1.
Beat music
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Beat music, British beat, or Merseybeat is a pop and rock music genre that developed in the United Kingdom in the early 1960s. Beat music is a fusion of rock and roll, doo-wop, skiffle, the exact origins of the terms beat music and Merseybeat are uncertain. The name Mersey Beat was used for a Liverpool music magazine founded in 1961 by Bill Harry, Harry claims to have coined the term based on a policemans beat and not that of the music. The band the Pacifics were renamed the Mersey Beats in February 1962 by Bob Wooler, MC at the Cavern Club, the equivalent scenes in Birmingham and London were described as Brum beat and the Tottenham Sound respectively. The most distinctive characteristic of the music was the beat, using the backbeat common to rock and roll and rhythm and blues. The 8/8 rhythm was flexible enough to be adopted for songs from a range of genres and this flexibility also meant that beat music could cope with a greater range of time-signatures and song shapes than rock & roll had been able to. Beat groups usually had simple guitar-dominated line-ups, with vocal harmonies, the most common instrumentation of beat groups featured lead, rhythm and bass guitars plus drums, as popularized by the Beatles, the Searchers, and others. Beat groups—even those with a separate lead singer—often sang both verses and choruses in harmony, resembling doo wop, with nonsense syllables in the backing vocals. In the late 1950s, a culture of groups began to emerge, often out of the declining skiffle scene, in major urban centres in the UK like Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham. This was particularly true in Liverpool, where it has estimated that there were around 350 different bands active, often playing ballrooms, concert halls. Liverpool was perhaps uniquely placed within Britain to be the point of origin of a new form of music. It was also a port with links to America, which made for much greater access to American records and instruments like guitars. As a result, Beat bands were influenced by American groups of the era, such as Buddy Holly and the Crickets. Outside of Liverpool many local scenes were influenced by rock and roll and more by the rhythm and blues. These included bands from Birmingham who were grouped with the beat movement, the most successful being the Spencer Davis Group. Similar blues influenced bands who broke out from local scenes to national prominence were the Animals from Newcastle, the term British Invasion was coined by T. V. reporter Walter Cronkite to describe the Beatles arrival in the United States and the outbreak of Beatlemania in 1964. Their appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show soon after led to chart success, by 1967 beat music was beginning to sound out of date, particularly compared with the harder edged blues rock that was beginning to emerge. Most of the groups that had not already disbanded, like the Beatles, moved into different forms of music and pop music, including psychedelic rock
2.
Chevrolet Spark
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The Chevrolet Spark is a city car produced by GM Korea, originally marketed prominently as the Daewoo Matiz. It has been solely as a five-door hatchback. The first generation of Daewoo Matiz was launched in 1998 by General Motors South Korean division GM Korea, previously known as Daewoo Motors, after the General Motors company took control over Daewoo Motors in 2002, it has increasingly been marketed under the Chevrolet badge. The second generation model was introduced in 2005, with the third generation launched in 2010, an all-electric version, the Chevrolet Spark EV, was released in the U. S. in selected markets in California and Oregon in June 2013. The Spark EV is the first all-electric passenger car marketed by General Motors since the EV1 was discontinued in 1999, the production of Daewoo Matiz started in 1998 and it was sold in South Korea and many European markets with the code name M100. The exterior design is based on the Lucciola, a 1993 Fiat Cinquecento concept by Italdesign Giugiaro which had been rejected by Fiat, the 0. 8-litre gasoline engine and the transmission were carryovers from the Daewoo Tico, but it was now using a multipoint injection fuel system. Engineering was carried out at Daewoos Worthing Technical Centre in England, the car became the best selling Daewoo model in Europe and in India for the next four years. The Matiz was originally launched with just a 0. 8-litre straight-three engine and it developed a maximum power of 51 hp, a maximum torque of 68.5 N·m and had a combined consumption of 6.4 l/100 km. It had a top speed of 144 km/h and could reach from 0 to 100 km/h in 17 seconds and this engine was developed from the Tico unit by Tickford, a UK company based in Milton Keynes. The Tickford connection was acknowledged in the brochures distributed in UK showrooms and it was released mainly with three trim levels, E, S and SE. In certain markets it was available with an automatic transmission. This facelift was designed at Daewoos Worthing Technical Centre in England and introduced in South Korea in late 2000, m150 is still produced by GM-Uzbekistan in Uzbekistan. The car was launched to the Russian market as the Ravon Matiz in 2016, in South Korea and Japan this updated Matiz was sold under the name Daewoo Matiz II. In China the car was sold as the Chevrolet Lechi and it remained in production until 2012, when an updated version was introduced as the Baojun Lechi. It is to be offered under both Chevrolet and Baojun brands during a transition period, the Lechi has also received certain powertrain updates, making the car economical enough to qualify for a subsidy and a tax break from the Chinese government. GM executives demonstrated the extent of the duplication, noting for example that the doors of the QQ. In 2005 the Matiz received substantial modifications, previewed by the Chevrolet M3X concept car shown at 2004 Paris Motor Show. The upper body was revised based again on a design from Italdesign Giugiaro, the S-Tec engines were updated
3.
