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park, list of mountains in New York Northeast 1114, 000-footers Adirondack High Peaks Adirondack Forty-Sixers Hough Peak
34.
Great Range
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The Great Range is a mountain range in the Adirondack Mountains, near Keene Valley, New York, United States. It rises in the heart of the High Peaks region between Ausable Lakes to the southeast and the Johns Brook Valley to the northwest, the range is approximately twelve miles long and includes seven of the forty-six High Peaks. They are, along the ridge from northeast to southwest, Lower Wolfjaw, Upper Wolfjaw, Armstrong, Gothics, Saddleback, Basin. Sawteeth is a spur of Gothics, and Marcy is often associated with the Great Range, other peaks have sometimes been associated with the Great Range but they dont meet the criteria of being in a range
35.
Armstrong Mountain (Keene Valley, New York)
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Armstrong Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York, named after Thomas Armstrong, a local pioneer. The mountain is part of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains, Armstrong Mtn. is flanked to the southwest by Gothics, and to the northeast by Upper Wolfjaw Mountain. The east side of Armstrong Mtn. drains into the East Branch of the Ausable River, the west side of Armstrong Mtn. drains into Ore Bed Brook, thence into Johns Brook and the East Branch. Armstrong Mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park, list of mountains in New York Northeast 1114, 000-footers Adirondack High Peaks Adirondack Forty-Sixers Armstrong Mountain
36.
Basin Mountain (New York)
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Basin is the ninth-highest peak of the High Peaks Region in the Adirondack Park in New York, United States. The peak was named by Verplanck Colvin for several basins formed between knobs on its slopes and it is located in the High Peaks Wilderness Area. A basin is an area of land enclosed by higher land, Basin Mountain is one of the highest peaks in the Great Range. Basin Mountain can be climbed from many trailheads in the Adirondacks, the shortest route to the peak starts at The Garden trailhead west of the village of Keene Valley. An excellent hike would be starting at the Roostercomb Trailhead in Keene Valley, there are very steep sections of open rock in the Great Range which make this very challenging. Also, the mileage and vertical rise are considerable, which would make this best be done as a trip or a day trip with very light packs. The trail climbs up to a junction below the summit of Roostercomb and that is a four way intersection with a spur trail leading to Roostercomb and another leading to the Snow Mountain and the Ausable Valley. Straight ahead leads further up the Range toward Hedgehog Mountain, the side trips to Snow and Roostercomb should definitely be taken since those are nice open rocky peaks. Then continuing to Hedgehog and down the side, there is probably the best camping area. The next day will be longer because the route takes you up Lower Wolf Jaw, Upper Wolf Jaw, Armstrong, Gothics, Saddleback, and Basin. The next day the trail would take you up and over Haystack to Panther Gorge and then up so Four Corners where Skylight, other peaks after this can be climbed depending on the ending trailhead and the amount of time. Peaks in the area would include Gray, Redfield, Cliff, Colden, Allen, Phelps, Tabletop, Marshall, Iroquois, Algonquin, of course doing all those peaks would be pretty hard on top of the entire Great Range
37.
Gothics
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Gothics is a mountain in the High Peaks Region of the Adirondack Mountains. The mountain gets its name due to its large rock slides resemblance to Gothic architecture, the summit has near 360 degree views, which combined with its location in the High Peaks Region, gives splendid views of the Adirondacks
38.
Lower Wolfjaw Mountain
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Lower Wolfjaw Mountain is located in Essex County, New York. Landscape artist Alexander Helwig Wyant named Lower Wolfjaw, together with neighboring Upper Wolfjaw Mountain, the mountain is the northeasternmost of the Adirondack High Peaks in the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains. Lower Wolfjaw Mountain is flanked to the southwest by Upper Wolfjaw Mountain, the east and southeast sides of Lower Wolfjaw Mtn. drain into Wedge Brook, thence into the East Branch of the Ausable River. The west side of Lower Wolfjaw Mountain drains into Wolfjaw Brook, thence into Johns Brook, the north side of Lower Wolfjaw drains into Bennies Brook, thence into Johns Brook. The northeast end of Lower Wolfjaw drains into Rock Cut Brook, Lower Wolfjaw Mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of New Yorks Adirondack Park. List of mountains in New York Northeast 1114, 000-footers Adirondack High Peaks Adirondack Forty-Sixers Lower Wolf Jaw Mountain
39.