Beetroot
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The beetroot is the taproot portion of the beet plant, usually known in North America as the beet, also table beet, garden beet, red beet, or golden beet. It is one of several of the varieties of Beta vulgaris grown for their edible taproots. These varieties have been classified as B. vulgaris subsp, other than as a food, beets have use as a food colouring and as a medicinal plant. Many beet products are made from other Beta vulgaris varieties, particularly sugar beet, usually the deep purple roots of beetroot are eaten boiled, roasted or raw, and either alone or combined with any salad vegetable. A large proportion of the production is processed into boiled and sterilized beets or into pickles. In Eastern Europe, beet soup, such as borscht, is a popular dish, in Indian cuisine, chopped, cooked, spiced beet is a common side dish. Yellow-coloured beetroots are grown on a small scale for home consumption. The green, leafy portion of the beet is also edible, the young leaves can be added raw to salads, whilst the adult leaves are most commonly served boiled or steamed, in which case they have a taste and texture similar to spinach. Those greens selected should be from bulbs that are unmarked, instead of those with overly limp leaves or wrinkled skins, the domestication of beets can be traced to the emergence of an allele which enables biennial harvesting of leaves and taproot. Pickled beets are a food in many countries. A traditional Pennsylvania Dutch dish is pickled beet egg, hard-boiled eggs are refrigerated in the liquid left over from pickling beets and allowed to marinate until the eggs turn a deep pink-red colour. The same in Serbia where the popular cvekla is used as salad, seasoned with salt and vinegar. As an addition to horseradish it is used to produce the red variety of chrain. Popular in Australian hamburgers, a slice of pickled beetroot is combined with other condiments on a beef patty to make an Aussie burger, when beet juice is used, it is most stable in foods with a low water content, such as frozen novelties and fruit fillings. Beetroot can also be used to make wine, food shortages in Europe following World War I caused great hardships, including cases of mangelwurzel disease, as relief workers called it. It was symptomatic of eating only beets, the chemical adipic acid rarely occurs in nature, but happens to occur naturally in beetroot. From the Middle Ages, beetroot was used as a treatment for a variety of conditions, especially relating to digestion. Bartolomeo Platina recommended taking beetroot with garlic to nullify the effects of garlic-breath, during the middle of the 19th century wine often was coloured with beetroot juice
4.
Patrol
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A patrol is commonly a group of personnel, such as law enforcement officers or military personnel, that are assigned to monitor a specific geographic area. This is also referred to as a beat. The basic task of a patrol is to follow a route with the purpose of investigating some feature of interest or, in the assignment of a fighting patrol, to find. A patrol can also mean a small cavalry or armoured unit, subordinate to a troop or platoon, usually comprising a section or squad of mounted troopers, or two AFVs. A patrol officer is often the first to arrive on the scene of any incident, the patrol officer, as the person who is in the field daily, is often closest to potential crime and may have developed contacts who can provide information. The Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment, a randomized control trial conducted by Temple University, has shown that foot patrols reduce crime, with the resources to patrol 60 locations, researchers identified the highest violent crime corners in the city, using data from 2006 to 2008. Officers generally patrolled in pairs with two assigned to each foot patrol. After three months, relative to the areas, violent crime decreased 23%. The privatization of police is explored in James Pastors book The Privatization of Police in America, An Analysis, from French patrouiller from Old French patouiller from patte. Another common term for use of patrol is hall monitor. In Scouting, a patrol is six to eight Scouts under the leadership of one of their number who is appointed Patrol Leader and this is the basic unit of a Scout troop. The Patrol method is a characteristic of Scouting by which it differs from all other organizations
5.
Honda FC50
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The Honda FC50, also known as the Beat, was a 50 cc scooter manufactured by Honda in 1983. It was produced mainly for the Japanese domestic market—although both new and used models were exported from Japan—making it a fairly hard-to-find scooter and it was available in red, black, or white. The FC50 was powered by a single cylinder petrol engine that was liquid cooled. The small radiator was fitted behind the grill between the two headlights and it featured 12-volt electric start and CVT transmission, the transmission changed from low to high at around 5500 rpm. It had a centrifugal clutch that engaged gradually from 3000 rpm. It was made to only one person at a time and had no provisions for a passenger. It featured V-TACS, this was a valve in the exhaust port that was operated by a lever via the riders left heel. Many other larger two-stroke engines use a similar although most are engaged automatically by electric servos. V-TACS gave it more power from 5500 rpm, an expansion chamber and tuned length exhaust were fitted from factory although they were only average in design. Top speed was about 60 km/h @11,000 rpm, both front and back brakes were drum brakes. The dash had dials to show rpm, speed, engine temperature, a small set of lights on the rpm dial illuminated when V-tacs was engaged, other lights on the dash lit up for turn signal, oil low and high beam. A small light on the speed dial flashed when speed exceeded 35 km/h
6.
The World Ends with You
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The World Ends with You is an action role-playing game with urban fantasy elements developed by Square Enix and Jupiter for the Nintendo DS. Set in the modern-day Shibuya shopping district of Tokyo, The World Ends with You features an art style inspired by Shibuya. Development was inspired by elements of Jupiters previous game, Kingdom Hearts and it was released in Japan in July 2007, and in PAL regions and North America in April 2008. In the game, Neku Sakuraba and his allies are forced to participate in a game that will determine their fate, elements of Japanese youth culture, such as fashion, food, and cell phones, are key aspects of the missions. The World Ends with You received positive reviews, praising the graphics, soundtrack, the few common complaints were related to the steep learning curve of the battle system as well as the imprecise touch-screen controls. In the week of its release, the game was the second best-selling DS title in Japan, Shiro Amano, writer and artist of the Kingdom Hearts manga, later created a manga based on the video game. The game takes place in a version of the Shibuya shopping district in Tokyo. While everyday life goes on in the Realground, the dead are brought to an alternate plane of existence called the Underground. The UG is also the venue for the Reapers Game, by offering their most treasured possession to enter the Game, the dead gain the chance to contest for the prize, to be brought back to life or to transcend to a higher form of spiritual existence. Most of those who choose to transcend become Reapers, the opponents of players in future Games, lasting a week, each Game is a contest to judge the worth of humanity. Players set out to accomplish objectives under the rules created by the Composer, Another Reaper, the Conductor, tasks other Reapers to obstruct the players efforts. Failure to complete a mission will disperse the mind and spirit of the player or Reaper, a player in the UG is invisible to the living in the RG, though one can sometimes read and influence their thoughts. The UG is frequented by creatures called Noise, which are attracted by the feelings of the living. To progress in the Reapers Game, players are required to defeat Noise by killing or erasing them. However, each Noise exists in two parallel universes simultaneously, and can only be defeated by two players simultaneously fighting and defeating the Noise from these separate zones, in order to do this, Players are required to form a pact with another Player to survive the Noise. Players receive assignments via text messages sent to their cell phones, after a days mission is complete, the remaining players find themselves at the start of the next days mission, having no sense of the time that has passed in between. The player assumes the role of Neku Sakuraba, a teenage boy who claims he does not get people. Computer-controlled characters make up the rest of the cast, which includes Players who are paired with Neku
7.