Saddleback Mountain (Keene, New York)
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Saddleback Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York. The mountain is part of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains, the 0.2 mi long summit ridge has peaks at each end with a pronounced dip between, giving it the profile of a saddle. Saddleback Mtn. is flanked to the southwest by Basin Mountain, the southeast end and southwest side of Saddleback Mtn. drain into Shanty Brook, thence into the East Branch of the Ausable River between Upper and Lower Ausable Lake. The northwest end of Saddleback Mtn. drains into Chicken Coop Brook, thence into Johns Brook, the northeast side of Saddleback Mtn. drains into Ore Bed Brook, thence into Johns Brook. Saddleback Mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park
40.
Sawteeth (New York)
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Sawteeth is a mountain located in Essex County, New York. The mountain is part of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains, the mountains name comes from the serrated appearance of its summit ridge. Sawteeth is on a ridge of the Great Range, which branches off to the southeast from Gothics. The west side and south end of Sawteeth drain into Shanty Brook, the east side and north end of Sawteeth drain into Cascade Brook, thence into the East Branch below Lower Ausable Lake. Sawteeth is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack Park, and entirely within the Adirondack Mountain Reserve
41.
Upper Wolfjaw Mountain
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Upper Wolfjaw Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York. Landscape artist Alexander Helwig Wyant named the mountain, in combination with neighboring Lower Wolfjaw Mountain, the mountain is part of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains. Upper Wolfjaw Mtn. is flanked to the southwest by Armstrong Mountain, the east and southeast sides of Upper Wolfjaw Mtn. drain into the East Branch of the Ausable River. The west side of Upper Wolfjaw drains into Ore Body Brook, thence into Johns Brook, the north side of Upper Wolfjaw drains into Wolfjaw Brook, thence into Johns Brook. Upper Wolfjaw Mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of New Yorks Adirondack Park
42.
MacIntyre Mountains
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The MacIntyre Mountains or MacIntyre Range is a range of mountains in the High Peaks region of the Adirondacks, due west of Mount Marcy, in northeastern New York State. The range runs 8 miles from southwest to northeast and its sheer southwest slope makes up one side of Indian Pass, and a northeastern spur forms the cliffs of Avalanche Pass. The range includes Iroquois, Mount Marshall, Wright, and Algonquin, despite being spelled differently, it is named for the founder of the McIntyre Iron Works at Tahawus, New York, Archibald McIntyre. List of mountains in New York U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, MacIntyre Mountains Dix Range
43.
Algonquin Peak
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Algonquin Peak is in the MacIntyre Range in the town of North Elba, in Essex County, New York. It is the second highest mountain in New York, and one of the 46 Adirondack High Peaks in Adirondack Park and its name comes from its reputedly being on the Algonquian side of a nearby informal boundary between the Algonquian and their Iroquois neighbors. Algonquin is popular with hikers, accessible from the popular Adirondak Loj trailhead near Heart Lake outside of Lake Placid for a day trip. While the climb is shorter than that of nearby Mount Marcy, it is steeper, the mountains summit is an alpine zone above tree line, and views of the surrounding high peaks are available in all directions. On busy days a Summit Steward both reminds hikers of these rules and educates them about the ecosystem, less frequently, the mountain is approached from the southeast via the steep, narrow,2. 1-mile Boundary Trail from Lake Colden. This trail is also dangerous because of the markings and steep. Algonquin Peak hike and trip report