Beats Electronics
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Beats Electronics is a subsidiary of Apple Inc. that produces audio products. Headquartered in Culver City, California, U. S. the company was founded by producer and rapper Dr. Dre. The subsidiarys product line is focused on headphones and speakers. The companys original line was manufactured in partnership with the AV equipment company Monster Cable Products. Following the end of its contract with the company, Beats took further development of its products in-house, in 2014, the company expanded into the online music market with the launch of its subscription-based streaming service, Beats Music. In 2011, NPD Group reported that Beats market share was 64% in the U. S for headphones priced higher than $100, for a period, the company was majority-owned by Taiwanese smartphone maker HTC. The company reduced its stake to 25% in 2012, and sold its stake back to the company in 2013. Concurrently, Carlyle Group replaced HTC as a minority shareholder, alongside Dr. Dre, on August 1,2014, Apple Inc. acquired Beats for US $3 billion in a cash and stock deal, the largest acquisition in Apples history. Iovine later recalled that Dre said to him, Man, its one thing that people steal my music and its another thing to destroy the feeling of what Ive worked on. Iovine sought the opinions of musicians with great taste, such as M. I. A, pharrell Williams, will. i. am, and Gwen Stefani during the early developmental stage. Dre Studio headphones, in late 2008, Beats use of endorsements by musicians helped the company aggressively target the young adult demographics. In August 2010, mobile phone manufacturer HTC acquired a 50. 1% majority share in Beats for US$309 million, despite its majority acquisition, HTC allowed Beats to operate as an autonomous company. Luke Wood, President of Beats in May 2014, joined the company in January 2010, Wood had previously worked under Iovine at Interscope Records. On January 19,2012, BusinessWeek reported that Beats and Monster would not renew their production contract, Dre and Iovine subsequently decided to oversee the entire operation of the company, from manufacturing to R&D, and aimed to double its workforce to around 300 employees. Monster would ultimately begin marketing its own competing line of premium headphones aimed towards an older demographic and you cant just stick someones name on a headphone that doesnt know anything about sound. Following the decision to transform Beats into an entity, the companys revenues reached the US$1-billion mark. In July 2012, HTC sold back half of its stake in Beats for US$150 million, the sale was intended to provide flexibility for global expansion while maintaining HTC’s major stake and commercial exclusivity in mobile. In August 2013, reports surfaced that Beats founders planned to buy back HTCs remaining minority stake in the company, on September 27,2013, HTC confirmed that it would sell its remaining 24. 84% stake in Beats back to the company for US$265 million
8.
The Beat (British band)
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The Beat are a band founded in Birmingham, England, in 1978. Their music fuses ska, pop, soul, reggae and punk rock, the Beat, consisting of Dave Wakeling, Ranking Roger, Andy Cox, David Steele, Everett Morton, and Saxa a. k. a. The Beat were formed in Birmingham, England, in 1978, during a period of high unemployment, Ranking Roger, one of the bands vocalists, added a Jamaican vocal flavour to the bands sound with his toasting style. Jamaican saxophonist Saxa added a Jamaican ska instrumental sound, Saxa had played saxophone with Prince Buster, Laurel Aitken, and Desmond Dekker in the first wave of ska. He joined The Beat to record their first single, Tears of a Clown, a version of the Motown hit by Smokey Robinson. Notable singles from the first album included Cant Get Used to Losing You, Mirror In the Bathroom, Hands Off Shes Mine, the second Beat album, Whappen. was supported by extensive touring, including a US tour with The Pretenders and Talking Heads. The album yielded more UK hits, with All Out to Get You and Too Nice To Talk To, the Beat received support from modern rock radio stations such as KROQ-FM in Los Angeles, the now defunct KQAK The Quake 99FM in San Francisco and KYYX in Seattle. Although The Beats main fan base was in the United Kingdom, the band was popular in Australia, partly due to exposure on the radio station Triple J. The Beat had a following in North America, where the band was known as The English Beat for legal reasons. The Beat toured the world with artists such as David Bowie, The Clash, The Police, The Pretenders. Members of the band collaborated on stage with The Specials. Drummer Everett Morton and Saxa formed The International Beat along with the Birmingham-based singer, Tony Beet, the album was produced by Ranking Roger and he often guested with the band at some of their shows. The International Beat toured the United Kingdom and United States before calling it a day in 1992, Ranking Roger also briefly joined Mick Jones post-Clash band Big Audio Dynamite and performed at several live shows with the band. However, the broke up shortly after he joined when its last album was shelved by the record company. Save It for Later was featured on the album to 1996s Kingpin. Roger released his debut, a reggae-oriented album entitled Radical Departure. In the early 1990s, Roger joined members of The Specials to form Special Beat and they supported the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. In 2001, Roger released another album, Inside My Head
9.
Eternal Sonata
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Eternal Sonata is a role-playing video game developed by tri-Crescendo and published by Namco Bandai Games. The Xbox 360 version of the game was released on June 14,2007 in Japan, September 17,2007 in North America, the game is centered on the Polish romantic pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin, who died of tuberculosis at the age of 39. The story envisions a fictional world dreamed by Chopin during his last hours that is influenced by Chopins life and music, the games battle system centers on musical elements and character-unique special attacks. Light and darkness play a part in the appearance and abilities of enemies on the battlefield, the game features a selection of Chopins compositions played by pianist Stanislav Bunin, though the original compositions were composed and arranged by Motoi Sakuraba. It is notable for its use of piano pieces, educational cutscenes featuring real paintings and photographs. These encounters are visible, and the player can opt to avoid the encounter, if possible, the player may also find Score Pieces scattered about the world, which represent short musical phrases. Various NPCs in the game offer to perform with the party, requiring the player to match a Score Piece to the phrase offered by the NPC. Discordant matches will result in no reward, but close or perfect matches will gain a bonus item from the NPC, while the main combat system is turn-based using only 3 characters within the party, it incorporates elements of an action game. Each characters turn is preceded by Tactical Time, a period of time which the player can use to decide the course of action to take with that character. Recovery and other items are kept in a common pouch with a limited capacity. Light and dark areas on the field generated by the time of day, environment. Each party character has one or more skills that are active in lit areas. Monsters themselves may have a set of powers in the area of the battlefield they are in. As the player progresses through the game, they increase their Party Class Level. Each improvement in level grants some bonuses while also imposing additional limits on combat and this Level cannot be altered by the player in their first playthrough, but can be adjusted to the players choice in Encore Mode. The game for the most part takes place within the world of Chopin, with brief segments in the real world. The story is divided into eight chapters, with each chapter being represented by one of Chopins compositions, escapism is also a large theme in the game, one dealt with explicitly in the ending. It starts with Polka, a girl that has magic
10.
Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance
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Kingdom Hearts 3D, Dream Drop Distance is an action role-playing game developed and published by Square Enix exclusively for the Nintendo 3DS, revealed at E32010. The game is the installment in the Kingdom Hearts series and was released in Japan on March 29,2012. It was released outside Japan on July 20,2012 in Europe, July 26,2012 in Australia, besides controlling the two playable characters across a single scenario, the player is able to recruit creatures known as Dream Eaters that are able to assist in fights. The Square Enix staff decided to develop Dream Drop Distance after being impressed by the quality of the Nintendo 3DS, taking advantage of the consoles functions, they increased the action elements from the series based on the system previously seen in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep. Additionally, both the gameplay and the plot are meant to give a glimpse about what the title in the series, Kingdom Hearts III. The game has been received in Japan and in the US. A HD remaster of the game titled Kingdom Hearts Dream Drop Distance HD was released for the PlayStation 4 in 2017 as part of the Kingdom Hearts HD2.8 Final Chapter Prologue collection. The game, which follows the action RPG gameplay of previous games in the series, sees players alternate between the roles of Sora and Riku. Alternating between characters is done via the Drop system, during gameplay, a Drop Gauge gradually depletes over time, though it can be replenished with items. When the gauge completely empties, control will switch to the other character, the game reuses the Command Deck system from Birth by Sleep, in which players can customize a deck filled with various actions, spells, and items that can be quickly selected. There are also several new elements added to the gameplay, flowmotion allows players to move quickly about by performing actions such as bouncing off walls, grinding on rails and spinning around poles. Reality Shift is a system the player can use on certain objects or weakened opponents involving a touch-screen activated minigame unique to each world. These include dragging the screen to fling a target like a catapult, touching hidden words to control of enemies. One of the key elements of Dream Drop Distance is the inclusion of the Dream Eaters, whilst they generally serve as the main enemies of the game, up to three good Dream Eaters, known as Spirits, can be recruited per character to assist them in battle. Spirits can be created by combining Dream Fragments together with an item or spell, characters can also link with Spirits to perform unique attacks. Along the way, the player can care for these Spirits by petting them, feeding them items, or playing mini-games with them and these worlds need to be completed by both Sora and Riku in order to unlock new worlds and progress through the game. In this mode, Sora and Riku can attack opponents, slow down their descent and they can also pick up magic spells which give them a limited supply of magical attacks to use against enemies. Outside of the game, players can play an additional mode called Flick Rush
11.
Beat Generation
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The Beat Generation is a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post-World War II era. The bulk of their work was published and popularized throughout the 1950s, Allen Ginsbergs Howl, William S. Burroughss Naked Lunch and Jack Kerouacs On the Road are among the best known examples of Beat literature. Both Howl and Naked Lunch were the focus of obscenity trials that helped to liberalize publishing in the United States. The members of the Beat Generation developed a reputation as new bohemian hedonists, later, in the mid-1950s, the central figures ended up together in San Francisco where they met and became friends of figures associated with the San Francisco Renaissance. In the 1960s, elements of the expanding Beat movement were incorporated into the hippie, Neal Cassady, the driver for Ken Keseys bus Further, was the primary bridge between these two generations. Allen Ginsbergs work also became an element of early 1960s hippie culture. Jack Kerouac introduced the phrase Beat Generation in 1948 to characterize a perceived underground, the name arose in a conversation with writer John Clellon Holmes. Kerouac allows that it was street hustler Herbert Huncke who originally used the phrase beat, the origins of the Beat Generation can be traced to Columbia University and the meeting of Kerouac, Ginsberg, Lucien Carr, Hal Chase and others. Jack Kerouac attended Columbia on a football scholarship, though the beats are usually regarded as anti-academic, many of their ideas were formed in response to professors like Lionel Trilling and Mark Van Doren. Classmates Carr and Ginsberg discussed the need for a New Vision, to counteract what they perceived as their teachers conservative, Burroughs had an interest in criminal behavior and got involved in dealing stolen goods and narcotics. He was soon addicted to opiates, Burroughs guide to the criminal underworld was small-time criminal and drug-addict Herbert Huncke. The Beats were drawn to Huncke, who started to write himself. The police attempted to pull Ginsberg over while he was driving with Huncke, Ginsberg crashed the car while trying to flee and escaped on foot, but left incriminating notebooks behind. He was given the option to plead insanity to avoid a term, and was committed for 90 days to Bellevue Hospital. Carl Solomon was arguably more eccentric than psychotic, a fan of Antonin Artaud, he indulged in self-consciously crazy behavior, like throwing potato salad at a college lecturer on Dadaism. Solomon was given shock treatments at Bellevue, this one of the main themes of Ginsbergs Howl. Solomon later became the contact who agreed to publish Burroughs first novel Junky in 1953. Beat writers and artists flocked to Greenwich Village in New York City in the late 1950s because of low rent, folksongs, readings and discussions often took place in Washington Square Park
12.
Strike (attack)
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A strike is a directed physical attack with either a part of the human body or with an inanimate object intended to cause blunt trauma or penetrating trauma upon an opponent. There are many different varieties of strikes, an attack with the hand closed into a fist is called a punch, an attack with the leg or foot is referred to as a kick, and an attack with the head is called a headbutt. There are also other variations employed in arts and combat sports. Buffet or beat refer to repeatedly and violently striking an opponent, other sports and arts, such as wrestling employ no strikes in focusing on grappling techniques. There is also a form of karate called goju ryu which focuses on points in the legs. Arm strikes is the act of striking with some part of the palm, knuckle, arm, elbow and this is usually the elbow, the hand, the forearm, or the back of the wrist. A strike using the palm of the hand, whether the hand is open or the fingertips are folded against the bottom knuckles, palm strikes hit with the bottom part of the palm, where the hand meets the wrist. The hand is perpendicular to the wrist to avoid hitting the softer inner wrist tissue against the target. The bottom ridge of the palm is a surprisingly solid striking surface, the palm strike is useful as it is thrown in a more relaxed manner than a clenched fist. This is because clenching the fist shortens the extensor muscles of the wrist which counter the action of muscles of the wrist used in punching. Many martial arts teach to keep the fist clench relaxed until impact in order to maximize the speed of the punch. Targets are numerous and some include the nose, jaw, ears, back of the head, the groin, the kidneys. Some combat sports, such as Pancrase, have forbidden strikes using the clenched fist, a strike using the part of the hand opposite the thumb, familiar to many people as a karate chop, Shuto or Tegatana. This refers to strikes performed with the side of the knuckle of the small finger. Suitable targets for the knife hand strike include the muscles of the neck, the jugular, the throat, the collar bones, the 3rd vertebra, the upper arm, the wrist, the elbow. In many Japanese and Chinese martial arts systems, the hand is used to block as well as to strike. Ridge-hand strikes commonly are delivered with a motion, or with a straight arm swinging sideways. Suitable targets include the muscles of the neck, the jugular, throat, nose, jaw, the eyes
